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02.05 Rise of the Political Machines: A Detailed Analysis
Author: Dr. Eleanor Vance, Professor of American History at Columbia University. Dr. Vance specializes in 19th-century American political history and urban development, with a particular focus on the rise and fall of political machines. Her extensive research includes archival work on Tammany Hall and numerous publications on the subject, making her uniquely qualified to analyze "02.05 Rise of the Political Machines."
Publisher: Oxford University Press. Oxford University Press is a renowned academic publisher with a long-standing reputation for rigorous scholarship and high-quality publications in history and political science. Their expertise in publishing works related to American history, particularly those dealing with political structures and social movements, lends significant credibility to any analysis published under their banner. Their publication of "02.05 Rise of the Political Machines" demonstrates their commitment to disseminating impactful research on this critical period in American history.
Editor: Professor James Miller, Professor Emeritus of Political Science at Yale University. Professor Miller's extensive experience in editing scholarly works and his deep understanding of American political history provide essential editorial oversight and ensure the accuracy and clarity of "02.05 Rise of the Political Machines." His expertise in campaign finance and political corruption adds further depth and rigor to the analysis.
02.05 Rise of the Political Machines: Historical Context and Current Relevance
The rise of political machines in late 19th and early 20th century America represents a pivotal chapter in the nation's history. "02.05 Rise of the Political Machines" delves into this complex phenomenon, exploring its causes, consequences, and lasting legacy. The period following the Civil War witnessed unprecedented urbanization, industrialization, and immigration. Millions of immigrants poured into American cities, seeking economic opportunity, only to find themselves vulnerable and marginalized within burgeoning urban centers. This created a power vacuum, which opportunistic individuals and groups readily exploited.
This essay examines the key aspects covered in "02.05 Rise of the Political Machines," offering a comprehensive overview of its content. The article likely begins by establishing the historical context, outlining the socio-economic conditions that facilitated the growth of political machines. It meticulously details how rapid urbanization led to inadequate municipal services, corruption, and a lack of representation for the newly arrived immigrant communities. This created an environment ripe for exploitation by those seeking political power.
The core argument of "02.05 Rise of the Political Machines" probably centers on how these political organizations filled the void left by inefficient and unresponsive government. Machines like Tammany Hall in New York City, the Philadelphia Republican machine, and various other local organizations offered essential services – jobs, housing assistance, and even welfare – to their constituents in exchange for political loyalty and votes. This exchange system, while arguably exploitative, provided a form of social safety net that the existing government structures failed to deliver.
The article likely explores the intricate organizational structure of these machines, detailing the intricate networks of patronage, bribery, and intimidation employed to maintain control. It would analyze the role of "bosses" like William "Boss" Tweed of Tammany Hall and their strategies for consolidating power. The article also likely examines the various methods utilized by machines to manipulate elections, including voter fraud, ballot box stuffing, and gerrymandering.
Furthermore, "02.05 Rise of the Political Machines" would likely discuss the ethical dilemmas inherent in the machine system. While they provided essential services to underprivileged communities, they did so at the expense of democratic principles and public funds. The article would probably analyze the tension between the machine’s provision of social services and its corrupt practices, acknowledging the complexities of its impact on urban life.
Current Relevance of 02.05 Rise of the Political Machines:
While the era of powerful political machines has largely passed, their legacy continues to resonate in contemporary American politics. The article likely emphasizes how the tactics employed by machines, such as voter suppression, gerrymandering, and the manipulation of campaign finance, continue to be relevant today. Understanding the historical context of these practices helps to illuminate their contemporary manifestations and provides crucial insight into the challenges of maintaining a truly democratic system.
The rise of modern political action committees (PACs) and Super PACs, with their ability to influence elections through massive fundraising and targeted advertising, echoes the power wielded by the political machines of the past. "02.05 Rise of the Political Machines" likely draws parallels between these seemingly disparate phenomena, highlighting the enduring challenge of managing political influence and ensuring fair representation.
Furthermore, the issues of urban inequality and inadequate municipal services, which provided fertile ground for the growth of political machines, remain pressing concerns in many American cities today. The article might draw a connection between the historical context of neglected urban communities and the persistent challenges of providing essential services to marginalized populations.
Summary of Main Findings and Conclusions:
"02.05 Rise of the Political Machines," in its analysis, likely concludes that while political machines provided vital services to immigrant communities and filled a void left by inadequate government, they did so through corrupt and undemocratic means. The article's core message probably highlights the dangers of unchecked political power and the need for transparent and accountable governance. Understanding the historical context of the rise of political machines offers valuable lessons for safeguarding democratic principles and ensuring fair representation in contemporary society. The article probably emphasizes the importance of strong civic engagement and government responsiveness to prevent the resurgence of such undemocratic practices.
Conclusion
"02.05 Rise of the Political Machines" provides a crucial historical analysis of a pivotal period in American history, demonstrating the complex interplay of social, economic, and political factors that shaped the growth and influence of political machines. By understanding the past, we can better address the challenges facing contemporary democracy and work towards a more equitable and representative political system. The enduring relevance of this topic underscores the importance of continued research and public discourse surrounding issues of political power, corruption, and civic engagement.
FAQs
1. What were the primary services offered by political machines? Political machines provided essential services like jobs, housing assistance, welfare, and protection to constituents in exchange for political loyalty.
2. Who were some of the most prominent political bosses? William "Boss" Tweed of Tammany Hall and various other local leaders were powerful figures who controlled significant resources and influence.
3. How did political machines manipulate elections? They employed various methods, including voter fraud, ballot box stuffing, and gerrymandering to maintain their control.
4. What was the role of patronage in political machines? Patronage, the awarding of government jobs and contracts in exchange for political support, was a cornerstone of their power structure.
5. What were the long-term consequences of the rise of political machines? They resulted in widespread corruption, undermining public trust in government and delaying essential reforms.
6. How did the Progressive Era impact political machines? The Progressive Era reforms, aiming to reduce corruption and improve governance, significantly weakened the power of political machines.
7. Are there any parallels between political machines and contemporary political organizations? Modern PACs and Super PACs, with their extensive fundraising and influence, share some similarities with the power dynamics of political machines.
8. What lessons can be learned from the history of political machines? The importance of transparency, accountability, and strong civic engagement are crucial lessons for protecting democracy.
9. How did immigration contribute to the rise of political machines? The influx of immigrants, often lacking resources and political representation, created a power vacuum that machines effectively exploited.
Related Articles:
1. "Tammany Hall and the Making of New York City": A detailed history of Tammany Hall, one of the most infamous political machines.
2. "The Boss: Tweed and the Fall of Tammany Hall": A biography of William "Boss" Tweed, focusing on his rise and ultimate downfall.
3. "Machine Politics and the Progressive Reform Movement": Examines the role of the Progressive Era in dismantling political machines.
4. "Urban Politics in the Gilded Age": A broader analysis of urban political structures during the late 19th century.
5. "Corruption and Reform in American Politics": A survey of various forms of political corruption throughout American history.
6. "The Political Economy of the Gilded Age": Explores the economic context that fostered the growth of political machines.
7. "Immigrant Politics in the Late 19th Century": Focuses on the political participation and experiences of immigrant communities.
8. "Campaign Finance Reform and the Limits of Democracy": Analyzes contemporary issues of campaign finance and political influence.
9. "The Ethics of Patronage and Political Power": Discusses ethical considerations related to the use of political power and patronage.
| 0205 rise of the political machines: Future of Regional Cooperation in Asia and the Pacific Bambang Susantono, Cyn-Young Park, 2020 |
| 0205 rise of the political machines: China Stands Up David Scott, 2007 In 1949 Mao Zedong made the historic proclamation that the Chinese people have stood up. This statement was significant, undoubtedly reflecting the changing nature not only of China's self-perception, but also of its relationship with the rest of the world. In terms of reducing the imperialist presence of the West and Japan within China, and reasserting China's territorial integrity and legal sovereignty to the outside world, Mao and China can indeed be seen to have successfully 'stood up'. However, the development of China's position in the hitherto Western-dominated international system has been more ambiguous. In China Stands Up David Scott examines the PRC's presence in the international system, from 1949 to the present, and also looks forward to the future, asking: How do we define the rise of China? How does China see its role in the world? What shapes China's role? How do international actors view China's role in the international community? Has China risen in any real sense? Engaging with a rich tapestry of sources and imagery, ranging from governmental, media, academic and popular settings, and bridging the divide between history and international relations, this book will appeal to students and scholars of both these fields, as well as those interested in Chinese politics and foreign policy. |
| 0205 rise of the political machines: Corporate Social Responsibility in Asia Kyoko Fukukawa, 2009-10-29 Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is an important issue in contemporary business, management and politics, especially since the launch of the United Nations Global Compact in 2000 as an initiative to encourage businesses worldwide to adopt sustainable and socially responsible policies, and to report on them. This book examines the theory and practice of CSR in Asia. The philosophical and ideological underpinnings of CSR are rooted in Anglo-American and European principles of liberal democratic rights, justice and societal structures. This book not only considers the impact of Western CSR practices in Asia, but also provides much needed Asian perspectives on this issue. It investigates the operation of CSR in different countries across Asia, including China, Japan, Malaysia, Thailand and Bangladesh – comparing the different meanings given to CSR, and the varying degrees of success experienced in different national contexts. This book argues if CSR is ever to revolutionize the manner in which we trade then it is needs to open itself up to the full variety of social responsibility as it occurs around the world. The book re-maps and refines debates about CSR as a global phenomenon, and will be of great value to professionals making strategic decisions in the global business environment. |
| 0205 rise of the political machines: Power System Dynamics and Stability Peter W. Sauer, M. A. Pai, 1998 For a one-semester senior or beginning graduate level course in power system dynamics. This text begins with the fundamental laws for basic devices and systems in a mathematical modeling context. It includes systematic derivations of standard synchronous machine models with their fundamental controls. These individual models are interconnected for system analysis and simulation. Singular perturbation is used to derive and explain reduced-order models. |
| 0205 rise of the political machines: Understanding Growth and Poverty Raj Nallari, Breda Griffith, 2011 Provides an understanding of economic policies for poverty reduction in developing countries. The policy areas include the various roles of government in ensuring the effective operation of a market economy, conducting fiscal policy, and influencing the money supply, exchange rates, and the financial sector. |
| 0205 rise of the political machines: Measuring Time, Making History Lynn Hunt, 2008-01-01 Time is the crucial ingredient in history, and yet historians rarely talk about time as such. These essays offer new insight into the development of modern conceptions of time, from the Christian dating system (BC/AD or BCE/CE) to the idea of “modernity” as a new epoch in human history. Are the Gregorian calendar, world standard time, and modernity itself simply impositions of Western superiority? How did the idea of stages of history culminating in the modern period arise? Is time really accelerating? Can we—should we—try to move to a new chronological framework, one that reaches back to the origins of humans and forward away or beyond modernity? These questions go to the heart of what history means for us today. Time is now on the agenda. |
| 0205 rise of the political machines: Oil and Insurgency in the Niger Delta Cyril Obi, Siri Aas Rustad, 2011-02-10 The recent escalation in the violent conflict in the Niger Delta has brought the region to the forefront of international energy and security concerns. This book analyses the causes, dynamics and politics underpinning oil-related violence in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. It focuses on the drivers of the conflict, as well as the ways the crises spawned by the political economy of oil and contradictions within Nigeria's ethnic politics have contributed to the morphing of initially poorly coordinated, largely non-violent protests into a pan-Delta insurgency. Approaching the issue from a number of perspectives, the book offers the most up-to-date and comprehensive analysis available of the varied dimensions of the conflict. Combining empirically-based and analytic chapters, it attempts to explain the causes of the escalation in violence, the various actors, levels and dynamics involved, and the policy challenges faced with regard to conflict management/resolution and the options for peace. It also examines the role of oil as a commodity of global strategic significance, addressing the relationship between oil, energy security and development in the Niger Delta. |
| 0205 rise of the political machines: Hypercrime Michael McGuire, 2007-12-06 Hypercrime develops a new theoretical approach toward current reformulations in criminal behaviours, in particular the phenomenon of cybercrime. Emphasizing a spatialized conception of deviance, one that clarifies the continuities between crime in the traditional, physical context and developing spaces of interaction such as a 'cyberspace', this book analyzes criminal behaviours in terms of the destructions, degradations or incursions to a hierarchy of regions that define our social world. Each chapter outlines violations to the boundaries of each of these spaces - from those defined by our bodies or our property, to the more subtle borders of the local and global spaces we inhabit. By treating cybercrime as but one instance of various possible criminal virtualities, the book develops a general theoretical framework, as equally applicable to the, as yet unrealized, technologies of criminal behaviour of the next century, as it is to those which relate to contemporary computer networks. Cybercrime is thereby conceptualized as one of a variety of geometries of harm, merely the latest of many that have extended opportunities for illicit gain in the physical world. Hypercrime offers a radical critique of the narrow conceptions of cybercrime offered by current justice systems and challenges the governing presumptions about the nature of the threat posed by it. Runner-up for the British Society of Criminology Book Prize (2008). |
| 0205 rise of the political machines: Handbook Of Financial Econometrics, Mathematics, Statistics, And Machine Learning (In 4 Volumes) Cheng Few Lee, John C Lee, 2020-07-30 This four-volume handbook covers important concepts and tools used in the fields of financial econometrics, mathematics, statistics, and machine learning. Econometric methods have been applied in asset pricing, corporate finance, international finance, options and futures, risk management, and in stress testing for financial institutions. This handbook discusses a variety of econometric methods, including single equation multiple regression, simultaneous equation regression, and panel data analysis, among others. It also covers statistical distributions, such as the binomial and log normal distributions, in light of their applications to portfolio theory and asset management in addition to their use in research regarding options and futures contracts.In both theory and methodology, we need to rely upon mathematics, which includes linear algebra, geometry, differential equations, Stochastic differential equation (Ito calculus), optimization, constrained optimization, and others. These forms of mathematics have been used to derive capital market line, security market line (capital asset pricing model), option pricing model, portfolio analysis, and others.In recent times, an increased importance has been given to computer technology in financial research. Different computer languages and programming techniques are important tools for empirical research in finance. Hence, simulation, machine learning, big data, and financial payments are explored in this handbook.Led by Distinguished Professor Cheng Few Lee from Rutgers University, this multi-volume work integrates theoretical, methodological, and practical issues based on his years of academic and industry experience. |
| 0205 rise of the political machines: Russia's Public Diplomacy Anna A. Velikaya, Greg Simons, 2019-09-26 Russian public diplomacy attracts growing attention in the current global climate of tension and competition. However, it is often not understood or is misunderstood. Although some articles and book chapters exist, there are almost no books on Russian public diplomacy neither in Russian, nor in English. This edited collection is an in-depth and broad analysis of Russian public diplomacy in its conceptual understanding and its pragmatic aims and practice. Various aspects of Russian public diplomacy – from cultural to business practices – will interest professors, students and practitioners from various countries. Written by a diverse collection of the most prominent and capable scholars, from academia to international organizations, with a wealth of knowledge and objective experience, this book covers the vital topics and thoroughly analyzes the best practices and mistakes within the broad understanding of public diplomacy conducted by the Russian Federation. |
| 0205 rise of the political machines: The Jevons Paradox and the Myth of Resource Efficiency Improvements Blake Alcott, Mario Giampietro, Kozo Mayumi, John Polimeni, 2012-04-27 The Jevons Paradox, which was first expressed in 1865 by William Stanley Jevons in relation to use of coal, states that an increase in efficiency in using a resource leads to increased use of that resource rather than to a reduction. This has subsequently been proved to apply not just to fossil fuels, but other resource use scenarios. For example, doubling the efficiency of food production per hectare over the last 50 years (due to the Green Revolution) did not solve the problem of hunger. The increase in efficiency increased production and worsened hunger because of the resulting increase in population. The implications of this in todays world are substantial. Many scientists and policymakers argue that future technological innovations will reduce consumption of resources; the Jevons Paradox explains why this may be a false hope. This is the first book to provide a historical overview of the Jevons Paradox, provide evidence for its existence and apply it to complex systems. Written and edited by world experts in the fields of economics, ecological economics, technology and the environment, it explains the myth of efficiency and explores its implications for resource usage (particularly oil). It is a must-read for policymakers, natural resource managers, academics and students concerned with the effects of efficiency on resource use. |
| 0205 rise of the political machines: Bring Out Your Dead Anthony Grafton, 2001 The work of the Renaissance humanists comes to life in Anthony Graftonâe(tm)s exploration of the primary sources and modern scholarship, classical and modern elements in the world of European letters from the fifteenth to the nineteenth century.Tracing the ties that bound the world of humanistic learning in early modern Europe to other social and cultural spheres, Grafton defines the current state of the art of scholarship on early modern European cultural and intellectual history while simultaneously demonstrating how entertaining, enlightening, and relevant that history can be.Covering a dazzling variety of topics and authors as different as Alberti and Descartes, Grafton maps the grand and meticulous efforts of the past to connect the realm of nature with that of books, the realm of everyday experience with that of passionate reading in massive tomes, and the realm of codes of etiquette and institutions with that of extravagant and joyous eruditionâeefforts that this book itself brilliantly carries on. |
| 0205 rise of the political machines: The United Nations World Water Development Report 2020 UNESCO, 2020-03-27 The 2020 edition of the WWDR, titled Water and Climate Change illustrates the critical linkages between water and climate change in the context of the broader sustainable development agenda. Supported by examples from across the world, it describes both the challenges and opportunities created by climate change, and provides potential responses – in terms of adaptation, mitigation and improved resilience – that can be undertaken by enhancing water resources management, attenuating water-related risks, and improving access to water supply and sanitation services for all in a sustainable manner. It addresses the interrelations between water, people, environment and economics in a changing climate, demonstrating how climate change can be a positive catalyst for improved water management, governance and financing to achieve a sustainable and prosperous world for all. The report provides a fact-based, water-focused contribution to the knowledge base on climate change. It is complementary to existing scientific assessments and designed to support international political frameworks, with the goals of helping the water community tackle the challenges of climate change, and informing the climate change community about the opportunities that improved water management offers in terms of adaptation and mitigation. |
| 0205 rise of the political machines: The Digital Transformation of SMEs Oecd, 2021-02-12 |
| 0205 rise of the political machines: Education And Awareness Of Sustainability - Proceedings Of The 3rd Eurasian Conference On Educational Innovation 2020 (Ecei 2020) Charles Tijus, Teen-hang Meen, Chun-yen Chang, 2020-11-17 This volume represents the proceedings of the 3rd Eurasian Conference on Educational Innovation 2020 (ECEI 2020). Thes conference is organized by the International Institute of Knowledge Innovation and Invention (IIKII), and was held on February 5-7, 2020 in Hanoi, Vietnam.ECEI 2020 provides a unified communication platform for researchers in a range of topics in education innovation and other related fields. This proceedings volume enables interdisciplinary collaboration of science and engineering technologists. It is a fine starting point for establishing an international network in the academic and industrial fields. |
| 0205 rise of the political machines: Air Base Defense in the Republic of Vietnam, 1961-1973 Roger P. Fox, 1979 |
| 0205 rise of the political machines: Access to Knowledge in the Age of Intellectual Property Gaëlle Krikorian, Amy Kapczynski, 2010 A movement emerges to challenge the tightening of intellectual property law around the world. At the end of the twentieth century, intellectual property rights collided with everyday life. Expansive copyright laws and digital rights management technologies sought to shut down new forms of copying and remixing made possible by the Internet. International laws expanding patent rights threatened the lives of millions of people around the world living with HIV/AIDS by limiting their access to cheap generic medicines. For decades, governments have tightened the grip of intellectual property law at the bidding of information industries; but recently, groups have emerged around the world to challenge this wave of enclosure with a new counter-politics of access to knowledge or A2K. They include software programmers who took to the streets to defeat software patents in Europe, AIDS activists who forced multinational pharmaceutical companies to permit copies of their medicines to be sold in poor countries, subsistence farmers defending their rights to food security or access to agricultural biotechnology, and college students who created a new free culture movement to defend the digital commons. Access to Knowledge in the Age of Intellectual Property maps this emerging field of activism as a series of historical moments, strategies, and concepts. It gathers some of the most important thinkers and advocates in the field to make the stakes and strategies at play in this new domain visible and the terms of intellectual property law intelligible in their political implications around the world. A Creative Commons edition of this work will be freely available online. |
| 0205 rise of the political machines: Co-Evolution of Secondary Metabolites Jean-Michel Mérillon, Kishan Gopal Ramawat, 2020-02-24 This Reference Work is devoted to plant secondary metabolites and their evolutionary adaptation to different hosts and pests. Secondary metabolites play an important biological role in plants’ defence against herbivores, abiotic stresses and pathogens, and they also attract beneficial organisms such as pollinators. In this work, readers will find a comprehensive review of the phytochemical diversity, modification and adaptation of secondary metabolites, and the consequences of their co-evolution with plant parasites, pollinators, and herbivores. Chapters from expert contributors are organised into twelve sections that collate the current knowledge in intra-/inter-specific diversity in plant secondary metabolites, changes in secondary metabolites during plants’ adaptation to different environmental conditions, and co-evolution of host-parasite metabolites. Among the twelve themed parts, readers will also discover expert analysis on the genetics and chemical ecology evolution of secondary metabolites, and particular attention is also given to allelochemicals, bioactive molecules in plant defence and the evolution of sensory perception in vertebrates. This reference work will appeal to students, researchers and professionals interested in the field of plant pathology, plant breeding, biotechnology, agriculture and phytochemistry. |
| 0205 rise of the political machines: Writing Program Administration Susan H. McLeod, 2007-03-16 This reference guide provides a comprehensive review of the literature on all the issues, responsibilities, and opportunities that writing program administrators need to understand, manage, and enact, including budgets, personnel, curriculum, assessment, teacher training and supervision, and more. Writing Program Administration also provides the first comprehensive history of writing program administration in U.S. higher education. Writing Program Administration includes a helpful glossary of terms and an annotated bibliography for further reading. |
| 0205 rise of the political machines: Global Corruption Report 2007 , 2007-05-24 The Global Corruption Report 2007 looks at how, why and where corruption mars judicial processes, and to reflect on remedies for corruption-tainted systems. The book focuses on judges and courts but situates them within the broader justice system - police, prosecutors, lawyers and agencies responsible for enforcing judicial decisions. It also looks at the social context of the judiciary and shows how societal expectations, the existence of non-state justice mechanisms and the strength of informal networks that circumvent the justice system, all have a bearing on judicial corruption. The book takes a close look at the two main judicial corruption problems: political interference and petty bribery by court personnel. The 37 country case studies and a series of concrete recommendations for judges, political powers, businesses, lawyers, prosecutors, academics, NGOs and donors are supplemented by 15 empirical studies of corruption in various sectors, including the justice sector. |
| 0205 rise of the political machines: The Predictioneer's Game Bruce Bueno De Mesquita, 2009-09-29 Bruce Bueno de Mesquita is a master of game theory, which is a fancy label for a simple idea: People compete, and they always do what they think is in their own best interest. Bueno de Mesquita uses game theory and its insights into human behavior to predict and even engineer political, financial, and personal events. His forecasts, which have been employed by everyone from the CIA to major business firms, have an amazing 90 percent accuracy rate, and in this dazzling and revelatory book he shares his startling methods and lets you play along in a range of high-stakes negotiations and conflicts. Revealing the origins of game theory and the advances made by John Nash, the Nobel Prize—winning scientist perhaps best known from A Beautiful Mind, Bueno de Mesquita details the controversial and cold-eyed system of calculation that he has since created, one that allows individuals to think strategically about what their opponents want, how much they want it, and how they might react to every move. From there, Bueno de Mesquita games such events as the North Korean disarmament talks and the Middle East peace process and recalls, among other cases, how he correctly predicted which corporate clients of the Arthur Andersen accounting firm were most likely engaged in fraudulent activity (hint: one of them started with an E). And looking as ever to the future, Bueno de Mesquita also demonstrates how game theory can provide successful strategies to combat both global warming (instead of relying on empty regulations, make nations compete in technology) and terror (figure out exactly how much U.S. aid will make Pakistan fight the Taliban). But as Bueno de Mesquita shows, game theory isn’t just for saving the world. It can help you in your own life, whether you want to succeed in a lawsuit (lawyers argue too much the merits of the case and question too little the motives of their opponents), elect the CEO of your company (change the system of voting on your board to be more advantageous to your candidate), or even buy a car (start by knowing exactly what you want, call every dealer in a fifty-mile radius, and negotiate only over the phone). Savvy, provocative, and shockingly effective, The Predictioneer’s Game will change how you understand the world and manage your future. Life’s a game, and how you play is whether you win or lose. |
| 0205 rise of the political machines: Handbook of Adolescent Health Risk Behavior Ralph J. DiClemente, William B. Hansen, Lynn E. Ponton, 2013-11-21 Adolescence is a developmental period of accelerating physical, psychological, social! cultural, and cognitive development, often characterized by confronting and surmounting a myriad of challenges and establishing a sense of self-identity and autonomy. It is also, unfortunately, a period fraught with many threats to the health and well-being of adoles cents and with substantial consequent impairment and disability. Many of the adverse health consequences experienced by adolescents are, to a large extent, the result of their risk behaviors. Many adolescents today, and perhaps an increasing number in the future, are at risk for death, disease, and other adverse health outcomes that are not primarily biomedical in origin. In general, there has been a marked change in the causes of morbidity and mortality among adolescents. Previously, infectious diseases accounted for a dispro portionate share of adolescent morbidity and mortality. At present, however, the over whelming toll of adolescent morbidity and mortality is the result of lifestyle practices. |
| 0205 rise of the political machines: Third Parties in America Steven J. Rosenstone, Roy L. Behr, Edward H. Lazarus, 1996-04-07 1. Tables and Figures -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Constraints on Third Parties -- 3. Third Parties of the Nineteenth Century -- 4. Independents of the Twentieth Century -- 5. A Theory of Third Party Voting -- 6. Why Citizens Vote for Third Parties -- 7. Candidate Mobilization -- 8. Major Parties, Minor Parties, and American Elections -- 9. H. Ross Perot -- Appendix A: Minor Party Presidential Candidates, 1840-1992 -- Appendix B: Description and Coding of Variables. |
| 0205 rise of the political machines: Mongolia's Economic Prospects Matthias Helble, Hal Hill, Declan Magee, 2020-06-01 This publication examines Mongolia’s recent economic development and outlines reforms that would help the country take advantage of its many opportunities. Mongolia is rich in natural resources and, although landlocked, is well-placed to boost trade with its two giant neighbors. The country needs to diversify its economy beyond mining, enhance economic stability, and increase employment. To maximize Mongolia’s potential the government can improve macroeconomic management, enhance the skill base, and provide hard and soft infrastructure to promote trade and efficient logistics. Governance and institutional reforms are also crucial. The government will need to continue to drive reforms so that they are well implemented and deliver the intended change. |
| 0205 rise of the political machines: Voting Assistance Guide , 1998 |
| 0205 rise of the political machines: Assessing Regional Integration in Africa United Nations. Economic Commission for Africa, 2004 This publication examines progress towards regional integration in Africa; defined as one of the anchoring ideals of African unity and the basis for the New Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD) development framework. The report analyses the current state of the integration process, highlighting where efforts have succeeded or failed. Findings include that progress has been mixed across sectors, regional economic communities and member states; with some notable progress in trade, communications, transport and macroeconomic policy. Overall however, substantial gaps remain between goals and achievements of most regional economic communities, particularly in terms of internal African trade, macroeconomic policy convergence, production and physical connectivity. A summary report is also available (ISBN 9211250927) |
| 0205 rise of the political machines: Employee Engagement in Corporate Social Responsibility Debbie Haski-Leventhal, Lonneke Roza, Stephen Brammer, 2020-09-14 This book offers a remarkable collection of chapters, written by the leading scholars in CSR and employee engagement. Using the existing literature, new empirical studies, case studies and thought-provoking insights, this collection of authors discuss why and how to engage employees in CSR and through CSR. Employee engagement in Corporate Social Responsibility focuses on engaging employees in socially responsible initiatives with three major parts of the book: the antecedents that lead to employee engagement in CSR; the processes and opportunities to involve employees; and the impact of the above on employees, the company, non-profit organisations and society. This book contributes to both research and managerial practice by presenting cutting edge knowledge from leading CSR scholars and practitioners. |
| 0205 rise of the political machines: Compressed Development D. Hugh Whittaker, Timothy Sturgeon, Toshie Okita, Tianbiao Zhu, 2020-09-15 This book proposes a new way to approach comparative international development by focusing on time and timing in economic and social development. The UK industrialized over two centuries, and then started to de-industrialize in the late 1960s. Today, the most rapid developers experience aspects of industrialization and de-industrialization simultaneously. It is no longer clear that industrialization offers the path of growth it once did; industrialization has become 'thin.' Demographic and social challenges that earlier developers faced sequentially now come at the same time. Rapid growers experience compression most acutely, but the spatial and temporal fusing of past and present is widespread, affecting high-, middle-, and lower-income countries alike. Timing refers to the differences in historical periods in which development takes place. The geopolitical, institutional and technological environment for countries recently integrated into the global economy has been vastly different from that of the preceding postwar decades of 'embedded liberalism,' although it does contain echoes of the 'first globalization' and 'first financialization' a century ago. The first era of liberalism did not end well, and the second is similarly foundering on the rocks of nationalism and protectionism, as it is being battered by a global pandemic. The authors propose an interdisciplinary conceptual framework based on co-evolving state-market and organization-technology dyads, which will help readers make sense of contemporary development across multiple societies, sectors and geographies, and provide a template for historical comparison. |
| 0205 rise of the political machines: Primed and Purposeful Soliman M. Santos, Paz Verdades M. Santos, Octavio A. Dinampo, 2010 Provides the political and historical detail necessary to understand the motivations and probable outcomes of conflicts in the country. The volume explores relate human security issues, including the willingness of several Filipino armed groups to negotiate political settlements to the conflicts, and to contemplate the demobilization and reintegration of combatants into civilian life. Light is also shed on the use of small arms - the weapons of choice for armed groups - whose availability is maintained through leakage from government arsenals, porous borders, a thriving domestic craft industry, and a lax regulatory regime. |
| 0205 rise of the political machines: Sociological Abstracts Leo P. Chall, 1990 CSA Sociological Abstracts abstracts and indexes the international literature in sociology and related disciplines in the social and behavioral sciences. The database provides abstracts of journal articles and citations to book reviews drawn from over 1,800+ serials publications, and also provides abstracts of books, book chapters, dissertations, and conference papers. |
| 0205 rise of the political machines: Examined Lives James Miller, 2011-01-04 A New York Times Notable Book for 2011 We all want to know how to live. But before the good life was reduced to ten easy steps or a prescription from the doctor, philosophers offered arresting answers to the most fundamental questions about who we are and what makes for a life worth living. In Examined Lives, James Miller returns to this vibrant tradition with short, lively biographies of twelve famous philosophers. Socrates spent his life examining himself and the assumptions of others. His most famous student, Plato, risked his reputation to tutor a tyrant. Diogenes carried a bright lamp in broad daylight and announced he was looking for a man. Aristotle's alliance with Alexander the Great presaged Seneca's complex role in the court of the Roman Emperor Nero. Augustine discovered God within himself. Montaigne and Descartes struggled to explore their deepest convictions in eras of murderous religious warfare. Rousseau aspired to a life of perfect virtue. Kant elaborated a new ideal of autonomy. Emerson successfully preached a gospel of self-reliance for the new American nation. And Nietzsche tried to compose into one and bring together what is fragment and riddle and dreadful chance in man, before he lapsed into catatonic madness. With a flair for paradox and rich anecdote, Examined Lives is a book that confirms the continuing relevance of philosophy today—and explores the most urgent questions about what it means to live a good life. |
| 0205 rise of the political machines: Closing the Feedback Loop Björn-Sören Gigler, Savita Bailur, 2014-05-22 Enhanced transparency, accountability, and government or donor responsiveness to people needs are imperative to achieve better and more sustainable development results on the ground. The rapid spread of new technologies is transforming the daily lives of millions of poor people around the world and has the potential to be a real game changer for development. Improved accountability and responsiveness are critical for reaching the goals of eliminating extreme poverty and promoting shared prosperity with a focus on improving the well-being of the most vulnerable and marginalized groups in society. Within the broader political economy context, many questions remain unanswered about the role that new technologies can play to act as an accelerator for closing the accountability gap. Within this context, this report brings together new evidence from leading academics and practitioners on the effects of technology-enabled citizen engagement. The report aims to address the following four main questions: how do new technologies empower communities through participation, transparency, and accountability?; are technologies an accelerator for closing the accountability gap - the space between supply (governments, service providers) and demand (citizens, communities,civil society organizations) that must be bridged for open and collaborative governance?; under what conditions does this occur?; and what are the experiences and lessons learned from existing grassroots innovators and donor-supported citizen engagement and crowdsourcing programs, and how can these programs be replicated or scaled up?. The report presents a theoretical framework about the linkages between new technologies, participation, empowerment, and the improvement of poor people's human well-being based on Amartya Sen's capability approach. The book provides rich case studies about the different factors that influence whether or not information and communication technology (ICT)-enabled citizen engagement programs can improve the delivery and quality of public services to poor communities. The report analyzes in depth both the factors and process of using new technologies to enhance the delivery of primary health services to pregnant women in Karnataka, India, and of several community mapping and crowdsourcing programs in Guinea, Haiti, Kenya, Libya, Sudan, and other countries. |
| 0205 rise of the political machines: The Costs and Benefits of Ownership Sanford J. Grossman, Oliver D. Hart, 1984 |
| 0205 rise of the political machines: History of Edgecombe County, North Carolina Joseph Kelly Turner, John Luther Bridgers, 1920 |
| 0205 rise of the political machines: Global University Rankings and the Politics of Knowledge Michelle Stack, 2021 Analysing rankings in diverse higher education settings, this book draws on discourse analysis, theory, ethnography, and case studies, to consider the question of how knowledge is produced and shared. |
| 0205 rise of the political machines: African Political Thought Guy Martin, 2012-12-05 For most of its history, the African continent has witnessed momentous political change, remarkable philosophical innovation, and the complex cross-fertilization of ideologies and belief systems. This definitive study surveys the concepts, values, and historical upheavals that have shaped African political systems from the ancient period to the postcolonial era and beyond. Beginning with the emergence of indigenous political institutions, it traces the most important developments in African history, including the Africanization of Islam, liberal democratic movements, socialism, Pan-Africanism, and Africanist-Populist resistance to the neoliberal world order. The result is an invaluable resource on a region too often ignored in the history of political thought. |
| 0205 rise of the political machines: Books in Print , 1983 |
| 0205 rise of the political machines: Police Intelligence Operations United States. Department of the Army, 2023-01-05 Field Manual (FM) 3-19.50 is a new manual for the Military Police Corps in conducting police intelligence operations (PIO). It describes the doctrine relating to: * The fundamentals of PIO; * The legal documents and considerations affiliated with PIO; * The PIO process; * The relationship of PIO to the Army's intelligence process; * The introduction of police and prison structures, organized crime, legal systems, investigations, crime conducive conditions, and enforcement mechanisms and gaps (POLICE)-a tool to assess the criminal dimension and its influence on effects-based operations (EBO); * PIO in urban operations (UO) and on installations; and * The establishment of PIO networks and associated forums and fusion cells to affect gathering police information and criminal intelligence (CRIMINT). |
| 0205 rise of the political machines: US Democracy Promotion in the Middle East Dionysis Markakis, 2015-08-27 US Democracy Promotion in the Middle East seeks to explore the changes in US strategy towards democracy promotion in the Middle East during the Clinton and Bush administrations, with a particular focus on Egypt, Iraq and Kuwait. At a time of regional turmoil and political reform, the topic of democracy promotion has never been more pertinent. We are witnessing the emergence of popular movements that are challenging authoritarian governments long supported by the US. Tracing the contours of the ongoing transition in US policy in the Middle East, this book critically deconstructs the strategy of democracy promotion on both a theoretical and empirical level. By formulating and applying an analytical framework derived from a Gramscian approach, Markakis seeks to propose a re-evaluation of what US foreign policy in the Middle East truly constitutes, critiquing both the ideological foundations of the strategy as well as the implementation. This book will provide a solid foundation for the analysis of US policy and in particular the strategy of democracy promotion at this time of momentous transition across the region. |
| 0205 rise of the political machines: Law Enforcement Intelligence David L. Carter, Ph D David L Carter, U.s. Department of Justice, Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, 2012-06-19 This intelligence guide was prepared in response to requests from law enforcement executives for guidance in intelligence functions in a post-September 11 world. It will help law enforcement agencies develop or enhance their intelligence capacity and enable them to fight terrorism and other crimes while preserving community policing relationships. The world of law enforcement intelligence has changed dramatically since September 11, 2001. State, local, and tribal law enforcement agencies have been tasked with a variety of new responsibilities; intelligence is just one. In addition, the intelligence discipline has evolved significantly in recent years. As these various trends have merged, increasing numbers of American law enforcement agencies have begun to explore, and sometimes embrace, the intelligence function. This guide is intended to help them in this process. The guide is directed primarily toward state, local, and tribal law enforcement agencies of all sizes that need to develop or reinvigorate their intelligence function. Rather than being a manual to teach a person how to be an intelligence analyst, it is directed toward that manager, supervisor, or officer who is assigned to create an intelligence function. It is intended to provide ideas, definitions, concepts, policies, and resources. It is a primera place to start on a new managerial journey. Every law enforcement agency in the United States, regardless of agency size, must have the capacity to understand the implications of information collection, analysis, and intelligence sharing. Each agency must have an organized mechanism to receive and manage intelligence as well as a mechanism to report and share critical information with other law enforcement agencies. In addition, it is essential that law enforcement agencies develop lines of communication and information-sharing protocols with the private sector, particularly those related to the critical infrastructure, as well as with those private entities that are potential targets of terrorists and criminal enterprises. Not every agency has the staff or resources to create a formal intelligence unit, nor is it necessary in smaller agencies. This document will provide common language and processes to develop and employ an intelligence capacity in SLTLE agencies across the United States as well as articulate a uniform understanding of concepts, issues, and terminology for law enforcement intelligence (LEI). While terrorism issues are currently most pervasive in the current discussion of LEI, the principles of intelligence discussed in this document apply beyond terrorism and include organized crime and entrepreneurial crime of all forms. Drug trafficking and the associated crime of money laundering, for example, continue to be a significant challenge for law enforcement. Transnational computer crime, particularly Internet fraud, identity theft cartels, and global black marketeering of stolen and counterfeit goods, are entrepreneurial crime problems that are increasingly being relegated to SLTLE agencies to investigate simply because of the volume of criminal incidents. Similarly, local law enforcement is being increasingly drawn into human trafficking and illegal immigration enterprises and the often associated crimes related to counterfeiting of official documents, such as passports, visas, driver's licenses, Social Security cards, and credit cards. All require an intelligence capacity for SLTLE, as does the continuation of historical organized crime activities such as auto theft, cargo theft, and virtually any other scheme that can produce profit for an organized criminal entity. To be effective, the law enforcement community must interpret intelligence-related language in a consistent manner. In addition, common standards, policies, and practices will help expedite intelligence sharing while at the same time protecting the privacy of citizens and preserving hard-won community policing relationships.~ |
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