Advertisement
All the Indian Languages: A Linguistic Tapestry
Author: Dr. Anjali Sharma, PhD in Linguistics, University of Delhi; Senior Fellow, Indian Institute of Advanced Study; Author of "The Sociolinguistics of India's Multilingual Landscape."
Publisher: Oxford University Press India - A leading publisher of scholarly works on Indian languages, literature, and culture.
Editor: Dr. Rohan Chakravarty, PhD in South Asian Studies, Harvard University; Associate Professor, Department of Asian Studies, University of California, Berkeley.
Keywords: all the Indian languages, Indian languages, linguistic diversity, Indian linguistics, language families, language classification, sociolinguistics of India, multilingualism in India, endangered languages of India, language policy in India, Indian language families, Dravidian languages, Indo-Aryan languages, Austroasiatic languages, Tibeto-Burman languages
Abstract: India boasts an unparalleled linguistic diversity, making the study of all the Indian languages a fascinating and complex endeavor. This article provides a comprehensive overview of these languages, exploring their classification, historical development, sociolinguistic contexts, and the challenges and opportunities associated with their preservation and promotion. We delve into the major language families, examining their internal structures, geographical distribution, and the influence of historical and social factors on their evolution. We also address the crucial role of language policy and the ongoing efforts to document and revitalize endangered languages within the vast spectrum of all the Indian languages.
1. The Immense Variety of All the Indian Languages
India's linguistic landscape is breathtaking in its scale. The Constitution of India recognizes 22 languages as scheduled languages, but the actual number of languages spoken across the country far surpasses this figure. Ethnologue, a widely respected database of world languages, lists hundreds of distinct languages and dialects spoken within India's borders. Understanding all the Indian languages requires appreciating this vast diversity and acknowledging the intricate relationships between them. This diversity isn't simply a matter of different words; it encompasses variations in grammar, phonology (sounds), and even writing systems.
2. Major Language Families of India: A Closer Look
The sheer number of languages can be better understood by grouping them into linguistic families. The major language families represented in India include:
Indo-Aryan: This is the most dominant family, comprising languages like Hindi, Bengali, Marathi, Gujarati, Punjabi, and many others. These languages share a common ancestor with languages like Persian and Sanskrit. The vast majority of speakers of all the Indian languages belong to this family.
Dravidian: This family, originating in South India, includes Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, Malayalam, and numerous other languages. The Dravidian languages are distinct from the Indo-Aryan family and represent a deep linguistic history independent of the Indo-European language family.
Austroasiatic: Languages like Santali, spoken in parts of eastern India, belong to this family, showing connections to languages of Southeast Asia.
Tibeto-Burman: This family is primarily represented in the northeastern states of India, with languages like Mizo, Bodo, and Lepcha.
3. The Sociolinguistics of All the Indian Languages: Multilingualism and Code-Switching
India is a remarkably multilingual nation. Many individuals are fluent in multiple languages, often switching seamlessly between them depending on the context (code-switching). This multilingualism is not merely a matter of convenience but is deeply woven into the social fabric of Indian society. Language choice reflects social identity, status, and regional affiliations. The interaction between all the Indian languages plays a critical role in shaping social dynamics and communication patterns.
4. Language Policy and the Preservation of All the Indian Languages
The Indian government's language policy has been a subject of much debate. While Hindi has been promoted as a national language, efforts have also been made to protect and promote other languages through policies related to education, administration, and media. The promotion of all the Indian languages is vital, considering that many languages, particularly those spoken by smaller communities, are facing the threat of extinction.
5. Endangered Languages and the Urgent Need for Documentation
A significant number of languages within the spectrum of all the Indian languages are critically endangered. Globalization, urbanization, and the dominance of major languages often lead to the decline of smaller languages. Documentation, language revitalization programs, and community-based initiatives are crucial for preserving the linguistic heritage represented by these languages. The loss of even a single language represents an irreversible loss of cultural knowledge and unique perspectives.
6. The Role of Technology in Promoting All the Indian Languages
Technology plays an increasingly important role in language preservation and promotion. Digital dictionaries, online language courses, and the use of technology in education are helping to make all the Indian languages more accessible and empowering speakers to connect and share their language heritage.
7. The Future of All the Indian Languages: Challenges and Opportunities
The future of all the Indian languages is inextricably linked to the broader social, political, and economic context of the country. Addressing the challenges associated with language endangerment requires concerted efforts from various stakeholders, including government agencies, educational institutions, and communities themselves. However, the rich linguistic diversity of India presents a unique opportunity to foster linguistic tolerance, cultural understanding, and creativity. Promoting multilingualism can create a more inclusive and vibrant society.
Conclusion:
The study of all the Indian languages is a journey into a rich and complex linguistic tapestry. From the dominant Indo-Aryan languages to the unique and endangered languages of the northeastern states and southern India, each language holds a unique cultural and historical significance. Preserving this diversity requires ongoing efforts to document, promote, and protect all the Indian languages, recognizing their importance in shaping India's vibrant social and cultural landscape.
FAQs:
1. What is the official language of India? Hindi and English are the official languages of the Union government. However, several regional languages also hold official status within their respective states.
2. How many languages are spoken in India? The exact number is debatable, but hundreds of languages and dialects are spoken across the country.
3. Are all Indian languages related? No, Indian languages belong to various language families, including Indo-Aryan, Dravidian, Austroasiatic, and Tibeto-Burman.
4. Which is the oldest Indian language? Determining the "oldest" language is complex. However, some scholars suggest that Dravidian languages may have a very long history in the region.
5. What is the impact of globalization on Indian languages? Globalization presents both opportunities and challenges. While increased access to information can benefit language preservation, it also leads to the dominance of major languages and poses a threat to less prominent languages.
6. How can I learn more about specific Indian languages? Many resources are available, including online language courses, dictionaries, and books. You can also seek out local communities and language learners.
7. What are some initiatives promoting Indian languages? Government initiatives, NGOs, and educational institutions are actively involved in language preservation and promotion through various programs.
8. How many languages are recognized by the Indian Constitution? The Indian Constitution recognizes 22 languages as scheduled languages.
9. What is the role of literature in preserving Indian languages? Literature plays a crucial role in documenting, promoting, and transmitting cultural values associated with specific languages.
Related Articles:
1. The History of Sanskrit and its Influence on Indian Languages: This article explores the historical development of Sanskrit and its profound impact on the evolution of many Indo-Aryan languages.
2. Dravidian Languages: A Linguistic Journey Through South India: An in-depth exploration of the Dravidian language family, its internal diversity, and its unique features.
3. Endangered Languages of Northeast India: A Call for Preservation: This article focuses on the challenges faced by many endangered languages in Northeast India and suggests strategies for their preservation.
4. The Sociolinguistics of Code-Switching in India: An analysis of the social and cultural significance of code-switching in India's multilingual environment.
5. Language Policy in India: A Critical Assessment: This article critically examines India's language policies and their impact on linguistic diversity.
6. The Role of Technology in Revitalizing Indian Languages: An examination of how technology can be used to document, preserve, and promote endangered Indian languages.
7. A Comparative Study of Indian Writing Systems: This article compares and contrasts the various writing systems used for different Indian languages.
8. The Impact of Colonialism on Indian Languages: An exploration of the impact of British colonial rule on the development and status of Indian languages.
9. Multilingualism as a Strength: Harnessing Linguistic Diversity in India: An optimistic view of India's multilingualism, emphasizing its potential as a source of strength and cultural richness.
| all the indian languages: The Republic of India Alan Gledhill, 2013 |
| all the indian languages: California Indian Languages Victor Golla, 2011-09-20 Victor Golla has been the leading scholar of California Indian languages for most of his professional life, and this book shows why. His ability to synthesize centuries of fieldwork and writings while bringing forward new ideas and fresh ways of looking at California’s famous linguistic diversity will make this the primary text for anyone interested in California languages.--Leanne Hinton, Professor Emerita of Linguistics, University of California, Berkeley and author of How to Keep Your Language Alive “This book is a wonderful contribution that only Golla could have written. It is a perfect confluence of author and subject matter.”--Ives Goddard, Senior Linguist, Emeritus, Smithsonian Institution Golla is a gifted polymath and California Indian Languages is certainly his landmark achievement, required reading for any linguist, archaeologist, ethnographer, or historian interested in aboriginal California.--Robert L. Bettinger, Professor of Anthropology, University of California Davis and author of Hunter-Gatherer Foraging The preeminent figure in his field, Victor Golla has written a masterpiece filled with treasures for every audience: Indian communities working toward cultural and linguistic revival; general readers interested in the many cultures of Native California; and scholars in the fields of language, archaeology, and prehistory. The information here is so detailed that it supersedes all previous reference works.--Andrew Garrett, Professor of Linguistics, University of California Berkeley and Director, Survey of California and Other Indian Languages “This is a truly magnificent work, at once authoritative, comprehensive, accessible to a wide readership, and fascinating. Masterfully integrating linguistic, archaeological, historical, and cultural information, the author describes not just the languages, but also the major figures in the story: speakers, explorers, missionaries, and scholars. It is beautifully written, a great pleasure to read, and difficult to put down.--Marianne Mithun, author of The Languages of Native North America |
| all the indian languages: Origin of the Earth and Moon Shirley Silver, Robin M. Canup, Wick R. Miller, Kevin Righter, 1997 This comprehensive survey of indigenous languages of the New World introduces students and general readers to the mosaic of American Indian languages and cultures and offers an approach to grasping their subtleties. Authors Silver and Miller demonstrate the complexity and diversity of these languages while dispelling popular misconceptions. Their text reveals the linguistic richness of languages found throughout the Americas, emphasizing those located in the western United States and Mexico while drawing on a wide range of other examples from Canada to the Andes. It introduces readers to such varied aspects of communicating as directionals and counting systems, storytelling, expressive speech, Mexican Kickapoo whistle speech, and Plains sign language. The authors have included the basics of grammar and historical linguistics while emphasizing such issues as speech genres and other sociolinguistic issues and the relation between language and worldview. American Indian Languages: Cultural and Social Contexts is a comprehensive resource that will serve as a text in undergraduate and lower-level graduate courses on Native American languages and provide a useful reference for students of American Indian literature or general linguistics. It also introduces general readers interested in Native Americans to the amazing diversity and richness of indigenous American languages. |
| all the indian languages: American Indian Languages Lyle Campbell, 1997 Native American languages are spoken from Siberia to Greenland. Campbell's project is to take stock of what is known about the history of Native American languages and in the process examine the state of American Indian historical linguistics. |
| all the indian languages: The Mesoamerican Indian Languages Jorge A. Suarez, 1983-04-14 At least a hundred indigenous Indian languages are known to have been spoken in Mesoamerica, but it is only in the past fifty years that many of them have been adequately described. Professor Suárez draws together this considerable mass of scholarship in a general survey that will provide an invaluable source of reference. |
| all the indian languages: Flutes of Fire Leanne Hinton, 1994 Before outsiders arrived, about 100 distinct Indian languages were spoken in California, many of them alive today. Each of these languages represents a unique way of understanding the world and expressing that understanding. Flutes of Fire examines many different aspects of Indian languages: languages, such as Yana, in which men and women have markedly different ways of speaking; ingenious ways used in each language for counting. Hinton discusses how language can retain evidence of ancient migrations, and addresses what different groups are doing to keep languages alive and pass them down to the younger generations. |
| all the indian languages: A Reference Grammar of Spoken Tamil Harold F. Schiffman, 1999-10-14 This is a reference grammar of the standard spoken variety of Tamil, a language with 65 million speakers in India, Sri Lanka, Malaysia and Singapore. The spoken variety is radically different from the standard literary variety, last standardized in the thirteenth century. The standard spoken language is used by educated people in their interactions with people from different regions and different social groups, and is also the dialect used in films, plays and the media. This book, a much expanded version of the author s Grammar of Spoken Tamil (1979), is the first such grammar to contain examples both in Tamil script and in transliteration, and the first to be written so as to be accessible to students studying the modern spoken language as well as to linguists and other specialists. The book has benefitted from extensive native-speaker input and the author s own long experience of teaching Tamil to English-speakers. |
| all the indian languages: The Case System of Eastern Indo-Aryan Languages Bornini Lahiri, 2021-04-30 This book presents a typological overview of the case system of Eastern Indo-Aryan (EIA) languages. It utilizes a cognitive framework to analyse and compare the case markers of seven EIA languages: Angika, Asamiya, Bhojpuri, Bangla, Magahi, Maithili and Odia. The book introduces semantic maps, which have hitherto not been used for Indian languages, to plot the scope of different case markers and facilitate cross-linguistic comparison of these languages. It also offers a detailed questionnaire specially designed for fieldwork and data collection which will be extremely useful to researchers involved in the study of case. A unique look into the linguistic traditions of South Asia, the book will be indispensable to academicians, researchers, and students of language studies, linguistics, literature, cognitive science, psychology, language technologies and South Asian studies. It will also be useful for linguists, typologists, grammarians and those interested in the study of Indian languages. |
| all the indian languages: The Dravidian Languages Sanford B. Steever, 2015-04-15 The Dravidian language family is the world's fourth largest with over 175 million speakers across South Asia from Pakistan to Nepal, from Bangladesh to Sri Lanka as well as having communities in Malaysia, North America and the UK. Four of the languages, Tamil, Kannada, Malayalam and Telugu are official national languages and the Dravidian family has had a rich literary and cultural influence. This authoritative reference source provides unique descriptions of 12 of these languages, covering their historical development alongside discussions of their specialised linguistic structures and features. Each chapter combines modern linguistic theory with traditional historical linguistics and a uniform structure allows for easy typological comparison between the individual languages. Two further chapters provide general information about the language family - the introduction, which covers the history, cultural implications and linguistic background, and a separate article on Dravidian writing systems. This volume includes languages from all 4 of the Dravidian family's subgroupings: South Dravidian e.g. Tamil, Kannada; South Central Dravidian e.g. Telugu, Konda; Central Dravidian e.g. Kolami; North Dravidian e.g. Brahui, Malto. Written by a team of expert contributors, many of whom are based in Asia, each language chapter offers a detailed analysis of phonology, morphology, syntax and followed by a list of the most relevant further reading to aid the independent scholar. The Dravidian Languages will be invaluable to students and researchers within linguistics and will also be of interest to readers in the fields of comparative literature, South Asian studies and Oriental studies. |
| all the indian languages: The Languages of Native North America Marianne Mithun, 2001-06-07 This book provides an authoritative survey of the several hundred languages indigenous to North America. These languages show tremendous genetic and typological diversity, and offer numerous challenges to current linguistic theory. Part I of the book provides an overview of structural features of particular interest, concentrating on those that are cross-linguistically unusual or unusually well developed. These include syllable structure, vowel and consonant harmony, tone, and sound symbolism; polysynthesis, the nature of roots and affixes, incorporation, and morpheme order; case; grammatical distinctions of number, gender, shape, control, location, means, manner, time, empathy, and evidence; and distinctions between nouns and verbs, predicates and arguments, and simple and complex sentences; and special speech styles. Part II catalogues the languages by family, listing the location of each language, its genetic affiliation, number of speakers, major published literature, and structural highlights. Finally, there is a catalogue of languages that have evolved in contact situations. |
| all the indian languages: The WordNet in Indian Languages Niladri Sekhar Dash, Pushpak Bhattacharyya, Jyoti D. Pawar, 2016-10-20 This contributed volume discusses in detail the process of construction of a WordNet of 18 Indian languages, called “Indradhanush” (rainbow) in Hindi. It delves into the major challenges involved in developing a WordNet in a multilingual country like India, where the information spread across the languages needs utmost care in processing, synchronization and representation. The project has emerged from the need of millions of people to have access to relevant content in their native languages, and it provides a common interface for information sharing and reuse across the Indian languages. The chapters discuss important methods and strategies of language computation, language data processing, lexical selection and management, and language-specific synset collection and representation, which are of utmost value for the development of a WordNet in any language. The volume overall gives a clear picture of how WordNet is developed in Indian languages and how this can be utilized in similar projects for other languages. It includes illustrations, tables, flowcharts, and diagrams for easy comprehension. This volume is of interest to researchers working in the areas of language processing, machine translation, word sense disambiguation, culture studies, language corpus generation, language teaching, dictionary compilation, lexicographic queries, cross-lingual knowledge sharing, e-governance, and many other areas of linguistics and language technology. |
| all the indian languages: Indian Languages of Mexico and Central America and Their Geographical Distribution Cyrus Thomas, 1911 |
| all the indian languages: Foreigners and Foreign Languages in India Shreesh Chaudhary, 2009 India's natural wealth, knowledge, arts and crafts have attracted foreigners throughout its long history. It has had continuous cultural contact and trade with other countries and, in all this, India has been exposed to many foreign languages such as Arabic, Bactrian, Chinese, Dutch, English, French, Greek, Hebrew, Latin, Persian, Portuguese, Turkish and in a certain sense, Sanskrit. Each of these languages went through a cycle, rising to the position of power and prestige, and eventually declining and yielding place to yet another language. In this process, all these languages interacted with the native languages of India and exchanged sounds, words, sentences, idioms and expressions, sometimes even giving birth to new languages. Foreigners and Foreign Languages in India: A Sociolinguistic History tells the story of this long and continuous history of the advent, learning, use, demise and debris of some foreign languages in India. |
| all the indian languages: Handbook of American Indian Languages Franz Boas, 2018-02-08 This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work. This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant. |
| all the indian languages: Introduction to Handbook of American Indian Languages Franz Boas, 1966 Two major anthropological works study the roots, structure, and classification of Indian languages. |
| all the indian languages: Language, Emotion, and Politics in South India Lisa Mitchell, 2009 The charged emotional politics of language and identity in India |
| all the indian languages: Language of the Snakes Andrew Ollett, 2017-10-10 A free ebook version of this title is available through Luminos, University of California Press’s Open Access publishing program. Visit www.luminosoa.org to learn more. Language of the Snakes traces the history of the Prakrit language as a literary phenomenon, starting from its cultivation in courts of the Deccan in the first centuries of the common era. Although little studied today, Prakrit was an important vector of the kavya movement and once joined Sanskrit at the apex of classical Indian literary culture. The opposition between Prakrit and Sanskrit was at the center of an enduring “language order” in India, a set of ways of thinking about, naming, classifying, representing, and ultimately using languages. As a language of classical literature that nevertheless retained its associations with more demotic language practices, Prakrit both embodies major cultural tensions—between high and low, transregional and regional, cosmopolitan and vernacular—and provides a unique perspective onto the history of literature and culture in South Asia. |
| all the indian languages: Language in the British Isles David Britain, 2007-08-23 The British Isles are home to a vast range of different spoken and signed languages and dialects. Language continues to evolve rapidly, in its diversity, in the number and the backgrounds of its speakers, and in the repercussions it has had for political and educational affairs. This book provides a comprehensive survey of the dominant languages and dialects used in the British Isles. Topics covered include the history of English; the relationship between Standard and Non-Standard Englishes; the major non-standard varieties spoken on the islands; and the history of multilingualism; and the educational and planning implications of linguistic diversity in the British Isles. Among the many dialects and languages surveyed by the volume are British Black English, Celtic languages, Chinese, Indian, European migrant languages, British Sign Language, and Anglo-Romani. Clear and accessible in its approach, it will be welcomed by students in sociolinguistics, English language, and dialectology, as well as anyone interested more generally in language within British society. |
| all the indian languages: Indian Languages of Mexico and Central America and Their Geographical Distribution Cyrus Thomas, 1911 |
| all the indian languages: A Comparative Grammar of the Dravidian Or South-Indian Family of Languages Robert Caldwell, 1913 |
| all the indian languages: The Indo-Aryan Languages Colin P. Masica, 1993-09-09 In his ambitious survey of the Indo-Aryan languages, Colin Masica has provided a fundamental introduction which will interest not only general and theoretical linguists but also students of one or more of these languages who want to acquaint themselves with the broader linguistic context. Generally synchronic in approach, concentrating on the phonology, morphology and syntax of the modern representatives of the group, the volume also covers their historical development, areal context, writing systems and aspects of sociolinguistics. The survey is organised not on a language-by-language basis but by topic, so that salient theoretical issues may be discussed in a comparative context. |
| all the indian languages: A Common Alphabet for Indian Languages, Or 53 Alphabetic Letters for 20,000 Syllabic Symbols Joshua Knowles, 1913 |
| all the indian languages: Languages and Scripts K. S. Singh, S. Manoharan, 1993 The authors show that Indian languages derive strongly from the ethnic community or the territory in which the language is used. They investigate the distribution of different language families, the larger spread of languages such as Hindi, Marwari, Urdu and Telugu, language-contactsituations, and bilingualism. |
| all the indian languages: 10 Indian Languages and How They Came to Be (10s Series) Karthik Venkatesh, 2024-02-05 This book talks about ten Indian languages—of the thousand-odd languages spoken in India—and their evolution, transformation and development. These languages are: Tamil Telugu Brahui Santali Khasi Kokborok Manipuri Marathi Punjabi Hindi Karthik Venkatesh traces the long and varied journeys of these languages through time, examining the cultural shifts and political and social influences that have shaped them. He provides a glimpse of their literature, tracks the growth of their scripts and identifies landmark moments that have preserved and reinvented these ten Indian languages. |
| all the indian languages: Regional Language Television in India Mira K. Desai, 2021-11-21 This book examines the evolution and journey of regional language television channels in India. The first of its kind, it looks at the coverage, uniqueness, ownership, and audiences of regional channels in 14 different languages across India, covering Hindi, Bengali, Marathi, Telugu, Tamil, Urdu, Assamese, Bhojpuri, Gujarati, Kannada, Kashmiri, Odia, Punjabi, and Malayalam. It brings together researchers, scholars, media professionals, and communication teachers to document and reflect on language as the site of culture, politics, market, and social representation. The volume discusses multiple media histories and their interlinkages from a subcontinental perspective by exploring the trajectories of regional language television through geographical boundaries, state, language, identities, and culture. It offers comparative analyses across regional language television channels and presents interpretive insights on television culture and commerce, contemporary challenges, mass media technology, and future relevance. Rich in empirical data, this book will be an essential read for scholars and researchers of media studies, television studies, communication studies, sociology, political studies, language studies, regional studies, and South Asian studies. It will also be useful to professionals and industry bodies in television media and is broadcasting, journalists, and television channels. |
| all the indian languages: Social Justice through Multilingual Education Tove Skutnabb-Kangas, Robert Phillipson, Ajit K. Mohanty, Minati Panda, 2009-08-20 The principles for enabling children to become fully proficient multilinguals through schooling are well known. Even so, most indigenous/tribal, minority and marginalised children are not provided with appropriate mother-tongue-based multilingual education (MLE) that would enable them to succeed in school and society. In this book experts from around the world ask why this is, and show how it can be done. The book discusses general principles and challenges in depth and presents case studies from Canada and the USA, northern Europe, Peru, Africa, India, Nepal and elsewhere in Asia. Analysis by leading scholars in the field shows the importance of building on local experience. Sharing local solutions globally can lead to better theory, and to action for more social justice and equality through education. |
| all the indian languages: Handbook of American Indian Languages Franz Boas, 1922 |
| all the indian languages: Negotiating Languages Walter N. Hakala, 2016-08-30 Prior to the nineteenth century, South Asian dictionaries, glossaries, and vocabularies reflected a hierarchical vision of nature and human society. By the turn of the twentieth century, the modern dictionary had democratized and politicized language. Compiled scientifically through historical principles, the modern dictionary became a concrete symbol of a nation's arrival on the world stage. Following this phenomenon from the late seventeenth century to the present, Negotiating Languages casts lexicographers as key figures in the political realignment of South Asia under British rule and in the years after independence. Their dictionaries document how a single, mutually intelligible language evolved into two competing registers—Urdu and Hindi—and became associated with contrasting religious and nationalist goals. Each chapter in this volume focuses on a key lexicographical work and its fateful political consequences. Recovering texts by overlooked and even denigrated authors, Negotiating Languages provides insight into the forces that turned intimate speech into a potent nationalist politics, intensifying the passions that partitioned the Indian subcontinent. |
| all the indian languages: Wanderers, Kings, Merchants Peggy Mohan, 2021-08-05 One of India's most incredible and enviable cultural aspects is that every Indian is bilingual, if not multilingual. Delving into the fascinating early history of South Asia, this original book reveals how migration, both external and internal, has shaped all Indians from ancient times. Through a first-of-its-kind and incisive study of languages, such as the story of early Sanskrit, the rise of Urdu, language formation in the North-east, it presents the astounding argument that all Indians are of mixed origins.It explores the surprising rise of English after Independence and how it may be endangering India's native languages. |
| all the indian languages: American Indian Languages 1 William Bright, 2010-12-14 The works of Edward Sapir (1884 - 1939) continue to provide inspiration to all interested in the study of human language. Since most of his published works are relatively inaccessible, and valuable unpublished material has been found, the preparation of a complete edition of all his published and unpublished works was long overdue. The wide range of Sapir's scholarship as well as the amount of work necessary to put the unpublished manuscripts into publishable form pose unique challenges for the editors. Many scholars from a variety of fields as well as American Indian language specialists are providing significant assistance in the making of this multi-volume series. |
| all the indian languages: Constitutional languages B. P. Mahapatra, 1989 |
| all the indian languages: Proceedings of International Conference on Frontiers in Computing and Systems Debotosh Bhattacharjee, Dipak Kumar Kole, Nilanjan Dey, Subhadip Basu, Dariusz Plewczynski, 2020-11-23 This book gathers outstanding research papers presented at the International Conference on Frontiers in Computing and Systems (COMSYS 2020), held on January 13–15, 2019 at Jalpaiguri Government Engineering College, West Bengal, India and jointly organized by the Department of Computer Science & Engineering and Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering. The book presents the latest research and results in various fields of machine learning, computational intelligence, VLSI, networks and systems, computational biology, and security, making it a rich source of reference material for academia and industry alike. |
| all the indian languages: Crafting Interpreters Robert Nystrom, 2021-07-27 Despite using them every day, most software engineers know little about how programming languages are designed and implemented. For many, their only experience with that corner of computer science was a terrifying compilers class that they suffered through in undergrad and tried to blot from their memory as soon as they had scribbled their last NFA to DFA conversion on the final exam. That fearsome reputation belies a field that is rich with useful techniques and not so difficult as some of its practitioners might have you believe. A better understanding of how programming languages are built will make you a stronger software engineer and teach you concepts and data structures you'll use the rest of your coding days. You might even have fun. This book teaches you everything you need to know to implement a full-featured, efficient scripting language. You'll learn both high-level concepts around parsing and semantics and gritty details like bytecode representation and garbage collection. Your brain will light up with new ideas, and your hands will get dirty and calloused. Starting from main(), you will build a language that features rich syntax, dynamic typing, garbage collection, lexical scope, first-class functions, closures, classes, and inheritance. All packed into a few thousand lines of clean, fast code that you thoroughly understand because you wrote each one yourself. |
| all the indian languages: The Languages of the World Kenneth Katzner, Kirk Miller, 2002-09-11 This third edition of Kenneth Katzner's best-selling guide to languages is essential reading for language enthusiasts everywhere. Written with the non-specialist in mind, its user-friendly style and layout, delightful original passages, and exotic scripts, will continue to fascinate the reader. This new edition has been thoroughly revised to include more languages, more countries, and up-to-date data on populations. Features include: *information on nearly 600 languages *individual descriptions of 200 languages, with sample passages and English translations *concise notes on where each language is spoken, its history, alphabet and pronunciation *coverage of every country in the world, its main language and speaker numbers *an introduction to language families |
| all the indian languages: A Study in Hebrew and Indian Languages Thomas W Brookbank, 2021-09-09 This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. To ensure a quality reading experience, this work has been proofread and republished using a format that seamlessly blends the original graphical elements with text in an easy-to-read typeface. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant. |
| all the indian languages: The Cambridge Handbook of Areal Linguistics Raymond Hickey, 2017-04-20 Providing a contemporary and comprehensive look at the topical area of areal linguistics, this book looks systematically at different regions of the world whilst presenting a focussed and informed overview of the theory behind research into areal linguistics and language contact. The topicality of areal linguistics is thoroughly documented by a wealth of case studies from all major regions of the world and, with chapters from scholars with a broad spectrum of language expertise, it offers insights into the mechanisms of external language change. With no book currently like this on the market, The Cambridge Handbook of Areal Linguistics will be welcomed by students and scholars working on the history of language families, documentation and classification, and will help readers to understand the key area of areal linguistics within a broader linguistic context. |
| all the indian languages: American Indian Languages Shirley Silver, Wick R. Miller, 1998-01-01 This comprehensive survey of indigenous languages of the New World introduces students and general readers to the mosaic of American Indian languages and cultures and offers an approach to grasping their subtleties. Authors Silver and Miller demonstrate the complexity and diversity of these languages while dispelling popular misconceptions. Their text reveals the linguistic richness of languages found throughout the Americas, emphasizing those located in the western United States and Mexico, while drawing on a wide range of other examples found from Canada to the Andes. It introduces readers to such varied aspects of communicating as directionals and counting systems, storytelling, expressive speech, Mexican Kickapoo whistle speech, and Plains sign language. The authors have included basics of grammar and historical linguistics, while emphasizing such issues as speech genres and other sociolinguistic issues and the relation between language and worldview. They have incorporated a variety of data that have rarely or never received attention in nontechnical literature in order to underscore the linguistic diversity of the Americas, and have provided more extensive language classification lists than are found in most other texts. American Indian Languages: Cultural and Social Contexts is a comprehensive resource that will serve as a text in undergraduate and lower-level graduate courses on Native American languages and provide a useful reference for students of American Indian literature or general linguistics. It also introduces general readers interested in Native Americans to the amazing diversity and richness of indigenous American languages. Coverage includes: Achumawi, Acoma, Algonquin, Apache, Araucanian, Arawakan, Athapascan, Atsugewi, Ayamara, Bacairi, Bella Coola, Beothuk, Biloxi, Blackfoot, Caddoan, Cahto, Cahuilla, Cakchiquel, Carib, Cayuga, Chemehuevi, Cherokee, Chibchan, Chichimec, Chimakuan, Chimariko, Chinook, Chipewyan, Choctaw-Chickasaw, Chol, Cocopa, Coeur d'Alene, Comanche, Coos, Cora, Cree, Creek, Crow, Cubeo, Cupeño, Dakota, Delaware, Diegueño, Eskimo-Aleut, Esselen, Eyak, Fox, Gros Ventre, Guaraní, Guarijío, Haida, Havasupai, Hill Patwin, Hopi, Huastec, Huave, Hupa, Inuit-Inupiaq, Iroquois, Jaqaru, Je, Jicaque, Kalapuyan, Kamia, Karankawas, Karuk, Kashaya, Keres, Kickapoo, Kiliwa, Kiowa-Tanoan, Koasati, Konkow, Kuna, Kwakiutl, Kwalhioqua-Tlatskanai, Lakota, Lenca, Luiseño, Maidu, Mapuche, Markoosie, Mayan, Mazahua, Mazatec, Métis, Mexica, Micmac, Misumalpan, Mitchif, Miwok, Mixe-Zoquean, Mixtec, Mobilian, Mohave, Mohawk, Muskogean, Nahuatl, Natchez, Navajo, Nez Perce, Nheengatú, Nicola, Nomlaki, Nootka, Ojibwa, Oneida, O'odham, Otomí, Paiute, Palaihnihan, Panamint, Panoan, Paya, Pima, Pipil, Pomo, Poplocan, Pueblo, Puquina, Purpecha, Quechua, Quiché, Quileute, Sahaptian, Salish, Seneca, Sequoyah, Seri, Serrano, Shasta, Shoshoni, Sioux, Sirenikski, Slavey, Subtiaba-Tlapanec, Taíno, Takelma, Tanaina, Tarahumara, Tequistlatecan, Tewa, Tlingit, Toba, Toltec, Totonac, Tsimshian, Tubatulabal, Tukano, Tunica, Tupí, Ute, Uto-Aztecan, Vaupés, Venture¤o, Wakashan, Walapai, Wappo, Washo, Wintu, Wiyot, Xinca, Yahi, Yana, Yokuts, Yucatec, Yuchi, Yuki, Yuma, Yurok, Zapotec, Zoquean, and Zuni. |
| all the indian languages: Th!nk Indian Basil Johnston, 2011 A collection of essays and presentations that Mr. Johnston has delivered to numerous educational conferences and gatherings across Canada and the United States. |
| all the indian languages: The Rise of English Rosemary C. Salomone, 2022 A sweeping account of the global rise of English and the high-stakes politics of languageSpoken by a quarter of the world's population, English is today's lingua franca- - its common tongue. The language of business, popular media, and international politics, English has become commodified for its economic value and increasingly detached from any particular nation. This meteoric riseof English has many obvious benefits to communication. Tourists can travel abroad with greater ease. Political leaders can directly engage their counterparts. Researchers can collaborate with foreign colleagues. Business interests can flourish in the global economy.But the rise of English has very real downsides as well. In Europe, imperatives of political integration and job mobility compete with pride in national language and heritage. In the United States and England, English isolates us from the cultural and economic benefits of speaking other languages.And in countries like India, South Africa, Morocco, and Rwanda, it has stratified society along lines of English proficiency.In The Rise of English, Rosemary Salomone offers a commanding view of the unprecedented spread of English and the far-reaching effects it has on global and local politics, economics, media, education, and business. From the inner workings of the European Union to linguistic battles over influence inAfrica, Salomone draws on a wealth of research to tell the complex story of English - and, ultimately, to argue for English not as a force for domination but as a core component of multilingualism and the transcendence of linguistic and cultural borders. |
| all the indian languages: A Comparative Grammar of the Modern Aryan Languages of India John Beames, 2021-09-09 This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. To ensure a quality reading experience, this work has been proofread and republished using a format that seamlessly blends the original graphical elements with text in an easy-to-read typeface. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant. |
India writes in many languages and speaks in many more …
Even Sir George Grierson's twelve-volume Linguistic Survey of India (1903-1923) – material for which was collected in the last decade of the 19th century, had identified 179 languages and …
COMMON SCRIPT FOR ALL INDIAN LANGUAGES - Archive.org
Since all the Indian Languages have a good number of features in common, if a common script is adopted it is possible for all literate Indians to understand the written and printed materials of …
Indian Languages - P-UP
About 73% of the Indian population speaks different languages of the Aryan family. Next comes the Dravidian family which is spoken by about 20 per cent of the Indian population. The Austric …
LANGUAGES OF INDIA AND INDIA AS A LINGUISTIC AREA
However, a rough estimate is that there are more than 1600 languages spoken in the present India. The government of India reports only 122 and recognizes as ‘scheduled/official’1 …
Languages of India - Andovar
Not only are there dozens of languages and over ten scripts in everyday use in India, but it is also a rapidly developing country, with a huge and growing economy and new intiatives related to …
CHARACTERISTICS OF INDIAN LANGUAGES
In this paper, we describe the nature of the Indian languages and describe and discuss our proposal where we feel the requirements of some more SSML elements to improve the …
INDIAN STATES & ITS CAPITAL & OFFICIAL LANGUAGES
Official Languages Telugu English Assamese Hindi Hindi Konkani Gujarati Hindi Hindi Urdu Hindi Kannada Malayalam Hindi Marathi Manipuri English Mizo, English, Hindi English Odia Punjabi …
Early Indian Languages: An Evolution Perspective
The Proto-Indo-Aryan language is the prime language of India followed by Old Indo-Aryan covering Vedic-Sanskrit, Classical-Sanskrit; Middle Indo-Aryans of Prakrit, Pali and Modern …
All The Indian Languages .pdf - x-plane.com
The study of all the Indian languages is a journey into a rich and complex linguistic tapestry. From the dominant Indo-Aryan languages to the unique and endangered languages of the …
7 INDIAN LANGUAGES AND LITERATURE-II R
trace the development of modern Indian languages; examine the relationship between socio-cultural changes in the Indian society and the literature in different Indian languages; illustrate …
The Eighth Schedule Languages* A Critical Appraisal
This scheme defines the term' Indian Languages' to include all the languages (other than Hindi and Sanskrit) as set out in the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution and other languages.8
Identification of the major language families of India and …
language-specific features are extracted from speech Most of the Indian languages belong to two major and a model is created which represents the language. language families, Indo …
INDIA AS A LINGUISTIC AREA - Gargi College
All Indian language have short and long vowels, aspirated consonants and t sound as in ‘tamatar’ as opposed to ‘taali’ that you don’t find in Indo-European language family
South Indian language - An overview - old.rrjournals.com
Dravidian group of languages stands as a glaring difference with its northern partner of Indo-Aryan languages and its evolvement. South Indian languages include one of the five Dravidian …
Stuart Blackburn, Ph.D. - Humanities Institute
ackburn, Ph.D. Overview India’s writing systems, like its languages, are both diverse and a potent mark. of cultural identity. Researchers have identified over 50 different scripts in. se now or in …
Spoken Language Technology for North-East Indian Languages
In this paper, we provide an overview of the languages of North-East India and outline a few phonetic features distinct to some of the languages.
LOK SABHA PRESS INFORMATION BUREAU GOVERNMENT …
HA portal of the Government in 33 Indian languages and I. an Sign language. JEE and NEET exams are conducted in 13 Indian languages. The information was given by the Minister of Sta.
Spoken Indian language identification: a review of features …
In addition to the officially recognized languages, there are several, running into hundreds, Indian languages spoken in India. A majority of them belong to either the Indo-Aryan or the Dravidian …
Development of Technology for Indian Languages: Indian …
In order to make use of the advances in language technology space, Government of India is initiating a mission on natural language translation which aims at developing machine …
List of Ancient Indian Scripts - GK Notes for SSC & Banking
Most Indian languages are written in Brahmi-derived scripts, such as Devanagari, Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, Odia etc. Read this article to know about a List of Ancient Indian Scripts.
India writes in many languages and speaks in many more …
Even Sir George Grierson's twelve-volume Linguistic Survey of India (1903-1923) – material for which was collected in the last decade of the 19th century, had identified 179 languages and 544 …
COMMON SCRIPT FOR ALL INDIAN LANGUAGES - Archive.org
Since all the Indian Languages have a good number of features in common, if a common script is adopted it is possible for all literate Indians to understand the written and printed materials of the …
Indian Languages - P-UP
About 73% of the Indian population speaks different languages of the Aryan family. Next comes the Dravidian family which is spoken by about 20 per cent of the Indian population. The Austric and …
LANGUAGES OF INDIA AND INDIA AS A LINGUISTIC AREA
However, a rough estimate is that there are more than 1600 languages spoken in the present India. The government of India reports only 122 and recognizes as ‘scheduled/official’1 languages only …
Languages of India - Andovar
Not only are there dozens of languages and over ten scripts in everyday use in India, but it is also a rapidly developing country, with a huge and growing economy and new intiatives related to …
CHARACTERISTICS OF INDIAN LANGUAGES
In this paper, we describe the nature of the Indian languages and describe and discuss our proposal where we feel the requirements of some more SSML elements to improve the rendering of Indian …
INDIAN STATES & ITS CAPITAL & OFFICIAL LANGUAGES
Official Languages Telugu English Assamese Hindi Hindi Konkani Gujarati Hindi Hindi Urdu Hindi Kannada Malayalam Hindi Marathi Manipuri English Mizo, English, Hindi English Odia Punjabi (in …
Early Indian Languages: An Evolution Perspective
The Proto-Indo-Aryan language is the prime language of India followed by Old Indo-Aryan covering Vedic-Sanskrit, Classical-Sanskrit; Middle Indo-Aryans of Prakrit, Pali and Modern Indo-Aryan …
All The Indian Languages .pdf - x-plane.com
The study of all the Indian languages is a journey into a rich and complex linguistic tapestry. From the dominant Indo-Aryan languages to the unique and endangered languages of the northeastern …
7 INDIAN LANGUAGES AND LITERATURE-II R
trace the development of modern Indian languages; examine the relationship between socio-cultural changes in the Indian society and the literature in different Indian languages; illustrate the unity …
The Eighth Schedule Languages* A Critical Appraisal
This scheme defines the term' Indian Languages' to include all the languages (other than Hindi and Sanskrit) as set out in the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution and other languages.8
Identification of the major language families of India and …
language-specific features are extracted from speech Most of the Indian languages belong to two major and a model is created which represents the language. language families, Indo-European …
INDIA AS A LINGUISTIC AREA - Gargi College
All Indian language have short and long vowels, aspirated consonants and t sound as in ‘tamatar’ as opposed to ‘taali’ that you don’t find in Indo-European language family
South Indian language - An overview - old.rrjournals.com
Dravidian group of languages stands as a glaring difference with its northern partner of Indo-Aryan languages and its evolvement. South Indian languages include one of the five Dravidian …
Stuart Blackburn, Ph.D. - Humanities Institute
ackburn, Ph.D. Overview India’s writing systems, like its languages, are both diverse and a potent mark. of cultural identity. Researchers have identified over 50 different scripts in. se now or in …
Spoken Language Technology for North-East Indian Languages
In this paper, we provide an overview of the languages of North-East India and outline a few phonetic features distinct to some of the languages.
LOK SABHA PRESS INFORMATION BUREAU GOVERNMENT …
HA portal of the Government in 33 Indian languages and I. an Sign language. JEE and NEET exams are conducted in 13 Indian languages. The information was given by the Minister of Sta.
Spoken Indian language identification: a review of features and …
In addition to the officially recognized languages, there are several, running into hundreds, Indian languages spoken in India. A majority of them belong to either the Indo-Aryan or the Dravidian …
Development of Technology for Indian Languages: Indian …
In order to make use of the advances in language technology space, Government of India is initiating a mission on natural language translation which aims at developing machine translation …
List of Ancient Indian Scripts - GK Notes for SSC & Banking
Most Indian languages are written in Brahmi-derived scripts, such as Devanagari, Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, Odia etc. Read this article to know about a List of Ancient Indian Scripts.
