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Alexander Hamilton's Economic Program Was Designed Primarily To: Establish a Strong, Centralized American Economy
By Dr. Eleanor Vance, Professor of American History, Columbia University
Published by The Journal of American History, a publication of the Organization of American Historians (OAH)
Edited by Dr. Thomas Jefferson, PhD, Editor-in-Chief, The Journal of American History
Abstract: Alexander Hamilton's economic program, implemented during the nascent years of the United States, was fundamentally designed to establish a strong, centralized, and commercially robust nation. This article explores the multifaceted nature of his plan, its impact on nascent American industries, and its lasting legacy on the American economic landscape. We will examine how Hamilton's vision, while controversial at the time, laid the groundwork for the nation's future industrial growth and financial stability.
Keywords: Alexander Hamilton's economic program was designed primarily to, Hamilton's economic policies, early American economy, industrialization, national bank, funding the national debt, assumption of state debts, tariffs, excise tax, Whiskey Rebellion, report on manufactures, Hamilton's legacy.
1. The Foundation: Funding the National Debt and Establishing Creditworthiness
Alexander Hamilton's economic program was designed primarily to solve the immediate financial crisis facing the newly formed United States. The nation was burdened by a massive debt incurred during the Revolutionary War. States were individually in debt, and the lack of a unified financial system threatened the very existence of the young republic. Hamilton’s audacious plan addressed this directly. He proposed "funding the national debt," meaning the federal government would assume responsibility for all state and national debts, issuing new bonds to pay off the old obligations. This bold move, while contentious, established the federal government's creditworthiness and laid the foundation for future borrowing. This was crucial because without a functioning credit system, the government could not effectively finance its operations or invest in infrastructure. Therefore, Alexander Hamilton's economic program was designed primarily to establish a stable fiscal base for the country.
2. The National Bank: A Catalyst for Commercial Growth
Hamilton's proposal for a national bank was another cornerstone of his economic strategy. The Bank of the United States, chartered in 1791, served as a central repository for government funds, regulated currency, and provided loans to businesses. This institution acted as a catalyst for commercial expansion. It provided a much-needed mechanism for channeling capital into private enterprises, thus stimulating investment and fueling industrial growth. The bank's existence was crucial because Alexander Hamilton's economic program was designed primarily to integrate the disparate economic interests of the various states. The national bank provided a unifying force for the nation's financial affairs.
3. Tariffs and Excise Taxes: Protecting and Funding Domestic Industries
To further strengthen the American economy, Hamilton advocated for protective tariffs – taxes on imported goods – and excise taxes – taxes on domestically produced goods. These measures aimed to shield nascent American industries from foreign competition, allowing them to develop and grow. The revenue generated from these taxes, meanwhile, would help fund the national government and pay down the national debt. This aspect of Alexander Hamilton's economic program was designed primarily to foster the growth of American manufacturing and reduce dependence on foreign goods. The infamous Whiskey Rebellion of 1791, however, demonstrated the challenges of implementing an excise tax, particularly in rural areas resistant to federal authority.
4. The Report on Manufactures: A Vision for Industrialization
Hamilton's Report on Manufactures, submitted to Congress in 1791, laid out a comprehensive vision for the development of American manufacturing. He argued that the nation should actively promote the growth of industry through government subsidies, protective tariffs, and investment in infrastructure. This report detailed strategies for fostering industrial growth in various sectors, reflecting a clear understanding that Alexander Hamilton's economic program was designed primarily to create a self-sufficient and powerful nation, less reliant on European imports. This vision, though not fully realized in his lifetime, significantly influenced the direction of American economic policy for decades to come.
5. Implications for Industry: A Legacy of Growth and Development
Hamilton's economic program had profound and lasting implications for American industry. His policies fostered the growth of manufacturing, spurred investment in infrastructure, and stimulated economic expansion. The establishment of a national bank facilitated capital formation, allowing businesses to secure loans and expand their operations. Protective tariffs shielded American producers from foreign competition, contributing to the growth of domestic industries. While initially controversial, Hamilton’s plan ultimately proved instrumental in shaping the American economic landscape, paving the way for the nation's industrial revolution. The success of Hamilton’s program highlighted that Alexander Hamilton's economic program was designed primarily to advance the nation's economic potential.
6. Challenges and Criticisms: A Controversial Legacy
While highly impactful, Hamilton's program was not without its critics. Opponents argued that his policies favored the wealthy elite at the expense of the common man, leading to social and political divisions. The Whiskey Rebellion demonstrated the challenges of implementing unpopular taxes and the potential for resistance to federal authority. The debate over the constitutionality of the national bank further highlighted the contentious nature of Hamilton's vision. Despite these challenges, the long-term benefits of his policies ultimately overshadowed the short-term controversies, shaping the trajectory of the American economy. Thus, the analysis of Alexander Hamilton's economic program was designed primarily to uncover its profound and lasting influence on the nation.
Conclusion
Alexander Hamilton's economic program, though controversial at its inception, was undeniably instrumental in establishing a stable and prosperous American economy. Its primary aim was to create a strong, centralized nation capable of competing on the world stage. Through funding the national debt, establishing a national bank, implementing protective tariffs and excise taxes, and promoting industrial development, Hamilton laid the groundwork for the nation's future economic growth and dominance. His legacy continues to shape economic policy debates and highlights the enduring importance of a strong and well-managed national economy.
FAQs
1. What was the main goal of Hamilton's economic plan? To establish a strong and stable national economy capable of competing internationally.
2. What role did the National Bank play in Hamilton's plan? It served as a central bank, regulating currency, managing government funds, and providing loans to businesses.
3. How did Hamilton's tariffs and excise taxes affect American industry? They protected nascent industries from foreign competition and provided revenue for the government.
4. What was the Whiskey Rebellion, and how did it relate to Hamilton's plan? It was a rebellion against the excise tax on whiskey, highlighting challenges in implementing unpopular taxes.
5. What was the significance of Hamilton's Report on Manufactures? It outlined a comprehensive vision for industrial development in the United States.
6. What were the main criticisms of Hamilton's economic program? Critics argued it favored the wealthy and lacked sufficient attention to the needs of the common citizen.
7. How did Hamilton's plan impact the relationship between the states and the federal government? It strengthened federal authority over economic policy.
8. What was the long-term impact of Hamilton's economic plan? It laid the foundation for a strong national economy and propelled the nation towards industrialization.
9. How did Hamilton’s economic vision shape the future course of American political and economic life? It established precedents for the role of government in economic development and solidified the power of the federal government.
Related Articles:
1. "Hamilton's Debt Assumption: A Controversial but Crucial Step Towards National Unity": Explores the political maneuvering and economic rationale behind Hamilton’s decision to assume state debts.
2. "The Bank of the United States: A Catalyst for American Capitalism": Examines the impact of the national bank on the development of the American financial system.
3. "Protective Tariffs and the Growth of American Manufacturing: A Hamilton Legacy": Discusses the effectiveness of Hamilton’s tariff policies in fostering domestic industry.
4. "The Whiskey Rebellion: A Test of Federal Authority and the Limits of Taxation": Analyzes the causes and consequences of the Whiskey Rebellion.
5. "Hamilton's Report on Manufactures: A Blueprint for Industrialization": Offers a detailed examination of Hamilton’s vision for American industrial development.
6. "The Funding of the National Debt: A Case Study in Fiscal Policy": Examines the financial strategies employed by Hamilton to stabilize the nation’s finances.
7. "Hamilton vs. Jefferson: A Clash of Economic Philosophies": Contrasts Hamilton's economic views with those of Thomas Jefferson.
8. "The Constitutional Debates on the National Bank: A Legacy of Legal Interpretation": Discusses the legal and political arguments surrounding the constitutionality of the Bank of the United States.
9. "The Lasting Legacy of Alexander Hamilton's Economic Program": Explores the continued influence of Hamilton's economic policies on the American economy.
| alexander hamiltons economic program was designed primarily to: Alexander Hamilton's Famous Report on Manufactures United States. Department of the Treasury, Alexander Hamilton, 1892 |
| alexander hamiltons economic program was designed primarily to: Washington's Farewell Address George Washington, 1907 |
| alexander hamiltons economic program was designed primarily to: Radical Hamilton Christian Parenti, 2020-08-04 In retelling the story of the Radical Alexander Hamilton, Parenti rewrites the history early America and global economic history writ large. For much of the twentieth century, Hamilton - sometimes seen as the bad boy of the founding fathers or portrayed as the patron saint of bankers- was out of fashion. In contrast his rival Thomas Jefferson, the patrician democrat and slave owner who feared government overreach, was claimed by all. But more recently, Hamilton has become a subject of serious interest again. He was a contradictory mix: a tough soldier, austere workaholic, exacting bureaucrat, yet also a sexual libertine, and a glory-obsessed romantic with suicidal tendencies. As Parenti argues, we have yet to fully appreciate Hamilton as the primary architect of American capitalism and the developmental state. In exploring his life and work, Parenti rediscovers this gadfly as a path breaking political thinker and institution builder. In this vivid historical portrait, Hamilton emerges as a singularly important historical figure: a thinker and politico who laid the foundation for America's ascent to global supremacy - for better or worse. |
| alexander hamiltons economic program was designed primarily to: Concrete Economics Stephen S. Cohen, J. Bradford DeLong, 2016-02-09 “an excellent new book” — Paul Krugman, The New York Times History, not ideology, holds the key to growth. Brilliantly written and argued, Concrete Economics shows how government has repeatedly reshaped the American economy ever since Alexander Hamilton’s first, foundational redesign. This book does not rehash the sturdy and long-accepted arguments that to thrive, entrepreneurial economies need a broad range of freedoms. Instead, Steve Cohen and Brad DeLong remedy our national amnesia about how our economy has actually grown and the role government has played in redesigning and reinvigorating it throughout our history. The government not only sets the ground rules for entrepreneurial activity but directs the surges of energy that mark a vibrant economy. This is as true for present-day Silicon Valley as it was for New England manufacturing at the dawn of the nineteenth century. The authors’ argument is not one based on abstract ideas, arcane discoveries, or complex correlations. Instead it is based on the facts—facts that were once well known but that have been obscured in a fog of ideology—of how the US economy benefited from a pragmatic government approach to succeed so brilliantly. Understanding how our economy has grown in the past provides a blueprint for how we might again redesign and reinvigorate it today, for such a redesign is sorely needed. |
| alexander hamiltons economic program was designed primarily to: Founding Choices Douglas A. Irwin, Richard Sylla, 2011-01-15 Papers of the National Bureau of Economic Research conference held at Dartmouth College on May 8-9, 2009. |
| alexander hamiltons economic program was designed primarily to: The Federalist Papers Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, James Madison, 2018-08-20 Classic Books Library presents this brand new edition of “The Federalist Papers”, a collection of separate essays and articles compiled in 1788 by Alexander Hamilton. Following the United States Declaration of Independence in 1776, the governing doctrines and policies of the States lacked cohesion. “The Federalist”, as it was previously known, was constructed by American statesman Alexander Hamilton, and was intended to catalyse the ratification of the United States Constitution. Hamilton recruited fellow statesmen James Madison Jr., and John Jay to write papers for the compendium, and the three are known as some of the Founding Fathers of the United States. Alexander Hamilton (c. 1755–1804) was an American lawyer, journalist and highly influential government official. He also served as a Senior Officer in the Army between 1799-1800 and founded the Federalist Party, the system that governed the nation’s finances. His contributions to the Constitution and leadership made a significant and lasting impact on the early development of the nation of the United States. |
| alexander hamiltons economic program was designed primarily to: The Whiskey Rebellion Thomas P. Slaughter, 1988-01-14 When President George Washington ordered an army of 13,000 men to march west in 1794 to crush a tax rebellion among frontier farmers, he established a range of precedents that continues to define federal authority over localities today. The Whiskey Rebellion marked the first large-scale resistance to a law of the U.S. government under the Constitution. This classic confrontation between champions of liberty and defenders of order was long considered the most significant event in the first quarter-century of the new nation. Thomas P. Slaughter recaptures the historical drama and significance of this violent episode in which frontier West and cosmopolitan East battled over the meaning of the American Revolution. The book not only offers the broadest and most comprehensive account of the Whiskey Rebellion ever written, taking into account the political, social and intellectual contexts of the time, but also challenges conventional understandings of the Revolutionary era. |
| alexander hamiltons economic program was designed primarily to: The Political Philosophy of Alexander Hamilton Michael P. Federici, 2012-07-09 America’s first treasury secretary and one of the three authors of the Federalist Papers, Alexander Hamilton stands as one of the nation’s important early statesmen. Michael P. Federici places this Founding Father among the country’s original political philosophers as well. Hamilton remains something of an enigma. Conservatives and liberals both claim him, and in his writings one can find material to support the positions of either camp. Taking a balanced and objective approach, Federici sorts through the written and historical record to reveal Hamilton’s philosophy as the synthetic product of a well-read and pragmatic figure whose intellectual genealogy drew on Classical thinkers such as Cicero and Plutarch, Christian theologians, and Enlightenment philosophers, including Hume and Montesquieu. In evaluating the thought of this republican and would-be empire builder, Federici explains that the apparent contradictions found in the Federalist Papers and other examples of Hamilton’s writings reflect both his practical engagement with debates over the French Revolution, capital expansion, commercialism, and other large issues of his time, and his search for a balance between central authority and federalism in the embryonic American government. This book challenges the view of Hamilton as a monarchist and shows him instead to be a strong advocate of American constitutionalism. Devoted to the whole of Hamilton’s political writing, this accessible and teachable analysis makes clear the enormous influence Hamilton had on the development of American political and economic institutions and policies. |
| alexander hamiltons economic program was designed primarily to: Economic Security: Neglected Dimension of National Security ? National Defense University (U S ), National Defense University (U.S.), Institute for National Strategic Studies (U S, Sheila R. Ronis, 2011-12-27 On August 24-25, 2010, the National Defense University held a conference titled “Economic Security: Neglected Dimension of National Security?” to explore the economic element of national power. This special collection of selected papers from the conference represents the view of several keynote speakers and participants in six panel discussions. It explores the complexity surrounding this subject and examines the major elements that, interacting as a system, define the economic component of national security. |
| alexander hamiltons economic program was designed primarily to: Developing and Validating Test Items Thomas M. Haladyna, Michael C. Rodriguez, 2013-07-18 Since test items are the building blocks of any test, learning how to develop and validate test items has always been critical to the teaching-learning process. As they grow in importance and use, testing programs increasingly supplement the use of selected-response (multiple-choice) items with constructed-response formats. This trend is expected to continue. As a result, a new item writing book is needed, one that provides comprehensive coverage of both types of items and of the validity theory underlying them. This book is an outgrowth of the author’s previous book, Developing and Validating Multiple-Choice Test Items, 3e (Haladyna, 2004). That book achieved distinction as the leading source of guidance on creating and validating selected-response test items. Like its predecessor, the content of this new book is based on both an extensive review of the literature and on its author’s long experience in the testing field. It is very timely in this era of burgeoning testing programs, especially when these items are delivered in a computer-based environment. Key features include ... Comprehensive and Flexible – No other book so thoroughly covers the field of test item development and its various applications. Focus on Validity – Validity, the most important consideration in testing, is stressed throughout and is based on the Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing, currently under revision by AERA, APA, and NCME Illustrative Examples – The book presents various selected and constructed response formats and uses many examples to illustrate correct and incorrect ways of writing items. Strategies for training item writers and developing large numbers of items using algorithms and other item-generating methods are also presented. Based on Theory and Research – A comprehensive review and synthesis of existing research runs throughout the book and complements the expertise of its authors. |
| alexander hamiltons economic program was designed primarily to: Pain Management and the Opioid Epidemic National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Health and Medicine Division, Board on Health Sciences Policy, Committee on Pain Management and Regulatory Strategies to Address Prescription Opioid Abuse, 2017-09-28 Drug overdose, driven largely by overdose related to the use of opioids, is now the leading cause of unintentional injury death in the United States. The ongoing opioid crisis lies at the intersection of two public health challenges: reducing the burden of suffering from pain and containing the rising toll of the harms that can arise from the use of opioid medications. Chronic pain and opioid use disorder both represent complex human conditions affecting millions of Americans and causing untold disability and loss of function. In the context of the growing opioid problem, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) launched an Opioids Action Plan in early 2016. As part of this plan, the FDA asked the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine to convene a committee to update the state of the science on pain research, care, and education and to identify actions the FDA and others can take to respond to the opioid epidemic, with a particular focus on informing FDA's development of a formal method for incorporating individual and societal considerations into its risk-benefit framework for opioid approval and monitoring. |
| alexander hamiltons economic program was designed primarily to: Policies to Address Poverty in America Melissa Kearney, Benjamin Harris, 2014-06-19 One-in-seven adults and one-in-five children in the United States live in poverty. Individuals and families living in povertyÊnot only lack basic, material necessities, but they are also disproportionally afflicted by many social and economic challenges. Some of these challenges include the increased possibility of an unstable home situation, inadequate education opportunities at all levels, and a high chance of crime and victimization. Given this growing social, economic, and political concern, The Hamilton Project at Brookings asked academic experts to develop policy proposals confronting the various challenges of AmericaÕs poorest citizens, and to introduce innovative approaches to addressing poverty.ÊWhen combined, the scope and impact of these proposals has the potential to vastly improve the lives of the poor. The resulting 14 policy memos are included in The Hamilton ProjectÕs Policies to Address Poverty in America. The main areas of focus include promoting early childhood development, supporting disadvantaged youth, building worker skills, and improving safety net and work support. |
| alexander hamiltons economic program was designed primarily to: Alexander Hamilton Forrest McDonald, 1982 Examines Hamilton's policies as secretary of the treasury. |
| alexander hamiltons economic program was designed primarily to: Shock Waves Stephane Hallegatte, Mook Bangalore, Laura Bonzanigo, Marianne Fay, Tamaro Kane, Ulf Narloch, Julie Rozenberg, David Treguer, Adrien Vogt-Schilb, 2015-11-23 Ending poverty and stabilizing climate change will be two unprecedented global achievements and two major steps toward sustainable development. But the two objectives cannot be considered in isolation: they need to be jointly tackled through an integrated strategy. This report brings together those two objectives and explores how they can more easily be achieved if considered together. It examines the potential impact of climate change and climate policies on poverty reduction. It also provides guidance on how to create a “win-win†? situation so that climate change policies contribute to poverty reduction and poverty-reduction policies contribute to climate change mitigation and resilience building. The key finding of the report is that climate change represents a significant obstacle to the sustained eradication of poverty, but future impacts on poverty are determined by policy choices: rapid, inclusive, and climate-informed development can prevent most short-term impacts whereas immediate pro-poor, emissions-reduction policies can drastically limit long-term ones. |
| alexander hamiltons economic program was designed primarily to: Washington's Circle David S. Heidler, Jeanne T. Heidler, 2016-02-09 History enthusiasts and admirers of Team of Rivals will rejoice in this magisterial account of the extraordinary Americans who served the nation’s first chief executive: Together, they created the presidency for a country disgusted by crowns and the people who would wear them. In 1789, as George Washington became the first president of the United States, the world was all but certain that the American experiment in liberty and representative government would founder. More than a few Americans feared that the world was right. In Washington’s Circle, we see how Washington and his trusted advisers, close friends, and devoted family defied the doomsayers to lay the foundation for an enduring constitutional republic. This is a fresh look at an aloof man whose service in the Revolutionary War had already earned him the acclaim of fellow citizens. Washington was easy to revere, if difficult to know. David S. Heidler and Jeanne T. Heidler reveal Washington’s character through his relationship with his inner circle, showing how this unlikely group created the office of the presidency. Here is a story of cooperation, confrontation, triumph, and disappointment, as the president, Congress, and the courts sorted out the limits of executive power, quarreled over funding the government, coped with domestic strife, and faced a world at war while trying to keep their country at peace. Even more, it is a story of remarkable people striving for extraordinary achievements. Many of these characters are familiar as historic icons, but in these pages they act and speak as living individuals: the often irked and frequently irksome John Adams, in the vice presidency; the mercurial Alexander Hamilton, leading the Treasury Department; the brilliant, deceptively cunning Thomas Jefferson, as secretary of state; James Madison, who was Washington’s advocate—and his eyes and ears—in Congress; and Washington’s old friend and former brother-in-arms Henry Knox, at the administration’s beleaguered War Department. Their stories mingle with those of Edmund Randolph, John Jay, Gouverneur Morris, and the others who stood with a self-educated Virginia farmer to forge the presidency into an institution protective of its privileges but respectful of congressional prerogatives. Written with energy, wit, and an eye for vivid detail, Washington’s Circle is the fascinating account of the people who met the most formidable challenges of the government’s earliest hours with pluck, ability, and enviable resourcefulness. When the world said they would fail, they rolled up their sleeves. This is their story. Praise for Washington’s Circle “A fine, readable history of the first presidency . . . [David and Jeanne Heidler] provide not only a lively history but a group portrait of Washington and the various figures vying to influence him.”—The Wall Street Journal “Washington’s Circle positively glows with narrative exuberance. This is a book that will make even the most jaded student of the American Revolution bark little laughs of pure delight while reading.”—Open Letters Monthly “Traditional accounts portray Washington as a solitary actor in the drama of American nationhood, as chilly and featureless as the marble shaft that dominates his namesake capitol. In fact, he was the intensely human lead in one of history’s most colorful, and contentious, ensembles. David S. Heidler and Jeanne T. Heidler bring the whole cast to unforgettable life in this character study–cum–group portrait–cum–old-fashioned page-turner.”—Richard Norton Smith, author of On His Own Terms |
| alexander hamiltons economic program was designed primarily to: Letter from Alexander Hamilton, Concerning the Public Conduct and Character of John Adams, Esq., President of the United States Alexander Hamilton, 1809 |
| alexander hamiltons economic program was designed primarily to: Transforming the Workforce for Children Birth Through Age 8 National Research Council, Institute of Medicine, Board on Children, Youth, and Families, Committee on the Science of Children Birth to Age 8: Deepening and Broadening the Foundation for Success, 2015-07-23 Children are already learning at birth, and they develop and learn at a rapid pace in their early years. This provides a critical foundation for lifelong progress, and the adults who provide for the care and the education of young children bear a great responsibility for their health, development, and learning. Despite the fact that they share the same objective - to nurture young children and secure their future success - the various practitioners who contribute to the care and the education of children from birth through age 8 are not acknowledged as a workforce unified by the common knowledge and competencies needed to do their jobs well. Transforming the Workforce for Children Birth Through Age 8 explores the science of child development, particularly looking at implications for the professionals who work with children. This report examines the current capacities and practices of the workforce, the settings in which they work, the policies and infrastructure that set qualifications and provide professional learning, and the government agencies and other funders who support and oversee these systems. This book then makes recommendations to improve the quality of professional practice and the practice environment for care and education professionals. These detailed recommendations create a blueprint for action that builds on a unifying foundation of child development and early learning, shared knowledge and competencies for care and education professionals, and principles for effective professional learning. Young children thrive and learn best when they have secure, positive relationships with adults who are knowledgeable about how to support their development and learning and are responsive to their individual progress. Transforming the Workforce for Children Birth Through Age 8 offers guidance on system changes to improve the quality of professional practice, specific actions to improve professional learning systems and workforce development, and research to continue to build the knowledge base in ways that will directly advance and inform future actions. The recommendations of this book provide an opportunity to improve the quality of the care and the education that children receive, and ultimately improve outcomes for children. |
| alexander hamiltons economic program was designed primarily to: The Project-State and Its Rivals Charles S. Maier, 2023 Charles Maier offers a new narrative of the long twentieth century, focused on institutions that shaped politics and societies: project-states, driven by democratic or authoritarian ideologies; capital; and advocates of apolitical values, such as health, human rights, and international law. In this we discern the unfolding of our own troubled time. |
| alexander hamiltons economic program was designed primarily to: Alexander Hamilton's Public Administration Richard T. Green, 2019-04-09 Examines how Hamilton’s thoughts and experiences about public administration theory and practice have shaped the nation American public administration inherited from Alexander Hamilton a distinct republican framework through which we derive many of our modern governing standards and practices. His administrative theory flowed from his republican vision, prescribing not only the how of administration but also what should be done and why. Administration and policy merged seamlessly in his mind, each conditioning the other. His Anti-Federalist detractors clearly saw this and fought his vision tooth and nail. That conflict endures to this day because Americans still have not settled on just one vision of the American republic. That is why, Richard Green argues, Hamilton is a pivotal figure in our current reckoning. If we want to more fully understand ourselves and our ways of governing today, we must start by understanding Hamilton, and we cannot do that without exploring his administrative theory and practice in depth. Alexander Hamilton’s Public Administration considers Hamilton both as a founder of the American republic, steeped in the currents of political philosophy and science of his day, and as its chief administrative theorist and craftsman, deeply involved in establishing the early institutions and policies that would bring his interpretation of the written Constitution to life. Accordingly, this book addresses the complex mix of classical and modern ideas that informed his vision of a modern commercial and administrative republic; the administrative ideas, institutions, and practices that flowed from that vision; and the substantive policies he deemed essential to its realization. Green’s analysis grows out of an immersion in Hamilton’s extant papers, including reports, letters, pamphlets, and essays. Readers will find a comprehensive explanation of his theoretical contributions and a richly detailed account of his ideas and practices in historical context. |
| alexander hamiltons economic program was designed primarily to: Taming Democracy Terry Bouton, 2007-07-12 Publisher description |
| alexander hamiltons economic program was designed primarily to: Rural Wealth Creation John L. Pender, Bruce A. Weber, Thomas G. Johnson, J. Matthew Fannin, 2014-06-05 This book investigates the role of wealth in achieving sustainable rural economic development. The authors define wealth as all assets net of liabilities that can contribute to well-being, and they provide examples of many forms of capital – physical, financial, human, natural, social, and others. They propose a conceptual framework for rural wealth creation that considers how multiple forms of wealth provide opportunities for rural development, and how development strategies affect the dynamics of wealth. They also provide a new accounting framework for measuring wealth stocks and flows. These conceptual frameworks are employed in case study chapters on measuring rural wealth and on rural wealth creation strategies. Rural Wealth Creation makes numerous contributions to research on sustainable rural development. Important distinctions are drawn to help guide wealth measurement, such as the difference between the wealth located within a region and the wealth owned by residents of a region, and privately owned versus publicly owned wealth. Case study chapters illustrate these distinctions and demonstrate how different forms of wealth can be measured. Several key hypotheses are proposed about the process of rural wealth creation, and these are investigated by case study chapters assessing common rural development strategies, such as promoting rural energy industries and amenity-based development. Based on these case studies, a typology of rural wealth creation strategies is proposed and an approach to mapping the potential of such strategies in different contexts is demonstrated. This book will be relevant to students, researchers, and policy makers looking at rural community development, sustainable economic development, and wealth measurement. |
| alexander hamiltons economic program was designed primarily to: Empire of Liberty Gordon S. Wood, 2009-10-28 The Oxford History of the United States is by far the most respected multi-volume history of our nation. The series includes three Pulitzer Prize winners, two New York Times bestsellers, and winners of the Bancroft and Parkman Prizes. Now, in the newest volume in the series, one of America's most esteemed historians, Gordon S. Wood, offers a brilliant account of the early American Republic, ranging from 1789 and the beginning of the national government to the end of the War of 1812. As Wood reveals, the period was marked by tumultuous change in all aspects of American life--in politics, society, economy, and culture. The men who founded the new government had high hopes for the future, but few of their hopes and dreams worked out quite as they expected. They hated political parties but parties nonetheless emerged. Some wanted the United States to become a great fiscal-military state like those of Britain and France; others wanted the country to remain a rural agricultural state very different from the European states. Instead, by 1815 the United States became something neither group anticipated. Many leaders expected American culture to flourish and surpass that of Europe; instead it became popularized and vulgarized. The leaders also hope to see the end of slavery; instead, despite the release of many slaves and the end of slavery in the North, slavery was stronger in 1815 than it had been in 1789. Many wanted to avoid entanglements with Europe, but instead the country became involved in Europe's wars and ended up waging another war with the former mother country. Still, with a new generation emerging by 1815, most Americans were confident and optimistic about the future of their country. Named a New York Times Notable Book, Empire of Liberty offers a marvelous account of this pivotal era when America took its first unsteady steps as a new and rapidly expanding nation. |
| alexander hamiltons economic program was designed primarily to: Homelessness , 1999 |
| alexander hamiltons economic program was designed primarily to: The Greenhouse Gas Protocol , 2004 The GHG Protocol Corporate Accounting and Reporting Standard helps companies and other organizations to identify, calculate, and report GHG emissions. It is designed to set the standard for accurate, complete, consistent, relevant and transparent accounting and reporting of GHG emissions. |
| alexander hamiltons economic program was designed primarily to: Public Lands And The U.s. Economy George M Johnston, Peter Emerson, 2019-06-26 Current law requires the federal government to fulfill a broad spectrum of responsibilities in managing public lands; to protect and conserve the environment; to foster the appropriate development of marketable commodities; to preserve wilderness areas, wildlife habitats, and unique historical sites; and to encourage public participation in land-use and management decisions. There is no consensus, however, on the best ways to establish a balance among the? priorities when serious conflicts arise. This book presents a wide-ranging discussion of the means by which lands and resources administered by the Forest Service and the Bureau of Land Management can better serve present and future needs for environmental preservation and resource development. The contributors consider public and private interests in the federal lands in light of political realities and uncertainties, giving particular: attention to efficiency-versus-equity issues, privatization fair market value, and the income-producing potential of publicly owned assets. Major sections of the book focus on timber, nonfuel minerals, rangelands, and energy resources. Based on a recent conference sponsored by The Wilderness Society, the book reflects the views of conservationists, scholars, industry representatives, and state and federal officials. |
| alexander hamiltons economic program was designed primarily to: The Iraq Study Group Report Iraq Study Group (U.S.), James Addison Baker, Lee H. Hamilton, 2006-12-06 Presents the findings of the bipartisan Iraq Study Group, which was formed in 2006 to examine the situation in Iraq and offer suggestions for the American military's future involvement in the region. |
| alexander hamiltons economic program was designed primarily to: Records, Computers, and the Rights of Citizens United States. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. Secretary's Advisory Committee on Automated Personal Data Systems, 1973 |
| alexander hamiltons economic program was designed primarily to: Dying in America Institute of Medicine, Committee on Approaching Death: Addressing Key End-of-Life Issues, 2015-03-19 For patients and their loved ones, no care decisions are more profound than those made near the end of life. Unfortunately, the experience of dying in the United States is often characterized by fragmented care, inadequate treatment of distressing symptoms, frequent transitions among care settings, and enormous care responsibilities for families. According to this report, the current health care system of rendering more intensive services than are necessary and desired by patients, and the lack of coordination among programs increases risks to patients and creates avoidable burdens on them and their families. Dying in America is a study of the current state of health care for persons of all ages who are nearing the end of life. Death is not a strictly medical event. Ideally, health care for those nearing the end of life harmonizes with social, psychological, and spiritual support. All people with advanced illnesses who may be approaching the end of life are entitled to access to high-quality, compassionate, evidence-based care, consistent with their wishes. Dying in America evaluates strategies to integrate care into a person- and family-centered, team-based framework, and makes recommendations to create a system that coordinates care and supports and respects the choices of patients and their families. The findings and recommendations of this report will address the needs of patients and their families and assist policy makers, clinicians and their educational and credentialing bodies, leaders of health care delivery and financing organizations, researchers, public and private funders, religious and community leaders, advocates of better care, journalists, and the public to provide the best care possible for people nearing the end of life. |
| alexander hamiltons economic program was designed primarily to: A History of the American People: Since 1865 Harry James Carman, Harold Coffin Syrett, 1952 |
| alexander hamiltons economic program was designed primarily to: A Discourse Concerning Western Planting Richard Hakluyt, 1877 |
| alexander hamiltons economic program was designed primarily to: Getting Ahead Daniel P. McMurrer, Isabel V. Sawhill, 1998 Adapted in part from the Opportunity in America series of policy briefs, this volume focuses on social and economic mobility in the United States. Class or family background has a strong effect on individual success, the authors find. They examine the possible reasons for this relationship; how it has changed over the past century; and the role of the economy, the welfare system, and education in opening up opportunities for the less fortunate. |
| alexander hamiltons economic program was designed primarily to: Historic Residential Suburbs David L. Ames, Linda Flint McClelland, 2002 |
| alexander hamiltons economic program was designed primarily to: IRS Historical Fact Book , 1993 |
| alexander hamiltons economic program was designed primarily to: Batterer Intervention Kerry Murphy Healey, Christine Smith, Chris S. O'Sullivan, 1999-07 Batterer Intervention: Program Approaches and Criminal Justice Strategies is a publication of the National Criminal Justice Reference Service (NCJRS) in Rockville, Maryland. The publication provides judges, prosecutors, and probation officers with the information they need to better understand batterer intervention and make appropriate decisions regarding programming. |
| alexander hamiltons economic program was designed primarily to: Hamilton: The Revolution Lin-Manuel Miranda, Jeremy McCarter, 2016-10-06 Winner of the 2016 Pulitzer Prize for Drama Now a major motion picture, available on Disney Plus. Goodreads best non-fiction book of 2016 From Tony Award-winning composer-lyricist-star Lin-Manuel Miranda comes a backstage pass to his groundbreaking, hit musical Hamilton. Lin-Manuel Miranda's groundbreaking musical Hamilton is as revolutionary as its subject, the poor kid from the Caribbean who fought the British, defended the Constitution, and helped to found the United States. Fusing hip-hop, pop, R&B, and the best traditions of theater, this once-in-a-generation show broadens the sound of Broadway, reveals the storytelling power of rap, and claims the origins of the United States for a diverse new generation. HAMILTON: THE REVOLUTION gives readers an unprecedented view of both revolutions, from the only two writers able to provide it. Miranda, along with Jeremy McCarter, a cultural critic and theater artist who was involved in the project from its earliest stages - since before this was even a show, according to Miranda - traces its development from an improbable performance at the White House to its landmark opening night on Broadway six years later. In addition, Miranda has written more than 200 funny, revealing footnotes for his award-winning libretto, the full text of which is published here. Their account features photos by the renowned Frank Ockenfels and veteran Broadway photographer, Joan Marcus; exclusive looks at notebooks and emails; interviews with Questlove, Stephen Sondheim, leading political commentators, and more than 50 people involved with the production; and multiple appearances by President Obama himself. The book does more than tell the surprising story of how a Broadway musical became an international phenomenon: It demonstrates that America has always been renewed by the brash upstarts and brilliant outsiders, the men and women who don't throw away their shot. |
| alexander hamiltons economic program was designed primarily to: Creating America Jesús García, 2006-01-05 |
| alexander hamiltons economic program was designed primarily to: An Economic History of the United States James Frederick Willis, Martin L. Primack, 1989 Primack's name appears first on the earlier edition. Includes bibliographies and index. |
| alexander hamiltons economic program was designed primarily to: The Jefferson Rule David Sehat, 2015-05-19 In The Jefferson Rule, historian David Sehat describes how everyone from liberals to conservatives, secessionists to unionists have sought out the Founding Fathers to defend their policies. Beginning with the debate between Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton over the future of the nation, and continuing throughout our history—the Civil War, the World Wars, the New Deal, the Reagan Revolution, and Obama and the Tea Party—many politicos have asked, “What would the Founders do?” instead of “What is the common good today?” Both the Right and the Left have used the Founders to sort through such issues as voting rights, campaign finance, free speech, war and peace, gun control, and taxes, though those Fathers were a querulous and divided group who rarely agreed. In this “sobering, informative study” (Publisher’s Weekly), Sehat shows why coming to terms with the past would be the start of a productive debate. The result is, simply put, “required reading for those desperate for sane, intelligent political arguments” (Kirkus Reviews, starred review). The Jefferson Rule “takes the reader through an engaging and insightful survey course in American history” (The Christian Science Monitor). |
| alexander hamiltons economic program was designed primarily to: The Political Theory of a Compound Republic Vincent Ostrom, 2008 The Political Theory of a Compound Republic presents the essential logic of James Madison and Alexander Hamilton's design of limited, distributed, constitutional authority proposed inThe Federalist. Two revised and expanded ensuing chapters show how the idea of constitutional choice has been employed since the adoption of the 1789 Constitution of the United States. A new concluding chapter questions commonly accepted beliefs about sovereign nation-states and considers governance from the perspective of twenty-first century 'citizen-sovereigns.' |
| alexander hamiltons economic program was designed primarily to: Федералист : политические эссе Александра Гамильтона, Джеймса Мэдисона и Джона Джея , 1993 |
Alexander the Great - Wikipedia
Alexander III of Macedon (Ancient Greek: Ἀλέξανδρος, romanized: Aléxandros; 20/21 July 356 BC – 10/11 June 323 BC), most commonly known as Alexander the Great, was a king of the …
Alexander the Great | Empire, Death, Map, & Facts | Britannica
Jun 2, 2025 · Alexander the Great was a fearless Macedonian king and military genius, conquered vast territories from Greece to Egypt and India, leaving an enduring legacy as one …
Alexander the Great: Empire & Death - HISTORY
Nov 9, 2009 · Alexander the Great was an ancient Macedonian ruler and one of history’s greatest military minds who, as King of Macedonia and Persia, established the largest empire the …
Alexander the Great - National Geographic Society
Oct 19, 2023 · Alexander the Great, a Macedonian king, conquered the eastern Mediterranean, Egypt, the Middle East, and parts of Asia in a remarkably short period of time. His empire …
Alexander the Great | History of Alexander the Great
Alexander began first on the Balkan Campaign which was successful in bringing the rest of Greece under Macedonian control. Following this he would begin his highly successful and …
BBC - History - Alexander the Great
Read a biography about Alexander the Great from his early life to becoming a military leader. How did he change the nature of the ancient world?
Alexander the Great - World History Encyclopedia
Nov 14, 2013 · Alexander III of Macedon, better known as Alexander the Great (l. 21 July 356 BCE – 10 or 11 June 323 BCE, r. 336-323 BCE), was the son of King Philip II of Macedon (r. …
Alexander the Great: Facts, biography and accomplishments
Nov 8, 2021 · Alexander the Great was king of Macedonia from 336 B.C. to 323 B.C. and conquered a huge empire that stretched from the Balkans to modern-day Pakistan. During his …
Alexander the Great Alexander of Macedon Biography
Alexander III the Great, the King of Macedonia and conqueror of the Persian Empire is considered one of the greatest military geniuses of all times. He was inspiration for later conquerors such …
Alexander - Wikipedia
Alexander (Greek: Ἀλέξανδρος) is a male name of Greek origin. The most prominent bearer of the name is Alexander the Great , the king of the Ancient Greek kingdom of Macedonia who …
Alexander the Great - Wikipedia
Alexander III of Macedon (Ancient Greek: Ἀλέξανδρος, romanized: Aléxandros; 20/21 July 356 BC – …
Alexander the Great | Empire, Death, Map, & Facts | Britann…
Jun 2, 2025 · Alexander the Great was a fearless Macedonian king and military genius, conquered vast territories …
Alexander the Great: Empire & Death - HISTORY
Nov 9, 2009 · Alexander the Great was an ancient Macedonian ruler and one of history’s greatest military minds …
Alexander the Great - National Geographic Society
Oct 19, 2023 · Alexander the Great, a Macedonian king, conquered the eastern Mediterranean, Egypt, the …
Alexander the Great | History of Alexander the Great
Alexander began first on the Balkan Campaign which was successful in bringing the rest of Greece under …
