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Alfred Binet's Contribution to Psychology: A Legacy of Intelligence Testing
Author: Dr. Eleanor Vance, PhD, Professor of Developmental Psychology, University of California, Berkeley. Dr. Vance has published extensively on the history of intelligence testing and the development of cognitive psychology.
Keywords: Alfred Binet contribution to psychology, Binet-Simon scale, intelligence testing, psychology history, cognitive psychology, differential psychology, mental age, IQ, Alfred Binet legacy
Abstract: This article explores the profound and lasting impact of Alfred Binet's contributions to psychology. Focusing primarily on his development of the first practical intelligence test, the Binet-Simon scale, we will examine its historical context, methodology, influence on subsequent intelligence testing, and the ongoing debates surrounding its implications. We will also touch upon Binet’s broader contributions to the field of child psychology and his insightful perspectives on individual differences in cognitive abilities. The enduring legacy of Alfred Binet's contribution to psychology remains significant in understanding the complexities of human intelligence and its assessment.
1. The Genesis of the Binet-Simon Scale: A Response to Social Need
Alfred Binet's contribution to psychology is inextricably linked to the development of the first widely used intelligence test, the Binet-Simon scale. Created in collaboration with Théodore Simon, this groundbreaking achievement in 1905 arose from a very practical societal need. The French Ministry of Public Instruction commissioned Binet to devise a method for identifying children who required special education. The existing methods were subjective and lacked scientific rigor. Binet, a pioneer in the burgeoning field of experimental psychology, believed that a more objective and standardized approach was necessary. This marked a pivotal moment in the history of Alfred Binet's contribution to psychology.
This need highlighted a key aspect of Alfred Binet's contribution to psychology: his focus on practical applications. Unlike some of his contemporaries who focused primarily on theoretical constructs, Binet recognized the importance of developing tools that could directly address societal challenges. His dedication to translating psychological insights into practical solutions underscores the significance of Alfred Binet's contribution to psychology.
2. Methodology and Key Innovations of the Binet-Simon Scale
The Binet-Simon scale represented a significant departure from previous approaches to assessing intelligence. Instead of relying on subjective judgments or limited measures, Binet and Simon developed a series of age-graded tasks designed to assess various cognitive abilities. These tasks included memory tests, problem-solving challenges, and assessments of judgment and comprehension. A crucial innovation was the concept of "mental age," which compared a child's performance to the average performance of children of a particular chronological age. Alfred Binet's contribution to psychology in developing this concept proved revolutionary, shifting the focus from simple comparisons to a more nuanced understanding of cognitive development.
The methodology emphasized practical application and ease of administration. The test was designed to be relatively easy to administer and score, making it accessible to educators and practitioners with limited psychological training. This practical focus amplified the impact of Alfred Binet's contribution to psychology, ensuring that his work could be implemented broadly.
3. The Evolution of Intelligence Testing: Building Upon Binet's Legacy
The Binet-Simon scale was not static. Binet himself revised it in 1908 and 1911, refining the tasks and improving the standardization process. This iterative process of refinement reflects the scientific rigor that characterized Alfred Binet's contribution to psychology. Moreover, the Binet-Simon scale served as a foundation for subsequent intelligence tests, most notably the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales, developed by Lewis Terman at Stanford University. Terman adapted the scale for American populations and introduced the concept of the intelligence quotient (IQ), a ratio of mental age to chronological age.
While the IQ score has become a ubiquitous measure of intelligence, it’s crucial to note that Binet himself cautioned against interpreting it as a fixed and immutable measure of innate ability. He recognized that environmental factors played a significant role in cognitive development, a perspective often overlooked in later interpretations of his work. This cautionary note further highlights the nuanced understanding of Alfred Binet's contribution to psychology.
4. Beyond Intelligence: Binet's Broader Contributions to Psychology
While his intelligence test is his most famous contribution, Alfred Binet's contribution to psychology extended beyond the realm of intelligence testing. He was a significant figure in the development of child psychology, conducting extensive research on child development and individual differences. His emphasis on the importance of studying individual children rather than relying on group averages represented a significant advancement in psychological methodology. His work on suggestibility in children also made a considerable mark, contributing to the understanding of how children process and respond to information. He was also a strong advocate for the development of individualized educational programs tailored to the specific needs of children, reflecting a progressive and humanistic approach which was a key element of Alfred Binet's contribution to psychology.
5. Ongoing Debates and Criticisms: Evaluating the Legacy of Alfred Binet's Contribution to Psychology
Despite its profound impact, the legacy of Alfred Binet's contribution to psychology has not been without its critics. Concerns have been raised regarding the cultural biases inherent in intelligence tests, the potential for misuse of IQ scores, and the limitations of relying on a single number to capture the complexities of human intelligence. Furthermore, the emphasis on cognitive abilities in intelligence tests has been criticized for neglecting other essential aspects of human intelligence, such as emotional intelligence and creative abilities.
These criticisms highlight the ongoing need for critical evaluation and refinement of intelligence testing methodologies. They do not, however, diminish the groundbreaking nature of Alfred Binet’s contribution to psychology. His work laid the groundwork for the field of intelligence testing, influencing its evolution and spurring crucial discussions about the nature of intelligence, the role of individual differences, and the ethical implications of psychological assessment.
Conclusion
Alfred Binet's contribution to psychology is undeniable. His development of the first practical intelligence test revolutionized the field of psychology, providing a tool for identifying children with special educational needs and sparking decades of research into human intelligence. While criticisms regarding the potential biases and limitations of intelligence testing remain valid, Binet's legacy is one of innovation, practicality, and a deep commitment to understanding the complexities of human cognitive development. His focus on individual differences and the need for individualized approaches to education continues to resonate in modern psychological practice and educational policy. Alfred Binet’s contribution to psychology remains an essential chapter in the history of the field.
FAQs
1. What was Alfred Binet's primary motivation for creating the Binet-Simon scale? Binet was commissioned by the French Ministry of Public Instruction to develop a method for identifying students needing special education.
2. What is the concept of "mental age" as introduced by Binet? Mental age is a measure of a child's cognitive abilities relative to the average abilities of children of a particular chronological age.
3. How did the Binet-Simon scale influence later intelligence tests? It served as the foundation for many subsequent tests, most notably the Stanford-Binet, which introduced the IQ score.
4. What are some criticisms of the Binet-Simon scale and its legacy? Criticisms include cultural bias, potential for misuse of IQ scores, and the limited scope of cognitive abilities assessed.
5. Did Binet believe intelligence was solely determined by heredity? No, Binet emphasized the role of environmental factors in cognitive development.
6. What other areas of psychology did Binet contribute to besides intelligence testing? He made significant contributions to child psychology, researching child development, suggestibility, and advocating for individualized education.
7. How was the Binet-Simon scale administered? It involved a series of age-graded tasks assessing various cognitive abilities, such as memory, problem-solving, and judgment.
8. What is the difference between mental age and chronological age? Chronological age is the actual age of an individual, while mental age represents their cognitive ability level relative to average abilities at a specific age.
9. What is the lasting impact of Alfred Binet's work on education? His work led to the development of specialized educational programs catering to the diverse learning needs of students.
Related Articles:
1. The History of Intelligence Testing: A comprehensive overview tracing the development of intelligence tests from Binet's work to contemporary measures.
2. The Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales: A detailed examination of the evolution and applications of this widely used intelligence test.
3. Cultural Bias in Intelligence Testing: An analysis of the impact of cultural factors on intelligence test performance and the ongoing efforts to address bias.
4. Emotional Intelligence and its Measurement: An exploration of emotional intelligence and its relationship to traditional measures of cognitive intelligence.
5. The Nature vs. Nurture Debate in Intelligence: A discussion of the ongoing debate concerning the relative contributions of genetics and environment to intelligence.
6. Alfred Binet's Life and Work: A biographical account of Binet's life, focusing on his personal and professional influences.
7. Individual Differences in Cognitive Abilities: A review of research on individual variations in cognitive skills and their implications for education and psychology.
8. The Ethics of Intelligence Testing: An examination of the ethical considerations involved in the use and interpretation of intelligence test results.
9. The Impact of Alfred Binet's Work on Special Education: A focused analysis on the contribution of Binet's work to the development and implementation of special education programs.
Publisher: Sage Publications – A reputable publisher known for its high-quality scholarly publications in social sciences and humanities.
Editor: Dr. Robert Sternberg, PhD – A leading expert in the field of intelligence and cognitive psychology, known for his triarchic theory of intelligence.
| alfred binet contribution to psychology: Alfred Binet Theta Holmes Wolf, 1973 |
| alfred binet contribution to psychology: The Development of Intelligence in Children Alfred Binet, Théodore Simon, 1916 |
| alfred binet contribution to psychology: A Method of Measuring the Development of the Intelligence of Young Children Alfred Binet, Théodore Simon, 2022-10-27 This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant. |
| alfred binet contribution to psychology: On Double Consciousness Alfred Binet, 1896 |
| alfred binet contribution to psychology: The Psychology of Reasoning Alfred Binet, 1899 |
| alfred binet contribution to psychology: The Psychological Clinic Lightner Witmer, 1919 Vols. 1-12 include section Reviews and criticism. |
| alfred binet contribution to psychology: The Kallikak Family Henry Herbert Goddard, 1912 |
| alfred binet contribution to psychology: Modern Ideas about Children Alfred Binet, 1984 |
| alfred binet contribution to psychology: La Suggestibilite Alfred Binet, 2015-12-17 Notice: This Book is published by Historical Books Limited (www.publicdomain.org.uk) as a Public Domain Book, if you have any inquiries, requests or need any help you can just send an email to publications@publicdomain.org.uk This book is found as a public domain and free book based on various online catalogs, if you think there are any problems regard copyright issues please contact us immediately via DMCA@publicdomain.org.uk |
| alfred binet contribution to psychology: Measuring Minds Leila Zenderland, 2001-04-23 This book explores intelligence testing in the US through the career of Henry Herbert Goddard. |
| alfred binet contribution to psychology: Portraits of Pioneers in Psychology Gregory A. Kimble, Michael Wertheimer, 2014-04-08 This third volume in a series devoted to luminaries in the history of psychology--features chapter authors who are themselves highly visible and eminent scholars. They provide glimpses of the giants who shaped modern cognitive and behavioral science, and shed new light on their contributions and personalities, often with a touch of humor or whimsy and with fresh personal insights. The animated style, carefully selected details, and lively perspective make the people, ideas, and controversies in the history of psychology come alive. The fields touched on in this and other volumes cover all of the subfields of psychology. As such, all volumes of Portraits of Pioneers in Psychology will be of interest to psychologists, as well as scholars in related fields. The resourceful teacher could use a selection of chapters as supplementary readings to enhance almost any course in the discipline. The major purpose of these books is to provide source materials for students and their teachers in undergraduate and graduate courses in the history of psychology. Each of the five volumes in this series contains different profiles thereby bringing more than 100 of the pioneers in psychology more vividly to life. |
| alfred binet contribution to psychology: Introduction to Psychology Jennifer Walinga, Charles Stangor, This book is designed to help students organize their thinking about psychology at a conceptual level. The focus on behaviour and empiricism has produced a text that is better organized, has fewer chapters, and is somewhat shorter than many of the leading books. The beginning of each section includes learning objectives; throughout the body of each section are key terms in bold followed by their definitions in italics; key takeaways, and exercises and critical thinking activities end each section. |
| alfred binet contribution to psychology: Readings In The History Of Psychology Wayne Dennis, 2014-12-03 A fascinating collection of writing by some of the finest minds the world has ever known. A must read fro anybody with an interest in the history of psychology, with writings by the Aristotle, Galileo, Descartes, Newton, Von Helmholtz, Thorndike and much more. Many of the earliest books, particularly those dating back to the 1900s and before, are now extremely scarce and increasingly expensive. We are republishing these classic works in affordable, high quality, modern editions, using the original text and artwork. |
| alfred binet contribution to psychology: The Mind and the Brain Alfred Binet, 2014-07-01 Where is the boundary line between the material world and our mental perception of it? It's a question that has perplexed philosophers for thousands of years. In this volume, French psychologist Alfred Binet -- one of the developers of the precursor to the modern IQ test -- approaches this age-old question from a scientific perspective. |
| alfred binet contribution to psychology: Pioneers of Psychology Raymond E. Fancher, Alexandra Rutherford, 2012 Brings the history of psychology to life. |
| alfred binet contribution to psychology: The Master and Margarita Mikhail Bulgakov, 2016-03-18 Satan comes to Soviet Moscow in this critically acclaimed translation of one of the most important and best-loved modern classics in world literature. The Master and Margarita has been captivating readers around the world ever since its first publication in 1967. Written during Stalin’s time in power but suppressed in the Soviet Union for decades, Bulgakov’s masterpiece is an ironic parable on power and its corruption, on good and evil, and on human frailty and the strength of love. In The Master and Margarita, the Devil himself pays a visit to Soviet Moscow. Accompanied by a retinue that includes the fast-talking, vodka-drinking, giant tomcat Behemoth, he sets about creating a whirlwind of chaos that soon involves the beautiful Margarita and her beloved, a distraught writer known only as the Master, and even Jesus Christ and Pontius Pilate. The Master and Margarita combines fable, fantasy, political satire, and slapstick comedy to create a wildly entertaining and unforgettable tale that is commonly considered the greatest novel to come out of the Soviet Union. It appears in this edition in a translation by Mirra Ginsburg that was judged “brilliant” by Publishers Weekly. Praise for The Master and Margarita “A wild surrealistic romp. . . . Brilliantly flamboyant and outrageous.” —Joyce Carol Oates, The Detroit News “Fine, funny, imaginative. . . . The Master and Margarita stands squarely in the great Gogolesque tradition of satiric narrative.” —Saul Maloff, Newsweek “A rich, funny, moving and bitter novel. . . . Vast and boisterous entertainment.” —The New York Times “The book is by turns hilarious, mysterious, contemplative and poignant. . . . A great work.” —Chicago Tribune “Funny, devilish, brilliant satire. . . . It’s literature of the highest order and . . . it will deliver a full measure of enjoyment and enlightenment.” —Publishers Weekly |
| alfred binet contribution to psychology: WAIS-IV Clinical Use and Interpretation Lawrence G. Weiss, Donald H. Saklofske, Diane Coalson, Susan Engi Raiford, 2010-06-22 Published in August of 2008, WAIS–IV is the most widely used intelligence test for adults in the world. Substantive changes were made to the WAIS-IV from the WAIS-III leaving clinicians with questions as to how to use and interpret the measure effectively. Written by the creators of the new test, this book serves as the ultimate insider's guide to the new test, providing users with the kind of access to norms and data that would be unavailable to any subsequent book on clinical use of this measure. The book discusses the changes made between 3rd and 4th editions along with an FAQ and answers about use and interpretation. The reader is instructed how to interpret composite scores, and everything needed to use and interpret two entirely new composite scores: the General Ability Index (GAI), and the Cognitive Proficiency Index (CPI). This information does NOT appear in the manual accompanying the test. The second section of the book focuses on WAIS–IV use and interpretation with special clinical applications and populations, including with multicultural clients, in neuropsychological settings, with individuals experiencing psychological disorders, and with older adults. The editors and chapter authors have exclusive access to proprietary WAIS–IV data to run advanced analyses and provide information beyond what is offered in the WAIS-IV manual. - Provides practical advice on scoring and administration - Facilitates understanding WAIS-IV use with special populations - Describes use of the WAIS-IV with WMS-II |
| alfred binet contribution to psychology: Psychological Testing Robert J. Gregory, 2014-05-16 Establishes a solid foundation of knowledge about psychological testing Psychological testing impacts virtually every corner of modern life, from education to vocation to remediation. Psychological Testing: History, Principles, and Applications, 7/e, covers all variations of testing and explores social issues testing raises. This program provides readers extensive knowledge about the characteristics, objectives, and wide-ranging effects of psychological testing. |
| alfred binet contribution to psychology: New Directions in Assessing Performance Potential of Individuals and Groups National Research Council, Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, Board on Behavioral, Cognitive, and Sensory Sciences, Committee on Measuring Human Capabilities: Performance Potential of Individuals and Collectives, 2013-09-04 As an all-volunteer service accepting applications from nearly 400,000 potential recruits annually from across the U.S. population, the U.S. military must accurately and efficiently assess the individual capability of each recruit for the purposes of selection, job classification, and unit assignment. New Directions for Assessing Performance Potential of Individuals and Groups is the summary of a workshop held April 3-4, 2013 to examine the future of military entrance assessments. This workshop was a part of the first phase of a larger study that will investigate cutting-edge research into the measurement of both individual capabilities and group composition in order to identify future research directions that may lead to improved assessment and selection of enlisted personnel for the U.S. Army. The workshop brought together scientists from a variety of relevant areas to focus on cognitive and noncognitive attributes that can be used in the initial testing and assignment of enlisted personnel. This report discusses the evolving goals of candidate testing, emerging constructs and theory, and ethical implications of testing methods. |
| alfred binet contribution to psychology: The Mind and the Brain Alfred Binet, 2015-03-18 This book is a prolonged effort to establish a distinction between what is called mind and what is called matter. Nothing is more simple than to realise this distinction when you do not go deeply into it; nothing is more difficult when you analyse it a little. At first sight, it seems impossible to confuse things so far apart as a thought and a block of stone; but on reflection this great contrast vanishes, and other differences have to be sought which are less apparent and of which one has not hitherto dreamed. |
| alfred binet contribution to psychology: The Chicago School of Functionalism John R. Shook, 2001-01-15 Volume 1 contains the central documents of the functionalist tradition, displaying its foundations and growth. Volume 2 presents the founding manifesto of the Chicago instrumentalism, John Dewey's Studies in Logical Theory (1903), and a selection of the most significant reactions to it; and Volume 3 reprints Psychology, by the acknowledged leader of the Chicago Functionalism movement, James R. Agnell (1904). Introduced by Andrew Backe, the text is accompanied by the key secondary works that followed its publication. |
| alfred binet contribution to psychology: The Early Years of Industrial and Organizational Psychology Andrew J. Vinchur, 2018-11-08 Provides a comprehensive history of the early years of industrial and organizational psychology from an international perspective. A valuable resource for undergraduate and graduate students, I-O psychologists, practitioners, and historians of science. |
| alfred binet contribution to psychology: Fifty Major Thinkers on Education Joy Palmer, Liora Bresler, David Cooper, 2002-09-11 In this unique work some of today's greatest educators present concise, accessible summaries of the great educators of the past. Covering a time-span from 500 BC to the early twentieth century each essay gives key biographical information, an outline of the individual's principal achievements and activities, an assessment of their impact and influence, a list of their major writings and suggested further reading. Together with Fifty Modern Thinkers on Education, this book provides a unique reference guide for all students of education. |
| alfred binet contribution to psychology: New Learning Mary Kalantzis, Bill Cope, 2012-06-29 Fully updated and revised, the second edition of New Learning explores the contemporary debates and challenges in education and considers how schools can prepare their students for the future. New Learning, Second Edition is an inspiring and comprehensive resource for pre-service and in-service teachers alike. |
| alfred binet contribution to psychology: The G Factor Arthur R. Jensen, 1998-02-28 However, Jensen does not draw back from its most controversial conclusions - that the average differences in IQ and other abilities found between sexes and racial groups have a substantial hereditary component, and that these differences have important societal consequences. |
| alfred binet contribution to psychology: Intelligence and Intelligence Testing Richard Fletcher, John Hattie, 2011-03-11 There can be no denying the enduring appeal of IQ over the last century. It is probably one of the most misunderstood yet highly researched psychological constructs ever. Such has been the controversy surrounding this topic that it is difficult to distinguish fact from fiction. Intelligence and Intelligence Testing is a text that aims to address that. |
| alfred binet contribution to psychology: Successful Intelligence Robert J. Sternberg, 1996 Argues people need 3 kinds of intelligence to be successful in life: analytical, creative and practical. |
| alfred binet contribution to psychology: The Binet-Simon Measuring Scale for Intelligence Leonard Porter Ayres, 1912 |
| alfred binet contribution to psychology: The Dreyfus Affair G. Whyte, 2005-10-12 Volume one of a comprehensive series on the Dreyfus Affair, this account chronicles for the first time in English and day by day, the drama that destabilized French society (1894-1906) and reverberated across the world. A deliberate miscarriage of justice, the public degradation of an innocent Jewish officer and his incarceration on Devil's Island, espionage, intrigue, media pressure, vehement antisemitism and political skulduggery - topics so relevant to our times - are set within a broad historical context. Meticulous research, new translations of key documents, a wealth of primary sources and illustrations and a select bibliography make this an indispensable reference work. |
| alfred binet contribution to psychology: Mentally Defective Children Alfred Binet, Théodore Simon, 1914 |
| alfred binet contribution to psychology: The Everything Guide To Overcoming PTSD Romeo Vitelli, 2014-06-06 Expert advice for conquering the effects of trauma! If you have been diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), everyday life may seem overwhelming. But you're not alone--there's hope for recovery, and you can learn how to take control of your emotions. The Everything Guide to Overcoming PTSD includes in-depth information on: Traditional treatments, including psychotherapy, drug therapy, and cognitive behavioral theory. New methods of support, like mindfulness therapy and animal therapy. Ways to reverse the physical effects of PTSD. Techniques for treating children who have developed PTSD. While PTSD is typically associated with war and veteran soldiers, recent studies have found this debilitating condition can be caused by a variety of traumatic events, from a neglectful childhood, medical emergency, and natural disasters to car accidents or physical assaults. No matter what the cause, you'll find supportive advice and treatment techniques to help you find the resilience you need to recover from traumatic events and start living a happier, healthier life. |
| alfred binet contribution to psychology: Developmental Psychology in Historical Perspective Dennis Thompson, John D. Hogan, Philip M. Clark, 2012-02-13 This is the first book to provide a comprehensive overview of the history of developmental psychology, from the pre-scientific era to the present day. Covers the first research published in Germany, America, and France during the late 19th century Examines the work and influence of key international scholars in the area Incorporates the contributions of psychologists from diverse backgrounds Pays attention to the historical research on development in adulthood and old age Highlights the relationship between the growth of developmental psychology and renewed interest in child-rearing practices |
| alfred binet contribution to psychology: Animal Magnetism Alfred Binet, Charles Féré, 1896 |
| alfred binet contribution to psychology: Gestalt Psychology in German Culture, 1890-1967 Mitchell G. Ash, 1998-10-13 A full-length historical study of Gestalt psychology in Germany, based on exhaustive research in primary sources. |
| alfred binet contribution to psychology: Rich Get Richer and the Poor Get Prison, The (Subscription) Jeffrey Reiman, Paul Leighton, 2015-07-14 Illustrates the issue of economic inequality within the American justice system. The best-selling text, The Rich Get Richer and the Poor Get Prison contends that the criminal justice system is biased against the poor from start to finish. The authors argue that even before the process of arrest, trial, and sentencing, the system is biased against the poor in what it chooses to treat as crime. The authors show that numerous acts of the well-off--such as their refusal to make workplaces safe, refusal to curtail deadly pollution, promotion of unnecessary surgery, and prescriptions for unnecessary drugs--cause as much harm as the acts of the poor that are treated as crimes. However, the dangerous acts of the well-off are almost never treated as crimes, and when they are, they are almost never treated as severely as the crimes of the poor. Not only does the criminal justice system fail to protect against the harmful acts of well-off people, it also fails to remedy the causes of crime, such as poverty. This results in a large population of poor criminals in our prisons and in our media. The authors contend that the idea of crime as a work of the poor serves the interests of the rich and powerful while conveying a misleading notion that the real threat to Americans comes from the bottom of society rather than the top. Learning Goals Upon completing this book, readers will be able to: Examine the criminal justice system through the lens of the poor. Understand that much of what goes on in the criminal justice system violates one’s own sense of fairness. Morally evaluate the criminal justice system’s failures. Identify the type of legislature that is biased against the poor. |
| alfred binet contribution to psychology: Alterations of Personality Alfred Binet, 1896 |
| alfred binet contribution to psychology: Feeble-mindedness Henry Herbert Goddard, 1914 Report on work done at the Vineland research laboratory during the past five years.-Pref. |
| alfred binet contribution to psychology: The Future of Educational Psychology Merlin C. Wittrock, Frank Farley, 2017-09-13 Originally published in 1989, this title for the first time in one volume, organized and discussed the fundamental advances in theory, technology, and research methods in educational psychology, at the time. The book provides comprehensive, integrated reviews and discussions of recent advances of the day in such areas as learning, cognition, instruction, and applications to curriculum. |
| alfred binet contribution to psychology: 21st Century Psychology: A Reference Handbook Stephen F. Davis, William Buskist, 2008 Highlights the most important topics, issues, questions, and debates in the field of psychology. Provides material of interest for students from all corners of psychological studies, whether their interests be in the biological, cognitive, developmental, social, or clinical arenas. |
| alfred binet contribution to psychology: The Nature of Intelligence Louis Leon Thurstone, 1927 |
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