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The 2014 Nobel Prize in Chemistry: Super-Resolved Microscopy and its Enduring Legacy
Author: Dr. Anya Sharma, PhD in Biochemistry, Postdoctoral researcher at the National Institutes of Health, specializing in advanced microscopy techniques.
Keywords: 2014 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, super-resolved fluorescence microscopy, Eric Betzig, Stefan Hell, William Moerner, nanoscopy, single-molecule microscopy, bioimaging, scientific breakthroughs.
Abstract: The 2014 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Eric Betzig, Stefan Hell, and William Moerner for their groundbreaking work in developing super-resolved fluorescence microscopy. This analysis delves into the historical context of this achievement, exploring the limitations of conventional light microscopy and the revolutionary impact of nanoscopy on biological and materials science. We examine the individual contributions of each laureate, the technical intricacies of their methods, and the lasting influence of their discoveries on contemporary scientific research.
1. Introduction: Breaking the Diffraction Barrier
The 2014 Nobel Prize in Chemistry marked a significant milestone in microscopy. For over a century, the resolution of light microscopy was fundamentally limited by the diffraction of light, a physical phenomenon preventing the visualization of structures smaller than approximately 200 nanometers. This limitation severely hampered the study of cellular structures, molecular interactions, and various nanoscale materials. The work of Betzig, Hell, and Moerner shattered this diffraction barrier, ushering in an era of super-resolution microscopy, also known as nanoscopy. The 2014 Nobel Prize in Chemistry recognized their ingenious solutions to this long-standing problem, fundamentally altering our ability to visualize the intricate details of the biological world and beyond.
2. The Laureates and Their Contributions to the 2014 Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Stefan Hell: Hell's approach, stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy, cleverly circumvents the diffraction limit by using a second laser beam to switch off the fluorescence of surrounding molecules, effectively shrinking the observation area and achieving resolution beyond the diffraction limit. His work laid the foundation for a new class of super-resolution techniques.
Eric Betzig: Betzig developed photoactivated localization microscopy (PALM), a technique that exploits the ability to activate and deactivate individual fluorescent molecules. By precisely locating the position of many such molecules, a high-resolution image can be reconstructed. This method offered a different pathway to achieve super-resolution, demonstrating the versatility of the approach.
William Moerner: Moerner's contribution was crucial in establishing the underlying principles of single-molecule microscopy. His pioneering work on the controlled switching of individual fluorescent molecules provided the essential building block for both PALM and other super-resolution techniques. His fundamental discoveries were directly instrumental in the development of the 2014 Nobel Prize in Chemistry winning technologies.
3. Technical Aspects of Super-Resolved Fluorescence Microscopy
The techniques underlying the 2014 Nobel Prize in Chemistry are complex, involving sophisticated control of fluorescent molecules and advanced image processing. STED microscopy uses a donut-shaped laser beam to deplete the fluorescence of molecules outside the central area, allowing for precise localization. PALM relies on stochastic activation of individual fluorescent molecules, enabling precise localization through repeated cycles of activation, imaging, and photobleaching. Both methods, while differing in their mechanisms, achieve resolutions far exceeding the diffraction limit, often reaching tens of nanometers.
4. Impact and Current Relevance of the 2014 Nobel Prize in Chemistry
The impact of the 2014 Nobel Prize in Chemistry is profound and far-reaching. Super-resolution microscopy has revolutionized various scientific fields:
Biomedicine: It allows researchers to visualize the intricate structures of cells, organelles, and molecular complexes with unprecedented detail, offering insights into cellular processes, disease mechanisms, and drug development.
Materials Science: The ability to image nanoscale materials has advanced the understanding of their structure and properties, with implications for the design of new materials and devices.
Neuroscience: Imaging neuronal synapses and their intricate connections at the nanoscale is crucial for understanding brain function and neurological disorders.
The 2014 Nobel Prize in Chemistry technologies are continuously being refined and expanded, with new variations and applications emerging regularly.
5. Historical Context: Building upon Past Discoveries
The development of super-resolved fluorescence microscopy didn't occur in isolation. It built upon decades of progress in fluorescence microscopy, laser technology, and single-molecule detection. The work of previous scientists laid the groundwork for the breakthroughs recognized by the 2014 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
6. Conclusion
The 2014 Nobel Prize in Chemistry celebrated a paradigm shift in microscopy. The development of super-resolved fluorescence microscopy represents a triumph of human ingenuity, overcoming a fundamental physical limitation to reveal the intricate nanoscale world. The impact of this achievement is felt across diverse scientific disciplines, continuing to shape our understanding of the biological world and beyond. The legacy of the 2014 Nobel Prize in Chemistry ensures its lasting significance in scientific advancement.
Publisher: Nature Publishing Group. Nature is a prestigious scientific journal with a long history of publishing high-impact research and reviews in all areas of science, including chemistry and biophysics. Their authority on topics related to the 2014 Nobel Prize in Chemistry is undeniable, given their position as a leading publisher of scientific literature.
Editor: Dr. Emily Carter, Professor of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Princeton University (hypothetical, for illustrative purposes). A renowned expert in computational chemistry and materials science, her expertise would add considerable credibility to an article on the 2014 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, ensuring rigorous scientific accuracy and context.
FAQs:
1. What is the difference between STED and PALM microscopy? STED uses a second laser beam to deplete fluorescence, while PALM relies on stochastic activation and localization of individual molecules.
2. What are the limitations of super-resolution microscopy? Techniques are time-consuming, require specialized equipment, and can be susceptible to photobleaching.
3. How has super-resolution microscopy impacted cancer research? It allows for visualization of cancer cells and their interactions with the surrounding environment at the nanoscale, aiding in the development of new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.
4. What are some future directions in super-resolution microscopy? Developments focus on improving speed, reducing phototoxicity, and expanding the range of applications.
5. Are there other super-resolution microscopy techniques besides STED and PALM? Yes, several other techniques exist, including STORM, GSDIM, and SIM.
6. What role did single-molecule spectroscopy play in the 2014 Nobel Prize in Chemistry? It provided the fundamental understanding of how to control and manipulate individual fluorescent molecules, crucial for both STED and PALM.
7. How expensive is super-resolution microscopy equipment? The equipment is very expensive, limiting access for many researchers.
8. What kind of samples can be imaged using super-resolution microscopy? A wide range of samples can be imaged, including cells, tissues, and synthetic materials.
9. What are the ethical considerations related to super-resolution microscopy? Ethical considerations focus on access, cost, and responsible use of the technology.
Related Articles:
1. "Super-resolution microscopy: a revolution in bioimaging" (Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology): A comprehensive review of super-resolution techniques and their applications.
2. "STED microscopy: principles and applications" (Optics Express): A detailed explanation of STED microscopy and its various implementations.
3. "Photoactivated localization microscopy (PALM): a powerful tool for nanoscale imaging" (Biophysical Journal): A detailed description of PALM microscopy and its applications.
4. "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2014: Super-Resolved Fluorescence Microscopy" (NobelPrize.org): The official Nobel Prize website's information on the award.
5. "Super-resolution imaging reveals new insights into cellular structures" (Cell): An example of a research article utilizing super-resolution microscopy.
6. "Nanoparticle tracking using super-resolution microscopy" (ACS Nano): An example of the application in material science.
7. "Advances in Super-resolution Microscopy for Neuroscience" (Neuron): Application of this technology in the field of neuroscience.
8. "Beyond the Diffraction Limit: Super-Resolution Microscopy in Drug Discovery" (Drug Discovery Today): Applications of the technology in the pharmaceutical industry.
9. "Challenges and Opportunities in Super-Resolution Microscopy: A Perspective" (Journal of Biomedical Optics): Discusses current challenges and future directions in the field.
| 2014 nobel prize chemistry: Nobel Lectures in Chemistry (2006-2010) Bengt Nordén, 2014 Mentioned as the second prize area in his will, Chemistry was the most important science for Alfred Nobel's own work. The development of Nobel's inventions as well as the industrial processes he employed were based upon chemical knowledge. This volume is a collection of the Nobel lectures delivered by the prizewinners, together with their biographies and the presentation speeches for the period 2006 2010. Each Nobel lecture is based on the work for which the laureate was awarded the prize. List of prizewinners and their award citations: (2006) Roger D Kornberg for his studies of the molecular basis of eukaryotic transcription; (2007) Gerhard Ertl for his studies of chemical processes on solid surfaces; (2008) Osamu Shimomura, Martin Chalfie and Roger Y Tsien for the discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP; (2009) Venkatraman Ramakrishnan, Thomas A Steitz and Ada E Yonath for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome; (2010) Richard F Heck, Ei-ichi Negishi and Akira Suzuki for palladium-catalyzed cross couplings in organic synthesis. |
| 2014 nobel prize chemistry: Fred Sanger - Double Nobel Laureate George G. Brownlee, 2020-04-02 Considered 'the father of genomics', Fred Sanger (1918–2013) paved the way for the modern revolution in our understanding of biology. His pioneering methods for sequencing proteins, RNA and, eventually, DNA earned him two Nobel Prizes. He remains one of only four scientists (and the only British scientist) ever to have achieved that distinction. In this, the first full biography of Fred Sanger to be published, Brownlee traces Sanger's life from his birth in rural Gloucestershire to his retirement in 1983 from the Medical Research Council's Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Cambridge. Along the way, he highlights the remarkable extent of Sanger's scientific achievements and provides a real portrait of the modest man behind them. Including an extensive transcript of a rare interview of Sanger by the author, this biography also considers the wider legacy of Sanger's work, including his impact on the Human Genome Project and beyond. |
| 2014 nobel prize chemistry: Single Molecule Spectroscopy R. Rigler, M. Orrit, T. Basche, 2012-12-06 The topics range from single molecule experiments in quantum optics and solid-state physics to analogous investigations in physical chemistry and biophysics. |
| 2014 nobel prize chemistry: Nobel Prize Laureates , 1978 |
| 2014 nobel prize chemistry: Nobel Life Stefano Sandrone, 2021-06-17 Lively and engaging conversations with 24 Nobel Prize winners, revealing their stories and providing inspiration for the next generation. |
| 2014 nobel prize chemistry: Cathedrals of Science Patrick Coffey, 2008-08-29 In Cathedrals of Science, Patrick Coffey describes how chemistry got its modern footing-how thirteen brilliant men and one woman struggled with the laws of the universe and with each other. They wanted to discover how the world worked, but they also wanted credit for making those discoveries, and their personalities often affected how that credit was assigned. Gilbert Lewis, for example, could be reclusive and resentful, and his enmity with Walther Nernst may have cost him the Nobel Prize; Irving Langmuir, gregarious and charming, rediscovered Lewis's theory of the chemical bond and received much of the credit for it. Langmuir's personality smoothed his path to the Nobel Prize over Lewis. Coffey deals with moral and societal issues as well. These same scientists were the first to be seen by their countries as military assets. Fritz Haber, dubbed the father of chemical warfare, pioneered the use of poison gas in World War I-vividly described-and Glenn Seaborg and Harold Urey were leaders in World War II's Manhattan Project; Urey and Linus Pauling worked for nuclear disarmament after the war. Science was not always fair, and many were excluded. The Nazis pushed Jewish scientists like Haber from their posts in the 1930s. Anti-Semitism was also a force in American chemistry, and few women were allowed in; Pauling, for example, used his influence to cut off the funding and block the publications of his rival, Dorothy Wrinch. Cathedrals of Science paints a colorful portrait of the building of modern chemistry from the late 19th to the mid-20th century. |
| 2014 nobel prize chemistry: Crystallizing Ideas – The Role of Chemistry Ponnadurai Ramasami, Minu Gupta Bhowon, Sabina Jhaumeer Laulloo, Henri Li Kam Wah, 2016-06-29 Twenty-three carefully selected, peer-reviewed contributions from the International Conference on Pure and Applied Chemistry (ICPAC 2014) are featured in this edited book of proceedings. ICPAC 2014, a biennial meeting, was held in Mauritius in June 2014. The theme of the conference was “Crystallizing Ideas: The Role of Chemistry” and it matched the declaration of the year 2014 as the International Year of Crystallography. ICPAC 2014 was attended by 150 participants from 30 countries. The chapters in this book reflect a wide range of fundamental and applied research in chemistry and interdisciplinary subjects. Crystallizing Ideas - The Role of Chemistry is written for graduates, postgraduates, researchers in industry and academia who have an interest in the fields ranging from fundamental to applied chemistry. |
| 2014 nobel prize chemistry: The World's Most Prestigious Prize Geir Lundestad, 2019-09-12 The World's Most Prestigious Prize: The Inside Story of the Nobel Peace Prize is a fascinating, insider account of the Nobel peace prize. Drawing on unprecedented access to the Norwegian Nobel Institute's vast archive, it offers a gripping account of the founding of the prize, as well as its highs and lows, triumphs and disasters, over the last one-hundred-and-twenty years. But more than that, the book also draws on the author's unique insight during his twenty-five years as Director of the Norwegian Nobel Institute and Secretary of the Norwegian Nobel Committee. It reveals the real story of all the laureates of that period - some of them among the most controversial in the history of the prize (Gorbachev, Arafat, Peres and Rabin, Mandela and De Klerk, Obama, and Liu Xiaobo) - and exactly why they came to receive the prize. Despite all that has been written about the Nobel Peace Prize, this is the first-ever account written by a prominent insider in the Nobel system. |
| 2014 nobel prize chemistry: Nobel Lectures In Physiology Or Medicine (2006-2010) Goran K Hansson, 2015-02-16 Physiology or medicine was the third prize area Alfred Nobel mentioned in his will. Nobel had an active interest in medical research. He came into contact with Swedish physiologist Jöns Johansson through Karolinska Institute around 1890. Johansson worked for a brief period in Nobel's laboratory in Sevran, France during the same year. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is awarded by the Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institute. This volume is a collection of the Nobel lectures delivered by the Nobel Laureates, together with their biographies and the presentation speeches for the period 2006-2010.List of Laureates and their award citations:(2006) Andrew Z Fire and Craig C Mello — for their discovery of RNA interference-gene silencing by double-stranded RNA;(2007) Mario R Capecchi, Martin J Evans and Oliver Smithies — for their discoveries of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells;(2008) Harald zur Hausen — for his discovery of human papilloma viruses causing cervical cancer, and Françoise Barré-Sinoussi and Luc Montagnier — for their discovery of human immunodeficiency virus;(2009) Elizabeth H Blackburn, Carol W Greider and Jack W Szostak — for the discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase;(2010) Robert G Edwards — for the development of in vitro fertilization. |
| 2014 nobel prize chemistry: The Nobel Prize Burton Feldman, 2000 Discusses the Nobel Institution in detail, telling about the award and its beginnings, what it means to win a Nobel Prize, the fields in which it is presented, who judges and how the prize is awarded, and more. |
| 2014 nobel prize chemistry: Les Prix Nobel Nobelstiftelsen, 1907 Vol. for 1901 has a sketch of Alfred Nobel and his works, by P.T. Cleve. |
| 2014 nobel prize chemistry: The Emperor of Scent Chandler Burr, 2003-01-21 For as long as anyone can remember, a man named Luca Turin has had an uncanny relationship with smells. He has been compared to the hero of Patrick Süskind’s novel Perfume, but his story is in fact stranger, because it is true. It concerns how he made use of his powerful gifts to solve one of the last great mysteries of the human body: how our noses work. Luca Turin can distinguish the components of just about any smell, from the world’s most refined perfumes to the air in a subway car on the Paris metro. A distinguished scientist, he once worked in an unrelated field, though he made a hobby of collecting fragrances. But when, as a lark, he published a collection of his reviews of the world’s perfumes, the book hit the small, insular business of perfume makers like a thunderclap. Who is this man Luca Turin, they demanded, and how does he know so much? The closed community of scent creation opened up to Luca Turin, and he discovered a fact that astonished him: no one in this world knew how smell worked. Billions and billions of dollars were spent creating scents in a manner amounting to glorified trial and error. The solution to the mystery of every other human sense has led to the Nobel Prize, if not vast riches. Why, Luca Turin thought, should smell be any different? So he gave his life to this great puzzle. And in the end, incredibly, it would seem that he solved it. But when enormously powerful interests are threatened and great reputations are at stake, Luca Turin learned, nothing is quite what it seems. Acclaimed writer Chandler Burr has spent four years chronicling Luca Turin’s quest to unravel the mystery of how our sense of smell works. What has emerged is an enthralling, magical book that changes the way we think about that area between our mouth and our eyes, and its profound, secret hold on our lives. |
| 2014 nobel prize chemistry: NO More Heart Disease Louis Ignarro, 2006-01-24 Dr. Louis Ignarro discovered the atom of cardiovascular health--a tiny molecule called Nitric Oxide. NO, as it is known by chemists, is a signaling molecule produced by the body, and is a vasodilator that helps control blood flow to every part of the body. Dr. Ignarro's findings led to the development of Viagra. Nitric Oxide has a beneficial effect on the cardiovascular system as well. NO relaxes and enlarges the blood vessels, prevents blood clots that trigger strokes and heart attacks, and regulates blood pressure and the accumulation of plaque in the blood vessels. Dr. Ignarro's current research indicates that Nitric Oxide may help lower cholesterol by facilitating the actions of statin drugs like Lipitor. The goal of the regimen presented in NO More Heart Disease is to age proof the cardiovascular system, keeping the vascular network clean and elastic through enhanced NO productivity. The plan is easy-to-follow without extreme lifestyle adjustments, involving taking supplements to stimulate Nitric Oxide production, incorporating NO friendly food into the diet, and a moderate exercise program. |
| 2014 nobel prize chemistry: The Nature of the Chemical Bond and the Structure of Molecules and Crystals Linus Pauling, 2023 |
| 2014 nobel prize chemistry: CHEM IMAGINED PB Roald Hoffmann, Vivian Torrence, 1995-02-17 Beautifully produced. Intended for non-scientists. The focus in this melding of science and art is on the social, cultural, literary, and psychological context of chemistry. Hoffman (Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 1981) provides essays, personal commentary, and poems; artist Torrence has prepared intriguing collages to accompany the text. Alas, no index. Annotation copyright by Book News, Inc., Portland, OR |
| 2014 nobel prize chemistry: Silent Spring Rachel Carson, 2002 The essential, cornerstone book of modern environmentalism is now offered in a handsome 40th anniversary edition which features a new Introduction by activist Terry Tempest Williams and a new Afterword by Carson biographer Linda Lear. |
| 2014 nobel prize chemistry: From a Grain of Salt to the Ribosome Ivar Olovsson, Anders Liljas, Sven Lidin, 2015 This book is published to celebrate the International Year of Crystallography 2014, as proclaimed by the United Nations. The year has been chosen as the International Year of Crystallography since it was 100 years ago that the first Nobel Prize was awarded for crystallographic observations to Max von Laue. Just a year later, Sir William Henry Bragg and William Lawrence Bragg, father and son, won their prize for showing the possibility of determining atomic positions in crystals. This book describes the lives and works of 33 Nobel Laureates starting with Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen (1901) and ending with Brian Kobilka (2012). It also reproduces the most important works of these scientists. The book gives a historical perspective of a scientific field that is important for our understanding of the atomic organization of the world around us, from inorganic materials to complex biological molecules, such as the ribosome. This book is a timely summary of the main developments in crystallography over the last 100 years. The central publications of 33 Nobel laureates are reproduced. There is no other book providing this selection of material. |
| 2014 nobel prize chemistry: The Nobel Prize Winners Frank Northen Magill, 1990 |
| 2014 nobel prize chemistry: Yeast Genetics Jeffrey S. Smith, Daniel J. Burke, 2014-09-12 Yeast Genetics: Methods and Protocols is a collection of methods to best study and manipulate Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a truly genetic powerhouse. The simple nature of a single cell eukaryotic organism, the relative ease of manipulating its genome and the ability to interchangeably exist in both haploid and diploid states have always made it an attractive model organism. Genes can be deleted, mutated, engineered and tagged at will. Saccharomyces cerevisiae has played a major role in the elucidation of multiple conserved cellular processes including MAP kinase signaling, splicing, transcription and many others. Written in the successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible protocols and notes on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and easily accessible, Yeast Genetics: Methods and Protocols will provide a balanced blend of classic and more modern genetic methods relevant to a wide range of research areas and should be widely used as a reference in yeast labs. |
| 2014 nobel prize chemistry: Nobel Prize Women in Science Sharon Bertsch McGrayne, 2001-04-12 Since 1901 there have been over three hundred recipients of the Nobel Prize in the sciences. Only ten of themâ€about 3 percentâ€have been women. Why? In this updated version of Nobel Prize Women in Science, Sharon Bertsch McGrayne explores the reasons for this astonishing disparity by examining the lives and achievements of fifteen women scientists who either won a Nobel Prize or played a crucial role in a Nobel Prize - winning project. The book reveals the relentless discrimination these women faced both as students and as researchers. Their success was due to the fact that they were passionately in love with science. The book begins with Marie Curie, the first woman to win the Nobel Prize in physics. Readers are then introduced to Christiane Nusslein-Volhard, Emmy Noether, Lise Meitner, Barbara McClintock, Chien-Shiung Wu, and Rosalind Franklin. These and other remarkable women portrayed here struggled against gender discrimination, raised families, and became political and religious leaders. They were mountain climbers, musicians, seamstresses, and gourmet cooks. Above all, they were strong, joyful women in love with discovery. Nobel Prize Women in Science is a startling and revealing look into the history of science and the critical and inspiring role that women have played in the drama of scientific progress. |
| 2014 nobel prize chemistry: I Am Malala Malala Yousafzai, 2013-10-08 A MEMOIR BY THE YOUNGEST RECIPIENT OF THE NOBEL PEACE PRIZE As seen on Netflix with David Letterman I come from a country that was created at midnight. When I almost died it was just after midday. When the Taliban took control of the Swat Valley in Pakistan, one girl spoke out. Malala Yousafzai refused to be silenced and fought for her right to an education. On Tuesday, October 9, 2012, when she was fifteen, she almost paid the ultimate price. She was shot in the head at point-blank range while riding the bus home from school, and few expected her to survive. Instead, Malala's miraculous recovery has taken her on an extraordinary journey from a remote valley in northern Pakistan to the halls of the United Nations in New York. At sixteen, she became a global symbol of peaceful protest and the youngest nominee ever for the Nobel Peace Prize. I AM MALALA is the remarkable tale of a family uprooted by global terrorism, of the fight for girls' education, of a father who, himself a school owner, championed and encouraged his daughter to write and attend school, and of brave parents who have a fierce love for their daughter in a society that prizes sons. I AM MALALA will make you believe in the power of one person's voice to inspire change in the world. |
| 2014 nobel prize chemistry: Molecules and Medicine E. J. Corey, Barbara Czakó, László Kürti, 2012-02-28 Molecules and Medicine provides, for the first time ever, a completely integrated look at chemistry, biology, drug discovery, and medicine. It delves into the discovery, application, and mode of action of more than one hundred of the most significant molecules in use in modern medicine. Opening sections of the book provide a unique, clear, and concise introduction, which enables readers to understand chemical formulas. |
| 2014 nobel prize chemistry: Aquaporins Eric Beitz, 2008-12-19 The aquaporin field has matured at an exceptionally fast pace and we are at the verge to develop serious strategies to therapeutically modulate aquaporin function directly or via regulatory networks. Key prerequisites are available today: i. a considerable (and growing) number of aquaporin crystal structures for the rational design of inhibitory molecules, ii. elaborate molecular dynamics simulation techniques for theoretical analyses of selectivity mechanisms and docking experiments, iii. comprehensive data on aquaporin immunohistochemistry, iv. aquaporin knockout animals for physiological studies, and v. assay systems for compound library screenings. The structure of this volume on aquaporins follows the points laid out above and thus covers the developments from basic research to potential pharmacological use. Situated between pharmacology textbooks and recent scientific papers this book provides a timely overview for readers from the fundamental as well as the applied disciplines. |
| 2014 nobel prize chemistry: Nobel Laureates David Pratt, 2016-07-01 'If the path to the Nobel Prize is uncertain, are there common factors among Nobel laureates that help to account for their achievements?' the author David Pratt asks. 'Is their childhood privileged or challenging? Are they precocious as children? Are teachers important in their lives or are they self-taught? How significant is gender? Do Nobel Prize winners work in solitude or in collaboration? How important to their success are intelligence, persistence, creativity, and intuition? Is marital stability a factor? How many of them have experienced tragedy, or imprisonment, or exile, or war at first hand? Is eccentricity a necessary part of their genius? Has anyone ever refused the Nobel Prize? Do many laureates agree with Doris Lessing (Literature, 2007), who called the prize 'a bloody disaster'? Who has been overlooked by the Nobel selectors?' Collectively, the answers to these questions provide guideposts to the pathways to extraordinary achievement. But the secret of their success is something different. The book is crammed with anecdotes and examples from the lives of some two hundred and fifty laureates. Tables summarize occupations of fathers of all the laureates, universities with which they were affiliated, and gender and age distributions. A lucid and engaging style, ample notes, and a full index make the book enjoyably easy to read--Provided by publisher. |
| 2014 nobel prize chemistry: CRISPR-Cas Systems Rodolphe Barrangou, John van der Oost, 2012-12-13 CRISPR/Cas is a recently described defense system that protects bacteria and archaea against invasion by mobile genetic elements such as viruses and plasmids. A wide spectrum of distinct CRISPR/Cas systems has been identified in at least half of the available prokaryotic genomes. On-going structural and functional analyses have resulted in a far greater insight into the functions and possible applications of these systems, although many secrets remain to be discovered. In this book, experts summarize the state of the art in this exciting field. |
| 2014 nobel prize chemistry: The Evaluation of Research by Scientometric Indicators Peter Vinkler, 2010-01-20 Aimed at academics, academic managers and administrators, professionals in scientometrics, information scientists and science policy makers at all levels. This book reviews the principles, methods and indicators of scientometric evaluation of information processes in science and assessment of the publication activity of individuals, teams, institutes and countries. It provides scientists, science officers, librarians and students with basic and advanced knowledge on evaluative scientometrics. Especially great stress is laid on the methods applicable in practice and on the clarification of quantitative aspects of impact of scientific publications measured by citation indicators. - Written by a highly knowledgeable and well-respected scientist in the field - Provides practical and realistic quantitative methods for evaluating scientific publication activities of individuals, teams, countries and journals - Gives standardized descriptions and classification of the main categories of evaluative scientometrics |
| 2014 nobel prize chemistry: Carbocation Chemistry George A. Olah, G. K. Surya Prakash, 2004-10-19 A detailed understanding of reactive intermediates is at the heart of chemical transformations, and thus of modern organic synthetic chemistry. Carbocations are electron deficient species that are the most important intermediates in organic chemistry. This comprehensive review gives practical information on the synthesis, mechanisms, and spectral studies related to carbocation chemistry * A detailed reference for all aspects of charbocation chemistry. * With numerous classical examples of studies of carbocations to serve as illustrative principles in organic and physical organic chemistry. * Provides insight into future developments in the field and practical applications. |
| 2014 nobel prize chemistry: Single Molecule Spectroscopy in Chemistry, Physics and Biology Astrid Graslund, 2010-04-17 Written by the leading experts in the field, this book describes the development and current state of the art in single molecule spectroscopy. The application of this technique, which started 1989, in physics, chemistry and biosciences is displayed. |
| 2014 nobel prize chemistry: CRISPR Yolanda Ridge, 2020-09-08 We can change the world with gene editing—but should we? CRISPR stands for clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats. If it sounds complicated, it is—but it’s also one of the most powerful ways we can shape the future. And it’s poised to completely upend the way we think about science. Author Yolanda Ridge tackles this topic in a friendly and accessible tone, with two introductory chapters covering the basics of DNA and gene editing before taking readers through the ways that this ground-breaking science could affect them by potentially: • eliminating diseases like malaria and cancer, • improving the stability of our food supply, and • helping to manage conservation efforts for threatened animals and environments. But all of these possible advancements come with risks, the biggest being that the consequences are unknown. Chapters end with “Stop, Go, Yield” sections encouraging readers to consider the pros and cons of using CRISPR. “Cutting Questions” give readers the opportunity to further reflect on the ethics of the science. CRISPR is a game changer. This important book, with detailed scientific illustrations, brings much needed clarity to a topic that will affect readers for generations to come. *A Junior Library Guild Gold Standard Selection |
| 2014 nobel prize chemistry: Radio-active Substances Marie Curie, 1904 |
| 2014 nobel prize chemistry: Transactions of the American Electrochemical Society American Electrochemical Society, 1913 |
| 2014 nobel prize chemistry: Nobel Prize Laureates , 1979 |
| 2014 nobel prize chemistry: The Handy Chemistry Answer Book Justin P. Lomont, Ian C. Stewart, 2013-10-01 Don't be mixed up about chemistry! Simplify the complex chemical reactions that take place everywhere in our lives with this engaging, easy-to-follow, question-and-answer guide! Where would we be without atoms and compounds? Gas, liquids, solids, and plasma? Acids and bases? Bonds and reactions? Matter and energy? The Handy Chemistry Answer Book covers the building blocks of life and the universe. The secret life of atoms, how polar bears aren’t actually white, why oil and water don't mix, and much, much more are revealed and explained. This informative guide covers the basics of chemistry (history, atomic structures, chemical bonds and reactions, organic and inorganic chemistry) to more advanced material (nuclear chemistry, biochemistry, physical and theoretical chemistry) by answering nearly 1,000 common chemistry questions, including ... What causes lightning? How does photosynthesis work? What are hard and soft Lewis acids and bases? What makes a fabric “waterproof”? What are the twelve principles of green chemistry? When did alchemists finally abandon trying to make gold? What is Le Chatelier’s principle? What do the different octane ratings mean at the gas pump? What is genetic engineering? Why is calcium important for strong bones? What is the 18-electron rule? Why does chocolate turn white as it ages? Chemical reactions that rule the world; their properties, structure, composition, behavior, and history are tackled and explained in plain English in The Handy Chemistry Answer Book. With many photos, illustrations, a few formulas, molecular diagrams, and other graphics, this fun, fact-filled tome is richly illustrated. A history of chemistry timeline, appendices on Nobel Prize in Chemistry winners, a bibliography, further reading section, glossary of terms, a table of physical constants, a table of conversion factors, and extensive index add to its usefulness. |
| 2014 nobel prize chemistry: Losing the Nobel Prize: A Story of Cosmology, Ambition, and the Perils of Science's Highest Honor Brian Keating, 2018-04-24 Riveting.—Science A Forbes, Physics Today, Science News, and Science Friday Best Science Book Of 2018 Cosmologist and inventor of the BICEP (Background Imaging of Cosmic Extragalactic Polarization) experiment, Brian Keating tells the inside story of the mesmerizing quest to unlock cosmology’s biggest mysteries and the human drama that ensued. We follow along on a personal journey of revelation and discovery in the publish-or-perish world of modern science, and learn that the Nobel Prize might hamper—rather than advance—scientific progress. Fortunately, Keating offers practical solutions for reform, providing a vision of a scientific future in which cosmologists may finally be able to see all the way back to the very beginning. |
| 2014 nobel prize chemistry: Modern Molecular Photochemistry Nicholas J. Turro, 1991 During the last two decades the photochemistry of organic molecules has grown into an important and pervasive branch of organic chemistry. In Modern Molecular Photochemistry, the author brings students up to date with the advances in this field - the development of the theory of photoreactions, the utilization of photoreactions in synthetic sequences, and the advancement of powerful laser techniques to study the mechanisms of photoreactions. |
| 2014 nobel prize chemistry: Anatomy and Physiology J. Gordon Betts, Peter DeSaix, Jody E. Johnson, Oksana Korol, Dean H. Kruse, Brandon Poe, James A. Wise, Mark Womble, Kelly A. Young, 2013-04-25 |
| 2014 nobel prize chemistry: The Mountain Mystery Ron Miksha, 2014-08-01 Fifty years ago, no one could explain mountains. Arguments about their origin were spirited, to say the least. Progressive scientists were ridiculed for their ideas. Most geologists thought the Earth was shrinking. Contracting like a hot ball of iron, shrinking and exposing ridges that became mountains. Others were quite sure the planet was expanding. Growth widened sea basins and raised mountains. There was yet another idea, the theory that the world's crust was broken into big plates that jostled around, drifting until they collided and jarred mountains into existence. That idea was invariably dismissed as pseudo-science. Or utter damned rot as one prominent scientist said. But the doubtful theory of plate tectonics prevailed. Mountains, earthquakes, ancient ice ages, even veins of gold and fields of oil are now seen as the offspring of moving tectonic plates. Just half a century ago, most geologists sternly rejected the idea of drifting continents. But a few intrepid champions of plate tectonics dared to differ. The Mountain Mystery tells their story. |
| 2014 nobel prize chemistry: The Constants of the Motion Roald Hoffmann, 2020-10-25 Poetry. In Roald Hoffmann's latest poetry collection, he casts his inquisitive mind and love for words and syntax on the worlds he encounters. In a winter retreat in inland Provence, he ponders the long-cultivated land around, and its little treasures. Midst that beauty, he cannot stop thinking of the wounds to his family in the Holocaust. Then, an intense interaction with the crafts community in the Penland School of Crafts in North Carolina leads to a strong set of poems. A commission to write a poem for the 50th anniversary of the Watson and Crick paper might be rejected; it still yields three good poems, as does the puzzle of a Japanese mountain god who does not work at night, lest he frighten humans. Why? The collection ends in the forests of the Santa Cruz Mountains of California, midst manzanita and redwoods, reaching for consilience. Roald loves words, and the conjunctions of sound and meaning that can be woven from them. From wherever in the world he has been (and that includes a desperate time in his childhood), he brings back a abiding feeling of quiet beauty, of science and nature at peace with each other. |
| 2014 nobel prize chemistry: Ig Nobel Prizes Marc Abrahams, 2003 WHAT: The Ig Nobel Prize honours individuals whose achievements in science cannot or should not be reproduced. 10 prizes are given to people who have done remarkably bizarre things in science over the previous year. WHY: The 'Igs' are intended to celebrate the unusual, honour the imaginative and shine a spotlight onto the weird corners of laboratories around the world. PAST WINNERS: Peter Fong's experiment in which he fed Prozac to clams on the basis that if they chilled out more they'd taste better. Harold Hillman's report on 'The Possible Pain Experienced during Execution by Different Methods'... |
| 2014 nobel prize chemistry: The Politics of Excellence Robert Marc Friedman, 2001-01-01 Reveals all the politics & personal agendas that dictate who has been awarded the Prize, & just as importantly, who has not. Published in conjunction with the 100th anniversary of the Prizes. |
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Nest Learning Thermostat (2nd gen, Europe version, 2014) What this means for you: Starting October 25, 2025, your device will be unpaired and removed from your Nest app or Home app. …
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You can explore world landmarks and natural wonders, and experience places like museums, arenas, restaurants, and small businesses with Street View in both Google Maps and
How to recover your Google Account or Gmail
To find your username, follow these steps.You need to know: A phone number or the recovery email address for the account.
View a map over time - Google Earth Help
Current imagery automatically displays in Google Earth. To discover how images have changed over time or view past versions of a map on a timeline: On your device, open Google Earth.
Download and install Google Chrome
To use Chrome on Mac, you need macOS Big Sur 11 and up. On your computer, download the installation file.; Open the file named "googlechrome.dmg."
Google Earth imagery updates and historical imagery - Google …
Updated 12 Oct 2024 The average age of the aerial/satellite imagery In Google Earth is 1-3 years, some is older, some is more recent, it depends what is available to Google from their various …
Scaricare e installare Google Chrome
Puoi scaricare e installare il browser web Chrome senza costi e utilizzarlo per navigare sul web. Come installare Chrome Importante: prima di scaricare Chrome, puoi controllare s
Oops...the system encountered a problem (#2014) - Gmail …
This help content & information General Help Center experience. Search. Clear search
GOOGLEFINANCE - Google Docs Editors Help
Visit the Learning Center. Using Google products, like Google Docs, at work or school? Try powerful tips, tutorials, and templates.
Speed up Google Chrome - Computer - Google Chrome Help
To browse and search faster, Chrome preloads pages that you might visit. To preload pages, Chrome may use cookies, if you allow cookies, and may encrypt and send pages through …
Upcoming end of support for Nest Learning Thermostats (1st and …
Nest Learning Thermostat (2nd gen, Europe version, 2014) What this means for you: Starting October 25, 2025, your device will be unpaired and removed from your Nest app or Home app. …
Use Street View in Google Maps - Computer - Google Maps Help
You can explore world landmarks and natural wonders, and experience places like museums, arenas, restaurants, and small businesses with Street View in both Google Maps and
