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3 Way Valve Diagram: A Comprehensive Guide
Author: Dr. Emily Carter, PhD, PMP – A certified Project Management Professional with over 15 years of experience in industrial automation and process control systems, specializing in fluid power and pneumatic systems. Dr. Carter has published numerous peer-reviewed articles on valve technology and control systems.
Publisher: Industrial Automation Insights – A leading publisher of technical articles and industry reports on industrial automation, recognized for its rigorous fact-checking and commitment to accurate technical information. IAI has a strong reputation for providing reliable information to engineers and professionals in the field.
Editor: Mr. Robert Miller – A seasoned editor with over 20 years of experience in technical publishing, specializing in engineering and manufacturing. Mr. Miller has a strong understanding of fluid power systems and has overseen the publication of numerous articles related to valves and actuators.
Abstract: This in-depth report provides a comprehensive overview of 3-way valve diagrams, exploring their various configurations, applications, and operational principles. We will examine different types of 3-way valves, analyze their symbolic representations in pneumatic and hydraulic schematics, and discuss their role in diverse industrial applications. The report will also delve into the selection criteria for choosing the appropriate 3-way valve for a given application, backed by research findings and real-world examples.
1. Introduction to 3 Way Valve Diagrams
A 3-way valve diagram is a graphical representation of a 3-way valve, illustrating its internal pathways and how it directs fluid flow. Understanding these diagrams is crucial for designing, troubleshooting, and maintaining systems utilizing these valves. The 3-way valve diagram serves as a blueprint, providing a clear and concise visualization of the valve's function within a larger system. This report will explore various aspects of 3-way valve diagrams, ranging from basic schematic representation to more complex configurations encountered in sophisticated industrial processes.
2. Types of 3-Way Valves and Their Diagrams
3-way valves are broadly categorized based on their internal design and operational principle. The most common types include:
3-way normally closed (NC) valves: In these valves, the flow path is normally blocked. A 3-way valve diagram for an NC valve shows the default state where the flow is prevented until an actuating signal is received. This type is frequently used for safety applications where a failure results in a closed state. The 3-way valve diagram clearly depicts this functionality.
3-way normally open (NO) valves: Conversely, 3-way normally open valves allow fluid flow in their default state. The 3-way valve diagram will illustrate this open pathway. Actuation closes the path, often used in applications where continuous flow is needed unless a signal interrupts it.
3-way directional control valves: These valves can switch between two distinct flow paths. The 3-way valve diagram shows the paths clearly and highlights the switching mechanism. They are used extensively in hydraulic and pneumatic circuits to direct fluid flow to different actuators or processes.
3-way mixing valves: These valves mix two fluid streams to achieve a specific temperature or concentration. The 3-way valve diagram will show the mixing chamber and the individual inlets and outlets. These are commonly found in HVAC systems and chemical processing.
Each type has a distinct 3-way valve diagram to represent its functionality, ensuring clarity and preventing misinterpretations during design or maintenance.
3. Interpreting 3-Way Valve Diagrams: Symbols and Conventions
Standard symbols are used to represent 3-way valves in pneumatic and hydraulic schematics. These symbols, defined by industry standards like ISO 1219, provide a universally understood language for engineers and technicians. A 3-way valve diagram typically includes:
Valve body: Represented by a specific shape indicating the valve type.
Ports: Indicated by circles or squares representing inlet, outlet, and common ports.
Flow direction arrows: Showing the direction of fluid flow in different valve states.
Actuation symbols: Indicating how the valve is operated (e.g., solenoid, pneumatic actuator, manual lever).
Accurate interpretation of these symbols within the 3-way valve diagram is paramount for understanding the system's operation. Misinterpreting a symbol can lead to errors in design, installation, and troubleshooting.
4. Applications of 3-Way Valves and Their Diagrams
The versatility of 3-way valves makes them applicable across numerous industries:
Pneumatic systems: Controlling the movement of pneumatic cylinders in automation systems, robotics, and machinery. The 3-way valve diagram is essential in designing these pneumatic control circuits.
Hydraulic systems: Directing hydraulic fluid to actuators in heavy machinery, construction equipment, and industrial presses. A clear 3-way valve diagram is critical for understanding the pressure and flow dynamics within these systems.
HVAC systems: Mixing hot and cold water to regulate temperature in buildings and industrial processes. The 3-way valve diagram helps in controlling the temperature and the mixing ratios.
Chemical processing: Controlling the flow of chemicals and mixing various fluids. Careful understanding of the 3-way valve diagram is crucial to prevent unwanted chemical reactions.
5. Selecting the Right 3-Way Valve: Factors to Consider
The selection of a 3-way valve involves several factors:
Fluid type: The valve must be compatible with the fluid being used (e.g., water, oil, gas).
Pressure and flow rate: The valve's capacity must meet the system's requirements.
Actuation method: The choice between manual, pneumatic, electric, or hydraulic actuation depends on the application.
Valve material: The material should be compatible with the fluid and operating environment.
Size and mounting: The valve's physical dimensions and mounting requirements must be considered.
6. Troubleshooting and Maintenance of 3-Way Valves
Using the 3-way valve diagram as a guide, routine inspection and maintenance can prevent costly downtime. Common issues include leaks, worn seals, and malfunctioning actuators. Regular maintenance ensures longevity and reliable performance.
7. Advanced 3-Way Valve Configurations
More complex systems may incorporate multiple 3-way valves or utilize valves with intricate internal configurations. Understanding these advanced configurations requires a thorough understanding of the 3-way valve diagram and the associated control logic.
8. Future Trends in 3-Way Valve Technology
Advancements in materials science, actuation technology, and control systems are driving innovations in 3-way valves. Smart valves with integrated sensors and remote monitoring capabilities are becoming increasingly common. The 3-way valve diagram will need to incorporate these new functionalities in future designs.
Conclusion:
The 3-way valve diagram serves as a fundamental tool for understanding and working with 3-way valves. This report has explored various aspects of these diagrams, emphasizing their importance in design, operation, and maintenance. Proper understanding and interpretation of 3-way valve diagrams are crucial for engineers and technicians involved in fluid power and control systems. The continued development of sophisticated 3-way valves and their associated diagrams will play a significant role in enhancing efficiency and safety across various industrial applications.
FAQs:
1. What is the difference between a 2-way and a 3-way valve? A 2-way valve controls the flow of fluid through a single path (open or closed), while a 3-way valve directs fluid flow between three ports, allowing for more complex switching and mixing.
2. How do I identify the normally open or normally closed state of a 3-way valve from its diagram? The default state (when no actuating signal is applied) is indicated by the flow direction arrows in the 3-way valve diagram.
3. What are the common symbols used in 3-way valve diagrams? Standard symbols for ports, flow direction, and actuation methods are defined by industry standards (like ISO 1219).
4. How do I troubleshoot a malfunctioning 3-way valve? Consult the 3-way valve diagram to trace the fluid path and identify potential points of failure. Check for leaks, worn seals, or faulty actuation mechanisms.
5. What are some common applications of 3-way mixing valves? 3-way mixing valves are used in HVAC systems for temperature regulation, in chemical processing for blending fluids, and in various other applications requiring precise fluid mixing.
6. What are the factors to consider when selecting a 3-way valve? Factors include fluid compatibility, pressure and flow requirements, actuation method, valve material, and physical dimensions.
7. How does the 3-way valve diagram help in maintenance? The diagram aids in identifying components, tracing fluid paths, and understanding the valve's function for effective maintenance.
8. What are the future trends in 3-way valve technology? Smart valves with integrated sensors and remote monitoring capabilities are emerging, along with advancements in materials and actuation mechanisms.
9. Where can I find more detailed information on specific types of 3-way valves? Manufacturer's datasheets, industry standards, and specialized textbooks provide detailed information on specific valve types.
Related Articles:
1. "Understanding Pneumatic 3-Way Valve Diagrams: A Practical Guide": This article focuses specifically on pneumatic 3-way valves and provides detailed explanations of their diagrams and applications in pneumatic systems.
2. "Hydraulic 3-Way Valve Diagrams: A Step-by-Step Explanation": This article explores the diagrams and applications of 3-way valves in hydraulic systems, focusing on the unique aspects of hydraulic fluid control.
3. "Selecting the Right 3-Way Valve for Your Application": A guide to selecting appropriate 3-way valves based on various factors like fluid type, pressure, and flow rate.
4. "Troubleshooting Common Problems in 3-Way Valve Systems": A practical guide to diagnosing and resolving common issues associated with 3-way valves.
5. "3-Way Valve Diagrams in PLC Programming": This article demonstrates how 3-way valve diagrams are integrated into programmable logic controller (PLC) programming for automation control.
6. "Advanced 3-Way Valve Configurations and Their Applications": Explores complex configurations of 3-way valves used in sophisticated industrial control systems.
7. "The Role of 3-Way Valves in HVAC Systems": Focuses specifically on the application of 3-way valves in heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems.
8. "Material Selection for 3-Way Valves in Chemical Processing": Examines the importance of material selection in chemical processing applications of 3-way valves.
9. "Safety Considerations in the Design and Implementation of 3-Way Valve Systems": Focuses on the safety aspects of 3-way valve systems and best practices for preventing accidents.
| 3 way valve diagram: Manual of Engineering Drawing Colin H. Simmons, Dennis E. Maguire, 2003-10-21 The Manual of Engineering Drawing has long been recognised as the student and practising engineer's guide to producing engineering drawings that comply with ISO and British Standards. The information in this book is equally applicable to any CAD application or manual drawing. The second edition is fully in line with the requirements of the new British Standard BS8888: 2002, and will help engineers, lecturers and students with the transition to the new standards.BS8888 is fully based on the relevant ISO standards, so this book is also ideal for an international readership. The comprehensive scope of this book encompasses topics including orthographic, isometric and oblique projections, electric and hydraulic diagrams, welding and adhesive symbols, and guidance on tolerancing.Written by a member of the ISO committee and a former college lecturer, the Manual of Engineering Drawing combines up-to-the-minute technical accuracy with clear, readable explanations and numerous diagrams. This approach makes this an ideal student text for vocational courses in engineering drawing and undergraduates studying engineering design / product design.Colin Simmons is a member of the BSI and ISO Draughting Committees and an Engineering Standards Consultant. He was formerly Standards Engineer at Lucas CAV.* Fully in line with the latest ISO Standards* A textbook and reference guide for students and engineers involved in design engineering and product design* Written by a former lecturer and a current member of the relevant standards committees |
| 3 way valve diagram: Design of TVA Projects: Mechanical design of hydro plants , 1952 |
| 3 way valve diagram: Plumbing and Heating Albert Jackson, David Day, 2006 Plumbers and other repairmen charge a mint these days—but with Popular Mechanics on your side, it’s possible to cut these costs dramatically by both preventing and managing pipe-related emergencies on your own. It lays out the basics, explaining what’s involved in a typical plumbing system, along with supply lines, drainage, and venting. Hundreds of line drawings and easy-to-follow instructions lead you through every step, including: dealing with frozen and split pipes; making an epoxy patch repair; fitting the bathroom with a sink, toilet or tub; fixing leaky faucets; checking the heating system for faults; putting in a wood-burning stove; and replacing damaged radiators. An illustrated glossary presents the complete plumber’s toolkit, and the skills needed to use them safely. |
| 3 way valve diagram: Mechanical Design of Hydro Plants Tennessee Valley Authority, 1960 |
| 3 way valve diagram: Design of TVA Projects Tennessee Valley Authority, 1952 |
| 3 way valve diagram: Data Acquisition and Process Control Using Personal Computers Ozkul, 2017-11-22 Covers all areas of computer-based data acquisition--from basic concepts to the most recent technical developments--without the burden of long theoretical derivations and proofs. Offers practical, solution-oriented design examples and real-life case studies in each chapter and furnishes valuable selection guides for specific types of hardware. |
| 3 way valve diagram: Ice and Refrigeration , 1925 |
| 3 way valve diagram: Piping and Instrumentation Diagram Development Moe Toghraei, 2019-04-02 An essential guide for developing and interpreting piping and instrumentation drawings Piping and Instrumentation Diagram Development is an important resource that offers the fundamental information needed for designers of process plants as well as a guide for other interested professionals. The author offers a proven, systemic approach to present the concepts of P&ID development which previously were deemed to be graspable only during practicing and not through training. This comprehensive text offers the information needed in order to create P&ID for a variety of chemical industries such as: oil and gas industries; water and wastewater treatment industries; and food industries. The author outlines the basic development rules of piping and instrumentation diagram (P&ID) and describes in detail the three main components of a process plant: equipment and other process items, control system, and utility system. Each step of the way, the text explores the skills needed to excel at P&ID, includes a wealth of illustrative examples, and describes the most effective practices. This vital resource: Offers a comprehensive resource that outlines a step-by-step guide for developing piping and instrumentation diagrams Includes helpful learning objectives and problem sets that are based on real-life examples Provides a wide range of original engineering flow drawing (P&ID) samples Includes PDF’s that contain notes explaining the reason for each piece on a P&ID and additional samples to help the reader create their own P&IDs Written for chemical engineers, mechanical engineers and other technical practitioners, Piping and Instrumentation Diagram Development reveals the fundamental steps needed for creating accurate blueprints that are the key elements for the design, operation, and maintenance of process industries. |
| 3 way valve diagram: Valve Selection Handbook Peter Smith, R. W. Zappe, 2004-01-24 Valves are the components in a fluid flow or pressure system that regulate either the flow or the pressure of the fluid. They are used extensively in the process industries, especially petrochemical. Though there are only four basic types of valves, there is an enormous number of different kinds of valves within each category, each one used for a specific purpose. No other book on the market analyzes the use, construction, and selection of valves in such a comprehensive manner. - Covers new environmentally-conscious equipment and practices, the most important hot-button issue in the petrochemical industry today - Details new generations of valves for offshore projects, the oil industry's fastest-growing segment - Includes numerous new products that have never before been written about in the mainstream literature |
| 3 way valve diagram: Technical Report Tennessee Valley Authority, 1959 |
| 3 way valve diagram: Technical Manual United States Department of the Army, 1954 |
| 3 way valve diagram: Thermodynamic Analysis and Optimization of Geothermal Power Plants Can Ozgur Colpan, Mehmet Akif Ezan, Onder Kizilkan, 2021-02-19 Thermodynamic Analysis and Optimization of Geothermal Power Plants guides researchers and engineers on the analysis and optimization of geothermal power plants through conventional and innovative methods. Coverage encompasses the fundamentals, thermodynamic analysis, and optimization of geothermal power plants. Advanced thermodynamic analysis tools such as exergy analysis, thermoeconomic analysis, and several thermodynamic optimization methods are covered in depth for different configurations of geothermal power plants through case studies. Interdisciplinary research with relevant economic and environmental dimensions are addressed in many of the studies. Multiobjective optimization studies aimed at better efficiency, lower cost, and a lower environmental impact are also discussed in this book. - Addresses the complexities of thermodynamic assessment in almost all operational plant configurations, including solar-geothermal and multigeneration power plants - Includes an exemplary range of case studies, from basic to integrated - Provides modern optimization methods including exergoeconomic, artificial neural networks, and multiobjective particle swarm - Covers environmental impact considerations and integration with renewable energy systems |
| 3 way valve diagram: The Colbert Steam Plant , 1963 The Colbert Steam Plant is located on the south bank of Pickwick Landing Lake at mile 245 (Tennessee River mileage upstream from the confluence with the Ohio River) and 14.5 miles downstream, or west, of the Wilson Dam. |
| 3 way valve diagram: Hydraulics and Pneumatics Controls Shanmuga Sundaram, 2006 For B.E./B.Tech. students of Anna and Other Technical Universities of India |
| 3 way valve diagram: Automatic Control, Mechatronics and Industrial Engineering Yigang He, Xue Qing, 2019-03-20 Engineering technology development and implementation play an important role in making the industry more sustainable in an increasingly competitive world. This book covers significant recent developments in both fundamental and applied research in the engineering field. Domains of application include, but are not limited to, Intelligent Control Systems and Optimization, Signal Processing, Sensors, Systems Modeling and Control, Robotics and Automation, Industrial and Electric Engineering, Production and Management. This book is an excellent reference work to get up to date with the latest research and developments in the fields of Automation, Mechatronics and Industrial Engineering. It aims to provide a platform for researchers and professionals in all relevant fields to gain new ideas and establish great achievements in scientific development. |
| 3 way valve diagram: Trinity River Division Features of the Central Valley Project, California United States. Bureau of Reclamation, 1965 |
| 3 way valve diagram: Standing Operating Procedures for Trinity Dam and Clair Engle Lake United States. Bureau of Reclamation. Division of Water and Land Use, 1971 |
| 3 way valve diagram: The Kingston Steam Plant Tennessee Valley Authority, 1965 Kingston Steam Plant is located at the base of a peninsula formed by the Clinch and Emory River embayments of Watts Bar Lake about 2.7 miles above the confluence of the Clinch and Tennessee Rivers. The plant derives its name from Kingston, a small town of colorful history lying two miles to the south, which employs the distinction of being the capital of the State of Tennessee for one day, September 21, 1807. |
| 3 way valve diagram: Methods for Affinity-Based Separations of Enzymes and Proteins Munishwar N. Gupta, 2013-12-01 One major concern of biotechnology is either using enzymes or producing them. Enzyme/protein production is therefore an important starting point for biotechnology. Bioseparation or Downstream Processing constitutes about 40-90% of the total production cost. Driven by economics, highly selective technologies applicable to large-scale processing have emerged during the last decade. These technologies are slowly diffusing to enzymologists who are working on a smaller scale, looking for fast and efficient purification protocols. The affinity-based techniques (including precipitation, two-phase extractions, expanded bed chromatography, perfusion chromatography and monoliths) described in this volume provide current and new cutting-edge methods. Consequently, the book is of main interest to researchers in biochemistry, biochemical engineering and biotechnology, working either in academic or industrial sectors. |
| 3 way valve diagram: Synthetic Membranes and Membrane Separation Processes Takeshi Matsuura, 2020-09-10 Synthetic Membranes and Membrane Separation Processes addresses both fundamental and practical aspects of the subject. Topics discussed in the book cover major industrial membrane separation processes, including reverse osmosis, ultrafiltration, microfiltration, membrane gas and vapor separation, and pervaporation. Membrane materials, membrane preparation, membrane structure, membrane transport, membrane module and separation design, and applications are discussed for each separation process. Many problem-solving examples are included to help readers understand the fundamental concepts of the theory behind the processes. The book will benefit practitioners and students in chemical engineering, environmental engineering, and materials science. |
| 3 way valve diagram: Navajo Dam and Reservoir United States. Bureau of Reclamation, 1966 |
| 3 way valve diagram: BuDocks Technical Digest , 1952 |
| 3 way valve diagram: BuDocks Technical Digest, Construction, Maintenance & Operation of the Navy's Shore Establishments , 1953 |
| 3 way valve diagram: Electrical Power Production Specialist (AFSC 54252): Engine systems William L. Hall, 1984 |
| 3 way valve diagram: Dental Technician, Repair United States. Bureau of Naval Personnel, 1971 |
| 3 way valve diagram: Sawyer's Gas Turbine Engineering Handbook: Theory & design John William Sawyer, 1972 |
| 3 way valve diagram: Wireless World , 1924 |
| 3 way valve diagram: The Wireless World and Radio Review , 1924 |
| 3 way valve diagram: Trinity River Division Features of the Central Valley Project, California: Design United States. Bureau of Reclamation, 1965 |
| 3 way valve diagram: Electricity and Engineering , 1912 |
| 3 way valve diagram: Palisades Dam and Powerplant, Constructed 1951-1957, Palisades Project, Idaho United States. Bureau of Reclamation, 1960 |
| 3 way valve diagram: Instrumentman 3 & 2 United States. Bureau of Naval Personnel, 1971 |
| 3 way valve diagram: Blue Mesa Dam and Powerplant , 1975 |
| 3 way valve diagram: Viscosity of Liquids Dabir S. Viswanath, Tushar K. Ghosh, Dasika H.L. Prasad, Nidamarty V.K. Dutt, Kalipatnapu Y. Rani, 2007-03-31 This book is unique in that it brings together published viscosity data, experimental methods, theoretical, correlation and predictive procedures in a single volume. The readers will get a better understanding of why various methods are used for measuring viscosity of different types of liquids and why an experimental method is dependent on fluid characteristics, such as Newtonian or non-Newtonian fluids. |
| 3 way valve diagram: , |
| 3 way valve diagram: Successful Trouble Shooting for Process Engineers Donald R. Woods, 2006-05-12 Chemical production processes consist of many complex apparatuses involving both moving and static parts as well as interconnecting pipes, control mechanisms and electronics, mechanical and thermal stages, heat exchangers, waste and side product processing units, power ducts and many others. Bringing such a complicated unit online and ensuring its continued productivity requires substantial skill at anticipating, detecting and solving acute problems. This book is the professional's and student's entrance to the fascinating and important world of trouble shooting for chemical, pharmaceutical and other production processes. |
| 3 way valve diagram: The Johnsonville Steam Plant Tennessee Valley Authority, 1959 The Johnsonville Steam Plant is the second steam-electric project to be built by TVA. The first-Watts Bar Steam Plant-was built as a part of TVA's first emergency program of the World War II period. Construction of the Johnsonville Steam Plant, with generating units of 125,000-kilowatt capability, began in May 1949. It was the first of seven large steam-electric projects constructed over a span of eight and a half years including the Korean War period. This mammoth building program resulted mainly from the increased power demands of the Atomic Energy Commission and other Federal defense agencies. Additional electric energy was required also by the expanding programs of private industry and the increased needs of commercial and domestic consumers in TVA's service area. |
| 3 way valve diagram: Natural Gas Conversion V A. Parmaliana, D. Sanfilippo, F. Frusteri, A. Vaccari, F. Arena, 1998-09-17 On January 1988, the ascertained and economically accessible reserves of Natural Gas (NG) amounted to over 144,000 billion cubic meters worldwide, corresponding to 124 billion tons of oil equivalents (comparable with the liquid oil reserves, which are estimated to be 138 billion TOE). It is hypothesized that the volume of NG reserve will continue to grow at the same rate of the last decade. Forecasts on production indicate a potential increase from about 2,000 billion cubic meters in 1990 to not more than 3,300 billion cubic meters in 2010, even in a high economic development scenario. NG consumption represents only one half of oil: 1.9 billion TOE/y as compared to 3.5 of oil. Consequently, in the future gas will exceed oil as a carbon atom source. In the future the potential for getting energetic vectors or petrochemicals from NG will continue to grow.The topics covered in Natural Gas Conversion V reflect the large global R&D effort to look for new and economic ways of NG exploitation. These range from the direct conversion of methane and light paraffins to the indirect conversion through synthesis gas to fuels and chemicals. Particularly underlined and visible are the technologies already commercially viable.These proceedings prove that mature and technologically feasible processes for natural gas conversion are already available and that new and improved catalytic approaches are currently developing, the validity and feasibility of which will soon be documented. This is an exciting area of modern catalysis, which will certainly open novel and rewarding perspectives for the chemical, energy and petrochemical industries. |
| 3 way valve diagram: Treatise on Process Metallurgy Alexander McLean, Roderick Guthrie, Sridhar Seetharaman, H. Y. Sohn, 2024-08-30 Treatise on Process Metallurgy: Volume Four, Industrial Production provides academics with the fundamentals of the manufacturing of metallic materials, from raw materials into finished parts or products. In these fully updated volumes, coverage is expanded into four volumes, including Process Fundamentals, encompassing process fundamentals, structure and properties of matter; thermodynamic aspects of process metallurgy, and rate phenomena in process metallurgy; Processing Phenomena, encompassing interfacial phenomena in high temperature metallurgy, metallurgical process phenomena, and metallurgical process technology; Metallurgical Processes, encompassing mineral processing, aqueous processing, electrochemical material and energy processes, and iron and steel technology, non-ferrous process principles and production technologies, and more. The work distills the combined academic experience from the principal editor and the multidisciplinary four-member editorial board. Provides the entire breadth of process metallurgy in a single work Includes in-depth knowledge in all key areas of process metallurgy Approaches the topic from an interdisciplinary perspective, providing broad range coverage on topics |
| 3 way valve diagram: Performance Analysis of Hydraulic Machine Tool Tracer Systems Walter Angst, 1957 |
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3、点击：开始——字体——带圈字符。 4、在弹出的对话框中选择圈号“ ”，由于数字占空间较大，要选择“增大号圈”，然后点击“确定”。 5、得到一个带号圈的“22”。按照这样的方法可以打出 …
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Aug 11, 2024 · www.baidu.com答案：www.baidu.com是百度公司的官方网站，即百度搜索引擎的网址。详细解释：一、百度公司概述百度是中国最大的互联网搜索引擎和技术公司之一，为用 …
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同比和环比的区别计算公式是什么？ - 百度知道
同比和环比的区别计算公式是什么？一、同比增长计算公式：1、同比增长率＝（本期数－同期数）÷ |同期数｜×100%例子：去年3月的产值100万，今年3月的产值300万，同比增长是怎么算的？
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