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66 Years of Economic Imperialism: 1750-1916 (A Deep Dive)
Introduction:
Economic imperialism, the control of a nation's economy by a foreign power, isn't a neatly packaged historical event; it's a complex process spanning centuries. This article delves into the pervasive influence of economic imperialism between 1750 and 1916, a period witnessing its dramatic rise and profound impact on global power dynamics. We'll examine key drivers, mechanisms, and consequences, providing a comprehensive understanding of this crucial historical phenomenon. Understanding this period is vital for grasping modern-day global inequalities and the lingering effects of colonial exploitation. We'll go beyond a superficial overview, offering detailed analysis and insightful perspectives on the lasting legacies of this era.
Outline:
I. Setting the Stage (1750-1800): The Rise of Mercantilism and Early Colonial Expansion
The Mercantile System and its role in fueling imperialism.
Early examples of economic control: the East India Companies.
The Triangle Trade and its brutal exploitation.
II. The 19th Century: The Height of Imperialism
The Industrial Revolution and its impact on imperial expansion.
The Scramble for Africa and the partitioning of the continent.
The Opium Wars and the unequal treaties imposed on China.
The exploitation of resources in colonies (raw materials, labor).
III. Mechanisms of Economic Imperialism
Control of trade routes and markets.
The establishment of unequal trade agreements.
The imposition of tariffs and taxes favoring the colonizer.
Foreign investment and its impact on local economies.
The role of multinational corporations.
IV. Consequences of Economic Imperialism
Underdevelopment of colonized regions.
The creation of dependent economies.
The rise of social inequalities and unrest.
The legacy of poverty and instability.
V. The Transition (1900-1916): Seeds of Change
Rising nationalist movements and resistance to colonial rule.
The beginning of decolonization efforts.
The First World War and its impact on the imperial system.
I. Setting the Stage (1750-1800): The Rise of Mercantilism and Early Colonial Expansion
Mercantilism and Early Imperial Control
The 18th century saw the zenith of mercantilism, an economic theory prioritizing national wealth through a favorable balance of trade. Colonies were viewed as sources of raw materials and captive markets for manufactured goods. This system inherently fostered exploitation, with colonies denied the opportunity for independent economic development.
Early Examples: The East India Companies
Entities like the British East India Company and the Dutch East India Company exemplify early economic imperialism. These powerful corporations, operating with governmental backing, established monopolies over trade, extracted resources, and exerted considerable political influence in their colonial holdings. This model laid the groundwork for future, more direct forms of imperial control.
The Brutal Triangle Trade
The transatlantic slave trade, a cornerstone of the Triangle Trade, stands as a stark example of the inhumane consequences of economic imperialism. Millions were forcibly removed from Africa, their labor exploited to fuel the economic growth of European powers and their American colonies. The lasting impact of this horrific system continues to reverberate today.
II. The 19th Century: The Height of Imperialism
The Industrial Revolution's Impact
The Industrial Revolution dramatically accelerated imperial expansion. The need for raw materials and new markets fueled a frenzy of colonization, particularly in Africa and Asia. Industrialized nations possessed superior military technology, allowing them to easily subjugate less developed societies.
The Scramble for Africa
The late 19th century witnessed the infamous "Scramble for Africa," a period of intense competition among European powers to carve up the continent into colonies. This partitioning disregarded existing political and ethnic boundaries, laying the seeds for future conflicts and instability.
The Opium Wars and Unequal Treaties
The Opium Wars between Britain and China highlighted the coercive nature of economic imperialism. Britain, seeking to maintain its lucrative opium trade, imposed unequal treaties on China, granting it significant economic advantages and further undermining Chinese sovereignty.
Resource Exploitation
Colonies served as crucial sources of raw materials – rubber, cotton, diamonds, and other resources – fueling the industrial economies of Europe and North America. Local populations were often forced to work under brutal conditions, with minimal compensation.
III. Mechanisms of Economic Imperialism
Control of Trade Routes and Markets
Imperial powers controlled vital trade routes, ensuring that colonies were primarily engaged in trade with the mother country. This restricted access to other markets, hindering the development of diversified economies.
Unequal Trade Agreements
Colonies were often forced to sign unfair trade agreements, granting preferential treatment to the colonizer. These agreements ensured that raw materials flowed to the imperial power at low prices, while manufactured goods were sold back at inflated prices.
Tariffs and Taxes
Imperial powers implemented tariffs and taxes that favoured their own industries, further disadvantaging colonial economies. This ensured that local industries could not compete with imported goods from the mother country.
Foreign Investment
Foreign investment, while seemingly beneficial, often served to reinforce colonial dependency. Investment was often channeled into extractive industries, with little focus on broader economic development.
Multinational Corporations
The rise of multinational corporations further entrenched economic imperialism. These corporations, operating across borders, often wielded significant economic and political influence in the colonies, sometimes surpassing that of colonial governments.
IV. Consequences of Economic Imperialism
Underdevelopment
Economic imperialism resulted in the underdevelopment of many colonized regions. Their economies were geared towards serving the needs of the imperial power, rather than fostering self-sufficient growth.
Dependent Economies
Colonies became dependent on the imperial power for trade, investment, and technology. This created a system of economic dependency that persisted even after independence was achieved.
Social Inequalities and Unrest
Economic exploitation led to widespread social inequalities and unrest. Colonial rule often aggravated existing social hierarchies and created new ones based on race and class.
Legacy of Poverty and Instability
The lasting legacy of economic imperialism includes widespread poverty, instability, and underdevelopment in many formerly colonized regions. These are challenges that continue to impact the global landscape.
V. The Transition (1900-1916): Seeds of Change
Rising Nationalist Movements
By the early 20th century, nationalist movements gained momentum in many colonies. These movements challenged colonial rule and demanded greater autonomy and economic independence.
Beginnings of Decolonization
The seeds of decolonization were sown during this period, as colonial powers began to face increasing pressure from nationalist movements and the changing global political landscape.
World War I's Impact
World War I significantly weakened the imperial powers, exposing the vulnerabilities of their vast colonial empires. This period marked the beginning of a long and complex process of decolonization.
Conclusion:
The period from 1750 to 1916 witnessed the rise and peak of economic imperialism, profoundly shaping the global economic and political landscape. While the direct colonial rule has largely ended, its legacy continues to impact global inequalities and the economic disparities we see today. Understanding this historical period is crucial for comprehending the complexities of the modern world and working towards a more just and equitable future.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ):
Q: What were the primary motivations behind economic imperialism? A: Primarily, the desire for raw materials, new markets for manufactured goods, and the pursuit of national power and prestige.
Q: How did economic imperialism differ from political imperialism? A: While often intertwined, economic imperialism focused on controlling a nation's economy, whereas political imperialism centered on direct political control and governance.
Q: What are some lasting impacts of economic imperialism? A: Underdevelopment, dependent economies, poverty, social inequalities, and ongoing political instability in many formerly colonized nations.
Q: Did all colonized regions experience the same level of exploitation? A: No, the extent and nature of economic exploitation varied significantly depending on the colony, the colonizer, and the available resources.
Related Keywords:
Economic Imperialism, Colonialism, Mercantilism, Industrial Revolution, Scramble for Africa, Opium Wars, Unequal Treaties, Decolonization, Imperialism, Colonial Exploitation, Global Inequality, Underdevelopment, Dependent Economies, Postcolonial Studies, World History, 18th Century History, 19th Century History, 20th Century History.
| 66 economic imperialism from 1750 to 19: Historical Abstracts , 1994 Vols. 17-18 cover 1775-1914. |
| 66 economic imperialism from 1750 to 19: Making Of An Economic Superpower, The: Unlocking China's Secret Of Rapid Industrialization Yi Wen, 2016-05-13 The rise of China is no doubt one of the most important events in world economic history since the Industrial Revolution. Mainstream economics, especially the institutional theory of economic development based on a dichotomy of extractive vs. inclusive political institutions, is highly inadequate in explaining China's rise. This book argues that only a radical reinterpretation of the history of the Industrial Revolution and the rise of the West (as incorrectly portrayed by the institutional theory) can fully explain China's growth miracle and why the determined rise of China is unstoppable despite its current 'backward' financial system and political institutions. Conversely, China's spectacular and rapid transformation from an impoverished agrarian society to a formidable industrial superpower sheds considerable light on the fundamental shortcomings of the institutional theory and mainstream 'blackboard' economic models, and provides more-accurate reevaluations of historical episodes such as Africa's enduring poverty trap despite radical political and economic reforms, Latin America's lost decades and frequent debt crises, 19th century Europe's great escape from the Malthusian trap, and the Industrial Revolution itself. |
| 66 economic imperialism from 1750 to 19: Global Economic History: A Very Short Introduction Robert C. Allen, 2011-09-15 Why are some countries rich and others poor? In 1500, the income differences were small, but they have grown dramatically since Columbus reached America. Since then, the interplay between geography, globalization, technological change, and economic policy has determined the wealth and poverty of nations. The industrial revolution was Britain's path breaking response to the challenge of globalization. Western Europe and North America joined Britain to form a club of rich nations by pursuing four polices-creating a national market by abolishing internal tariffs and investing in transportation, erecting an external tariff to protect their fledgling industries from British competition, banks to stabilize the currency and mobilize domestic savings for investment, and mass education to prepare people for industrial work. Together these countries pioneered new technologies that have made them ever richer. Before the Industrial Revolution, most of the world's manufacturing was done in Asia, but industries from Casablanca to Canton were destroyed by western competition in the nineteenth century, and Asia was transformed into 'underdeveloped countries' specializing in agriculture. The spread of economic development has been slow since modern technology was invented to fit the needs of rich countries and is ill adapted to the economic and geographical conditions of poor countries. A few countries - Japan, Soviet Russia, South Korea, Taiwan, and perhaps China - have, nonetheless, caught up with the West through creative responses to the technological challenge and with Big Push industrialization that has achieved rapid growth through investment coordination. Whether other countries can emulate the success of East Asia is a challenge for the future. ABOUT THE SERIES: The Very Short Introductions series from Oxford University Press contains hundreds of titles in almost every subject area. These pocket-sized books are the perfect way to get ahead in a new subject quickly. Our expert authors combine facts, analysis, perspective, new ideas, and enthusiasm to make interesting and challenging topics highly readable. |
| 66 economic imperialism from 1750 to 19: Understanding the British Empire Ronald Hyam, 2010-05-20 A study of key themes in the history of the British Empire by one of the senior figures in the field. |
| 66 economic imperialism from 1750 to 19: Edge of Empire Maya Jasanoff, 2007-12-18 In this imaginative book, Maya Jasanoff uncovers the extraordinary stories of collectors who lived on the frontiers of the British Empire in India and Egypt, tracing their exploits to tell an intimate history of imperialism. Jasanoff delves beneath the grand narratives of power, exploitation, and resistance to look at the British Empire through the eyes of the people caught up in it. Written and researched on four continents, Edge of Empire enters a world where people lived, loved, mingled, and identified with one another in ways richer and more complex than previous accounts have led us to believe were possible. And as this book demonstrates, traces of that world remain tangible—and topical—today. An innovative, persuasive, and provocative work of history. |
| 66 economic imperialism from 1750 to 19: Britain and the GermanZollverein, 1848–66 John R. Davis, 2015-12-30 Between 1848 and 1866 the Zollverein went through a series of momentous crises and the issue of commercial organization became increasingly politicized. Austro-Prussian rivalry, industrialization, and liberalism, created a tense atmosphere in which Britain had enormous influence. Using a wide range of German and British sources this study shows how Britain, blindfolded by doctrinaire Free Trade and institutional inadequacy, failed to grasp the connotations of its own actions in the German states and how misinterpretation began to sour Anglo-German relations. |
| 66 economic imperialism from 1750 to 19: The Rise of Free Trade Imperialism Bernard Semmel, 2004-02-05 The Rise of Free Trade Imperialism seeks to uncover some of the intellectual origins of the imperialism of the classic period, the sources from which later theories of imperialism were constructed, and the character of the ideology which underlay the dismantling of the old colonial system and the construction of the Victorian Pax Britannica. The author discusses the development and diffusion of a number of the central arguments of the 'science' of political economy, from the standpoint of a historian rather than an economist, which were crucial not only to the construction of theories of capitalist imperialism, but also served as a spur both to efforts at colonization, and to establishing a British Workshop of the World. |
| 66 economic imperialism from 1750 to 19: Empire of Cotton Sven Beckert, 2015-11-10 WINNER OF THE BANCROFT PRIZE • A Pulitzer Prize finalist that's as unsettling as it is enlightening: a book that brilliantly weaves together the story of cotton with how the present global world came to exist. “Masterly … An astonishing achievement.” —The New York Times The empire of cotton was, from the beginning, a fulcrum of constant global struggle between slaves and planters, merchants and statesmen, workers and factory owners. Sven Beckert makes clear how these forces ushered in the world of modern capitalism, including the vast wealth and disturbing inequalities that are with us today. In a remarkably brief period, European entrepreneurs and powerful politicians recast the world’s most significant manufacturing industry, combining imperial expansion and slave labor with new machines and wage workers to make and remake global capitalism. |
| 66 economic imperialism from 1750 to 19: The Great Divergence Kenneth Pomeranz, 2021-04-13 A landmark comparative history of Europe and China that examines why the Industrial Revolution emerged in the West The Great Divergence sheds light on one of the great questions of history: Why did sustained industrial growth begin in Northwest Europe? Historian Kenneth Pomeranz shows that as recently as 1750, life expectancy, consumption, and product and factor markets were comparable in Europe and East Asia. Moreover, key regions in China and Japan were no worse off ecologically than those in Western Europe, with each region facing corresponding shortages of land-intensive products. Pomeranz’s comparative lens reveals the two critical factors resulting in Europe's nineteenth-century divergence—the fortunate location of coal and access to trade with the New World. As East Asia’s economy stagnated, Europe narrowly escaped the same fate largely due to favorable resource stocks from underground and overseas. This Princeton Classics edition includes a preface from the author and makes a powerful historical work available to new readers. |
| 66 economic imperialism from 1750 to 19: Liberalism in Empire Andrew Sartori, 2014-07-03 While the need for a history of liberalism that goes beyond its conventional European limits is well recognized, the agrarian backwaters of the British Empire might seem an unlikely place to start. Yet specifically liberal preoccupations with property and freedom evolved as central to agrarian policy and politics in colonial Bengal. Liberalism in Empire explores the generative crisis in understanding property’s role in the constitution of a liberal polity, which intersected in Bengal with a new politics of peasant independence based on practices of commodity exchange. Thus the conditions for a new kind of vernacular liberalism were created. Andrew Sartori’s examination shows the workings of a section of liberal policy makers and agrarian leaders who insisted that norms governing agrarian social relations be premised on the property-constituting powers of labor, which opened a new conceptual space for appeals to both political economy and the normative significance of property. It is conventional to see liberalism as traveling through the space of empire with the extension of colonial institutions and intellectual networks. Sartori’s focus on the Lockeanism of agrarian discourses of property, however, allows readers to grasp how liberalism could serve as a normative framework for both a triumphant colonial capitalism and a critique of capitalism from the standpoint of peasant property. |
| 66 economic imperialism from 1750 to 19: International Banking 1870-1914 Rondo Cameron, V. I. Bovykin, 1992-03-12 This book, the product of a unique international scholarly collaboration sponsored jointly by the American Council of Learned Societies and the Soviet Academy of Sciences, provides a comprehensive survey on international banking from 1870 to 1914. In that period international investment reached dimensions previously unknown, and the banking systems of the world achieved a degree of internationalization without precedent. The book's authors, twenty-five scholars from fifteen countries, are the acknowledged experts in their fields. They detail the origin and development of internationally oriented banks in each major country, and explain their role in foreign investment and industrial finance. They look at all areas of the world that were involved in international investment, either as investors, recipients of investment, or both. The definitive work on international banking from 1870 to 1914, this book will interest scholars and students in financial and banking history, bankers and economists in the finanical industry, and general historians. |
| 66 economic imperialism from 1750 to 19: Multicultural Origins of the Global Economy' John M. Hobson, 2020-12-10 Develops a fresh non-Eurocentric analysis of the rise and development of the global economy in the last half-millennium. |
| 66 economic imperialism from 1750 to 19: British Imperialism P.J. Cain, A. G. Hopkins, 2016-03-02 A milestone in the understanding of British history and imperialism, this ground-breaking book radically reinterprets the course of modern economic development and the causes of overseas expansion during the past three centuries. Employing their concept of 'gentlemanly capitalism', the authors draw imperial and domestic British history together to show how the shape of the nation and its economy depended on international and imperial ties, and how these ties were undone to produce the post-colonial world of today. Containing a significantly expanded and updated Foreword and Afterword, this third edition assesses the development of the debate since the book’s original publication, discusses the imperial era in the context of the controversy over globalization, and shows how the study of the age of empires remains relevant to understanding the post-colonial world. Covering the full extent of the British empire from China to South America and taking a broad chronological view from the seventeenth century to post-imperial Britain today, British Imperialism: 1688–2015 is the perfect read for all students of imperial and global history. |
| 66 economic imperialism from 1750 to 19: Late Victorian Holocausts Mike Davis, 2017-01-01 Examining a series of El Niño-induced droughts and the famines that they spawned around the globe in the last third of the 19th century, Mike Davis discloses the intimate, baleful relationship between imperial arrogance and natural incident that combined to produce some of the worst tragedies in human history. Late Victorian Holocausts focuses on three zones of drought and subsequent famine: India, Northern China; and Northeastern Brazil. All were affected by the same global climatic factors that caused massive crop failures, and all experienced brutal famines that decimated local populations. But the effects of drought were magnified in each case because of singularly destructive policies promulgated by different ruling elites. Davis argues that the seeds of underdevelopment in what later became known as the Third World were sown in this era of High Imperialism, as the price for capitalist modernization was paid in the currency of millions of peasants' lives. |
| 66 economic imperialism from 1750 to 19: Empire and Nation Eliga H. Gould, Peter S. Onuf, 2015-10 Publisher Description |
| 66 economic imperialism from 1750 to 19: The Age of Revolutions in Global Context, c. 1760-1840 David Armitage, Sanjay Subrahmanyam, 2009-12-18 A distinguished international team of historians examines the dynamics of global and regional change in the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Providing uniquely broad coverage, encompassing North and South America, the Caribbean, Europe, Africa, the Middle East, South and Southeast Asia, and China, the chapters shed new light on this pivotal period of world history. Offering fresh perspectives on: - The American, French, and Haitian Revolutions - The break-up of the Iberian empires - The Napoleonic Wars The volume also presents ground-breaking treatments of world history from an African perspective, of South Asia's age of revolutions, and of stability and instability in China. The first truly global account of the causes and consequences of the transformative 'Age of Revolutions', this collection presents a strikingly novel and comprehensive view of the revolutionary era as well as rich examples of global history in practice. |
| 66 economic imperialism from 1750 to 19: AP World History: Modern Premium, 2025: Prep Book with 5 Practice Tests + Comprehensive Review + Online Practice John McCannon, 2024-07-02 Be prepared for exam day with Barron’s. Trusted content from AP experts! Barron’s AP World History: Modern Premium, 2025 includes in‑depth content review and practice. It’s the only book you’ll need to be prepared for exam day. Written by Experienced Educators Learn from Barron’s‑‑all content is written and reviewed by AP experts Build your understanding with comprehensive review tailored to the most recent exam Get a leg up with tips, strategies, and study advice for exam day‑‑it’s like having a trusted tutor by your side Be Confident on Exam Day Sharpen your test‑taking skills with 5 full‑length practice tests–2 in the book, and 3 more online–plus detailed answer explanations and/or sample responses Strengthen your knowledge with in‑depth review covering all units and themes on the AP World History: Modern exam Reinforce your learning with AP style practice questions at the end of each unit that cover frequently tested topics from the chapters and help you gauge your progress Practice your historical thinking skills and making connections between topics by reviewing the broad trends (including governance, cultural developments and interactions, social interactions and organizations, and more) that open each section of the book Robust Online Practice Continue your practice with 3 full‑length practice tests on Barron’s Online Learning Hub Simulate the exam experience with a timed test option Deepen your understanding with detailed answer explanations and expert advice Gain confidence with scoring to check your learning progress Looking for more ways to prep? Check out Barron's AP World History Podcast wherever you get your favorite podcasts AND power up your study sessions with Barron's AP World History on Kahoot!‑‑additional, free practice to help you ace your exam! |
| 66 economic imperialism from 1750 to 19: Governing the Commons Elinor Ostrom, 2015-09-23 Tackles one of the most enduring and contentious issues of positive political economy: common pool resource management. |
| 66 economic imperialism from 1750 to 19: The British Industrial Revolution Joel Mokyr, 2018-02-06 The Industrial Revolution remains a defining moment in the economic history of the modern world. But what kind and how much of a revolution was it? And what kind of ?moment? could it have been? These are just some of the larger questions among the many that economic historians continue to debate. Addressing the various interpretations and assumptions that have been attached to the concept of the Industrial Revolution, Joel Mokyr and his four distinguished contributors present and defend their views on essential aspects of the Industrial Revolution. In this revised edition, all chapters?including Mokyr's extensive introductory survey and evaluation of research in this field?are updated to consider arguments and findings advanced since the volume's initial 1993 publication. Like its predecessor, the revised edition of The British Industrial Revolution is an essential book for economic historians and, indeed, for any historian of Great Britain in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. |
| 66 economic imperialism from 1750 to 19: Sustaining the International Economic System Marina von Neumann Whitman, 1977 |
| 66 economic imperialism from 1750 to 19: Marxist Theories of Imperialism Anthony Brewer, 1990 The last two hundred years have seen a massive increase in the size of the world economy and equally massive inequalities of wealth and power between different parts of the world. They have also witnessed the rise to dominance of the capitalist mode of production. Marxists, from Marx himself through to present day thinkers, have argued that these changes are profoundly interconnected. This book offers a unique account of Marxist theories of Imperialism. It has been fully updated and expanded to cover all the developments since its initial publication and will be essential reading for any student of Marxism. |
| 66 economic imperialism from 1750 to 19: Worthy of Freedom Jonathan Connolly, 2024 In this book, historian Jonathan Connolly traces the normalization of indenture from its controversial beginnings to its widespread adoption across the British Empire in the 1860s. Initially, indenture caused scandal and was viewed as a covert revival of slavery. But soon enough, a changing economic landscape in the colonies altered how it was perceived, and it was increasingly viewed as a legitimate form of free labor and a means of preserving the promise of abolition. Connolly explains how, over time, the large-scale, state-sponsored migration of Indian subjects to work in sugar plantations across Mauritius, British Guiana, and Trinidad was justified as a supposed force for progress. Excavating legal and public debates and tracing practical applications of the law, Connolly carefully reconstructs how the categories of free and unfree labor were made and remade to suit the interests of capital and empire, showing that emancipation was not simply a triumphal event but, rather, a deeply contested process. In so doing, he advances an original interpretation of how indenture changed the meaning of freedom in a post-abolition world-- |
| 66 economic imperialism from 1750 to 19: The Great Transformation. Foreword by Robert M. MacIver Karl Polanyi, 1964 |
| 66 economic imperialism from 1750 to 19: Modernism and the Marketplace Alissa G. Karl, 2013-01-11 Though the relationship of modernist writers and artists to mass-marketplaces and popular cultural forms is often understood as one of ambivalence if not antagonism, Modernism and the Marketplace redirects this established line of inquiry, considering the practical and conceptual interfaces between literary practice and dominant economic institutions and ideas. |
| 66 economic imperialism from 1750 to 19: Critical Globalization Studies Richard P. Appelbaum, William I. Robinson, 2005 First Published in 2005. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company. |
| 66 economic imperialism from 1750 to 19: This Time Is Different Carmen M. Reinhart, Kenneth S. Rogoff, 2011-08-07 An empirical investigation of financial crises during the last 800 years. |
| 66 economic imperialism from 1750 to 19: Making the Empire Work Daniel E. Bender, Jana K. Lipman, 2015-07-17 Millions of laborers, from the Philippines to the Caribbean, performed the work of the United States empire. Forging a global economy connecting the tropics to the industrial center, workers harvested sugar, cleaned hotel rooms, provided sexual favors, and filled military ranks. Placing working men and women at the center of the long history of the U.S. empire, these essays offer new stories of empire that intersect with the “grand narratives” of diplomatic affairs at the national and international levels. Missile defense, Cold War showdowns, development politics, military combat, tourism, and banana economics share something in common—they all have labor histories. This collection challenges historians to consider the labor that formed, worked, confronted, and rendered the U.S. empire visible. The U.S. empire is a project of global labor mobilization, coercive management, military presence, and forced cultural encounter. Together, the essays in this volume recognize the United States as a global imperial player whose systems of labor mobilization and migration stretched from Central America to West Africa to the United States itself. Workers are also the key actors in this volume. Their stories are multi-vocal, as workers sometimes defied the U.S. empire’s rhetoric of civilization, peace, and stability and at other times navigated its networks or benefited from its profits. Their experiences reveal the gulf between the American ‘denial of empire’ and the lived practice of management, resource exploitation, and military exigency. When historians place labor and working people at the center, empire appears as a central dynamic of U.S. history. |
| 66 economic imperialism from 1750 to 19: Jeremy Bentham and Australia Tim Causer, Margot Finn, Philip Schofield, 2022-04-28 Jeremy Bentham and Australia is a collection of scholarship inspired by Bentham’s writings on Australia. These writings are available for the first time in authoritative form in Panopticon versus New South Wales and other writings on Australia, a volume in The Collected Works of Jeremy Bentham published by UCL Press. In the present collection, a distinguished group of authors reflect on Bentham’s Australian writings, making original contributions to existing debates and setting agendas for future ones. In the first part of the collection, the works are placed in their historical contexts, while the second part provides a critical assessment of the historical accuracy and plausibility of Bentham’s arguments against transportation from the British Isles. In the third part, attention turns to Bentham’s claim that New South Wales had been illegally founded and to the imperial and colonial constitutional ramifications of that claim. Here, authors also discuss Bentham’s work of 1831 in which he supports the establishment of a free colony on the southern coast of Australia. In the final part, authors shed light on the history of Bentham’s panopticon penitentiary scheme, his views on the punishment and reform of criminals and what role, if any, religion had to play in that regard, and discuss apparently panopticon-inspired institutions built in the Australian colonies. This collection will appeal to readers interested in Bentham’s life and thought, the history of transportation from the British Isles, and of British penal policy more generally, colonial and imperial history, Indigenous history, legal and constitutional history, and religious history. |
| 66 economic imperialism from 1750 to 19: Fugitive Empire Andy Doolen, 2005 'Fugitive Empire' locates imperialism as one of the foundation stones of the revolutionary state. Andy Doolen examines attitudes to ethnic difference manifested in the literature & politics of the 18th century to show how concepts of imperial authority lay at the heart of early American republicanism. |
| 66 economic imperialism from 1750 to 19: Charles Stewart Parnell and His Times N. C. Fleming, Alan O'Day, 2011-07-06 Charles Stewart Parnell (1846-1891) wrote remarkably little about himself, but he has attracted the attention of many writers, politicians, and scholars, both during his lifetime and ever since. His controversial and provocative role in Irish and British affairs had him vilified as a murderer in The Times, and afterwards dramatically vindicated by the Westminster Parliament. It cast him as a romantic hero to the young James Joyce, and a self-serving opportunist to the journalists of the Nation. Parnell has been the subject of court cases, parliamentary enquiries and debates, journalism, plays, poems, literary analysis and historical studies. For the first time all these have been collected, catalogued and cross-referenced in one volume, an invaluable resource for scholars of late nineteenth century Ireland and Britain. Divided into fifteen chapters, including a biographical sketch, the volume contains information on manuscript and archival collections, printed primary sources, Parnell's writing, Parnell's speeches in the House of Commons and outside Parliament, contemporary journalism, contemporary writing, and contemporary illustrations on Irish affairs, and a substantial list of scholarly work, including biographies, books, articles, chapters, and theses. This volume offers readers a clear record of the substantial material already available on Parnell, and in doing so offers resources to future research in this area. |
| 66 economic imperialism from 1750 to 19: Historical Abstracts Eric H. Boehm, 2000 |
| 66 economic imperialism from 1750 to 19: All That Glittered Timothy Alborn, 2019-08-20 During the century after 1750, Great Britain absorbed much of the world's supply of gold into its pockets, cupboards, and coffers when it became the only major country to adopt the gold standard as the sole basis of its currency. Over the same period, the nation's emergence was marked by a powerful combination of Protestantism, commerce, and military might, alongside preservation of its older social hierarchy. In this rich and broad-ranging work, Timothy Alborn argues for a close connection between gold and Britain's national identity. Beginning with Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations, which validated Britain's position as an economic powerhouse, and running through the mid-nineteenth century gold rushes in California and Australia, Alborn draws on contemporary descriptions of gold's value to highlight its role in financial, political, and cultural realms. He begins by narrating British interests in gold mining globally to enable the smooth operation of the gold standard. In addition to explaining the metal's function in finance, he explores its uses in war expenditure, foreign trade, religious observance, and ornamentation at home and abroad. Britons criticized foreign cultures for their wasteful and inappropriate uses of gold, even as it became a prominent symbol of status in more traditional features of British society, including its royal family, aristocracy, and military. Although Britain had been ambivalent in its embrace of gold, ultimately it enabled the nation to become the world's most modern economy and to extend its imperial reach around the globe. All That Glittered tells the story of gold as both a marker of value and a valuable commodity, while providing a new window onto Britain's ascendance after the 1750s. |
| 66 economic imperialism from 1750 to 19: Great Divergence and Great Convergence Leonid Grinin, Andrey Korotayev, 2015-05-09 This new monograph provides a stimulating new take on hotly contested topics in world modernization and the globalizing economy. It begins by situating what is called the Great Divergence--the social/technological revolution that led European nations to outpace the early dominance of Asia--in historical context over centuries. This is contrasted with an equally powerful Great Convergence, the recent economic and technological expansion taking place in Third World nations and characterized by narrowing inequity among nations. They are seen here as two phases of an inevitable global process, centuries in the making, with the potential for both positive and negative results. This sophisticated presentation examines: Why the developing world is growing more rapidly than the developed world. How this development began occurring under the Western world's radar. How former colonies of major powers grew to drive the world's economy. Why so many Western economists have been slow to recognize the Great Convergence. The increasing risk of geopolitical instability. Why the world is likely to find itself without an absolute leader after the end of the American hegemony A work of rare scope, Great Divergence and Great Convergence gives sociologists, global economists, demographers, and global historians a deeper understanding of the broader movement of social and economic history, combined with a long view of history as it is currently being made; it also offers some thrilling forecasts for global development in the forthcoming decades. |
| 66 economic imperialism from 1750 to 19: The Struggle for Workers' Health Ray H. Elling, 2020-10-07 To better understand how strong worker protection systems differ from weak ones, this volume reports and interprets a study carried out in six nations-Sweden, Finland, The German Democratic Republic, The Federal Republic of Germany, The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and the United States of America. The work involved interviews with reputational leaders of different interest groups as well as observations, extensive document study and correspondence with key informants. |
| 66 economic imperialism from 1750 to 19: Political Economy and Imperial Governance in Eighteenth-Century Britain Heather Welland, 2021-06-15 This book examines the relationship between imperial governance and political economy in eighteenth-century Britain, particularly in Canada and Ireland. It is concerned with the way economic ideology and party politics were mutually constitutive; and with the way extra-parliamentary interests both facilitated, and were co-opted into, strategies of governance and commercial regulation. Rather than treat political economy as a pre-existing intellectual orthodoxy that shaped imperial policymaking, it focuses on the ways in which economic thought was generated in moments of imperial crisis – especially those where politicians, commercial interest groups, and pamphleteer economists were forced to wrestle with the tensions between economic growth, political authority, and social stability. By rooting economic discourse and debate in specific problems of imperial commerce and administration, and by highlighting the many different actors and negotiations that produced economic policy, it argues that the transition from mercantilism to liberalism – the shift from protectionism to free trade – is a flawed description of eighteenth-century developments in economic thought. |
| 66 economic imperialism from 1750 to 19: Eighteenth-Century Gujarat Ghulam A. Nadri, 2009 The eighteenth century in South Asian history is a period of great dynamism and a critical phase in the historical trajectory of the subcontinent. This book focuses on the merchants and manufacturers of Gujarat, who amidst complex political developments succeeded in preserving their autonomy and freedom in the market place. By spotting economic growth in the late eighteenth century, this study rejects the constructed dualism between a seventeenth century of great progress and an eighteenth century of chaos and decline. |
| 66 economic imperialism from 1750 to 19: Global Competition David Gerber, 2012-01-26 A key factor in the emerging relationship between law and economic globalization is how global competition now shapes economies and societies. Competition law is provided by those players that have sufficient 'power' to apply their laws transnationally. This book examines this important and controversial aspect of globalization. |
| 66 economic imperialism from 1750 to 19: Society and Economy in Modern Britain 1700-1850 Richard Brown, 2002-11-01 For both contemporaries and later historians the Industrial Revolution is viewed as a turning point' in modern British history. There is no doubt that change occurred, but what was the nature of that change and how did affect rural and urban society? Beginning with an examination of the nature of history and Britain in 1700, this volume focuses on the economic and social aspects of the Industrial Revolution. Unlike many previous textbooks on the same period, it emphasizes British history, and deals with developments in Wales, Scotland, and Ireland in their own right. It is the emphasis on the diversity, not the uniformity of experience, on continuities as well as change in this crucial period of development, which makes this volume distinctive. In his companion title Richard Brown completes his examination of the period and looks at the changes that took place in Britain's political system and in its religious affiliations. |
| 66 economic imperialism from 1750 to 19: More Than Mere Amusement Catriona M. Parratt, 2001 This groundbreaking study surveys how working-class women, restricted by gender, time, and financial means, as well as cultural and social tensions, managed to find spheres of leisure and recreation. |
| 66 economic imperialism from 1750 to 19: Labour and Living Standards in Pre-Colonial West Africa Klas Rönnbäck, 2015-11-19 Sub-Saharan Africa is the poorest region in the world. But its current status has skewed our understanding of the economy before colonization. Rönnbäck reconstructs the living standards of the population at a time when the Atlantic slave trade brought money and men into the area, enriching our understanding of West African economic development. |
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Imperialism was a set of ideas that inspired unfair practices in the real world, namely colonialism. At the same time, other ideas promoting freedom and independence traveled around the . …
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