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The 5 Step Risk Management Process: A Comprehensive Guide to Mitigating Uncertainty
Author: Dr. Anya Sharma, PMP, CISA, PhD in Risk Management, Associate Professor of Business at the University of California, Berkeley. Dr. Sharma has over 15 years of experience in risk management consulting and academic research, specializing in the application of risk management frameworks across diverse industries.
Publisher: Wiley Publishing, a leading publisher of business and professional books with a strong reputation for high-quality content and accuracy. Wiley's publications are widely respected within academic and industry circles.
Editor: Sarah Chen, MBA, Certified Risk and Insurance Management Society (CRIMS) professional with 10 years of experience editing business and finance publications for Wiley.
Keywords: 5 step risk management process, risk management, risk assessment, risk mitigation, risk response, risk monitoring, risk control, project risk management, business risk management, operational risk management.
Introduction:
In today's dynamic and unpredictable business environment, effective risk management is no longer a luxury but a necessity. A robust 5 step risk management process provides a structured approach to identifying, analyzing, and responding to potential threats that could impact an organization's objectives. This process helps organizations minimize losses, capitalize on opportunities, and ultimately enhance their resilience and competitiveness. This comprehensive guide will delve into the details of a commonly used 5 step risk management process, explaining each step in depth and emphasizing its practical applications.
1. Risk Identification: The Foundation of Effective Risk Management
The first crucial step in the 5 step risk management process is identifying potential risks. This involves systematically searching for all possible threats and uncertainties that could affect the project or organization's goals. This is not a one-time exercise but an ongoing process that requires continuous vigilance. Several techniques can facilitate risk identification, including:
Brainstorming: This collaborative approach brings together diverse perspectives to uncover a wider range of potential risks.
Checklists: Pre-defined lists of common risks in specific industries or projects can provide a structured approach to identification.
SWOT Analysis: This framework helps identify internal weaknesses and external threats that could pose risks.
Delphi Technique: This involves gathering expert opinions anonymously to gain a more objective assessment of potential risks.
Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA): This systematic approach identifies potential failures and their associated effects.
Interviews and Surveys: Gathering information directly from stakeholders can provide valuable insights into potential risks.
Effective risk identification requires a proactive and open culture within the organization, where employees feel comfortable reporting potential risks without fear of reprisal.
2. Risk Analysis & Assessment: Quantifying the Impact and Likelihood
Once risks have been identified, the next step in the 5 step risk management process is to analyze and assess them. This involves determining the likelihood (probability) of each risk occurring and the potential impact (severity) if it does occur. This analysis can be qualitative (using descriptive terms like "low," "medium," and "high") or quantitative (using numerical values and statistical methods). Several techniques can assist in this process:
Probability and Impact Matrix: This visual tool maps risks based on their likelihood and impact, allowing for prioritization.
Decision Tree Analysis: This technique models different scenarios and their potential outcomes to assess the probabilities and impacts of various risks.
Monte Carlo Simulation: This statistical method uses random sampling to simulate the potential outcomes of a risk event, providing a range of possible impacts.
The output of this stage is a prioritized list of risks based on their potential impact and likelihood. This prioritization informs subsequent risk response strategies.
3. Risk Response Planning: Developing Strategies to Address Identified Risks
The third step in the 5 step risk management process involves developing strategies to address the prioritized risks. There are four primary approaches to risk response:
Avoidance: Eliminating the risk altogether by avoiding the activity or project that generates it. This is often the simplest but not always the most practical approach.
Mitigation: Reducing the likelihood or impact of the risk through preventative measures. This could involve implementing controls, improving processes, or providing training.
Transfer: Shifting the risk to a third party, such as an insurance company or a contractor. This approach is often used for risks that are difficult or expensive to mitigate.
Acceptance: Accepting the risk and its potential consequences. This is usually only appropriate for low-probability, low-impact risks.
Choosing the appropriate response strategy depends on various factors, including the risk's likelihood, impact, cost of mitigation, and organizational risk appetite.
4. Risk Monitoring and Control: Continuous Oversight and Adjustment
The fourth step in the 5 step risk management process is crucial for maintaining effective risk management. Risk monitoring involves tracking the identified risks and their status throughout the project or organizational lifecycle. This ongoing monitoring helps to identify changes in risk levels and detect new emerging risks. Key activities include:
Regular Risk Reviews: Scheduled meetings to assess the status of identified risks and their responses.
Performance Monitoring: Tracking key performance indicators (KPIs) to identify potential problems early on.
Audits: Periodic independent assessments to verify the effectiveness of risk controls.
Risk control involves taking corrective actions to address any deviations from the planned risk response. This might include implementing additional controls, revising response strategies, or escalating risks to higher management.
5. Risk Review and Reporting: Documenting and Communicating Findings
The final step in the 5 step risk management process involves reviewing the effectiveness of the risk management process itself and reporting on the findings. This includes documenting lessons learned, identifying areas for improvement, and communicating the overall risk status to stakeholders. This phase is vital for continuous improvement and organizational learning. Key aspects include:
Post-Project Review: A comprehensive assessment of the effectiveness of the risk management process.
Lessons Learned Documentation: Recording insights and best practices to improve future risk management efforts.
Stakeholder Communication: Regularly informing stakeholders about the risk status and any necessary actions.
Effective communication is critical to ensure transparency and collaboration among all stakeholders involved in the risk management process.
Conclusion:
Implementing a comprehensive 5 step risk management process is a critical strategic investment for any organization. While the process may seem intricate, its structured approach allows for proactive identification, analysis, and response to potential threats, thereby safeguarding the organization’s objectives, resources, and reputation. Continuous improvement and adaptation of the process are essential for its long-term effectiveness in navigating the ever-changing landscape of business challenges and opportunities. By consistently engaging in the 5 step risk management process, organizations can significantly enhance their resilience and achieve sustainable success.
FAQs:
1. What is the difference between risk and uncertainty? Risk implies a quantifiable probability of an event occurring, while uncertainty involves events with unknown probabilities.
2. How often should the 5 step risk management process be reviewed? The frequency depends on the context (project, organizational level) and the dynamism of the environment; it could be weekly, monthly, quarterly, or annually.
3. What happens if a new risk emerges after the initial risk assessment? The process is iterative; new risks should be identified, assessed, and integrated into the response plan through a risk reassessment.
4. Who should be involved in the 5 step risk management process? Stakeholders from all levels of the organization, including management, employees, and external experts, should be involved.
5. What are some common pitfalls to avoid in the 5 step risk management process? Common pitfalls include insufficient risk identification, inadequate risk analysis, failure to monitor risks, and poor communication.
6. Can the 5 step risk management process be applied to all types of organizations? Yes, this framework is adaptable and applicable across diverse organizational settings, from small businesses to large corporations, and across various sectors.
7. How can technology assist in the 5 step risk management process? Risk management software can streamline processes like risk identification, analysis, monitoring, and reporting.
8. What is the role of risk appetite in the 5 step risk management process? Risk appetite defines the level of risk an organization is willing to accept to achieve its objectives, influencing the selection of risk response strategies.
9. How can I measure the effectiveness of my 5 step risk management process? Track key metrics such as the number of risks mitigated, the cost of risk events, and the achievement of organizational objectives.
Related Articles:
1. Risk Assessment Techniques: A Deep Dive: This article explores various techniques for analyzing and assessing risks in detail, including quantitative and qualitative methods.
2. Developing Effective Risk Response Strategies: This article provides a comprehensive guide to creating and implementing tailored risk response strategies based on individual risk profiles.
3. The Importance of Risk Monitoring and Control: This article highlights the critical role of ongoing risk monitoring and the timely implementation of corrective actions.
4. Risk Management in Project Management: This article focuses on applying the 5 step risk management process specifically within a project management context.
5. Integrating Risk Management into Strategic Planning: This article explores how to incorporate risk management principles into long-term strategic planning processes.
6. The Role of Technology in Modern Risk Management: This article discusses the use of software and data analytics in enhancing risk management effectiveness.
7. Overcoming Common Challenges in Risk Management: This article provides solutions for overcoming common obstacles encountered during risk management implementation.
8. Building a Risk-Aware Organizational Culture: This article focuses on fostering an environment where risk identification and mitigation are prioritized and encouraged.
9. Compliance and Risk Management: A Synergistic Approach: This article explores the relationship between regulatory compliance and effective risk management strategies.
| 5 step risk management process: Five Steps to Risk Assessment HSE Books, Health and Safety Executive, 2006 Offers guidance for employers and self employed people in assessing risks in the workplace. This book is suitable for firms in the commercial, service and light industrial sectors. |
| 5 step risk management process: Occupational Health and Safety in the Care and Use of Nonhuman Primates National Research Council, Division on Earth and Life Studies, Institute for Laboratory Animal Research, Committee on Occupational Health and Safety in the Care and Use of Nonhuman Primates, 2003-06-13 The field of occupational health and safety constantly changes, especially as it pertains to biomedical research. New infectious hazards are of particular importance at nonhuman-primate facilities. For example, the discovery that B virus can be transmitted via a splash on a mucous membrane raises new concerns that must be addressed, as does the discovery of the Reston strain of Ebola virus in import quarantine facilities in the U.S. The risk of such infectious hazards is best managed through a flexible and comprehensive Occupational Health and Safety Program (OHSP) that can identify and mitigate potential hazards. Occupational Health and Safety in the Care and Use of Nonhuman Primates is intended as a reference for vivarium managers, veterinarians, researchers, safety professionals, and others who are involved in developing or implementing an OHSP that deals with nonhuman primates. The book lists the important features of an OHSP and provides the tools necessary for informed decision-making in developing an optimal program that meets all particular institutional needs. |
| 5 step risk management process: Science and Judgment in Risk Assessment National Research Council, Division on Earth and Life Studies, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, Commission on Life Sciences, Committee on Risk Assessment of Hazardous Air Pollutants, 1994-01-01 The public depends on competent risk assessment from the federal government and the scientific community to grapple with the threat of pollution. When risk reports turn out to be overblownâ€or when risks are overlookedâ€public skepticism abounds. This comprehensive and readable book explores how the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) can improve its risk assessment practices, with a focus on implementation of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments. With a wealth of detailed information, pertinent examples, and revealing analysis, the volume explores the default option and other basic concepts. It offers two views of EPA operations: The first examines how EPA currently assesses exposure to hazardous air pollutants, evaluates the toxicity of a substance, and characterizes the risk to the public. The second, more holistic, view explores how EPA can improve in several critical areas of risk assessment by focusing on cross-cutting themes and incorporating more scientific judgment. This comprehensive volume will be important to the EPA and other agencies, risk managers, environmental advocates, scientists, faculty, students, and concerned individuals. |
| 5 step risk management process: Reducing the Threat of Improvised Explosive Device Attacks by Restricting Access to Explosive Precursor Chemicals National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Division on Earth and Life Studies, Board on Chemical Sciences and Technology, Committee on Reducing the Threat of Improvised Explosive Device Attacks by Restricting Access to Chemical Explosive Precursors, 2018-05-19 Improvised explosive devices (IEDs) are a type of unconventional explosive weapon that can be deployed in a variety of ways, and can cause loss of life, injury, and property damage in both military and civilian environments. Terrorists, violent extremists, and criminals often choose IEDs because the ingredients, components, and instructions required to make IEDs are highly accessible. In many cases, precursor chemicals enable this criminal use of IEDs because they are used in the manufacture of homemade explosives (HMEs), which are often used as a component of IEDs. Many precursor chemicals are frequently used in industrial manufacturing and may be available as commercial products for personal use. Guides for making HMEs and instructions for constructing IEDs are widely available and can be easily found on the internet. Other countries restrict access to precursor chemicals in an effort to reduce the opportunity for HMEs to be used in IEDs. Although IED attacks have been less frequent in the United States than in other countries, IEDs remain a persistent domestic threat. Restricting access to precursor chemicals might contribute to reducing the threat of IED attacks and in turn prevent potentially devastating bombings, save lives, and reduce financial impacts. Reducing the Threat of Improvised Explosive Device Attacks by Restricting Access to Explosive Precursor Chemicals prioritizes precursor chemicals that can be used to make HMEs and analyzes the movement of those chemicals through United States commercial supply chains and identifies potential vulnerabilities. This report examines current United States and international regulation of the chemicals, and compares the economic, security, and other tradeoffs among potential control strategies. |
| 5 step risk management process: Managing Risk and Reliability of Process Plants Mark Tweeddale, 2003-07-09 There is much specialist material written about different elements of managing risks of hazardous industries, such as hazard identification, risk analysis, and risk management. Managing Risk and Reliability of Process Plants provides a systematic and integrated coverage of all these elements in sufficient detail for the reader to be able to pursue more detailed study of particular elements or topics from a good appreciation of the whole field. The reader would use this book to keep up to date with new developments and, if they are new to the job, to learn more about the subject. The text includes a chapter of case studies and worked examples - including examples of risk assessments, which is consistent with the approach taken throughout the book of applying real-life scenarios and approaches.* Provides a source for reasonable understanding across the whole field of risk management and risk assessment. * Focuses on the how, what, and why of risk management using a consistent and well organized writing style interspersed with case studies, examples, exercises, as well as end matter.* Fills a need in the area of risk assessment and risk management in the process and chemical engineering industry as an essential multi-audience reference/resource tool, useful to managers and students. |
| 5 step risk management process: The Owner's Role in Project Risk Management National Research Council, Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences, Board on Infrastructure and the Constructed Environment, Committee for Oversight and Assessment of U.S. Department of Energy Project Management, 2005-02-25 Effective risk management is essential for the success of large projects built and operated by the Department of Energy (DOE), particularly for the one-of-a-kind projects that characterize much of its mission. To enhance DOE's risk management efforts, the department asked the NRC to prepare a summary of the most effective practices used by leading owner organizations. The study's primary objective was to provide DOE project managers with a basic understanding of both the project owner's risk management role and effective oversight of those risk management activities delegated to contractors. |
| 5 step risk management process: The Risk Management of Everything Michael Power, 2004 The report describes the development of a new risk management culture within professions, companies and governments. The obsession with managing risk is creating organisations which are not so much risk averse as ‘responsibility averse’. In medicine, doctors are practising ‘defensive medicine’ where opinions are heavily qualified with caveats and patients left to make big decisions. The report also refers to growing evidence that since Enron’s failure, major accountancy firms are declining to work with ‘high risk’ clients - the very ones that should be thoroughly audited. “When disclaimer paragraphs are longer than the professional opinions they follow, we know something has gone wrong,” says author Professor Michael Power, a director of the ESRC Centre for Analysis of Risk and Regulation at the London School of Economics. “In the interests of transparency, small print should be made large and ruled out as a secondary risk management ploy. “The trends in professions such as medicine and auditing signal a withdrawal of individual judgement from the public. Minimal records are kept, staff are cautioned about the use of email, and normal correspondence is littered with disclaimers. The risk management of everything implies a society of ‘small print’.” Power sees the rise of the ‘risk management of everything’ as a related trend to the audit culture, which included the government’s now widely criticised love of targets as a policy tool. The Audit Explosion, Power’s previous Demos pamphlet, predicted that the overuse of audit leads to a focus on measurable outputs rather than real outcomes. “The most influential dimension of the audit explosion is the process by which [organisations] are made auditable and structured to conform to the need to be monitored,” Power wrote in 1994. Power’s new book argues that risk management is the ‘new audit’ and is having a similar distorting effect on the performance of professionals, companies and government. |
| 5 step risk management process: PMP Exam Master Prep Scott Payne, 2018-02-08 |
| 5 step risk management process: Risk Management and Assessment Jorge Rocha, Sandra Oliveira, César Capinha, 2020-10-14 Risk analysis, risk evaluation and risk management are the three core areas in the process known as 'Risk Assessment'. Risk assessment corresponds to the joint effort of identifying and analysing potential future events, and evaluating the acceptability of risk based on the risk analysis, while considering influencing factors. In short, risk assessment analyses what can go wrong, how likely it is to happen and, if it happens, what are the potential consequences. Since risk is a multi-disciplinary domain, this book gathers contributions covering a wide spectrum of topics with regard to their theoretical background and field of application. The work is organized in the three core areas of risk assessment. |
| 5 step risk management process: Risk Assessment in the Federal Government National Research Council, Division on Earth and Life Studies, Commission on Life Sciences, Committee on the Institutional Means for Assessment of Risks to Public Health, 1983-02-01 The regulation of potentially hazardous substances has become a controversial issue. This volume evaluates past efforts to develop and use risk assessment guidelines, reviews the experience of regulatory agencies with different administrative arrangements for risk assessment, and evaluates various proposals to modify procedures. The book's conclusions and recommendations can be applied across the entire field of environmental health. |
| 5 step risk management process: Simple Tools and Techniques for Enterprise Risk Management Robert J. Chapman, 2011-12-12 Your business reputation can take years to build—and mere minutes to destroy The range of business threats is evolving rapidly but your organization can thrive and gain a competitive advantage with your business vision for enterprise risk management. Trends affecting markets—events in the global financial markets, changing technologies, environmental priorities, dependency on intellectual property—all underline how important it is to keep up to speed on the latest financial risk management practices and procedures. This popular book on enterprise risk management has been expanded and updated to include new themes and current trends for today's risk practitioner. It features up-to-date materials on new threats, lessons from the recent financial crisis, and how businesses need to protect themselves in terms of business interruption, security, project and reputational risk management. Project risk management is now a mature discipline with an international standard for its implementation. This book reinforces that project risk management needs to be systematic, but also that it must be embedded to become part of an organization's DNA. This book promotes techniques that will help you implement a methodical and broad approach to risk management. The author is a well-known expert and boasts a wealth of experience in project and enterprise risk management Easy-to-navigate structure breaks down the risk management process into stages to aid implementation Examines the external influences that bring sources of business risk that are beyond your control Provides a handy chapter with tips for commissioning consultants for business risk management services It is a business imperative to have a clear vision for risk management. Simple Tools and Techniques for Enterprise Risk Management, Second Edition shows you the way. |
| 5 step risk management process: Risk Management Handbook Federal Aviation Administration, 2012-07-03 Every day in the United States, over two million men, women, and children step onto an aircraft and place their lives in the hands of strangers. As anyone who has ever flown knows, modern flight offers unparalleled advantages in travel and freedom, but it also comes with grave responsibility and risk. For the first time in its history, the Federal Aviation Administration has put together a set of easy-to-understand guidelines and principles that will help pilots of any skill level minimize risk and maximize safety while in the air. The Risk Management Handbook offers full-color diagrams and illustrations to help students and pilots visualize the science of flight, while providing straightforward information on decision-making and the risk-management process. |
| 5 step risk management process: Sustainability and the U.S. EPA National Research Council, Policy and Global Affairs, Science and Technology for Sustainability Program, Committee on Incorporating Sustainability in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011-09-08 Sustainability is based on a simple and long-recognized factual premise: Everything that humans require for their survival and well-being depends, directly or indirectly, on the natural environment. The environment provides the air we breathe, the water we drink, and the food we eat. Recognizing the importance of sustainability to its work, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has been working to create programs and applications in a variety of areas to better incorporate sustainability into decision-making at the agency. To further strengthen the scientific basis for sustainability as it applies to human health and environmental protection, the EPA asked the National Research Council (NRC) to provide a framework for incorporating sustainability into the EPA's principles and decision-making. This framework, Sustainability and the U.S. EPA, provides recommendations for a sustainability approach that both incorporates and goes beyond an approach based on assessing and managing the risks posed by pollutants that has largely shaped environmental policy since the 1980s. Although risk-based methods have led to many successes and remain important tools, the report concludes that they are not adequate to address many of the complex problems that put current and future generations at risk, such as depletion of natural resources, climate change, and loss of biodiversity. Moreover, sophisticated tools are increasingly available to address cross-cutting, complex, and challenging issues that go beyond risk management. The report recommends that EPA formally adopt as its sustainability paradigm the widely used three pillars approach, which means considering the environmental, social, and economic impacts of an action or decision. Health should be expressly included in the social pillar. EPA should also articulate its vision for sustainability and develop a set of sustainability principles that would underlie all agency policies and programs. |
| 5 step risk management process: Lessons in Project Management Jeffrey Mochal, Thomas Mochal, 2012-01-02 Most of the project management books on the market are basically textbooks. They are dry to begin with, and don't focus on the practical advice that most people need to run their projects. Lessons in Project Management, Second Edition does not assume that you are a project manager building a nuclear reactor or sending a man to the moon. Instead, it focuses on the millions of people who manage normal, medium-to-large projects on an ongoing basis. Each case study in Lessons in Project Management contains an accessible, easy-to-read analysis of the challenges of real-world project management. Each problem is presented, then followed by an examination of the solution, written in easy-to-understand language. The format allows you to more easily relate to the book, since it brings into play a project scenario with practical project management lessons to be learned. You'll also recognize recurring characters who appear in multiple stories, and you'll start to develop some empathy for and interest in their struggles. |
| 5 step risk management process: AASHTO Transportation Asset Management Guide American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, 2011 Aims to encourage transportation agencies to address strategic questions as they confront the task of managing the surface transportation system. Drawn form both national and international knowledge and experience, it provides guidance to State Department of Transportation (DOT) decision makers, as well as county and municipal transportation agencies, to assist them in realizing the most from financial resources now and into the future, preserving highway assets, and providing the service expected by customers. Divided into two parts, Part one focuses on leadership and goal and objective setintg, while Part two is more technically oriented. Appendices include work sheets and case studies. |
| 5 step risk management process: Risk Management for Engineering Projects Nolberto Munier, 2014-04-29 Covers the entire process of risk management by providing methodologies for determining the sources of engineering project risk, and once threats have been identified, managing them through: identification and assessment (probability, relative importance, variables, risk breakdown structure, etc.); implementation of measures for their prevention, reduction or mitigation; evaluation of impacts and quantification of risks and establishment of control measures. It also considers sensitivity analysis to determine the influence of uncertain parameters values on different project results, such as completion time, total costs, etc. Case studies and examples across a wide spectrum of engineering projects discuss such diverse factors as: safety; environmental impacts; societal reactions; time and cost overruns; quality control; legal issues; financial considerations; and political risk, making this suitable for undergraduates and graduates in grasping the fundamentals of risk management. |
| 5 step risk management process: Bow Ties in Risk Management CCPS (Center for Chemical Process Safety), 2018-10-09 AN AUTHORITATIVE GUIDE THAT EXPLAINS THE EFFECTIVENESS AND IMPLEMENTATION OF BOW TIE ANALYSIS, A QUALITATIVE RISK ASSESSMENT AND BARRIER MANAGEMENT METHODOLOGY From a collaborative effort of the Center for Chemical Process Safety (CCPS) and the Energy Institute (EI) comes an invaluable book that puts the focus on a specific qualitative risk management methodology – bow tie barrier analysis. The book contains practical advice for conducting an effective bow tie analysis and offers guidance for creating bow tie diagrams for process safety and risk management. Bow Ties in Risk Management clearly shows how bow tie analysis and diagrams fit into an overall process safety and risk management framework. Implementing the methods outlined in this book will improve the quality of bow tie analysis and bow tie diagrams across an organization and the industry. This important guide: Explains the proven concept of bow tie barrier analysis for the preventing and mitigation of incident pathways, especially related to major accidents Shows how to avoid common pitfalls and is filled with real-world examples Explains the practical application of the bow tie method throughout an organization Reveals how to treat human and organizational factors in a sound and practical manner Includes additional material available online Although this book is written primarily for anyone involved with or responsible for managing process safety risks, this book is applicable to anyone using bow tie risk management practices in other safety and environmental or Enterprise Risk Management applications. It is designed for a wide audience, from beginners with little to no background in barrier management, to experienced professionals who may already be familiar with bow ties, their elements, the methodology, and their relation to risk management. The missions of both the CCPS and EI include developing and disseminating knowledge, skills, and good practices to protect people, property and the environment by bringing the best knowledge and practices to industry, academia, governments and the public around the world through collective wisdom, tools, training and expertise. The CCPS has been at the forefront of documenting and sharing important process safety risk assessment methodologies for more than 30 years. The EI's Technical Work Program addresses the depth and breadth of the energy sector, from fuels and fuels distribution to health and safety, sustainability and the environment. The EI program provides cost-effective, value-adding knowledge on key current and future international issues affecting those in the energy sector. |
| 5 step risk management process: Identifying and Managing Project Risk Tom Kendrick, 2009-02-27 Winner of the Project Management Institute’s David I. Cleland Project Management Literature Award 2010 It’s no wonder that project managers spend so much time focusing their attention on risk identification. Important projects tend to be time constrained, pose huge technical challenges, and suffer from a lack of adequate resources. Identifying and Managing Project Risk, now updated and consistent with the very latest Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK)® Guide, takes readers through every phase of a project, showing them how to consider the possible risks involved at every point in the process. Drawing on real-world situations and hundreds of examples, the book outlines proven methods, demonstrating key ideas for project risk planning and showing how to use high-level risk assessment tools. Analyzing aspects such as available resources, project scope, and scheduling, this new edition also explores the growing area of Enterprise Risk Management. Comprehensive and completely up-to-date, this book helps readers determine risk factors thoroughly and decisively...before a project gets derailed. |
| 5 step risk management process: Quantitative Risk Management and Decision Making in Construction Amarjit Singh, 2017 Singh introduces valuable techniques for weighing and evaluating alternatives in decision making with a focus on risk analysis for identifying, quantifying, and mitigating risks associated with construction projects. |
| 5 step risk management process: Haccp in the Meat Industry M. Brown, 2000-09-22 The recent outbreaks of E.coli and BSE have ensured that the issue of meat safety has never had such a high profile. Meanwhile HACCP has become the preferred tool for the management of microbiological safety. Against a background of consumer and regulatory pressure, the effective implementation of HACCP systems is critical. Written by leading experts in the field, HACCP in the meat industry provides an authoritative guide to making HACCP systems work effectively.This book examines the HACCP in the meat industry across the supply chain, from rearing through to primary and secondary processing. |
| 5 step risk management process: Risk Management for Enterprises and Individuals Baranoff, Patrick L. Brockett, Yehuda Kahane, 2009 |
| 5 step risk management process: Project Risk Management Guidelines Dale Cooper, Stephen Grey, Geoffrey Raymond, Phil Walker, 2004-11-30 This book describes philosophies, principles, practices and techniques for managing risk in projects and procurements, with a particular focus on complex or large-scale activities. The authors cover the basics of risk management in the context of project management, and outline a step-by-step approach. They then extend this approach into specialised areas of procurement (including tender evaluation, outsourcing and Public-Private Partnerships), introducing technical risk assessment tools and processes for environmental risk management. Finally they consider quantitative methods and the way they can be used in large projects. International case studies are included throughout. |
| 5 step risk management process: Risk Assessment Marvin Rausand, Stein Haugen, 2020-03-31 Introduces risk assessment with key theories, proven methods, and state-of-the-art applications Risk Assessment: Theory, Methods, and Applications remains one of the few textbooks to address current risk analysis and risk assessment with an emphasis on the possibility of sudden, major accidents across various areas of practice—from machinery and manufacturing processes to nuclear power plants and transportation systems. Updated to align with ISO 31000 and other amended standards, this all-new 2nd Edition discusses the main ideas and techniques for assessing risk today. The book begins with an introduction of risk analysis, assessment, and management, and includes a new section on the history of risk analysis. It covers hazards and threats, how to measure and evaluate risk, and risk management. It also adds new sections on risk governance and risk-informed decision making; combining accident theories and criteria for evaluating data sources; and subjective probabilities. The risk assessment process is covered, as are how to establish context; planning and preparing; and identification, analysis, and evaluation of risk. Risk Assessment also offers new coverage of safe job analysis and semi-quantitative methods, and it discusses barrier management and HRA methods for offshore application. Finally, it looks at dynamic risk analysis, security and life-cycle use of risk. Serves as a practical and modern guide to the current applications of risk analysis and assessment, supports key standards, and supplements legislation related to risk analysis Updated and revised to align with ISO 31000 Risk Management and other new standards and includes new chapters on security, dynamic risk analysis, as well as life-cycle use of risk analysis Provides in-depth coverage on hazard identification, methodologically outlining the steps for use of checklists, conducting preliminary hazard analysis, and job safety analysis Presents new coverage on the history of risk analysis, criteria for evaluating data sources, risk-informed decision making, subjective probabilities, semi-quantitative methods, and barrier management Contains more applications and examples, new and revised problems throughout, and detailed appendices that outline key terms and acronyms Supplemented with a book companion website containing Solutions to problems, presentation material and an Instructor Manual Risk Assessment: Theory, Methods, and Applications, Second Edition is ideal for courses on risk analysis/risk assessment and systems engineering at the upper-undergraduate and graduate levels. It is also an excellent reference and resource for engineers, researchers, consultants, and practitioners who carry out risk assessment techniques in their everyday work. |
| 5 step risk management process: Cross Country Pipeline Risk Assessments and Mitigation Strategies Arafat Aloqaily, 2018-07-12 Cross Country Pipeline Risk Assessments and Mitigation Strategies describes the process of pipeline risk management and hazard identification, using qualitative risk assessment, consequence modeling/evaluation, pipeline failure rates, and risk calculations, as well as risk mitigation and control strategies. The book evaluates potential causes of pipeline failure in the oil and gas industry based on a wide range of data that cover more than 40 years of operating history. Additionally, it details a consistent approach that allows for proper estimation of potential risk and offers methods for mitigating this potential risk. This approach is then combined with consequence modeling to fully calculate the different forms of risk presented by pipelines. Cross Country Pipeline Risk Assessments and Mitigation Strategies is an essential resource for professionals and experts involved in pipeline design as well as researchers and students studying risk assessment, particularly in relation to pipelines. - Offers a practical risk assessment model for pipelines without the need for complicated, expensive software - Describes a new and systematic approach for pipeline risk control and mitigation that reflects actual pipeline conditions and operating status - Provides examples of all pipeline hazard identification techniques and how they are used to produce consistent results - Includes access to a newly developed Excel tool PipeFAIT for assessing pipeline risk |
| 5 step risk management process: Chemical Laboratory Safety and Security National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Division on Earth and Life Studies, Board on Chemical Sciences and Technology, Committee on Chemical Management Toolkit Expansion: Standard Operating Procedures, 2016-08-07 The U.S. Department of State charged the Academies with the task of producing a protocol for development of standard operating procedures (SOPs) that would serve as a complement to the Chemical Laboratory Safety and Security: A Guide to Prudent Chemical Management and be included with the other materials in the 2010 toolkit. To accomplish this task, a committee with experience and knowledge in good chemical safety and security practices in academic and industrial laboratories with awareness of international standards and regulations was formed. The hope is that this toolkit expansion product will enhance the use of the previous reference book and the accompanying toolkit, especially in developing countries where safety resources are scarce and experience of operators and end-users may be limited. |
| 5 step risk management process: Handbook of Integrated Risk Management in Global Supply Chains Panos Kouvelis, Lingxiu Dong, Onur Boyabatli, Rong Li, 2011-10-26 A comprehensive, one-stop reference for cutting-edge research in integrated risk management, modern applications, and best practices In the field of business, the ever-growing dependency on global supply chains has created new challenges that traditional risk management must be equipped to handle. Handbook of Integrated Risk Management in Global Supply Chains uses a multi-disciplinary approach to present an effective way to manage complex, diverse, and interconnected global supply chain risks. Contributions from leading academics and researchers provide an action-based framework that captures real issues, implementation challenges, and concepts emerging from industry studies.The handbook is divided into five parts: Foundations and Overview introduces risk management and discusses the impact of supply chain disruptions on corporate performance Integrated Risk Management: Operations and Finance Interface explores the joint use of operational and financial hedging of commodity price uncertainties Supply Chain Finance discusses financing alternatives and the role of financial services in procurement contracts; inventory management and capital structure; and bank financing of inventories Operational Risk Management Strategies outlines supply risks and challenges in decentralized supply chains, such as competition and misalignment of incentives between buyers and suppliers Industrial Applications presents examples and case studies that showcase the discussed methodologies Each topic's presentation includes an introduction, key theories, formulas, and applications. Discussions conclude with a summary of the main concepts, a real-world example, and professional insights into common challenges and best practices. Handbook of Integrated Risk Management in Global Supply Chains is an essential reference for academics and practitioners in the areas of supply chain management, global logistics, management science, and industrial engineering who gather, analyze, and draw results from data. The handbook is also a suitable supplement for operations research, risk management, and financial engineering courses at the upper-undergraduate and graduate levels. |
| 5 step risk management process: Risk Assessment Georgi Popov, Bruce K. Lyon, Bruce D. Hollcroft, 2016-06-27 Covers the fundamentals of risk assessment and emphasizes taking a practical approach in the application of the techniques Written as a primer for students and employed safety professionals covering the fundamentals of risk assessment and emphasizing a practical approach in the application of the techniques Each chapter is developed as a stand-alone essay, making it easier to cover a subject Includes interactive exercises, links, videos, and downloadable risk assessment tools Addresses criteria prescribed by the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET) for safety programs |
| 5 step risk management process: Science and Decisions National Research Council, Division on Earth and Life Studies, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, Committee on Improving Risk Analysis Approaches Used by the U.S. EPA, 2009-03-24 Risk assessment has become a dominant public policy tool for making choices, based on limited resources, to protect public health and the environment. It has been instrumental to the mission of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as well as other federal agencies in evaluating public health concerns, informing regulatory and technological decisions, prioritizing research needs and funding, and in developing approaches for cost-benefit analysis. However, risk assessment is at a crossroads. Despite advances in the field, risk assessment faces a number of significant challenges including lengthy delays in making complex decisions; lack of data leading to significant uncertainty in risk assessments; and many chemicals in the marketplace that have not been evaluated and emerging agents requiring assessment. Science and Decisions makes practical scientific and technical recommendations to address these challenges. This book is a complement to the widely used 1983 National Academies book, Risk Assessment in the Federal Government (also known as the Red Book). The earlier book established a framework for the concepts and conduct of risk assessment that has been adopted by numerous expert committees, regulatory agencies, and public health institutions. The new book embeds these concepts within a broader framework for risk-based decision-making. Together, these are essential references for those working in the regulatory and public health fields. |
| 5 step risk management process: A Short Guide to Facilitating Risk Management Ms Ruth Murray-Webster, Dr Penny Pullan, 2012-09-28 A Short Guide to Facilitating Risk Management is for all those who need to make sound decisions in important but risky situations; people who work with groups to identify, prioritize and respond to risks, and who wish to deliver value. The authors provide readable and practical advice in terms of avoiding pitfalls, understanding risk management and the role of facilitator. They include guidance for running workshops, and working with small groups and individuals. |
| 5 step risk management process: Strategies to Protect the Health of Deployed U.S. Forces National Research Council, Commission on Life Sciences, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, 2000-04-17 Risk management is especially important for military forces deployed in hostile and/or chemically contaminated environments, and on-line or rapid turn-around capabilities for assessing exposures can create viable options for preventing or minimizing incapaciting exposures or latent disease or disability in the years after the deployment. With military support for the development, testing, and validation of state-of-the-art personal and area sensors, telecommunications, and data management resources, the DOD can enhance its capabilities for meeting its novel and challenging tasks and create technologies that will find widespread civilian uses. Strategies to Protect the Health of Deployed U.S. Forces assesses currently available options and technologies for productive pre-deployment environmental surveillance, exposure surveillance during deployments, and retrospective exposure surveillance post-deployment. This report also considers some opportunities for technological and operational advancements in technology for more effective exposure surveillance and effects management options for force deployments in future years. |
| 5 step risk management process: Risk Management in the Fire Service Steven S. Wilder, 1997 Defines and discusses risk management, a new idea in fire service even though it has been informally applied for years. Ten chapters address topics such as the nature of loss, processes and methods, the safety committee, incident investigation, managing risks and emergency operations, quality management, and sexual harassment in the fire service. Two appendices provide case law studies and common departmental loss exposures. Annotation copyrighted by Book News, Inc., Portland, OR |
| 5 step risk management process: Rational Cybersecurity for Business Dan Blum, 2020-06-27 Use the guidance in this comprehensive field guide to gain the support of your top executives for aligning a rational cybersecurity plan with your business. You will learn how to improve working relationships with stakeholders in complex digital businesses, IT, and development environments. You will know how to prioritize your security program, and motivate and retain your team. Misalignment between security and your business can start at the top at the C-suite or happen at the line of business, IT, development, or user level. It has a corrosive effect on any security project it touches. But it does not have to be like this. Author Dan Blum presents valuable lessons learned from interviews with over 70 security and business leaders. You will discover how to successfully solve issues related to: risk management, operational security, privacy protection, hybrid cloud management, security culture and user awareness, and communication challenges. This book presents six priority areas to focus on to maximize the effectiveness of your cybersecurity program: risk management, control baseline, security culture, IT rationalization, access control, and cyber-resilience. Common challenges and good practices are provided for businesses of different types and sizes. And more than 50 specific keys to alignment are included. What You Will Learn Improve your security culture: clarify security-related roles, communicate effectively to businesspeople, and hire, motivate, or retain outstanding security staff by creating a sense of efficacy Develop a consistent accountability model, information risk taxonomy, and risk management framework Adopt a security and risk governance model consistent with your business structure or culture, manage policy, and optimize security budgeting within the larger business unit and CIO organization IT spend Tailor a control baseline to your organization’s maturity level, regulatory requirements, scale, circumstances, and critical assets Help CIOs, Chief Digital Officers, and other executives to develop an IT strategy for curating cloud solutions and reducing shadow IT, building up DevSecOps and Disciplined Agile, and more Balance access control and accountability approaches, leverage modern digital identity standards to improve digital relationships, and provide data governance and privacy-enhancing capabilities Plan for cyber-resilience: work with the SOC, IT, business groups, and external sources to coordinate incident response and to recover from outages and come back stronger Integrate your learnings from this book into a quick-hitting rational cybersecurity success plan Who This Book Is For Chief Information Security Officers (CISOs) and other heads of security, security directors and managers, security architects and project leads, and other team members providing security leadership to your business |
| 5 step risk management process: Composite Risk Management (FM 5-19) Department of the Army, 2012-11-16 Today's Army is challenged by a wide range of threats and operating environments. These challenges, plus new technologies, require our leaders to use creative measures to provide positive protection to our Soldiers and equipment. In April 1998, Field Manual (FM) 100-14 (FM 5-19) introduced to the Army the first doctrinal publication on risk management. It detailed the application of a step-by-step process to conserve combat power and resources. This milestone manual outlined a framework that leaders could use to make force protection a routine part of planning, preparing, and executing operational, training, and garrison missions. Before the outset of the global war on terrorism it became apparent that FM 100-14 would require updating to meet the needs of the future. Army assessments also indicated that the existing manual needed to be expanded to provide clear standards and guidance on how the risk management process was to be applied. This led to this current revision. During development of this revision the Army broadened its understanding of the risk management process to encompass all operations and activities, on and off duty. This holistic approach focuses on the composite risks from all sources rather than the traditional practice of separating accident from tactical hazards and associated risks. This revision has been refocused to clearly reflect the Army's new composite approach, and has been retitled Composite Risk Management (CRM). CRM represents a culture change for the Army. It departs from the past cookie cutter safety and risk management mentality through teaching Soldiers “how to think” rather than telling them “what to think.” This manual expands the context of the original FM by focusing on the application of composite risk management to the military decisionmaking process (MDMP) and the Army training management system. It further assigns the responsibilities for conducting risk management training during initial entry training and professional military education. It is a tool that works in conjunction with the Army's on-going initiative to firmly attach CRM to all Army processes. It is a milestone document for the standardization and institutionalization of the techniques, tools, and procedures that lead to sound decisionmaking and valid risk acceptance by leaders at all levels. This revision is a full rewrite of FM 100-14. It marks a break with the past by integrating the CRM process into Army operations. CRM is not a stand-alone process, a “paper work” drill, or an add-on feature. Rather, it is used as a fully-integrated element of detailed planning. It must be so integrated as to allow it to be executed intuitively in situations that require immediate action. CRM should be viewed as part of the military art interwoven throughout the Army's military decisionmaking and training management cycles. |
| 5 step risk management process: Six Thinking Hats Edward De Bono, 2008 Edward de Bono's Six Thinking Hats is the groundbreaking psychology manual that has inspired organisations and individuals all over the world. De Bono's innovative guide divides the process of thinking into six parts, symbolized by the six hats, and shows how the hats can dramatically transform the effectiveness of meetings and discussions. This is a book to open your mind, unleash your creativity and change the way you think about thinking. |
| 5 step risk management process: Public Sector Risk Management Martin Fone, Peter C. Young, 2000-01-01 The management of risk is a fundamental purpose of government. Whether risks arise from the physical environment, the economic environment, or even from changes in voter preferences, public institutions have a broad responsibility to assess and address the risks that impact the community they serve and their organisation. Public bodies are operating in a dynamic environment. The imposition of a Best Value regime is forcing them not only to perform more efficiently, effectively and responsively but also to develop best practices and benchmarking criteria to demonstrate their performance. At the same time, the ever-increasing delegation of responsibilities from central government and the European Union has widened their exposure to risk. Public institutions are now encouraged to partner with the private sector and outsource some of their traditionally retained services, generating agency and delegation exposures. In such an environment, controlling the cost of risk has become a real priority. But risk management is not just about preventing losses and reducing costs. Increasingly, risk management is defined as the co-ordinated management of all risks. This definition serves to encompass risk-taking where it serves to meet overall organisational objectives. This broader view of risk management, known as 'organisation risk management,' asserts that risk management is a general management function that permeates an organisation, is linked to the organisation's overall strategic plan, and serves to enable the operational achievement of organisational goals and objectives. Under this frame of reference, risk management is not something a risk management department practices on a public body; but rather an organisational value that informs and supports all managers' and employees' duties and activities. Risk management is a central purpose of public institutions. 'Public Sector Risk Management' addresses the major challenges facing public bodies today and provides the basic tools necessary for implementing a risk management programme. It introduces the subject of risk management through the development of a framework known as 'Organisation Risk Management' (ORM), which establishes the premise of risk management as an organisation-wide endeavour. Readers will learn of the governing concepts and principles of ORM in the public sector, but will also see how those concepts and principles translate into practice. Various ready-to-use tools and techniques are provided, which will enable readers to translate information into immediate use within their organisations. 'Public Sector Risk Management' is ideal for practising risk managers, senior managers, and elected members desiring an accessible, but thorough, introduction to the subject . Provides a comprehensive framework for the management of Public Sector Risk Management Endorsed by The Institute of Risk Management (IRM) and by The Association of Local Authority Risk Managers (ALARM) on their public risk management programs |
| 5 step risk management process: Guidelines for Chemical Process Quantitative Risk Analysis , 1985 |
| 5 step risk management process: Review of the Department of Homeland Security's Approach to Risk Analysis National Research Council, Committee to Review the Department of Homeland Security's Approach to Risk Analysis, 2010-09-10 The events of September 11, 2001 changed perceptions, rearranged national priorities, and produced significant new government entities, including the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS) created in 2003. While the principal mission of DHS is to lead efforts to secure the nation against those forces that wish to do harm, the department also has responsibilities in regard to preparation for and response to other hazards and disasters, such as floods, earthquakes, and other natural disasters. Whether in the context of preparedness, response or recovery from terrorism, illegal entry to the country, or natural disasters, DHS is committed to processes and methods that feature risk assessment as a critical component for making better-informed decisions. Review of the Department of Homeland Security's Approach to Risk Analysis explores how DHS is building its capabilities in risk analysis to inform decision making. The department uses risk analysis to inform decisions ranging from high-level policy choices to fine-scale protocols that guide the minute-by-minute actions of DHS employees. Although DHS is responsible for mitigating a range of threats, natural disasters, and pandemics, its risk analysis efforts are weighted heavily toward terrorism. In addition to assessing the capability of DHS risk analysis methods to support decision-making, the book evaluates the quality of the current approach to estimating risk and discusses how to improve current risk analysis procedures. Review of the Department of Homeland Security's Approach to Risk Analysis recommends that DHS continue to build its integrated risk management framework. It also suggests that the department improve the way models are developed and used and follow time-tested scientific practices, among other recommendations. |
| 5 step risk management process: Audit Risk Assessment Made Easy Charles Hall, 2021-08-07 Teaches auditors how to use risk assessment to plan their engagements. |
| 5 step risk management process: Risk Analysis and Management: Engineering Resilience Ivo Häring, 2016-02-19 The book introduces basic risk concepts and then goes on to discuss risk management and analysis processes and steps. The main emphasis is on methods that fulfill the requirements of one or several risk management steps. The focus is on risk analysis methods including statistical-empirical analyses, probabilistic and parametrized models, engineering approaches and simulative methods, e.g. for fragment and blast propagation or hazard density computation. Risk management is essential for improving all resilience management steps: preparation, prevention, protection, response and recovery. The methods investigate types of event and scenario, as well as frequency, exposure, avoidance, hazard propagation, damage and risks of events. Further methods are presented for context assessment, risk visualization, communication, comparison and assessment as well as selecting mitigation measures. The processes and methods are demonstrated using detailed results and overviews of security research projects, in particular in the applications domains transport, aviation, airport security, explosive threats and urban security and safety. Topics include: sufficient control of emerging and novel hazards and risks, occupational safety, identification of minimum (functional) safety requirements, engineering methods for countering malevolent or terrorist events, security research challenges, interdisciplinary approaches to risk control and management, risk-based change and improvement management, and support of rational decision-making. The book addresses advanced bachelor students, master and doctoral students as well as scientists, researchers and developers in academia, industry, small and medium enterprises working in the emerging field of security and safety engineering. |
| 5 step risk management process: Risk Management , 2009 |
万分之五怎么写？0.5% 0.5‰ 5‰ ？到底是那个啊？谢谢
万分之五是千分之0.5，也就是0.05%，但是一般不这样写，不过你也可以这样写，有一种新的表达就是千分之0.5，所以是0.5‰。 千分号就是在百分号的基础上再加一个根据好似的圆圈，如图：‰ 这个 …
上古卷轴5技能点代码是什么-上古卷轴5技能点代码大全_百度知道
Nov 22, 2024 · 上古卷轴5技能点代码是什么呢?在上古卷轴5游戏里，玩家想要升级技能点需要消耗技能点数，因此技能点是相当重要的，那么究竟有什么代码可以帮助大家快速拥有技能点呢?下面就是上 …
英语的1~12月的缩写是什么？ - 百度知道
5、May无缩写 五月； 6、Jun. June 六月； 7、Jul. July 七月； 8、Aug. August 八月； 9、Sep. September九月； 10、Oct. October 十月； 11、Nov. November 十一月； 12、Dec. December 十 …
如何设置win10自动关机命令 - 百度知道
5、确定关机时间，比如图上是2016年5月23日14点整，点击“下一步”。 6、这一步，默认即可，点击“下一步”。 7、程序或脚本输入“shutdown”，添加参数输入“-s”，点击下一步。 8、确认无误，点击“ …
大乐透的中奖规则 - 百度知道
Aug 19, 2024 · 或者前区5个号码命中2个，后区2个号码命中2个。奖金：15元。追加无奖励。 9、九等奖。中奖规则：前区5个号码命中3个，后区2个号码命中0个。或者前区5个号码命中1个，后区2个号 …
月份的英文缩写及全名 - 百度知道
提供月份的英文全名和缩写对照表，帮助用户快速查询和学习。
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Jun 10, 2022 · 1日：first（1st）、2日：second（2nd）、3日：third（3rd）、4日：fourth（4th）、5日：fifth（5th）、6日：sixth（6th）、7日：seventh（7th ...
身份证尺寸是多少厘米?身份证在a4纸的尺寸大小是多少？
Sep 15, 2024 · 身份证在a4纸的尺寸大小为5.4*8.57厘米。 下面演示身份证图片插入Word时设置为身份证1：1大小的操作流程： 1、首先打开Word，进入“页面布局”下，点击“纸张大小”，把纸张大小设置 …
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I,IV ,III,II,IIV是什么数字. - 百度知道
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万分之五怎么写？0.5% 0.5‰ 5‰ ？到底是那个啊？谢谢
万分之五是千分之0.5，也就是0.05%，但是一般不这样写，不过你也可以这样写，有一种新的表达就是千分之0.5，所以是0.5‰。 千分号就是在百分号的基础上再加一个 …
上古卷轴5技能点代码是什么-上古卷轴5技能点代码大全_百度知道
Nov 22, 2024 · 上古卷轴5技能点代码是什么呢?在上古卷轴5游戏里，玩家想要升级技能点需要消耗技能点数，因此技能点是相当重要的，那么究竟有什么代码可以帮助大 …
英语的1~12月的缩写是什么？ - 百度知道
5、May无缩写 五月； 6、Jun. June 六月； 7、Jul. July 七月； 8、Aug. August 八月； 9、Sep. September九月； 10、Oct. October 十月； 11、Nov. November 十 …
如何设置win10自动关机命令 - 百度知道
5、确定关机时间，比如图上是2016年5月23日14点整，点击“下一步”。 6、这一步，默认即可，点击“下一步”。 7、程序或脚本输入“shutdown”，添加参数输入“ …
大乐透的中奖规则 - 百度知道
Aug 19, 2024 · 或者前区5个号码命中2个，后区2个号码命中2个。奖金：15元。追加无奖励。 9、九等奖。中奖规则：前区5个号码命中3个，后区2个号码命中0个。或 …
