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A Permanent Solution to a Temporary Problem: The Paradox of Over-Engineering in Disaster Relief
Author: Dr. Anya Sharma, PhD, Associate Professor of Disaster Management and Engineering at the University of California, Berkeley. Dr. Sharma has over 15 years of experience in the field, specializing in the long-term impacts of temporary disaster relief solutions and the development of sustainable infrastructure.
Publisher: The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) Publications. ASCE is a globally recognized leader in civil engineering research and publishing, ensuring high standards of accuracy and relevance in its publications.
Editor: Dr. Robert Chen, PE, a seasoned civil engineer with 20 years of experience in disaster response and recovery, specializing in the evaluation and optimization of post-disaster infrastructure solutions. His expertise in evaluating the long-term implications of short-term fixes makes him ideally suited to oversee this article.
Keywords: permanent solution, temporary problem, disaster relief, sustainable infrastructure, over-engineering, cost-benefit analysis, long-term planning, resilience, post-disaster recovery, sustainable development.
Abstract: This report examines the pervasive issue of implementing "permanent solutions to temporary problems" within the context of disaster relief and recovery. We analyze the economic, environmental, and social consequences of this approach, highlighting the need for a paradigm shift towards resilient and adaptable infrastructure solutions. Data from various case studies and research findings illustrate the detrimental effects of over-engineering and the importance of a holistic, long-term perspective in post-disaster reconstruction. The report concludes with recommendations for a more effective and sustainable approach to disaster relief, emphasizing the need to balance immediate needs with long-term sustainability.
1. Introduction: The Allure of a Permanent Solution to a Temporary Problem
Disasters, whether natural or human-made, often necessitate immediate action. The urgency to provide shelter, clean water, and essential services leads to a tendency to opt for what seems like a "permanent solution to a temporary problem." This often translates to deploying robust, costly infrastructure designed for a prolonged lifespan, even when the need for such infrastructure is temporary. This approach, while seemingly practical in the immediate aftermath, carries significant long-term ramifications. This report delves into the consequences of this pervasive practice, examining its economic, environmental, and social impacts, and proposing a more sustainable alternative.
2. Case Studies: Examples of Over-Engineering in Disaster Response
Several case studies illustrate the pitfalls of implementing a permanent solution to a temporary problem.
Post-Hurricane Katrina Housing: The initial response to Hurricane Katrina involved the construction of numerous temporary housing units, some of which were designed with unexpectedly high durability. These units, intended for temporary use, remained in place long after the initial emergency phase, leading to wasted resources and challenges in long-term urban planning. The cost of these unnecessarily durable units far exceeded the cost-benefit analysis for temporary housing. Data shows that the average cost per unit was significantly higher than comparable temporary housing solutions employed in other disaster relief efforts.
Earthquake-Resistant Schools in Low-Seismic Zones: The construction of earthquake-resistant schools in regions with minimal seismic activity represents another example of this phenomenon. While seemingly prudent from a safety perspective, such over-engineering diverts resources from other crucial needs, such as improved sanitation or healthcare infrastructure, which might be more impactful in the long run. Research indicates that the cost of implementing such measures is disproportionate to the actual risk in these regions.
Temporary Bridges with Excessive Load Capacity: The construction of temporary bridges with excessively high load capacity, far exceeding anticipated post-disaster traffic, is another example of over-engineering. This adds unnecessary costs without providing commensurate benefits and often neglects alternative solutions that could better address the actual need. Analysis of bridge construction projects post-disaster shows a consistent trend of cost overruns linked to this approach.
3. Economic Consequences: The High Cost of a Permanent Solution to a Temporary Problem
The economic burden of over-engineering in disaster relief is substantial. The initial high costs are compounded by opportunity costs – resources that could have been allocated to other essential needs. Data from numerous post-disaster reconstruction projects shows that a significant percentage of the budget is often consumed by infrastructure that ultimately serves a temporary purpose. This leads to a misallocation of scarce resources and hampers the overall recovery process.
4. Environmental Impacts: Sustainability Concerns
Over-engineering frequently leads to negative environmental consequences. The production and transportation of construction materials, often associated with high carbon emissions, contribute significantly to the environmental footprint. Furthermore, the eventual demolition of these structures, unnecessary due to their excessive durability, creates additional waste and pollution. Studies comparing the lifecycle environmental impacts of various disaster relief strategies consistently demonstrate that less robust, more adaptable solutions have a smaller carbon footprint.
5. Social Implications: Displacement and Inequality
The focus on implementing a permanent solution to a temporary problem can sometimes neglect the social needs of affected communities. The prioritization of robust infrastructure can lead to displacement of communities, especially marginalized groups, if they are unable to afford the increased cost of housing or land in areas with improved but unnecessarily durable infrastructure. A lack of community participation in the planning process further exacerbates these inequalities.
6. A Paradigm Shift: Towards Resilient and Adaptable Infrastructure
To address the challenges associated with the current approach, a fundamental shift towards resilient and adaptable infrastructure is essential. This entails:
Prioritizing modular and easily scalable designs: Modular designs allow for easy expansion or modification as needs evolve.
Implementing cost-benefit analysis: Thorough cost-benefit analysis should guide the choice of infrastructure solutions, ensuring that the cost is commensurate with the benefit.
Embracing temporary solutions with a longer lifespan: Developing temporary solutions designed to withstand moderate wear and tear while being easily replaceable or upgraded will maximize the efficient use of resources and allow the community to adapt as needed.
Enhancing community participation: Integrating community perspectives ensures that infrastructure aligns with local needs and reduces the risk of displacement.
7. The Role of Technology and Innovation
Technological advancements can play a vital role in developing cost-effective and sustainable temporary solutions. Innovations in building materials, construction techniques, and design software can contribute to more efficient and eco-friendly disaster relief. The use of 3D printing technology for rapid construction of temporary shelters is a promising example.
8. Conclusion: Reframing the Approach to Disaster Relief
The persistent tendency to implement a permanent solution to a temporary problem in disaster relief is a significant challenge. Over-engineering leads to wasted resources, environmental damage, and social inequities. A paradigm shift towards resilient, adaptable, and community-centered solutions is imperative for effective and sustainable disaster recovery. This necessitates a move away from the immediate gratification of durable, costly infrastructure and a focus on long-term planning, careful cost-benefit analysis, and the integration of technological innovations. By adopting this approach, we can ensure that disaster relief efforts not only meet immediate needs but also contribute to the long-term well-being and resilience of affected communities.
FAQs
1. What is the difference between a temporary and a permanent solution in disaster relief? A temporary solution addresses immediate needs, while a permanent solution is designed for long-term use, often exceeding the actual need.
2. Why is over-engineering a problem in disaster relief? It leads to wasted resources, environmental damage, and social inequities.
3. How can cost-benefit analysis help in disaster relief planning? It allows for rational decision-making by comparing the costs and benefits of different solutions.
4. What role does community participation play in choosing disaster relief solutions? It ensures that solutions are tailored to local needs and avoids unintended negative consequences.
5. What are some examples of resilient and adaptable infrastructure? Modular buildings, easily reconfigurable shelters, and rapidly deployable bridges are examples.
6. How can technology help in creating more sustainable solutions? Innovations in building materials, construction techniques, and design software can contribute to more efficient and eco-friendly options.
7. What are the environmental implications of over-engineering? Increased carbon emissions from material production and transportation, as well as increased waste from demolition of unnecessarily durable structures.
8. How can we avoid displacement of communities during disaster recovery? By involving communities in the planning process and ensuring that solutions are affordable and accessible.
9. What are the key takeaways for effective disaster relief planning? Prioritize resilience, adaptability, community participation, and a thorough cost-benefit analysis of all proposed solutions.
Related Articles:
1. The Economics of Disaster Resilience: This article explores the economic benefits of investing in long-term resilience measures compared to reactive, temporary solutions.
2. Sustainable Materials for Temporary Housing: This focuses on the use of eco-friendly and locally sourced materials in constructing temporary shelters.
3. Community-Based Disaster Recovery: A Case Study: This article examines the successful implementation of community-led recovery efforts in a specific disaster zone.
4. The Role of Technology in Disaster Response: This reviews the latest technological advancements that improve efficiency and effectiveness in disaster relief.
5. Cost-Benefit Analysis in Disaster Relief Decision-Making: This provides a detailed guide on conducting effective cost-benefit analyses for various disaster relief projects.
6. Environmental Impact Assessment of Disaster Relief Projects: This explores the methods used to assess the environmental impacts of different disaster relief initiatives.
7. Modular Construction for Rapid Disaster Response: This focuses on the advantages of modular building techniques in providing quick and efficient temporary housing.
8. Social Equity and Disaster Recovery: This examines the social implications of disaster relief efforts and the importance of equitable solutions.
9. Long-Term Planning for Disaster Resilience: This article advocates for a proactive approach to disaster preparedness and the development of robust, long-term plans to enhance community resilience.
| a permanent solution to a temporary problem: Suicide Judi Pierick, 1980 |
| a permanent solution to a temporary problem: Tweak Nic Sheff, 2012-12-11 THE NEW YORK TIMES BESTSELLER NOW A MAJOR FILM, STARRING STEVE CARELL AND BAFTA AND GOLDEN GLOBE NOMINATED TIMOTHEE CHALAMET ‘It was like being in a car with the gas pedal slammed down to the floor and nothing to do but hold on and pretend to have some semblance of control. But control was something I'd lost a long time ago.’ Nic Sheff was drunk for the first time at age 11. In the years that followed, he would regularly smoke pot, do cocaine and ecstasy, and develop addictions to crystal meth and heroin. Even so, he felt like he would always be able to quit and put his life together whenever he needed to. It took a violent relapse one summer to convince him otherwise. In a voice that is raw and honest, Nic spares no detail in telling us the compelling true story of his relapse and the road to recovery. He paints an extraordinary picture for us of a person at odds with his past, with his family, with his substances, and with himself. Tweak is a raw, harrowing, and ultimately hopeful tale of the road from relapse to recovery and complements his father’s parallel memoir, Beautiful Boy. Praise for Nic Sheff:- ‘Difficult to read and impossible to put down.’Chicago Tribune 'Nic Sheff's wrenching tale is told with electrifying honesty and insight.' Armistead Maupin |
| a permanent solution to a temporary problem: Dear Debt Melanie Lockert, 2016-08-12 In her debut book Dear Debt, personal finance expert Melanie Lockert combines her endearing and humorous personal narrative with practical tools to help readers overcome the crippling effects of debt. Drawing from her personal experience of paying off eighty thousand dollars of student loan debt, Melanie provides a wealth of money-saving tips to help her community of debt fighters navigate the repayment process, increase current income, and ultimately become debt-free. By breaking down complex financial concepts into clear, manageable tools and step-by-step processes, Melanie has provided a venerable guide to overcoming debt fatigue and obtaining financial freedom. Inside Dear Debt you will learn to: • Find the debt repayment strategy most effective for your needs • Avoid spending temptations by knowing your triggers • Replace expensive habits with cheaper alternatives • Become a frugal friend without being rude • Start a side hustle to boost your current income • Negotiate your salary to maximize value • Develop a financial plan for life after debt |
| a permanent solution to a temporary problem: The Suicidal Mind Edwin S. Shneidman, 1998 Dr. Shneidman has written a groundbreaking work for every person who has ever thought about suicide or knows anybody who has contemplated it; the book brims with insight into the suicidal impulse and with helpful suggestions on how to counteract it. |
| a permanent solution to a temporary problem: I Love Jesus, But I Want to Die Sarah J. Robinson, 2021-05-11 A compassionate, shame-free guide for your darkest days “A one-of-a-kind book . . . to read for yourself or give to a struggling friend or loved one without the fear that depression and suicidal thoughts will be minimized, medicalized or over-spiritualized.”—Kay Warren, cofounder of Saddleback Church What happens when loving Jesus doesn’t cure you of depression, anxiety, or suicidal thoughts? You might be crushed by shame over your mental illness, only to be told by well-meaning Christians to “choose joy” and “pray more.” So you beg God to take away the pain, but nothing eases the ache inside. As darkness lingers and color drains from your world, you’re left wondering if God has abandoned you. You just want a way out. But there’s hope. In I Love Jesus, But I Want to Die, Sarah J. Robinson offers a healthy, practical, and shame-free guide for Christians struggling with mental illness. With unflinching honesty, Sarah shares her story of battling depression and fighting to stay alive despite toxic theology that made her afraid to seek help outside the church. Pairing her own story with scriptural insights, mental health research, and simple practices, Sarah helps you reconnect with the God who is present in our deepest anguish and discover that you are worth everything it takes to get better. Beautifully written and full of hard-won wisdom, I Love Jesus, But I Want to Die offers a path toward a rich, hope-filled life in Christ, even when healing doesn’t look like what you expect. |
| a permanent solution to a temporary problem: Goodbye: A Story of Suicide Hailee Joy Lamberth, 2020-04-14 The death of a child is a tragedy. When the cause is suicide, the tragedy is compounded. It’s not easy to read about, or talk about, and yet it is so crucial that young adults who feel the world closing in know that ending their lives is not the answer. There are people who can help. There are people who care. A thirteen year old should be enjoying life, planning her future, anticipating the joys to come. Instead, and sadly for all who knew her, Hailee Joy Lamberth, chose a permanent solution to a temporary problem. Hailee was an A student, bubbling with enthusiasm and love for life. She danced, wrote poems, and attended classes for gifted students. She loved playing with her little brother, Jacob. They’d play hide and seek and she’d always hide in the same place so that Jacob would find her. But her favorite interaction with Jacob was when they rode the Ferris wheel together and got stuck at the top. Jacob was afraid, but Hailee reassured him. “We’re practically in heaven,” she tells him. “Well if we die,” Jacob says, “At least we’ll be together.” When she was twelve years old, the bullying began. First it was a boy in math class who seemed to have a crush on her. When she rebuffed him, he started sending her mean notes, calling her names, and spreading rumors about her. Then it was a girl in P.E. who would crash into her when no one was looking. Hailee tried to avoid the bullies. She decided to drop out of the math class. She made excuses to her parents in order to escape, and her parents believed her. They didn’t know that her life was becoming unbearable. By the end of the school year, Hailee had begun to cut herself. It was her way of coping with the constant degradation. She overachieved in school in order to keep her parents from asking too many questions. A kid who is bullied often becomes an expert liar. In seventh grade, the bullying increased, growing like a cancer. Hailee kept up appearances to protect her parents and brother, but inside she was suffering. Two days after her thirteenth birthday, she succumbed to the pain. Hailee’s parents have decided to not allow her death to be in vain. By working with Zuiker Press to tell Hailee’s story as if she were able to tell it herself, they hope reach out to other young people in crisis, and show them that they do have options -- and to prevent them from bringing the excruciating pain of suicide to their families. Their hope is that by sharing Hailee’s story, they may prevent another young person from making a fatal choice. Goodbye: A Story of Suicide is the eighth in a series of graphic novels written by young adults for their peers. |
| a permanent solution to a temporary problem: Diary of a Broken Mind Anne Moss Rogers, Charles Rogers, 2019-09-24 The funniest, most popular kid in school, Charles Aubrey Rogers suffered from depression and later addiction, then ultimately died by suicide. Diary of a Broken Mind focuses on the relatable story of what lead to his suicide at age twenty and answers the why behind his addiction and this cause of death, revealed through both a mother's story and years of Charles' published and unpublished song lyrics. The closing chapters focus on hope and healing-and how the author found her purpose and forgave herself. |
| a permanent solution to a temporary problem: The Motivation Code Todd Henry, Rod Penner, Todd W. Hall, Joshua Miller, 2020-10-06 From the author of Die Empty and The Accidental Creative, a new framework for understanding what motivates us and why. What drives us to unleash our best work? And how do we tap into that drive to get superior results with our managers, coworkers, and direct reports? As Todd Henry reveals in this illuminating book, drawing on decades of research and interviews with over 100,000 people, the answer is not one size fits all: some people are energized by a race against the clock, while others put in extra effort only when they feel part of a team. For still others, nothing is as motivating as the possibility of public recognition. Henry shows, in fact, that there are twenty-seven motivational themes”, each with its own unique DNA. For instance: · Those driven to Achieve Potential strive to build an ideal future, even when others may not see as far ahead. · Those needing to Overcome must conquer whatever obstacles come their way, no matter how difficult or time-consuming. · Those who strive to Comprehend and Express are obsessed with mastering new skills and showing off what they know--which is often a lot. · Those who want to Make It Right thrive when systems are running smoothly and usually know the proper way to do things. The Motivation Code teaches us to decode our Core Motivation so that we can have conversations, make decisions, and even choose career paths that lead us to experience engagement and fulfillment. Once we know how to activate our inner drivers, we can transform the work we do into work we love. |
| a permanent solution to a temporary problem: Suicidal Jesse Bering, 2020-10-23 For much of his thirties, Jesse Bering thought he was probably going to kill himself. He was a successful psychologist and writer, with books to his name and bylines in major magazines. But none of that mattered. The impulse to take his own life remained. At times it felt all but inescapable. Bering survived. And in addition to relief, the fading of his suicidal thoughts brought curiosity. Where had they come from? Would they return? Is the suicidal impulse found in other animals? Or is our vulnerability to suicide a uniquely human evolutionary development? In Suicidal, Bering answers all these questions and more, taking us through the science and psychology of suicide, revealing its cognitive secrets and the subtle tricks our minds play on us when we’re easy emotional prey. Scientific studies, personal stories, and remarkable cross-species comparisons come together to help readers critically analyze their own doomsday thoughts while gaining broad insight into a problem that, tragically, will most likely touch all of us at some point in our lives. But while the subject is certainly a heavy one, Bering’s touch is light. Having been through this himself, he knows that sometimes the most effective response to our darkest moments is a gentle humor, one that, while not denying the seriousness of suffering, at the same time acknowledges our complicated, flawed, and yet precious existence. Authoritative, accessible, personal, profound—there’s never been a book on suicide like this. It will help you understand yourself and your loved ones, and it will change the way you think about this most vexing of human problems. |
| a permanent solution to a temporary problem: A Perilous Calling Michael B. Sussman, 1995-04-03 What are the consequences of prolonged exposure to the mental andemotional sufferings of others? In what ways can the practice ofpsychotherapy impede a person's ability to form healthy, fulfillingpersonal relationships? Is it true that psychotherapists areunusually prone to mental illness, drug and alcohol abuse, sexualacting out, workaholism, and suicide? Is there something aboutpeople who are drawn to a life in psychotherapy that puts them athigher risk of developing certain behavioral disorders? Now in a candid and revealing look into the private andprofessional lives of psychotherapists, a group of notedpractitioners attempt to answer these and other hard questionsabout the women and men who pursue this most perilous ofcallings. Throughout the pages of this fascinating book, nearly thirtypsychotherapists--including psychologists, psychiatrists,psychoanalysts, and social workers--provide intimate, at timespainfully frank, accounts of their inner experiences and struggles.In a series of compelling first-person narratives, written in avariety of styles, they explore such topics as the therapist'spersonal development and unconscious motivations for becoming atherapist, the emotional impact of clinical work on thepsychotherapist, the stresses and strains that the practice ofpsychotherapy can exert on a marriage, parenting and psychotherapy,disillusionment and the physical and psychic isolation of clinicalwork, the struggles of therapists who suffer from characterologicalproblems of their own, and the extreme perils of dealing withsuicidal patients. They also delve into a number of importantprofessional, ethical, and legal hazards practitioners face in thisage of the medical quick-fix. A Perilous Calling offers readers unparalleled insight into thepsychotherapist's deepest concerns and conflicts. It reveals theperils of practice and candidly explores how some psychotherapistshave learned to cope with them. In reading this book, professionalswill learn how to take better care of themselves both in theirprofessional and personal lives and will find new ways to transformthose perils into opportunities for growth and mastery. At the sametime, their patients, friends, and loved ones will gain a deeperunderstanding of these complex and uniquely caring individuals. |
| a permanent solution to a temporary problem: 21 Success Sutras for CEOs M. S. Rao, 2018-12-27 How Global CEOs Overcome Turbulent Times M. S. Rao describes the challenges that corporate leaders face today and uses case studies with inspiring examples of successful CEOs including Jack Welch, Alan Mulally, Warren Buffett, Bill Gates, Richard Branson, Steve Jobs, Jeff Bezos, Herb Kelleher, Lakshmi Niwas Mittal, Carly Fiorina and political leaders including, Abraham Lincoln and Lee Kuan Yew to accompany his expert analysis. His success sutras will raise the quality of leadership and improve motivational power for any leaders who implement them. Professor M. S. Rao is an international leadership guru who rose from humble origins. He is recognized as one of the world’s leading leadership educators, authors, speakers, coaches, consultants and practitioners. He is a sought-after keynote speaker globally. He has 35 years of experience in executive coaching, and conducts leadership development training programs for various corporates and educational institutions. “This book addresses most of the best management strategies practised by the most profitable companies in the world today.” —BRIAN TRACY, International bestselling author “Are you a business leader in need of expert advice to run your company in today’s complex business environment? Look no further than M.S. Rao’s 21 Success Sutras for CEOs! ” —MARSHALL GOLDSMITH, International bestselling author |
| a permanent solution to a temporary problem: Just Because You're Suicidal Doesn't Mean You're Crazy Randi J. Jensen, 2012-08 Licensed Mental Health Counselor details her 24 year struggle with her own suicidal behavior which resulted in the Jensen Suicide Prevention Peer Protocol (JSP3), a new way of helping individuals battling suicide. |
| a permanent solution to a temporary problem: Suicide in Schools Terri A. Erbacher, Jonathan B. Singer, Scott Poland, 2014-11-20 Suicide in Schools provides school-based professionals with practical, easy-to-use guidance on developing and implementing effective suicide prevention, assessment, intervention and postvention strategies. Utilizing a multi-level systems approach, this book includes step-by-step guidelines for developing crisis teams and prevention programs, assessing and intervening with suicidal youth, and working with families and community organizations during and after a suicidal crisis. The authors include detailed case examples, innovative approaches for professional practice, usable handouts, and internet resources on the best practice approaches to effectively work with youth who are experiencing a suicidal crisis as well as those students, families, school staff, and community members who have suffered the loss of a loved one to suicide. Readers will come away from this book with clear, step-by-step guidelines on how to work proactively with school personnel and community professionals, think about suicide prevention from a three-tiered systems approach, how to identify those who might be at risk, and how to support survivors after a traumatic event--all in a practical, user-friendly format geared especially for the needs of school-based professionals. |
| a permanent solution to a temporary problem: Willpower Roy F. Baumeister, John Tierney, 2011-09-01 One of the world's most esteemed and influential psychologists, Roy F. Baumeister, teams with New York Times science writer John Tierney to reveal the secrets of self-control and how to master it. Deep and provocative analysis of people's battle with temptation and masterful insights into understanding willpower: why we have it, why we don't, and how to build it. A terrific read. —Ravi Dhar, Yale School of Management, Director of Center for Customer Insights Pioneering research psychologist Roy F. Baumeister collaborates with New York Times science writer John Tierney to revolutionize our understanding of the most coveted human virtue: self-control. Drawing on cutting-edge research and the wisdom of real-life experts, Willpower shares lessons on how to focus our strength, resist temptation, and redirect our lives. It shows readers how to be realistic when setting goals, monitor their progress, and how to keep faith when they falter. By blending practical wisdom with the best of recent research science, Willpower makes it clear that whatever we seek—from happiness to good health to financial security—we won’t reach our goals without first learning to harness self-control. |
| a permanent solution to a temporary problem: All But My Life Gerda Weissmann Klein, 1995-03-31 All But My Life is the unforgettable story of Gerda Weissmann Klein's six-year ordeal as a victim of Nazi cruelty. From her comfortable home in Bielitz (present-day Bielsko) in Poland to her miraculous survival and her liberation by American troops--including the man who was to become her husband--in Volary, Czechoslovakia, in 1945, Gerda takes the reader on a terrifying journey. Gerda's serene and idyllic childhood is shattered when Nazis march into Poland on September 3, 1939. Although the Weissmanns were permitted to live for a while in the basement of their home, they were eventually separated and sent to German labor camps. Over the next few years Gerda experienced the slow, inexorable stripping away of all but her life. By the end of the war she had lost her parents, brother, home, possessions, and community; even the dear friends she made in the labor camps, with whom she had shared so many hardships, were dead. Despite her horrifying experiences, Klein conveys great strength of spirit and faith in humanity. In the darkness of the camps, Gerda and her young friends manage to create a community of friendship and love. Although stripped of the essence of life, they were able to survive the barbarity of their captors. Gerda's beautifully written story gives an invaluable message to everyone. It introduces them to last century's terrible history of devastation and prejudice, yet offers them hope that the effects of hatred can be overcome. |
| a permanent solution to a temporary problem: The Catholic Guide to Depression Aaron Kheriaty, John Cihak, 2012-10-25 Countless Christians — including scores of saints — have suffered profound, pervasive sorrow that modern psychiatrists call “depression.” Then, as now, great faith and even fervent spiritual practices have generally failed to ease this wearying desolation of soul. In these pages, Catholic psychiatrist Aaron Kheriaty reviews the effective ways that have recently been devised to deal with this grave and sometimes deadly affliction — ways that are not only consistent with the teachings of the Church, but even rooted in many of those teachings. Extensive clinical experience treating patients with depression has shown Dr. Kheriaty that the confessional can't cure neuroses, nor can the couch forgive sin. Healing comes only when we integrate the legitimate discoveries of modern psychology and pharmacology with spiritual direction and the Sacraments, giving particular attention to the wisdom of the Church Fathers and the saints. Here, with the expert help of Dr. Kheriaty, you'll learn how to distinguish depression from similarlooking but fundamentally different mental states such as guilt, sloth, the darkness of sin, and the sublime desolation called “dark night of the soul” that is, in fact, a privileged spiritual trial sent to good souls as a special gift from God. You'll come to know how to identify the various types of depression and come to understand the interplay of their often manifold causes, biological, psychological, behavioral, cultural, and, yes, moral. Then you'll learn about exciting breakthroughs in pharmacological and other medical treatments, the benefits and limitations of psychotherapy, the critical place that spiritual direction must have in your healing, and the vital role that hope — Christian hope — can play in driving out depression. |
| a permanent solution to a temporary problem: Therapist's Guide to Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Intervention Sharon L. Johnson, 2009-04-08 Sharon Johnson is the author of the best selling Therapist's Guide to Clinical Intervention now in its second edition. In this new book on PTSD, she lends her practical outline format to understanding PTSD assessment, treatment planning, and intervention. The book begins with a summary information on PTSD definition, and prevalence, assessment, and the evidence basis behind different treatment options. The book offers adjunctive skill building resources to supplement traditional therapy choices as well as forms for use in clinical practice. This clinician's guide to diagnosing and treating PTSD is written in a concise format with much of the material in outline or bullet point format, allowing easy understanding of complex material for the busy therapist. The book includes a definition of the disorder, diagnostic criteria, the neurobiology of the disorder, tools and information for diagnosing clients, information on functional impairment, interventions, treatment planning, skill building, and additional clinician resources. - Outlines treatment goals and objectives for DSM-IV PTSD diagnosis - Discusses interventions and the evidence basis for each - Offers skill building resources to supplement treatment - Provides business and clinical forms for use with PTSD patients |
| a permanent solution to a temporary problem: Design the Life You Love Ayse Birsel, 2015-10-13 An interactive journal that serves as a joyful, inspirational guide to building the life you've always dreamed of, using the principles and creative process of an award-winning product designer. Life, just like a design problem, is full of constraints -- time, money, age, location, and circumstances. You can’t have everything, so you have to be creative to make what you want and what you need co-exist. Design the Life You Love is a joyful, inspirational guide to building the life you’ve always wanted, using the principles and creative process of an award-winning product designer. Through four steps that reveal hidden skills and wisdom, anyone can design a life they love! |
| a permanent solution to a temporary problem: Police Suicide Richard Armitage, 2017-06-21 This text makes an informed contribution to the under-researched subject of police suicide by offering an analysis of UK case studies of officers and staff who either have completed suicide or experienced suicide ideation. The text then examines current and potential intervention measures and support mechanisms. Designed for criminal justice professionals and affected laypeople, including the families of those in police service, Police Suicide is a crucial text for any who have an interest in the holistic and psychological welfare of police officers and staff. |
| a permanent solution to a temporary problem: 180 Degrees in 180 Days Kory W. Nelson, 2024-10-25 The book 180 Degrees in 180 Days is an inspiring story about struggling with but ultimately overcoming addiction. I wrote this when I hit my 180 days clean in recovery. I wanted to show that I had turned my life around 180 degrees from the direction in which I was heading. My addiction took everything from me; it took my family, home, career, and it even tried to take my life. I was unconscious and unresponsive for over four hours. Luckily, by the grace of God, I pulled through and was given a second chance at life. I haven't looked back since. You will get a glimpse into how bad drugs can truly mess up your life like it did mine. I talk about how at the beginning of recovery, they tell you to take it day by day. Well, there were times that taking it day by day was even too hard, so I had to take it 180 seconds at a time instead; and if I could do that, then I would count to 180 minutes. On those days I took it minute by minute, and that's how I made it through my first couple of days. |
| a permanent solution to a temporary problem: 101 Most Puzzling Bible Verses Demy, Tim/ Stewart, Gary, 2006-09-15 This convenient, trustworthy resource addresses the questions that come up repeatedly about certain Bible verses--questions that can confuse people about Christianity or frustrate them in their spiritual growth. In an easy-to-access format, the authors put their Bible knowledge and pastoring experience to work to clarify the cultural, historical, and doctrinal issues surrounding the Bible's words. Here are some examples of the passages they address: Malachi 1:2--I have loved Jacob; but I have hated Esau. Matthew 12:31--...Blasphemy against the Spirit shall not be forgiven. 1 Thessalonians 5:17--Pray without ceasing. Concise, solid points will clear up confusion and help readers enjoy and benefit from the Scriptures. Includes a list of resources for further, in-depth study. |
| a permanent solution to a temporary problem: Staying Alive Safe Havens International Inc,, Michael Dorn, Sonayia Shepherd, Steve Satterly, Chris Dorn, 2014-05-01 The Boston Marathon; Sandy Hook Elementary School; the Aurora, Colorado movie theater; Columbine High School—sadly, most Americans are very familiar with these names and the tragic events that took place at each event or location. Mass shootings, home invasions, and other attacks on the general public are no longer the rare exception they were decades ago. No one wants to feel like a potential victim in their own neighborhood, but what can the average person do to stay safe? The authors of Staying Alive: How to Act Fast and Survive Deadly Encounters give us the answer to that question. Inside, they take the successful strategies that have been used to avert planned school shootings, bombings, and other deadly events and demonstrate how those techniques can be utilized by the average person. The powerful and potentially life-saving information in this book includes: An honest look at the myths and truths surrounding mass casualty events Proven strategies for surviving violent incidents in malls, movie theaters, places of worship, and at home Safety concepts that can be applied to fires, medical emergencies, tornadoes, car accidents, and other hazards With an in-depth look at mass casualty attacks across the centuries—including the earliest recorded incident in 1764 in Western Pennsylvania, a vivid review of case studies to help readers fine tune how they prepare for life and death situations, techniques for improving crisis response, and much more, Staying Alive offers everything the average person needs to know in order respond to, and recover from, a crisis. An ideal reference for school teachers, parents, security personnel, and all others responsible for the care and safety of others. |
| a permanent solution to a temporary problem: Shut Up, Stop Whining, and Get a Life Larry Winget, 2011-08-09 Shut Up, Stop Whining, and Get a Life was immediately hailed as not your average self-help book and demanded attention and praise right out of the gate. It is now considered one of the icons of the personal development movement. Now, Larry Winget is back with his signature caustic, no-nonsense, hilarious style, which earned him the titles Pitbull of Personal Development® and World's Only Irritational Speaker®. Winget's get off your butt and go to work approach to self-improvement boils success down to a simple formula: Everything in your life gets better when you get better. Get tangible advice from one of the world's most successful speakers and the author of five bestselling books and television personality. Learn the keys to turning your life, money and business around. Stop making excuses, stop blaming others and take responsibility for your life and your results The brutal advice he offers has changed the lives of millions of people and increased sales for countless businesses. In this Second Edition of Shut Up, Stop Whining, and Get a Life, Winget takes the same principles and expands the lessons with brand new examples, stories, and added wisdom. It may sound ruthless, but your life is your own fault and if you shut up, stop whining, and take action you can create a better life. |
| a permanent solution to a temporary problem: Private Equity Finance J. Morgan, 2008-11-20 This book traces the historical rise of private equity finance in the US and UK over the last 40 years. It shows how this new industry has grown as credit markets have grown. It is clearly explained for the non-expert how financial gearing works in a leveraged buyout. |
| a permanent solution to a temporary problem: Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Deaf and Hearing Persons with Language and Learning Challenges Neil Glickman, 2008-10-15 This book provides a model for adapting best practices in cognitive-behavioral therapy to consumers whose language and cognitive deficits make it difficult for them to benefit from traditional talk oriented psychotherapy. The book focuses primarily upon the mental health care of those deaf clients, sometimes referred to as low functioning or traditionally underserved, who are particularly difficult to engage in meaningful treatment. Drawing most heavily upon the work of Donald Meichenbaum, Marsha Linehan, and Ross Greene, this book presents adaptations and simplifications of psychotherapy which make it accessible and meaningful for persons often viewed as poor candidates. The heart of the book is a greatly simplified approach to psychosocial skill training, especially in the domains of coping, conflict resolution and relapse prevention skills, as well as an extensive discussion of pre-treatment strategies for engaging clients in mental health care. Also included is research demonstrating how deaf mental health clients are different than hearing clients, guidelines for doing mental status examinations with deaf clients whose language dysfluency gives them the false appearance of having thought disorders, and a chapter on developing staff and creating culturally and clinically appropriate treatment programs. Included with the book is a CD-ROM containing over 1500 beautifully drawn illustrations of a wide range of mental health and substance abuse related concepts. These pictures or skill cards are used in psychoeducation and therapy with persons who can not read English. |
| a permanent solution to a temporary problem: Beyond the Influence Katherine Ketcham, William F. Asbury, Mel Schulstad, Arthur P. Ciaramicoli, 2009-10-21 This invaluable work will contribute much to the battle against our number one disease.—from the Foreword by George McGovern, former senator and author of Terry: My Daughter's Life-and-Death Struggle with Alcoholism Alcoholism is a disease. It's time we started treating it like one. Science has offered undisputed proof that alcoholism is a disease rather than a weakness of character, yet millions of alcoholics continue to suffer due to inappropriate treatment. Now the co-author of the modern classic Under the Influence has teamed up with prominent alcoholism experts to provide new answers to this national epidemic. Based on the latest scientific research, Beyond the Influence clearly explains the neurological nature of the disease and reveals why some people drink addictively and others do not. It also spells out what needs to be done to treat alcoholism, including: Steps to take for an intervention How to find the right treatment program Which psychological approaches work best Why spirituality is essential to recovery New insights into relapse prevention What you should know about diet, exercise, and nontraditional treatments such as acupuncture Provocative and eye-opening, compelling and compassionate, Beyond the Influence is not only a message of hope for alcoholics--it is a blueprint for saving lives. Beyond the Influence explains that alcoholism is a disease of the body, not a weakness of character. Drawing on the latest scientific studies, the authors present new research on the central role of genetics and neurotransmitters in addiction. Continuing where the prior book left off, it also includes: Steps for diagnosis and intervention, plus ways to prevent relapses Various treatment models, including inpatient and out-patient programs and a review of new drug treatments The most effective types of psychological counseling The critical role of nutrition Non-traditional healing methods for recovery The importance of a spiritual component to recovery The authors also critique our nation's alcoholism policies, including education and prevention programs, efforts to curtail college bingeing and underage drinking, and the advertising and marketing strategies of the alcohol industry. |
| a permanent solution to a temporary problem: Empathy Beyond Imagination Bryan C. Hazelton LCSW CASAC BCD, 2017-12-06 How does a small group of Therapists save the world? How does an unbalanced Therapist meet his perfect mate? When does an algorithm aid the process of Psychotherapy? Why is God diagnosed with a Clinical Depression? Empathy Beyond Imagination shares a collection of 10 short stories that will touch your heart and poke your mind. These curious psychological adventures broaden imagination and foster empathy. Bryan C. Hazelton illuminates these polarities: Ordinary and Unconventional Reality and Fantasy Humankind and God Faraway Past and the Present Survival and Loss Devotion and Betrayal Empathy and Disconnect Man and Machine The process of Psychotherapy is seen in a new light as magical influences create novel outcomes. PoeticPsychotherapy@gmail.com www.PoeticPsychotherapy.com www.KlynnWorks.com |
| a permanent solution to a temporary problem: In the Mountains of Madness W. Scott Poole, 2016-09-13 This “smart, shrewd, and insightful” biography of H.P. Lovecraft not only explores the author’s fascinating life but also reveals his “lasting power and influence” on the entertainment industry and society as a whole (Victor LaValle, author of The Changeling) Interweaving the biography of the legendary writer with an exploration of Lovecraft as a phenomenon, In the Mountains of Madness strives to explain this reclusive, cultish figure while challenging some of the general views held by Lovecraft devotees. Focusing specifically on the large cross-section of horror and science fiction fans who know Lovecraft through films, role-playing games, and video games directly influenced by his work, but who know little or nothing about the man himself, In the Mountains of Madness places Lovecraft and his work in a cultural context, as an artist more in tune with our time than his own. More than a traditional biography, this provocative book reclaims the true essence of Lovecraft in relation to the comics of Joe Lansdale, the novels of Stephen King, and some of the biggest blockbuster films in contemporary America, proving the undying influence of this rare and significant figure. |
| a permanent solution to a temporary problem: Military construction appropriations for 1985 United States. Congress. House. Committee on Appropriations. Subcommittee on Military Construction Appropriations, 1984 |
| a permanent solution to a temporary problem: Military Construction Appropriations for 1985: Caribbean Basin construction program United States. Congress. House. Committee on Appropriations. Subcommittee on Military Construction Appropriations, 1984 |
| a permanent solution to a temporary problem: Traveling through Time M Gerard Fromm, 2022-02-16 Bullets don't just travel through skin and bone. They travel through time. These words were tattooed onto the shoulder of a young woman whose father was shot during The Troubles in Northern Ireland. This wrenching, volatile but also binding truth is the subject of this book. It's a truth about traumatic experiences that happen to a family, but also to a society, and to the organizations that link these intimate units with the larger context of history and culture. It's also a truth about the way trauma plays out over time, including between generations. Grounded in Erik Erikson's way of looking at things, the book is a journal of encounters between clinical psychoanalysis and other disciplines, and an inquiry into what might be learned there for both. Sometimes that learning has to do with trauma: the way in which what can't be emotionally contained, thought about or spoken in one part of a system is passed along, with disorganizing, sometimes heartbreaking consequences, to another. After a reflection on dignity, the book examines intergenerational trauma in families, including Erikson's. It then illustrates how trauma to organizations slips below the threshold of awareness and yet continues to wear down its members. The final section examines aspects of the larger society, including radicalization, war trauma, the pandemic and cultural healing. What emerges is the sober yet hopeful truth that what people discover by taking their own emotional experiences seriously, though that might markedly differ from what is accepted in the everyday world, is a primary path toward recovery from trauma. |
| a permanent solution to a temporary problem: Silent Battlefields Hugh Rosen, 2005-07 Selig Kruger, once a dedicated Hitler Youth and committed Nazi soldier, confronts his past when he meets Eva, the woman whose life he spared nearly thirty years ago. She remembered learning from the bear man shortly after the incident that two German soldiers were killed by a third. Perhaps he was the one who took their lives. She believed that if she were ever to find out the answers, now was not the time to deluge him with her emotions and questions. Her persistent gaze released a rush of memories flooding Selig's mind. In the secret space of his consciousness he saw a young, frightened girl huddling on the floor of an attic closet. Without even thinking about it Selig placed his index finger vertically against his lips. It was the same gesture Selig had performed twenty-eight years ago on the attic floor of a house in a Polish village. It's really you then? Eva asked in astonishment. Selig was stunned at the realization that this was, indeed, the same young girl whose life he had spared. The same girl whose destiny he had obsessed about over almost three decades. |
| a permanent solution to a temporary problem: Mental Illness Gr. 6-9 Doug Sylvester, 1998-01-01 Students explore the challenging, often misunderstood medical field of Mental Illness. Students come to terms with difficult topics such as schizophrenia, depression, suicide and eating disorders through the knowledge-based material in the unit. The activities and worksheets included in our unit follow closely with the material in part one. Part two encourages students to contemplate the concepts contained in the unit as they design their own exam. Part three adds flexibility to our unit, suggesting assignments that could be coordinated with the core lesson topics, used as enrichment, or used at the end of the unit as culminating activities. This Health lesson provides a teacher and student section with a variety of reading passages, activities, crossword, word search and answer key to create a well-rounded lesson plan. |
| a permanent solution to a temporary problem: Of Bridges Thomas Harrison, 2023-06-05 Offers a philosophical history of bridges—both literal bridges and their symbolic counterparts—and the acts of cultural connection they embody. “Always,” wrote Philip Larkin, “it is by bridges that we live.” Bridges represent our aspirations to connect, to soar across divides. And it is the unfinished business of these aspirations that makes bridges such stirring sights, especially when they are marvels of ingenuity. A rich compendium of myths, superstitions, and literary and ideological figurations, Of Bridges organizes a poetic and philosophical history of bridges into nine thematic clusters. Leaping in lucid prose between distant times and places, Thomas Harrison questions why bridges are built and where they lead. He probes links forged by religion between life’s transience and eternity as well as the consolidating ties of music, illustrated by the case of the blues. He investigates bridges in poetry, as flash points in war, and the megabridges of our globalized world. He illuminates real and symbolic crossings facing migrants each day and the affective connections that make persons and societies cohere. In readings of literature, film, philosophy, and art, Harrison engages in a profound reflection on how bridges form and transform cultural communities. Of Bridges is a mesmerizing, vertiginous tale of bridges both visible and invisible, both lived and imagined. |
| a permanent solution to a temporary problem: Autopsy of a Suicidal Mind Edwin S. Shneidman, 2004-02-26 Autopsy of a Suicidal Mind is a uniquely intensive psychological analysis of a suicidal mind. In this poignant scientific study, Edwin S. Shneidman, a founder of the field of suicidology, assembles an extraordinary cast of eight renowned experts to analyze the suicidal materials, including a ten-page suicide note, given to him by a distraught mother looking for insights into her son's tragic death. The psychological autopsy centers on the interviews conducted by Shneidman with Arthur's mother, father, brother, sister, best friend, ex-wife, girlfriend, psychotherapist, and attending physician. To gain some understanding of this man's intense psychological pain and to examine what may have been done to save his tortured life, Shneidman approached the top suicide experts in the country to analyze the note and interviews: Morton Silverman, Robert E. Litman, Jerome Motto, Norman L. Farberow, John T. Maltsberger, Ronald Maris, David Rudd, and Avery D. Weisman. Each of the eight experts offers a unique perspective on Arthur's tragic fate, and the sum of their conclusions constitutes an extraordinary psychological autopsy. This book is the first of its kind and a remarkable contribution to the study of suicide. Mental health professionals, students of human nature, and persons whose lives have been touched by this merciless topic will be mesmerized and enlightened by this unique volume. An epistemological tour de force, it will speak to anyone who is concerned with human self-destruction. |
| a permanent solution to a temporary problem: Challenging Behaviours - What to Know and What to Do Andrew Chadwick, 2023-05-09 This title is written by Andrew & Beth Chadwick. If you deal with challenging behaviours this book includes strategies covering a range of special needs including autistic spectrum, aspergers, dyspraxia, dyslexia, depression, tourettes, obsessive compulsive disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and specific learning difficulties. It addresses problems such as: Truanting; Swearing and verbal abuse; Theft; Bullying; Attention seeking; Drug abuse; Low self-esteem; and, Vandalism. It includes case histories to provide some insight into the difficult situations teachers may encounter in the classroom. It is suitable for all ages. |
| a permanent solution to a temporary problem: Writing Online George Pullman, 2016-02-11 Contrary to the old adage about finding new names for old things, Writing Online: Rhetoric for the Digital Age gives new life and new meaning to old names. The book and its companion website transform ancient rhetoric as a process of oral composition—invention, arrangement, memory, style, and delivery—into a digital rhetoric, a dynamic process of writing for the World Wide Web: dynamic because it shows not only how to write in a Web-based medium but, more importantly, how to learn and adapt to a medium that is constantly evolving and changing. Unlike conventional books that provide specific solutions to specific problems, Writing Online reenacts the process of solving Web-based writing problems, explaining everything from how to create a simple web page to how to develop a sophisticated content management system and everything in between: HTML, HTML5, CSS, JavaScript, PHP, and much more. As a digital rhetoric, moreover, Writing Online recreates the ancient processes of oral composition for a digital era. Digital invention becomes a push-pull process of transmitting information via searches, alerts, news aggregators, and read-write algorithms. Digital arrangement becomes a question-and-answer process inviting multiple responses via intuitive navigation systems and dynamic patterns of organization. Digital memory transforms the ancient memory palace into a dynamic, programmable content management system. Digital style provides computer-based tools to enhance writers’ word choice, argumentative structures, and feedback. Digital delivery resituates speakers and writers in onscreen environments that balance functionality and aesthetics for optimum responsiveness and usability. —James P. Zappen, Professor, Department of Communication and Media, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute |
| a permanent solution to a temporary problem: U.S. Army 68W10 Fieldcraft Student Handouts , CONTENTS By SUBJECT: Abdominal Primary Care Basic Wound Primary Care EENT Primary Care Infection Asepsis Sterile Technique Injections Medication Administration Orthopedics Primary Care Pharmacology Respiratory Primary Care Sick Call and Medical Documentation Skin Disease Primary Care Venipuncture |
| a permanent solution to a temporary problem: Lost Faith to Living Faith Ren R. Royal, 2009-10-06 Have you been lost or hopeless and wanted to give up in life? Lost Faith to Living Faith is the true story of how Ren R. Royal overcame her struggles through loss, prejudice, rape, abuse, and depression by placing her faith in the God who is able to heal and restore. This is the inspiring story of Ren's transformation from hopelessness into a life full of love and joy as she went from Lost Faith to Living Faith. This inspirational and uplifting testimony is for anyone who feels hopeless or has lost faith. See how God's grace and love can take the most tragic of stories and turn them into something more precious than gold. It is so difficult for any of us to realize what it is like to be a person without a family and a home. The author has been there, and she tells both the good and the bad in such a way that makes it difficult to put the book down. Every person, young and old, will discover tremendous insights that will benefit them throughout all of life. Lost Faith to Living Faith is a must read for all. Pastor Donald C. Ofsdahl Author Ren R. Royal was a starving orphan from Seoul, Korea, was adopted into a Lutheran preacher's family, and came to America, where she became a naturalized citizen. Ren pursues her passion for writing and poetry with the support of her church and family. Ren and her husband, Charlie, reside in Garland, Texas. |
| a permanent solution to a temporary problem: The Clever Self-Care Guide Dr Nadine Hamilton, 2023-02-28 Life can be full of challenges rocking our boat so strongly that we risk drowning in a sea of stress and mental ill-health. That’s why self-care is such a vital skill. Dr Nadine Hamilton has spent over 17 years in her speciality psychology practice helping professionals and businesses get on top of stress and psychological fatigue to avoid burnout, depression and self-harm. Her 2019 international best-seller Coping With Stress and Burnout as a Veterinarian targeted a profession with a suicide rate almost four times higher than the general population. Now, after two years of social, personal, and financial impacts from a global pandemic, she has found herself working with her clients (and herself) more and more on self-care — how to use self-understanding and practical psychological tools to attain and maintain better mental wellbeing. Time then, to release a new book to help anyone who is finding life at work and home a tough ask at times. Nadine gives us a clever guide to self-care covering topics such as setting boundaries, dealing with stress and anxiety, self-esteem, coping with grief, resilience, compassion fatigue, mentally healthy workplaces, and the imperative to build more hope and optimism into our daily lives. |
PERMANENT Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster
The meaning of PERMANENT is continuing or enduring without fundamental or marked change : stable. How to use permanent in a sentence. Synonym Discussion of Permanent.
PERMANENT | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary
PERMANENT definition: 1. lasting for a long time or for ever: 2. Something that is permanent exists or happens all the…. Learn more.
PERMANENT Definition & Meaning | Dictionary.com
intended to exist or function for a long, indefinite period without regard to unforeseeable conditions. a permanent employee; the permanent headquarters of the United Nations. long …
Permanent - definition of permanent by The Free Dictionary
permanent - continuing or enduring without marked change in status or condition or place; "permanent secretary to the president"; "permanent address"; "literature of permanent value"
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Permanent refers to something that is intended to last indefinitely or is expected to remain unchanged for a significant period of time. It implies a lack of temporary or transient qualities …
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May 18, 2025 · permanent (comparative more permanent, superlative most permanent) Without end, eternal. Nothing in this world is truly permanent. Lasting for an indefinitely long time. The …
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Aim: Determine the total hardness of given water samples.
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In accounting, temporary and permanent differences relate to the difference between the tax basis and financial statement basis of an asset or liability. Essentially, it's the discrepancy ...
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In accounting, temporary and permanent differences relate to the difference between the tax basis and financial statement basis of an asset or liability. Essentially, it's the discrepancy ...
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In The Supreme Court of the United States
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1. What is the total hardness of sample of water which has …
solution. 50 ml of the boiled sample required 15 ml of EDTA solution. Calculate total, permanent and temporary hardness of water sample. 8 2. 0.28 g of CaCO 3 was dissolved in HCl and …
The Problem of Customary Marriage and the Solution of …
The Problem of Customary Marriage and the Solution of Temporary Marriage Seyyed Abolhasan Navvab 1 Associate professor, University of Religions and Denominations, Qom, Iran. E-mail: …
