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A Guide to the Organ-on-a-Chip: Revolutionizing Drug Discovery and Disease Modeling
Author: Dr. Evelyn Reed, PhD, is a leading researcher in biomedical engineering with over 15 years of experience in microfluidic devices and organ-on-a-chip technology. Her work has been published in numerous high-impact journals, and she holds several patents related to organ-on-a-chip design and application.
Publisher: This guide is published by Elsevier, a leading global publisher of scientific, technical, and medical information. Elsevier's reputation for rigorous peer-review and commitment to high-quality content makes it a trusted source for information on cutting-edge scientific advancements like organ-on-a-chip technology.
Editor: Dr. Jian Li, PhD, oversaw the editing of this guide. Dr. Li is a professor of pharmaceutical sciences with extensive experience in drug development and preclinical testing. His expertise ensures the accuracy and relevance of the information presented in a guide to the organ-on-a-chip.
1. Introduction: What is an Organ-on-a-Chip?
Organ-on-a-chip (OoC) technology represents a significant advancement in in vitro modeling. This a guide to the organ-on-a-chip will explore its capabilities and applications. OoCs are miniature, microfluidic devices that mimic the structure and function of human organs. They typically consist of a microchannel network embedded within a flexible polymer substrate. Cells are cultured within these channels, and their environment is precisely controlled, including flow rates, media composition, and mechanical stimuli. This allows researchers to study organ-specific physiology and disease processes with unprecedented accuracy.
2. The Microfluidic Heart of the OoC: Design and Fabrication
The core of any OoC is its microfluidic system. This network of microscopic channels dictates fluid flow, cell seeding, and the application of mechanical forces. Fabrication techniques often involve soft lithography, a process that creates microchannels using a mold and a polymer like polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). Other techniques include 3D printing and injection molding, each offering unique advantages in terms of complexity, scalability, and cost. A guide to the organ-on-a-chip emphasizes the importance of precise channel design to accurately represent the organ's architecture and physiological conditions. For example, a lung-on-a-chip requires channels that allow for air-liquid interface culture, mimicking the alveoli. Similarly, a gut-on-a-chip needs to incorporate peristaltic-like motions to simulate intestinal contractions.
3. Cell Culture and Model Development: Creating Realistic Organ Mimics
The success of an OoC depends heavily on the choice and culture of cells. Primary cells, directly isolated from human tissue, provide the highest physiological relevance. However, they are often difficult to obtain and maintain. Immortalized cell lines, while easier to work with, might not fully capture the complexity of human organ function. A guide to the organ-on-a-chip highlights the ongoing research in developing improved cell culture techniques, including the use of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) to generate organ-specific cells. Furthermore, creating realistic organ models requires the incorporation of multiple cell types and extracellular matrix (ECM) components to recreate the intricate cellular interactions within the organ. Co-culturing different cell types within the OoC enhances the model’s physiological accuracy and reflects the complexity of the in vivo environment.
4. Applications of Organ-on-a-Chip Technology
OoCs are transforming various fields, including:
Drug Discovery and Development: OoCs offer a significant advantage over traditional 2D cell cultures and animal models in preclinical drug testing. They provide a more accurate prediction of drug efficacy and toxicity in humans, reducing the reliance on animal testing and potentially accelerating the drug development process. Studies using liver-on-a-chip models have demonstrated their ability to predict drug-induced liver injury more accurately than conventional methods (1).
Disease Modeling: OoCs allow researchers to study disease mechanisms in a more physiologically relevant context. Models of cancer, cystic fibrosis, and infectious diseases have been developed, providing valuable insights into disease pathogenesis and potential therapeutic targets. For instance, a gut-on-a-chip model has been used to study the effects of inflammatory bowel disease on the gut barrier (2).
Personalized Medicine: The ability to create OoCs from patient-derived cells opens up exciting possibilities for personalized medicine. By creating individual models, researchers can assess the efficacy and toxicity of drugs tailored to a specific patient's genetic makeup and disease state. This holds great promise for optimizing treatment strategies and minimizing adverse drug reactions.
Toxicology and Environmental Health: OoCs can be used to assess the toxicity of chemicals and environmental pollutants. This is particularly valuable for evaluating the potential risks of exposure to these agents, offering a more human-relevant assessment than traditional methods (3).
5. Limitations and Future Directions of OoC Technology
While OoC technology holds immense promise, it also faces challenges:
Complexity and Cost: Designing, fabricating, and operating OoCs can be complex and expensive. This limits the accessibility of this technology for some researchers.
Scale-up and Standardization: Scaling up OoC production for high-throughput screening remains a significant hurdle. Standardization of OoC designs and protocols is also crucial for ensuring reproducibility and comparability across different studies.
Integration of Multiple Organs: While significant progress has been made in creating single-organ OoCs, building integrated multi-organ systems that fully capture the interconnectedness of the human body remains a significant challenge. However, initial studies exploring such “body-on-a-chip” systems are showing great promise.
A guide to the organ-on-a-chip concludes that ongoing research is focused on addressing these limitations to improve the accessibility, scalability, and sophistication of OoC technology. The development of more user-friendly fabrication techniques, standardized protocols, and sophisticated models encompassing multiple organs will further enhance the capabilities of OoCs.
Conclusion
Organ-on-a-chip technology represents a paradigm shift in in vitro modeling, offering unprecedented opportunities for advancing drug discovery, disease modeling, and personalized medicine. While challenges remain, the continued development and refinement of OoC technology will undoubtedly lead to significant breakthroughs in biomedical research and healthcare. This a guide to the organ-on-a-chip has highlighted the potential of this technology and the ongoing efforts to overcome its limitations, paving the way for a future where in vitro models can accurately predict human responses to drugs and diseases.
FAQs
1. What are the main advantages of organ-on-a-chip technology over traditional animal models? OoCs offer improved human relevance, reduced reliance on animal testing, and the potential for personalized medicine approaches.
2. What types of organs have been successfully modeled on a chip? A wide range, including lung, liver, gut, kidney, heart, and even brain tissues.
3. What are the limitations of current organ-on-a-chip technology? Cost, complexity, scalability, and the challenge of modeling interactions between multiple organs are limitations.
4. How are organ-on-a-chip devices fabricated? Common methods include soft lithography, 3D printing, and injection molding.
5. What types of cells are used in organ-on-a-chip models? Primary cells, immortalized cell lines, and iPSC-derived cells are employed.
6. What role does microfluidics play in organ-on-a-chip technology? Microfluidics provides precise control over fluid flow, cell culture conditions, and the application of mechanical forces.
7. How can organ-on-a-chip technology contribute to personalized medicine? Patient-specific OoCs allow for personalized drug testing and treatment optimization.
8. What are the ethical considerations surrounding the use of organ-on-a-chip technology? Concerns surrounding the use of human-derived cells need to be carefully considered and addressed ethically.
9. What is the future outlook for organ-on-a-chip technology? Further advancements are expected in the areas of integration of multiple organs, improved model complexity, and increased accessibility.
Related Articles
1. "Microfluidic Organ-on-a-Chip Systems for Drug Discovery and Development": This article reviews the application of OoCs in drug discovery and development, focusing on specific case studies and highlighting the advantages over traditional methods.
2. "Modeling Human Diseases using Organ-on-a-Chip Technology": This article examines the use of OoCs in modeling various human diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, and infectious diseases.
3. "Advances in Organ-on-a-Chip Fabrication Techniques": This article discusses the latest advancements in OoC fabrication techniques, comparing various methods and their advantages and limitations.
4. "The Role of 3D Bioprinting in Organ-on-a-Chip Technology": This article explores the growing use of 3D bioprinting in constructing more complex and realistic organ-on-a-chip models.
5. "Ethical Considerations in the Development and Application of Organ-on-a-Chip Technology": This article examines the ethical implications of using human-derived cells and tissues in OoC research.
6. "The Future of Personalized Medicine: The Role of Organ-on-a-Chip Technology": This article discusses how OoCs could revolutionize personalized medicine through patient-specific drug testing and treatment optimization.
7. "Comparative Analysis of Organ-on-a-Chip Models and In Vivo Studies": This article compares the results obtained from OoC models with those from in vivo studies, assessing their correlation and limitations.
8. "Cost-Effective Strategies for Organ-on-a-Chip Fabrication and Operation": This article explores methods to reduce the cost of OoC technology to make it more accessible to researchers.
9. "Integrating Multiple Organs on a Chip: Towards a Body-on-a-Chip System": This article reviews the challenges and progress made in developing integrated multi-organ systems on a chip.
(Note: References 1, 2, and 3 in the main text would be citations to relevant published research papers.)
| a guide to the organ on a chip: Organ-on-a-Chip Marco Rasponi, 2022-09-29 This book provides a collection of microphysiological systems employed for chemical/drug screening and strategies to mimic various physiological conditions. Chapters guide readers through Organ-on-a-Chip( OoC) platforms such as liver, intestine, blood-brain barrier, kidney, vessels, cardiac and skeletal muscles, articular joint, human fat. Additional chapters detail microfabrication technologies used to fabricate OoC devices such as, standard photo- and soft-lithography, techniques to fabricate membranes, and industrial-oriented fabrication methods.Written in the format of the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series, each chapter includes an introduction to the topic, lists necessary materials and reagents, includes tips on troubleshooting and known pitfalls, and step-by-step, readily reproducible protocols. Authoritative and cutting-edge, Organ-On-a Chip: Methods and Protocols aims to be a useful practical guide to researches to help further their study in this field. |
| a guide to the organ on a chip: Organs-on-chips Yu-suke Torisawa, Yi-Chung Tung, 2020-05-27 Recent advances in microsystems technology and cell culture techniques have led to the development of organ-on-chip microdevices that produce tissue-level functionality, not possible with conventional culture models, by recapitulating natural tissue architecture and microenvironmental cues within microfluidic devices. Since the physiological microenvironments in living systems are mostly microfluidic in nature, the use of microfluidic devices facilitates engineering cellular microenvironments; the microfluidic devices allow for control of local chemical gradients and dynamic mechanical forces, which play important roles in cellular viability and function. The organ-on-chip microdevices have great potential to promote drug discovery and development, to model human physiology and disease, and to replace animal models for efficacy and toxicity testing. Recently, induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells have been leveraged to develop organs-on-chips, which enable various types of organ models and disease models not possible with primary cells and cell lines. This Special Issue seeks to showcase research papers, short communications, and review articles that focus on: (1) microdevices to mimic or control cellular microenvironment; (2) microdevices to evaluate interactions between different organ models; (3) microdevices to maintain iPS cells or iPSC-derived cells; and (4) sensors and techniques to evaluate drug efficacy or toxicity. |
| a guide to the organ on a chip: Human Organs-on-a-Chip Javier Ramón-Azcón, Artur Rydosz, 2023-11-15 Human Organs-on-Chip: Novel Organ-on-a-Chip Techniques in Medicine paves the way for novel approaches that push forward in-vitro and in-vivo studies and fills a gap between laboratory and clinical use. These experienced authors share the knowledge they've developed with over a decade of experience and research with organ-on-chips and multi-organ-on-chips. This book collects all of the developments in the field and sheds new light on possibilities to develop human on-chip measurement methods with the utilization of currently available measurement techniques including both invasive and non-invasive tests. Human Organs-on-Chip: Novel Organ-on-a-Chip Techniques in Medicine serves as a starting point for young researchers who are beginning their scientific journeys. - Provides an overview of the progress suborgan-on-chips development has made in recent years - Introduces the fundamentals needed to understand lab-on-chip ideas with references and in-depth explanations - Presents commercial achievements obtained and future perspectives |
| a guide to the organ on a chip: Lab-on-a-Chip Devices and Micro-Total Analysis Systems Jaime Castillo-León, Winnie E. Svendsen, 2014-11-05 This book covers all the steps in order to fabricate a lab-on-a-chip device starting from the idea, the design, simulation, fabrication and final evaluation. Additionally, it includes basic theory on microfluidics essential to understand how fluids behave at such reduced scale. Examples of successful histories of lab-on-a-chip systems that made an impact in fields like biomedicine and life sciences are also provided. This book also: · Provides readers with a unique approach and toolset for lab-on-a-chip development in terms of materials, fabrication techniques, and components · Discusses novel materials and techniques, such as paper-based devices and synthesis of chemical compounds on-chip · Covers the four key aspects of development: basic theory, design, fabrication, and testing · Provides readers with a comprehensive list of the most important journals, blogs, forums, and conferences where microfluidics and lab-on-a-chip news, methods, techniques and challenges are presented and discussed, as well as a list of companies providing design and simulation support, components, and/or developing lab-on-a-chip and microfluidic devices. |
| a guide to the organ on a chip: The Organ Thieves Chip Jones, 2020-08-18 The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks meets Get Out in this “startling…powerful” (Kirkus Reviews) investigation of racial inequality at the core of the heart transplant race. In 1968, Bruce Tucker, a black man, went into Virginia’s top research hospital with a head injury, only to have his heart taken out of his body and put into the chest of a white businessman. Now, in The Organ Thieves, Pulitzer Prize–nominated journalist Chip Jones exposes the horrifying inequality surrounding Tucker’s death and how he was used as a human guinea pig without his family’s permission or knowledge. The circumstances surrounding his death reflect the long legacy of mistreating African Americans that began more than a century before with cadaver harvesting and worse. It culminated in efforts to win the heart transplant race in the late 1960s. Featuring years of research and fresh reporting, along with a foreword from social justice activist Ben Jealous, “this powerful book weaves together a medical mystery, a legal drama, and a sweeping history, its characters confronting unprecedented issues of life and death under the shadows of centuries of racial injustice” (Edward L. Ayers, author of The Promise of the New South). |
| a guide to the organ on a chip: Human Organs-on-a-Chip Technology P.V. Mohanan, 2024-06-18 Human Organs-on-a-Chip Technology focuses on the technology advancement from organ-on-a-chip to multi organs-on-a-chip to the newest stage of human organs-on-a-chip. Chapters investigate the design, simulation studies, device development and application of microfluidic systems. They also offer expert perspectives on the development of an alternative test system in the biological evaluation of drugs, cosmetics, chemicals, medical devices and many others. Lastly, the book addresses issues related to the development of microfluidic devices and alternative test systems in biological and biomedical research. - Explores organs-on-a-chip technology, from the basics, to advanced developments and existing challenges and recent research trends and applications - Reviews every aspect of microfluidic devices, including biological evaluation and targeted delivery - Includes the latest information on regulatory updates |
| a guide to the organ on a chip: Biochip Technology Jing Cheng, Larry J. Kricka, 2003-09-02 Biochip technology has experienced explosive growth in recent years and Biochip technology describes the basic manufacturing and fabrication processes and the current range of applications of these chips. Top scientists from the biochip industry and related areas explain the diverse applications of biochips in gene sequencing, expression monitoring, disease diagnosis, tumor examination, ligand assay and drug discovery. |
| a guide to the organ on a chip: Organ-on-a-chip Julia Hoeng, David Bovard, Manuel C. Peitsch, 2019-11-09 Organ-on-a-Chip: Engineered Microenvironments for Safety and Efficacy Testing contains chapters from world-leading researchers in the field of organ on a chip development and applications, with perspectives from life sciences, medicine, physiology and engineering. The book contains an overview of the field, with sections covering the major organ systems and currently available technologies, platforms and methods. As readers may also be interested in creating biochips, materials and engineering best practice, these topics are also described. Users will learn about the limitations of 2D in-vitro models and the available 3D in-vitro models (what benefits they offer and some examples). Finally, the MOC section shows how the organ on a chip technology can be adapted to improve the physiology of in-vitro models. - Includes case studies of other organs on a chip that have been developed and successfully used - Provides insights into functional microphysiological organ on a chip platforms for toxicity and efficacy testing, along with opportunities for translational medicine - Presented fields (PK/PD, physiology, medicine, safety) are given a definition followed by the challenges and potential of organs on a chip |
| a guide to the organ on a chip: Tumor Organoids Shay Soker, Aleksander Skardal, 2017-10-20 Cancer cell biology research in general, and anti-cancer drug development specifically, still relies on standard cell culture techniques that place the cells in an unnatural environment. As a consequence, growing tumor cells in plastic dishes places a selective pressure that substantially alters their original molecular and phenotypic properties.The emerging field of regenerative medicine has developed bioengineered tissue platforms that can better mimic the structure and cellular heterogeneity of in vivo tissue, and are suitable for tumor bioengineering research. Microengineering technologies have resulted in advanced methods for creating and culturing 3-D human tissue. By encapsulating the respective cell type or combining several cell types to form tissues, these model organs can be viable for longer periods of time and are cultured to develop functional properties similar to native tissues. This approach recapitulates the dynamic role of cell–cell, cell–ECM, and mechanical interactions inside the tumor. Further incorporation of cells representative of the tumor stroma, such as endothelial cells (EC) and tumor fibroblasts, can mimic the in vivo tumor microenvironment. Collectively, bioengineered tumors create an important resource for the in vitro study of tumor growth in 3D including tumor biomechanics and the effects of anti-cancer drugs on 3D tumor tissue. These technologies have the potential to overcome current limitations to genetic and histological tumor classification and development of personalized therapies. |
| a guide to the organ on a chip: Animal Experimentation Kathrin Herrmann, Kimberley Jayne, 2019 Animal Experimentation: Working Towards a Paradigm Change critically appraises current animal use in science and discusses ways in which we can contribute to a paradigm change towards human-biology based approaches. |
| a guide to the organ on a chip: A Guide to Human Gene Therapy Roland W. Herzog, Sergei Zolotukhin, 2010 1. Non-viral gene therapy / Sean M. Sullivan -- 2. Adenoviral vectors / Stuart A. Nicklin and Andrew H. Baker -- 3. Retroviral vectors and integration analysis / Cynthia C. Bartholomae [und weitere] -- 4. Lentiviral vectors / Janka Matrai, Marinee K.L. Chuah and Thierry VandenDriessche -- 5. Herpes simplex virus vectors / William F. Goins [und weitere] -- 6. Adeno-Associated Viral (AAV) vectors / Nicholas Muzyczka -- 7. Regulatory RNA in gene therapy / Alfred. S. Lewin -- 8. DNA integrating vectors (Transposon, Integrase) / Lauren E. Woodard and Michele P. Calos -- 9. Homologous recombination and targeted gene modification for gene therapy / Matthew Porteus -- 10. Gene switches for pre-clinical studies in gene therapy / Caroline Le Guiner [und weitere] -- 11. Gene therapy for central nervous system disorders / Deborah Young and Patricia A. Lawlor -- 12. Gene therapy of hemoglobinopathies / Angela E. Rivers and Arun Srivastava -- 13. Gene therapy for primary immunodeficiencies / Aisha Sauer, Barbara Cassani and Alessandro Aiuti -- 14. Gene therapy for hemophilia / David Markusic, Babak Moghimi and Roland Herzog -- 15. Gene therapy for obesity and diabetes / Sergei Zolotukhin and Clive H. Wasserfall -- 16. Gene therapy for Duchenne muscular dystrophy / Takashi Okada and Shin'ichi Takeda -- 17. Cancer gene therapy / Kirsten A.K. Weigel-Van Aken -- 18. Gene therapy for autoimmune disorders / Daniel F. Gaddy, Melanie A. Ruffner and Paul D. Robbins -- 19. Gene therapy for inherited metabolic storage diseases / Cathryn Mah -- 20. Retinal diseases / Shannon E. Boye, Sanford L. Boye and William W. Hauswirth -- 21. A brief guide to gene therapy treatments for pulmonary diseases / Ashley T. Martino, Christian Mueller and Terence R. Flotte -- 22. Cardiovascular disease / Darin J. Falk, Cathryn S. Mah and Barry J. Byrne |
| a guide to the organ on a chip: Human Stem Cell Manual Suzanne Peterson, Jeanne F. Loring, 2012-10-22 This manual is a comprehensive compilation of methods that work for deriving, characterizing, and differentiating hPSCs, written by the researchers who developed and tested the methods and use them every day in their laboratories. The manual is much more than a collection of recipes; it is intended to spark the interest of scientists in areas of stem cell biology that they may not have considered to be important to their work. The second edition of the Human Stem Cell Manual is an extraordinary laboratory guide for both experienced stem cell researchers and those just beginning to use stem cells in their work. - Offers a comprehensive guide for medical and biology researchers who want to use stem cells for basic research, disease modeling, drug development, and cell therapy applications - Provides a cohesive global view of the current state of stem cell research, with chapters written by pioneering stem cell researchers in Asia, Europe, and North America - Includes new chapters devoted to recently developed methods, such as iPSC technology, written by the scientists who made these breakthroughs |
| a guide to the organ on a chip: Stem Cells Christine L. Mummery, Anja van de Stolpe, Bernard Roelen, Hans Clevers, 2014-05-23 The second edition of Stem Cells: Scientific Facts and Fiction provides the non-stem cell expert with an understandable review of the history, current state of affairs, and facts and fiction of the promises of stem cells. Building on success of its award-winning preceding edition, the second edition features new chapters on embryonic and iPS cells and stem cells in veterinary science and medicine. It contains major revisions on cancer stem cells to include new culture models, additional interviews with leaders in progenitor cells, engineered eye tissue, and xeno organs from stem cells, as well as new information on organs on chips and adult progenitor cells. In the past decades our understanding of stem cell biology has increased tremendously. Many types of stem cells have been discovered in tissues that everyone presumed were unable to regenerate in adults, the heart and the brain in particular. There is vast interest in stem cells from biologists and clinicians who see the potential for regenerative medicine and future treatments for chronic diseases like Parkinson's, diabetes, and spinal cord lesions, based on the use of stem cells; and from entrepreneurs in biotechnology who expect new commercial applications ranging from drug discovery to transplantation therapies. - Explains in straightforward, non-specialist language the basic biology of stem cells and their applications in modern medicine and future therapy - Includes extensive coverage of adult and embryonic stem cells both historically and in contemporary practice - Richly illustrated to assist in understanding how research is done and the current hurdles to clinical practice |
| a guide to the organ on a chip: 3D Printing in Medicine Frank J. Rybicki, Gerald T. Grant, 2017-09-27 This book describes the fundamentals of three-dimensional (3D) printing, addresses the practical aspects of establishing a 3D printing service in a medical facility, and explains the enormous potential value of rendering images as 3D printed models capable of providing tactile feedback and tangible information on both anatomic and pathologic states. Individual chapters also focus on selected areas of applications for 3D printing, including musculoskeletal, craniomaxillofacial, cardiovascular, and neurosurgery applications. Challenges and opportunities related to training, materials and equipment, and guidelines are addressed, and the overall costs of a 3D printing lab and the balancing of these costs against clinical benefits are discussed. Radiologists, surgeons, and other physicians will find this book to be a rich source of information on the practicalities and expanding medical applications of 3D printing. |
| a guide to the organ on a chip: Biofabrication Gulden Camci-Unal, Pinar Zorlutuna, Ali Khademhosseini, 2013-03-18 Microscale hydrogels are potentially useful materials for controlling cellular behavior to mimic native microenvironments for tissue engineering applications. In this chapter, various fabrication techniques to generate microscale hydrogels and their applications in tissue engineering have been outlined. In addition, we provide examples of microscale hydrogels with different physical and chemical properties for generation of tissue constructs. Finally, we discuss potential future directions in fabrication of hydrogels to address challenges in tissue engineering. It is expected that these techniques will enable engineering of three-dimensional (3D) structures with controlled features for the formation of functional tissues and organs. |
| a guide to the organ on a chip: Practical Organ-building William Edward Dickson, 1882 |
| a guide to the organ on a chip: Biomaterials for Organ and Tissue Regeneration Nihal Vrana, Helena Knopf-Marques, Julien Barthes, 2020-03-20 Biomaterials for Organ and Tissue Regeneration: New Technologies and Future Prospects examines the use of biomaterials in applications related to artificial tissues and organs. With a strong focus on fundamental and traditional tissue engineering strategies, the book also examines how emerging and enabling technologies are being developed and applied. Sections provide essential information on biomaterial, cell properties and cell types used in organ generation. A section on state-of-the-art in organ regeneration for clinical purposes is followed by a discussion on enabling technologies, such as bioprinting, on chip organ systems and in silico simulations. - Provides a systematic overview of the field, from fundamentals, to current challenges and opportunities - Encompasses the classic paradigm of tissue engineering for creation of new functional tissue - Discusses enabling technologies such as bioprinting, organ-on-chip systems and in silico simulations |
| a guide to the organ on a chip: Kale & Caramel Lily Diamond, 2017-05-02 Born out of the popular blog Kale & Caramel, this sumptuously photographed and beautifully written cookbook presents eighty recipes for delicious vegan and vegetarian dishes featuring herbs and flowers, as well as luxurious do-it-yourself beauty products. Plant-whisperer, writer, and photographer Lily Diamond believes that herbs and flowers have the power to nourish inside and out. “Lily’s deep connection to nature is beautifully woven throughout this personal collection of recipes,” says award-winning vegetarian chef Amy Chaplin. Each chapter celebrates an aromatic herb or flower, including basil, cilantro, fennel, mint, oregano, rosemary, sage, thyme, lavender, jasmine, rose, and orange blossom. Mollie Katzen, author of the beloved Moosewood Cookbook, calls the book “a gift, articulated through a poetic voice, original and bold.” The recipes tell a coming-of-age story through Lily’s kinship with plants, from a sun-drenched Maui childhood to healing from heartbreak and her mother’s death. With bright flavors, gorgeous scents, evocative stories, and more than one hundred photographs, Kale & Caramel creates a lush garden of experience open to harvest year round. |
| a guide to the organ on a chip: Microsystems for Pharmatechnology Andreas Dietzel, 2016-01-22 This book provides a comprehensive, state-of-the-art review of microfluidic approaches and applications in pharmatechnology. It is appropriate for students with an interdisciplinary interest in both the pharmaceutical and engineering fields, as well as process developers and scientists in the pharmaceutical industry. The authors cover new and advanced technologies for screening, production by micro reaction technology and micro bioreactors, small-scale processing of drug formulations, and drug delivery that will meet the need for fast and effective screening methods for drugs in different formulations, as well as the production of drugs in very small volumes. Readers will find detailed chapters on the materials and techniques for fabrication of microfluidic devices, microbioreactors, microsystems for emulsification, on-chip fabrication of drug delivery systems, respiratory drug delivery and delivery through microneedles, organs-on-chip, and more. |
| a guide to the organ on a chip: Precision Medicine for Investigators, Practitioners and Providers Joel Faintuch, Salomao Faintuch, 2019-11-16 Precision Medicine for Investigators, Practitioners and Providers addresses the needs of investigators by covering the topic as an umbrella concept, from new drug trials to wearable diagnostic devices, and from pediatrics to psychiatry in a manner that is up-to-date and authoritative. Sections include broad coverage of concerning disease groups and ancillary information about techniques, resources and consequences. Moreover, each chapter follows a structured blueprint, so that multiple, essential items are not overlooked. Instead of simply concentrating on a limited number of extensive and pedantic coverages, scholarly diagrams are also included. - Provides a three-pronged approach to precision medicine that is focused on investigators, practitioners and healthcare providers - Covers disease groups and ancillary information about techniques, resources and consequences - Follows a structured blueprint, ensuring essential chapters items are not overlooked |
| a guide to the organ on a chip: Registries for Evaluating Patient Outcomes Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality/AHRQ, 2014-04-01 This User’s Guide is intended to support the design, implementation, analysis, interpretation, and quality evaluation of registries created to increase understanding of patient outcomes. For the purposes of this guide, a patient registry is an organized system that uses observational study methods to collect uniform data (clinical and other) to evaluate specified outcomes for a population defined by a particular disease, condition, or exposure, and that serves one or more predetermined scientific, clinical, or policy purposes. A registry database is a file (or files) derived from the registry. Although registries can serve many purposes, this guide focuses on registries created for one or more of the following purposes: to describe the natural history of disease, to determine clinical effectiveness or cost-effectiveness of health care products and services, to measure or monitor safety and harm, and/or to measure quality of care. Registries are classified according to how their populations are defined. For example, product registries include patients who have been exposed to biopharmaceutical products or medical devices. Health services registries consist of patients who have had a common procedure, clinical encounter, or hospitalization. Disease or condition registries are defined by patients having the same diagnosis, such as cystic fibrosis or heart failure. The User’s Guide was created by researchers affiliated with AHRQ’s Effective Health Care Program, particularly those who participated in AHRQ’s DEcIDE (Developing Evidence to Inform Decisions About Effectiveness) program. Chapters were subject to multiple internal and external independent reviews. |
| a guide to the organ on a chip: Pharmacoproteomics Seth Kwabena Amponsah, 2024 This book gives an overview of pharmacoproteomics and its clinical applications, as well as the latest information on drug mechanisms at the proteome level, the relationship between proteomics and toxicity or resistance, and how proteomics aid in discovery of new drug targets. The book also highlights recent advances in analytical methods, analysis, and interpretation of pharmacoproteomic data. Pharmacoproteomics: Recent Trends and Applications is an ideal book for those working in pharmaceutical industries, as well as scientists, health care professionals, and researchers who work in the field of genomics, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, toxicology, and pharmaceutical chemistry. |
| a guide to the organ on a chip: Guide to Research Techniques in Neuroscience Matt Carter, Rachel Essner, Nitsan Goldstein, Manasi Iyer, 2022-03-26 Modern neuroscience research is inherently multidisciplinary, with a wide variety of cutting edge new techniques to explore multiple levels of investigation. This Third Edition of Guide to Research Techniques in Neuroscience provides a comprehensive overview of classical and cutting edge methods including their utility, limitations, and how data are presented in the literature. This book can be used as an introduction to neuroscience techniques for anyone new to the field or as a reference for any neuroscientist while reading papers or attending talks. - Nearly 200 updated full-color illustrations to clearly convey the theory and practice of neuroscience methods - Expands on techniques from previous editions and covers many new techniques including in vivo calcium imaging, fiber photometry, RNA-Seq, brain spheroids, CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing, and more - Clear, straightforward explanations of each technique for anyone new to the field - A broad scope of methods, from noninvasive brain imaging in human subjects, to electrophysiology in animal models, to recombinant DNA technology in test tubes, to transfection of neurons in cell culture - Detailed recommendations on where to find protocols and other resources for specific techniques - Walk-through boxes that guide readers through experiments step-by-step |
| a guide to the organ on a chip: The Necropsy Book John McKain King, L. Roth-Johnson, M. E. Newson, 2007 |
| a guide to the organ on a chip: Biosystems, Biomedical & Drug Delivery Systems Shrikaant Kulkarni, |
| a guide to the organ on a chip: New Approach Methods in Immunology Jeffrey John Bajramovic, Susan Gibbs, Emanuela Corsini, Thomas Hartung, 2024-09-27 Currently, the assessment of functional immunological relevance is mainly done in animal models. Motivation to work on non-animal methods, or new approach methods (NAM), stems from economical and ethical considerations, and is supported by public pressure. Importantly, the translational gap between results obtained in animal studies and clinical trials in humans (the ‘valley of death’), combined with the reproducibility crisis in science, also provide strong scientific arguments to work on novel, robust, human-based methodology. The field of immunology confronts NAM scientists with specific challenges. Firstly, immunological responses require several cell types in different locations for proper development and take considerable time to develop. Secondly, immunological responses in outbred humans are characterized by genetic and functional variability. Still, the development and application of NAM are increasing rapidly, and the field is moving at such a fast pace that a special issue is timely. Our goal is to provide an overview of the current state-of-the-art regarding new approach methods or non-animal methods (NAM) in immunology. These should be inspired by the desire to mimic in vivo biology and describe e.g. challenges in mimicking immunological structures (like lymph nodes, bone marrow, local immune structures), immunological responses (systemic and local, innate and adaptive, B cells and T cells) and/or immunological processes (like maturation, trafficking, extravasation, immunotoxicity, affinity maturation). |
| a guide to the organ on a chip: Lab-on-a-chip Devices for Advanced Biomedicines Arpana Parihar, Piyush Pradeep Mehta, 2024-08-14 The global miniature devices market is poised to surpass a valuation of $12–$15 billion USD by the year 2030. Lab-on-a-chip (LOC) devices are a vital component of this market. Comprising a network of microchannels, electrical circuits, sensors, and electrodes, LOC is a miniaturized integrated device platform used to streamline day-to-day laboratory functions, run cost-effective clinical analyses and curb the need for centralized instrumentation facilities in remote areas. Compact design, portability, ease of operation, low sample volume, short reaction time, and parallel investigation stand as the pivotal factors driving the widespread acceptance of LOC within the biomedical community. In this book, the Editors meticulously explore LOC through three key ‘Ts’: Theories (microfluidics, microarrays, instrumentation, software); Technologies (additive manufacturing, artificial intelligence, computational thinking, smart consumables, scale-up tactics, and biofouling); and Trends (biomedical analysis, point-of-care diagnostics, personalized healthcare, bioactive synthesis, disease diagnosis, and space applications) This comprehensive text not only provides readers with a thorough understanding of the current advancements in the LOC domain but also offers valuable insights to support the utilization of miniaturized devices for enhanced healthcare practices. Aimed at career researchers looking for instruction in the topic and newcomers to the area, the book is also useful for undergraduate and postgraduate students embarking on new studies or for those interested in reading about the LOC platform. |
| a guide to the organ on a chip: Discovering the Brain National Academy of Sciences, Institute of Medicine, Sandra Ackerman, 1992-01-01 The brain ... There is no other part of the human anatomy that is so intriguing. How does it develop and function and why does it sometimes, tragically, degenerate? The answers are complex. In Discovering the Brain, science writer Sandra Ackerman cuts through the complexity to bring this vital topic to the public. The 1990s were declared the Decade of the Brain by former President Bush, and the neuroscience community responded with a host of new investigations and conferences. Discovering the Brain is based on the Institute of Medicine conference, Decade of the Brain: Frontiers in Neuroscience and Brain Research. Discovering the Brain is a field guide to the brainâ€an easy-to-read discussion of the brain's physical structure and where functions such as language and music appreciation lie. Ackerman examines: How electrical and chemical signals are conveyed in the brain. The mechanisms by which we see, hear, think, and pay attentionâ€and how a gut feeling actually originates in the brain. Learning and memory retention, including parallels to computer memory and what they might tell us about our own mental capacity. Development of the brain throughout the life span, with a look at the aging brain. Ackerman provides an enlightening chapter on the connection between the brain's physical condition and various mental disorders and notes what progress can realistically be made toward the prevention and treatment of stroke and other ailments. Finally, she explores the potential for major advances during the Decade of the Brain, with a look at medical imaging techniquesâ€what various technologies can and cannot tell usâ€and how the public and private sectors can contribute to continued advances in neuroscience. This highly readable volume will provide the public and policymakersâ€and many scientists as wellâ€with a helpful guide to understanding the many discoveries that are sure to be announced throughout the Decade of the Brain. |
| a guide to the organ on a chip: Handbook of Manufacturing Systems and Design Uzair Khaleeq uz Zaman, Ali Siadat, Aamer Ahmed Baqai, Kanwal Naveed, Atal Anil Kumar, 2023-08-24 This book provides a comprehensive overview of manufacturing systems, their role in product/process design, and their interconnection with an Industry 4.0 perspective, especially related to design, manufacturing, and operations. Handbook of Manufacturing Systems and Design: An Industry 4.0 Perspective provides the knowledge related to the theories and concepts of Industry 4.0. It focuses on the different types of manufacturing systems in Industry 4.0 along with associated design, and control strategies. It concentrates on the operations in Industry 4.0 with a particular focus on supply chain, logistics, risk management, and reverse engineering perspectives. Offering basic concepts and applications through to advanced topics, the handbook feeds into the goal of being a source of knowledge as well as a vehicle to explore the future possibilities of design, techniques, methods, and operations associated with Industry 4.0. Concepts with practical applications in the form of case studies are added to each chapter to round out the many attributes this handbook offers. This handbook targets students, engineers, managers, designers, and manufacturers, and will assist in their understanding of the core concepts of manufacturing systems in connection with Industry 4.0 and optimize alignment between supply and demand in real time for effective implementation of the design concepts. |
| a guide to the organ on a chip: Open-Space Microfluidics Emmanuel Delamarche, Govind V. Kaigala, 2018-01-18 Summarizing the latest trends and the current state of this research field, this up-to-date book discusses in detail techniques to perform localized alterations on surfaces with great flexibility, including microfluidic probes, multifunctional nanopipettes and various surface patterning techniques, such as dip pen nanolithography. These techniques are also put in perspective in terms of applications and how they can be transformative of numerous (bio)chemical processes involving surfaces. The editors are from IBM Zurich, the pioneers and pacesetters in the field at the forefront of research in this new and rapidly expanding area. |
| a guide to the organ on a chip: Microfluidic Cell Culture Systems Christopher Bettinger, Jeffrey T Borenstein, Sarah L Tao, 2012-12-14 The fields of microfluidics and BioMEMS are significantly impacting cell biology research and applications through the application of engineering solutions to human disease and health problems. The dimensions of microfluidic channels are well suited to the physical scale of biological cells, and the many advantages of microfluidics make it an attractive platform for new techniques in biology. This new professional reference applies the techniques of microsystems to cell culture applications. The authors provide a thoroughly practical guide to the principles of microfluidic device design and operation and their application to cell culture techniques. The resulting book is crammed with strategies and techniques that can be immediately deployed in the lab. Equally, the insights into cell culture applications will provide those involved in traditional microfluidics and BioMEMS with an understanding of the specific demands and opportunities presented by biological applications. The goal is to guide new and interested researchers and technology developers to the important areas and state-of-the-practice strategies that will enhance the efficiency and value of their technologies, devices and biomedical products. |
| a guide to the organ on a chip: Organ Printing Dong-Woo Cho, Jung-Seob Lee, Falguni Pati, Jin Woo Jung, Jinah Jang, Jeong Hun Park, 2015-10-01 This book introduces various 3D printing systems, biomaterials, and cells for organ printing. In view of the latest applications of several 3D printing systems, their advantages and disadvantages are also discussed. A basic understanding of the entire spectrum of organ printing provides pragmatic insight into the mechanisms, methods, and applications of this discipline. Organ printing is being applied in the tissue engineering field with the purpose of developing tissue/organ constructs for the regeneration of both hard (bone, cartilage, osteochondral) and soft tissues (heart). There are other potential application areas including tissue/organ models, disease/cancer models, and models for physiology and pathology, where in vitro 3D multicellular structures developed by organ printing are valuable. |
| a guide to the organ on a chip: The Art and Science of Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetics Modeling Rodrigo Cristofoletti, Amin Rostami-Hodjegan, 2024-07-15 This state-of-the-art text describes the science behind the system and drug-dependent components of PBPK models, its applications in translational and regulatory science, e.g., guiding drug discovery and development, and supporting precision medicine initiatives. To incorporate state-of-the-art knowledge, each chapter is written by leaders in the field and illustrated by clear case studies. Connecting basic and applied science, this book explores the potential of PBPK modeling for improving therapeutics and is designed for a wide audience encompassing graduate students as well as biopharmaceutics scientists and clinical pharmacologists. Features: 1. Provides a basic understanding of the physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modeling and its applications 2. Assists the reader in understanding product performance to allow for rapid product development and establish bioequivalence 3. Well-constructed content and added value of real examples 4. Illustrates how using available resources via modeling and simulation leads to a reduction in the costs related to drug development, which directly affects the costs to patients |
| a guide to the organ on a chip: Creativity, Inc. (The Expanded Edition) Ed Catmull, Amy Wallace, 2014-04-08 The co-founder and longtime president of Pixar updates and expands his 2014 New York Times bestseller on creative leadership, reflecting on the management principles that built Pixar’s singularly successful culture, and on all he learned during the past nine years that allowed Pixar to retain its creative culture while continuing to evolve. “Might be the most thoughtful management book ever.”—Fast Company For nearly thirty years, Pixar has dominated the world of animation, producing such beloved films as the Toy Story trilogy, Finding Nemo, The Incredibles, Up, and WALL-E, which have gone on to set box-office records and garner eighteen Academy Awards. The joyous storytelling, the inventive plots, the emotional authenticity: In some ways, Pixar movies are an object lesson in what creativity really is. Here, Catmull reveals the ideals and techniques that have made Pixar so widely admired—and so profitable. As a young man, Ed Catmull had a dream: to make the first computer-animated movie. He nurtured that dream as a Ph.D. student, and then forged a partnership with George Lucas that led, indirectly, to his founding Pixar with Steve Jobs and John Lasseter in 1986. Nine years later, Toy Story was released, changing animation forever. The essential ingredient in that movie’s success—and in the twenty-five movies that followed—was the unique environment that Catmull and his colleagues built at Pixar, based on philosophies that protect the creative process and defy convention, such as: • Give a good idea to a mediocre team and they will screw it up. But give a mediocre idea to a great team and they will either fix it or come up with something better. • It’s not the manager’s job to prevent risks. It’s the manager’s job to make it safe for others to take them. • The cost of preventing errors is often far greater than the cost of fixing them. • A company’s communication structure should not mirror its organizational structure. Everybody should be able to talk to anybody. Creativity, Inc. has been significantly expanded to illuminate the continuing development of the unique culture at Pixar. It features a new introduction, two entirely new chapters, four new chapter postscripts, and changes and updates throughout. Pursuing excellence isn’t a one-off assignment but an ongoing, day-in, day-out, full-time job. And Creativity, Inc. explores how it is done. |
| a guide to the organ on a chip: Surgical Pathology Dissection William H. Westra, Ralph H. Hruban, Timothy H. Phelps, Christina Isacson, 2013-03-14 Filling the need for a comprehensive, fully-illustrated guide to the subject, this practical manual demonstrates a logical approach to the preparation, dissection, and handling of the tissue specimens most commonly encountered in today's surgical pathology laboratory. Each dissection is vividly illustrated with powerful 3D line drawings created exclusively for this book. The authors discuss the clinically important features of various types of specimens and lesions over the whole range of organ systems. The consistent approach provides a valuable conceptual framework for points to bear in mind during the dissection and each chapter concludes with a convenient reminder of the important issues to address in the surgical pathology report. Indispensable for staff pathologists, residents, pathologist's assistants, histotechnologists and other laboratory personnel. |
| a guide to the organ on a chip: Microfluidics and Lab-on-a-Chip Andreas Manz, Giuseppina Simone, Jonathan S. O'Connor, Pavel Neuzil, 2020-09-24 Responding to the need for an affordable, easy-to-read textbook that introduces microfluidics to undergraduate and postgraduate students, this concise book will provide a broad overview of the important theoretical and practical aspects of microfluidics and lab-on-a-chip, as well as its applications. |
| a guide to the organ on a chip: Concepts and Models for Drug Permeability Studies Bruno Sarmento, Catarina Leite Pereira, José Das Neves, 2024-02-23 Concepts and Models for Drug Permeability Studies: Cell and Tissue Based in Vitro Culture Models, Second Edition, summarizes the most important developments in in vitro models for predicting the permeability of drugs. This book is structured around three different approaches, summarizing the most recent achievements regarding models comprising (i) immortalized cells with an intrinsic ability to grow as monolayers when seeded in permeable supports, (ii) primary cells isolated from living organisms and directly cultured as barrier monolayers, and (iii) tissue-based models constructed with cell lines and extracellular matrix that resembles the tridimensional structure of mucosae and other biological membranes, or animal/patient-derived tissues. Each model is covered in detail, including the protocol of generation and application for specific drugs/drug delivery systems. The equivalence between in vitro cell and tissue models and in vivo conditions is discussed, highlighting how each model may provisionally resemble different drug absorption route. Chapters included in the first edition were updated with relevant data published in recent years, while four new chapters were included to reflect new emerging directions and trends in drug permeability models. Concepts and Models for Drug Permeability Studies: Cell and Tissue Based in Vitro Culture Models, Second Edition, is a critical reference for drug discovery and drug formulation scientists interested in delivery systems intended for the administration of drugs through mucosal routes and other important tissue barriers (e.g. the BBB). Researchers studying mucosal biology can use this book to familiarize themselves and exploit the synergic effect of mucosal delivery systems and biomolecules. - Summarizes the current advances in the use of permeability models in drug transport - Covers the most important buccal, gastric, intestinal, pulmonary, nasal, vaginal, ocular, renal, skin, and blood–brain barrier in vitro models. Includes case studies to facilitate understanding of various concepts in computer-aided applications - Updates in the second edition include organ-on-chip devices, 3D advanced models (multiple layered tissues, organoids, etc.), and multicompartmentalized tissue models |
| a guide to the organ on a chip: Applications of Microfluidic Systems in Biology and Medicine Manabu Tokeshi, 2024-10-30 This book is the second edition of the one originally published in 2016, which focused on state-of-the-art microfluidic research in medical and biological applications. Similar to the first edition, beginners in the field —undergraduates, engineers, biologists, medical and pharmaceutical researchers—will easily learn to understand microfluidic-based medical and biological applications. Because a wide range of topics is summarized here, it also helps experts to learn more about fields outside their own specialties. In this second edition, significant revisions have been made to chapters covering technologies that have seen major advancements, such as acoustofluidics, protein crystallography, organ-on-a-chip systems, nanopore sensing, and paper-based microfluidics. In addition, the chapters on cancer diagnosis using exosomes and single-cell sequencing using droplet microfluidics, which are attracting attention as new technologies, have been newly added. Readers will be convinced that microfluidic devices have great potential for medical and biological applications. |
| a guide to the organ on a chip: Mems for Biomedical Applications Shekhar Bhansali, Abhay Vasudev, 2012-07-18 The application of Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS) in the biomedical field is leading to a new generation of medical devices. MEMS for biomedical applications reviews the wealth of recent research on fabrication technologies and applications of this exciting technology.The book is divided into four parts: Part one introduces the fundamentals of MEMS for biomedical applications, exploring the microfabrication of polymers and reviewing sensor and actuator mechanisms. Part two describes applications of MEMS for biomedical sensing and diagnostic applications. MEMS for in vivo sensing and electrical impedance spectroscopy are investigated, along with ultrasonic transducers, and lab-on-chip devices. MEMS for tissue engineering and clinical applications are the focus of part three, which considers cell culture and tissue scaffolding devices, BioMEMS for drug delivery and minimally invasive medical procedures. Finally, part four reviews emerging biomedical applications of MEMS, from implantable neuroprobes and ocular implants to cellular microinjection and hybrid MEMS.With its distinguished editors and international team of expert contributors, MEMS for biomedical applications provides an authoritative review for scientists and manufacturers involved in the design and development of medical devices as well as clinicians using this important technology. - Reviews the wealth of recent research on fabrication technologies and applications of Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS) in the biomedical field - Introduces the fundamentals of MEMS for biomedical applications, exploring the microfabrication of polymers and reviewing sensor and actuator mechanisms - Considers MEMS for biomedical sensing and diagnostic applications, along with MEMS for in vivo sensing and electrical impedance spectroscopy |
| a guide to the organ on a chip: Drug Discovery and Evaluation: Safety and Pharmacokinetic Assays Franz J. Hock, Michael K. Pugsley, 2025-02 Many aspects of drug safety have become an outstanding and even persistent issue and may occur during the process of both drug discovery and development. Until 15 years ago, drug discovery and evaluation was primarily a sequential process starting with the selection of the most pharmacologically active compound from a series of newly synthesized small molecule chemical series by means of distinctive pharmacological assays. Safety aspects were addressed by evaluation of the selected compound at high doses in a series of specific studies directed at indications other than the intended indication of the new compound. These tests are then followed by pharmacokinetic studies, which are primarily conducted to confirm whether the selected compound possesses a suitable half-life for sufficient exposure and efficacy and, whether it has the desired properties specificity to the intended route of administration. Safety aspects relied predominantly on the conduct of single and repeat toxicologydose studies, which inform changes in organ structure rather than organ function. Both toxicological and pharmacokinetic studies are adapted to the progress of studies in clinical pharmacology and clinical trials. The new edition of this well and broadly accepted reference work contains several innovative and distinguished chapters. This sequential strategy has been abandoned with this new version of the book for several reasons: - Of the possible multitude of negative effects that novel drugs may impart on organ function, e.g. ventricular tachy-arrhythmia, many are detected too late in non-clinical studies to inform clinicians. On the other hand, negative findings in chronic toxicity studies in animals may turn out to be irrelevant for human beings. - New scientific approaches, e.g. high-throughput screening, human pluripotent stem cells, transgenic animals, knock-out animals, in silico models, pharmaco-genomics and pharmaco-proteomics, as well as Artificial Intelligence (AI) methods offered new possibilities. - There are several examples, that show that the druggability of compounds was considerably underestimated when the probability of success of a new project was assessed. The success rate in the pharmaceutical industry and the introduction of new chemical entities to the market per year dropped dramatically, whereas the development time for a new compound increased, sometimes exceeding the patent protection. Research and development scientists, involving the following changes, therefore adopted a change of strategy: - Parallel instead of sequential involvement of the various disciplines (multidimensional compound optimization). - The term Safety Pharmacology was coined. The International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) founded a Safety Pharmacology Working Group and the Safety Pharmacology Society (SPS) was launched. The discipline provided for evaluation, development and validation of a multitude of safety tests outlined in the 'Core Battery of Studies'. - Characterizing the exposure profile of a drug by conducting pharmacokinetic studies that evaluates the absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion should to be investigated at an early stage of development as results contribute to the selection of a compound for further development. Advancements in Toxicology were achieved by the introduction of new methods, e.g., in silico methods, genetic toxicology, computational toxicology and AI. The book is a landmark in the continuously changing world of drug research and developments. As such, it is essential reading for many groups: not only for all students of pharmacology and toxicology but also for industry scientists and physicians, especially those involved in clinical trials of drugs, and for pharmacists who must know the safety requirements of drugs. The book is essential for scientists and managers in the pharmaceutical industry who are involved in drug discovery, drug development and decision making in the development process. In particular, the book will be of use to government institutions and committees working on official guidelines for drug evaluation worldwide. |
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