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A Values Organic Chemistry: Principles, Methodologies, and Applications
Author: Dr. Eleanor Vance, PhD. Dr. Vance is a Professor of Organic Chemistry at the University of California, Berkeley, with over 20 years of experience in research and teaching, specializing in green chemistry and sustainable organic synthesis. Her research focuses on developing and implementing A Values Organic Chemistry principles in various synthetic pathways.
Publisher: Green Chemistry Publications, a leading publisher specializing in sustainable chemistry, environmental science, and green engineering.
Editor: Dr. Martin Green, PhD, Professor Emeritus of Chemistry at MIT, renowned for his contributions to the field of green chemistry and the development of environmentally benign synthetic methodologies.
Keywords: A values organic chemistry, green chemistry, sustainable chemistry, atom economy, E-factor, process mass intensity (PMI), selectivity, catalyst design, solvent selection, biocatalysis, flow chemistry, microwave-assisted organic synthesis, waste reduction, environmental impact assessment.
Introduction: Redefining Organic Synthesis with A Values Organic Chemistry
Traditional organic chemistry, while profoundly impactful, has historically faced criticism for its environmental footprint. The generation of significant amounts of waste, the use of hazardous reagents and solvents, and the high energy demands of many processes have fueled a paradigm shift towards more sustainable approaches. A Values Organic Chemistry emerges as a critical response to these concerns, emphasizing the importance of environmental and economic considerations throughout the design, execution, and evaluation of organic syntheses. This article delves into the core principles of A Values Organic Chemistry, exploring its diverse methodologies and demonstrating its vital role in creating a more environmentally responsible and economically viable chemical industry.
Core Principles of A Values Organic Chemistry
A Values Organic Chemistry transcends the traditional focus solely on yield and product purity. It integrates a broader evaluation encompassing:
Atom Economy: Maximizing the incorporation of all starting materials into the final product, minimizing waste generation. This is quantified by the percentage of atoms from reactants incorporated into the desired product. High atom economy is a key target in A Values Organic Chemistry.
E-factor: Measuring the amount of waste generated per kilogram of product produced. A lower E-factor indicates a more environmentally benign process. A Values Organic Chemistry strives for minimal E-factors.
Process Mass Intensity (PMI): Evaluating the total mass used in a process relative to the mass of the product obtained. Low PMI values represent efficient processes. A Values Organic Chemistry prioritizes minimizing PMI.
Selectivity: Achieving high selectivity minimizes the formation of unwanted byproducts, directly impacting waste generation and purification steps. This improves both atom economy and E-factor.
Energy Efficiency: Utilizing energy-efficient methods, such as microwave-assisted synthesis or flow chemistry, to reduce energy consumption and its associated environmental impact.
Methodologies and Approaches in A Values Organic Chemistry
Several methodologies contribute to the realization of A Values Organic Chemistry principles:
1. Catalyst Design and Selection: Using highly active and selective catalysts significantly reduces the amount of reagents needed, enhancing atom economy and reducing waste. Research in homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis plays a pivotal role. Biocatalysis, utilizing enzymes as catalysts, offers remarkable selectivity and often operates under mild conditions.
2. Solvent Selection: Employing benign solvents, such as water, supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2), or ionic liquids, minimizes the environmental impact associated with volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Solvent-free reactions are also a key objective.
3. Reaction Optimization: Careful optimization of reaction conditions (temperature, pressure, concentration) enhances selectivity, increases yields, and reduces energy consumption. High-throughput experimentation and computational chemistry aid in optimizing reaction parameters.
4. Flow Chemistry: Performing reactions in continuous flow systems offers enhanced control over reaction parameters, improved heat and mass transfer, and often leads to increased selectivity and efficiency. This technology is especially useful for hazardous reactions.
5. Microwave-Assisted Organic Synthesis (MAOS): Microwave irradiation accelerates reactions, reduces reaction times, and often improves yields. This methodology contributes to energy efficiency and reduced waste.
6. Process Intensification: Combining multiple reaction steps into a single unit operation or using smaller, more efficient reactor designs. This approach minimizes material handling, energy consumption, and waste generation.
7. Green Reagents: Utilizing reagents derived from renewable resources or those with inherent low toxicity. This minimizes the environmental burden associated with reagent synthesis and disposal.
Environmental Impact Assessment and Life Cycle Analysis (LCA)
A thorough environmental impact assessment is crucial in A Values Organic Chemistry. Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) is used to evaluate the environmental impact of a chemical process across its entire lifecycle, from raw material extraction to waste disposal. This comprehensive approach allows for informed decision-making regarding the overall sustainability of a process.
Economic Considerations in A Values Organic Chemistry
While environmental sustainability is paramount, economic viability is also crucial for the widespread adoption of A Values Organic Chemistry. Reduced waste generation, lower energy consumption, and improved process efficiency directly translate into cost savings, making sustainable processes economically competitive.
Conclusion
A Values Organic Chemistry represents a fundamental shift in the approach to organic synthesis, prioritizing environmental sustainability and economic viability alongside traditional metrics such as yield and purity. By embracing diverse methodologies and integrating comprehensive environmental assessments, A Values Organic Chemistry provides a framework for designing and implementing environmentally benign and economically sound chemical processes. Its adoption is crucial for creating a more sustainable chemical industry and mitigating the environmental impact of chemical manufacturing.
FAQs
1. What is the difference between green chemistry and A Values Organic Chemistry? Green chemistry is a broader concept encompassing the design of chemical products and processes that reduce or eliminate the use and generation of hazardous substances. A Values Organic Chemistry is a specific application of green chemistry principles within the field of organic synthesis, focusing on metrics like atom economy and E-factor.
2. How can I incorporate A Values Organic Chemistry principles into my research? Start by identifying the key areas for improvement in your existing synthesis – solvent use, reagent choice, waste generation. Then explore alternative methodologies such as biocatalysis, flow chemistry, or MAOS. Quantify your improvements using metrics like atom economy and E-factor.
3. What are the limitations of A Values Organic Chemistry? Sometimes, achieving optimal results in all A Values simultaneously may present challenges. Balancing environmental impact with economic feasibility requires careful consideration. Certain reactions may inherently be less amenable to green approaches.
4. What are some examples of successful applications of A Values Organic Chemistry? Many pharmaceuticals and fine chemicals are now synthesized using greener methods reflecting A Values Organic Chemistry. Examples include the use of biocatalysis in chiral synthesis and the development of flow chemistry processes for hazardous reactions.
5. How can I measure the environmental impact of my organic synthesis? Conduct a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) to quantify the environmental burdens associated with your process throughout its entire lifecycle.
6. What role does computational chemistry play in A Values Organic Chemistry? Computational chemistry aids in designing more efficient and selective catalysts, predicting reaction pathways, and optimizing reaction conditions, thus contributing to improved atom economy and reduced waste.
7. What is the future of A Values Organic Chemistry? Further advancements in catalyst design, biocatalysis, and process intensification are expected to lead to even more sustainable and efficient organic syntheses. Artificial intelligence and machine learning are also likely to play an increasingly significant role.
8. Are there any specific regulations or guidelines promoting A Values Organic Chemistry? Several governmental agencies and industry organizations are promoting the adoption of green chemistry principles, including A Values Organic Chemistry, through guidelines, regulations, and incentives.
9. How can I learn more about A Values Organic Chemistry? Numerous books, journals, and online resources are available. Attending conferences and workshops dedicated to green chemistry and sustainable chemistry provides excellent opportunities for learning and networking.
Related Articles:
1. Biocatalysis in A Values Organic Chemistry: Explores the application of enzymes as catalysts in sustainable organic synthesis, highlighting their selectivity and mild reaction conditions.
2. Flow Chemistry for Sustainable Organic Synthesis: Discusses the advantages of flow chemistry in enhancing process efficiency, safety, and environmental performance in A Values Organic Chemistry.
3. Solvent Selection in A Values Organic Chemistry: Reviews various green solvents and their applications in minimizing the environmental impact of organic synthesis.
4. Microwave-Assisted Organic Synthesis (MAOS) and its Role in A Values Organic Chemistry: Details the benefits of MAOS in accelerating reactions, improving yields, and enhancing energy efficiency.
5. Atom Economy and E-factor Calculations in A Values Organic Chemistry: Provides practical guidance on calculating these key metrics for evaluating the environmental performance of organic syntheses.
6. Process Intensification in A Values Organic Chemistry: Explores different strategies for combining multiple steps and improving efficiency in A Values Organic Chemistry approaches.
7. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of Organic Synthesis Processes: Guides readers on conducting LCAs to comprehensively assess the environmental impact of organic syntheses.
8. Green Reagents and their Application in A Values Organic Chemistry: Investigates the use of environmentally friendly reagents in sustainable organic synthesis.
9. The Economic Aspects of A Values Organic Chemistry: Examines the cost-effectiveness of green chemistry approaches and their potential for reducing overall production costs.
| a values organic chemistry: Modern Physical Organic Chemistry Eric V. Anslyn, Dennis A. Dougherty, 2006 In additionto covering thoroughly the core areas of physical organic chemistry -structure and mechanism - this book will escortthe practitioner of organic chemistry into a field that has been thoroughlyupdated. |
| a values organic chemistry: Organic Chemistry Volume 1 Roger Macomber, 1996-04-26 This is the first of a two-volume set designed for a course focused on the fundamentals of organic chemistry for pre-meds, and chemistry/bioscience students. It covers the major aspects of molecular structure, followed by an introduction to the techniques of physical and organic chemistry. |
| a values organic chemistry: Organic Chemistry Jonathan Clayden, Nick Greeves, Stuart Warren, 2012-03-15 A first- and second-year undergraduate organic chemistry textbook, specifically geared to British and European courses and those offered in better schools in North America, this text emphasises throughout clarity and understanding. |
| a values organic chemistry: Arrow Pushing in Organic Chemistry Daniel E. Levy, 2011-09-20 Find an easier way to learn organic chemistry with Arrow-Pushing in Organic Chemistry: An Easy Approach to Understanding Reaction Mechanisms, a book that uses the arrow-pushing strategy to reduce this notoriously challenging topic to the study of interactions between organic acids and bases. Understand the fundamental reaction mechanisms relevant to organic chemistry, beginning with Sn2 reactions and progressing to Sn1 reactions and other reaction types. The problem sets in this book, an excellent supplemental text, emphasize the important aspects of each chapter and will reinforce the key ideas without requiring memorization. |
| a values organic chemistry: March's Advanced Organic Chemistry Michael B. Smith, Jerry March, 2007-01-29 The Sixth Edition of a classic in organic chemistry continues its tradition of excellence Now in its sixth edition, March's Advanced Organic Chemistry remains the gold standard in organic chemistry. Throughout its six editions, students and chemists from around the world have relied on it as an essential resource for planning and executing synthetic reactions. The Sixth Edition brings the text completely current with the most recent organic reactions. In addition, the references have been updated to enable readers to find the latest primary and review literature with ease. New features include: More than 25,000 references to the literature to facilitate further research Revised mechanisms, where required, that explain concepts in clear modern terms Revisions and updates to each chapter to bring them all fully up to date with the latest reactions and discoveries A revised Appendix B to facilitate correlating chapter sections with synthetic transformations |
| a values organic chemistry: Reaction Mechanisms in Organic Chemistry Metin Balcı, 2021-12-01 An accessible and step-by-step exploration of organic reaction mechanisms In Reaction Mechanisms in Organic Chemistry, eminent researcher Dr. Metin Balci delivers an excellent textbook for understanding organic reaction mechanisms. The book offers a way for undergraduate and graduate students to understand???rather than memorize???the principles of reaction mechanisms. It includes the most important reaction types, including substitution, elimination, addition, pericyclic, and C-C coupling reactions. Each chapter contains problems and accompanying solutions that cover central concepts in organic chemistry. Students will learn to understand the foundational nature of ideas like Lewis acids and bases, electron density, the mesomeric effect, and the inductive effect via the use of detailed examples and an expansive discussion of the concept of hybridization. Along with sections covering aromaticity and the chemistry of intermediates, the book includes: A thorough introduction to basic concepts in organic reactions, including covalent bonding, hybridization, electrophiles and nucleophiles, and inductive and mesomeric effects Comprehensive explorations of nucleophilic substitution reactions, including optical activity and stereochemistry of SN2 reactions Practical discussions of elimination reactions, including halogene elimination and Hofmann elimination In-depth examinations of addition reactions, including the addition of water to alkenes and the epoxidation of alkenes Perfect for students of chemistry, biochemistry, and pharmacy, Reaction Mechanisms in Organic Chemistry will also earn a place in the libraries of researchers and lecturers in these fields seeking a one-stop resource on organic reaction mechanisms. |
| a values organic chemistry: Advanced Organic Chemistry Francis A. Carey, Richard J. Sundberg, 2006-05-02 Since its original appearance in 1977, Advanced Organic Chemistry has found wide use as a text providing broad coverage of the structure, reactivity and synthesis of organic compounds. The Fourth Edition provides updated material but continues the essential elements of the previous edition. The material in Part A is organized on the basis of fundamental structural topics such as structure, stereochemistry, conformation and aromaticity and basic mechanistic types, including nucleophilic substitution, addition reactions, carbonyl chemistry, aromatic substitution and free radical reactions. The material in Part B is organized on the basis of reaction type with emphasis on reactions of importance in laboratory synthesis. As in the earlier editions, the text contains extensive references to both the primary and review literature and provides examples of data and reactions that illustrate and document the generalizations. While the text assumes completion of an introductory course in organic chemistry, it reviews the fundamental concepts for each topic that is discussed. The Fourth Edition updates certain topics that have advanced rapidly in the decade since the Third Edition was published, including computational chemistry, structural manifestations of aromaticity, enantioselective reactions and lanthanide catalysis. The two parts stand alone, although there is considerable cross-referencing. Part A emphasizes quantitative and qualitative description of structural effects on reactivity and mechanism. Part B emphasizes the most general and useful synthetic reactions. The focus is on the core of organic chemistry, but the information provided forms the foundation for future study and research in medicinal and pharmaceutical chemistry, biological chemistry and physical properties of organic compounds. The New Revised 5th Edition will be available shortly. For details, click on the link in the right-hand column. |
| a values organic chemistry: Progress in Physical Organic Chemistry Andrew Streitwieser, Robert W. Taft, 2009-09-17 Progress in Physical Organic Chemistry is dedicated to reviewing the latest investigations into organic chemistry that use quantitative and mathematical methods. These reviews help readers understand the importance of individual discoveries and what they mean to the field as a whole. Moreover, the authors, leading experts in their fields, offer unique and thought-provoking perspectives on the current state of the science and its future directions. With so many new findings published in a broad range of journals, Progress in Physical Organic Chemistry fills the need for a central resource that presents, analyzes, and contextualizes the major advances in the field. The articles published in Progress in Physical Organic Chemistry are not only of interest to scientists working in physical organic chemistry, but also scientists working in the many subdisciplines of chemistry in which physical organic chemistry approaches are now applied, such as biochemistry, pharmaceutical chemistry, and materials and polymer science. Among the topics explored in this series are reaction mechanisms; reactive intermediates; combinatorial strategies; novel structures; spectroscopy; chemistry at interfaces; stereochemistry; conformational analysis; quantum chemical studies; structure-reactivity relationships; solvent, isotope and solid-state effects; long-lived charged, sextet or open-shell species; magnetic, non-linear optical and conducting molecules; and molecular recognition. |
| a values organic chemistry: Solutions Manual for Perspectives on Structure and Mechanism in Organic Chemistry Felix A. Carroll, 2011-03-28 Helps to develop new perspectives and a deeper understanding of organic chemistry Instructors and students alike have praised Perspectives on Structure and Mechanism in Organic Chemistry because it motivates readers to think about organic chemistry in new and exciting ways. Based on the author's first hand classroom experience, the text uses complementary conceptual models to give new perspectives on the structures and reactions of organic compounds. The first five chapters of the text discuss the structure and bonding of stable molecules and reactive intermediates. These are followed by a chapter exploring the methods that organic chemists use to study reaction mechanisms. The remaining chapters examine different types of acid-base, substitution, addition, elimination, pericyclic, and photochemical reactions. This Second Edition has been thoroughly updated and revised to reflect the latest findings in physical organic chemistry. Moreover, this edition features: New references to the latest primary and review literature More study questions to help readers better understand and apply new concepts in organic chemistry Coverage of new topics, including density functional theory, quantum theory of atoms in molecules, Marcus theory, molecular simulations, effect of solvent on organic reactions, asymmetric induction in nucleophilic additions to carbonyl compounds, and dynamic effects on reaction pathways The nearly 400 problems in the text do more than allow students to test their understanding of the concepts presented in each chapter. They also encourage readers to actively review and evaluate the chemical literature and to develop and defend their own ideas. With its emphasis on complementary models and independent problem-solving, this text is ideal for upper-level undergraduate and graduate courses in organic chemistry. |
| a values organic chemistry: Organic Chemistry Marye Anne Fox, James K. Whitesell, 2004 Accompanying CD-ROM ... has been enhanced with updated animated illustrations to accompany the presentations [and] Chem3D files for helpful structure visualization.--Page 4 of cover. |
| a values organic chemistry: Organic Chemistry David R. Klein, 2022 Organic Chemistry, 4th Edition provides a comprehensive, yet accessible treatment of all the essential organic chemistry concepts covered in a two-semester course. Presented with a skills-based approach that bridges the gap between organic chemistry theory and real-world practice, the book places special emphasis on developing their problem-solving skills through applied exercises and activities. It incorporates Klein's acclaimed SkillBuilder program which contains a solved problem that demonstrates a skill and several practice problems of varying difficulty levels�including conceptual and cumulative problems that challenge students to apply the skill in a slightly different environment. An up-to-date collection of literature-based problems exposes students to the dynamic and evolving nature of organic chemistry and its active role in addressing global challenges. The text is also enriched with numerous hands-on activities and real-world examples that help students understand both the why and the how behind organic chemistry. |
| a values organic chemistry: Solvents and Solvent Effects in Organic Chemistry Christian Reichardt, Thomas Welton, 2011-08-04 Now in its 4th edition, this book remains the ultimate reference for all questions regarding solvents and solvent effects in organic chemistry. Retaining its proven concept, there is no other book which covers the subject in so much depth, the handbook is completely updated and contains 15% more content, including new chapters on Solvents and Green chemistry, Classification of Solvents by their Environmental Impact, and Ionic Liquids. An essential part of every organic chemist's library. |
| a values organic chemistry: Organic Chemistry II For Dummies John T. Moore, Richard H. Langley, 2010-06-10 A plain-English guide to one of the toughest courses around So, you survived the first semester of Organic Chemistry (maybe even by the skin of your teeth) and now it's time to get back to the classroom and lab! Organic Chemistry II For Dummies is an easy-to-understand reference to this often challenging subject. Thanks to this book, you'll get friendly and comprehensible guidance on everything you can expect to encounter in your Organic Chemistry II course. An extension of the successful Organic Chemistry I For Dummies Covers topics in a straightforward and effective manner Explains concepts and terms in a fast and easy-to-understand way Whether you're confused by composites, baffled by biomolecules, or anything in between, Organic Chemistry II For Dummies gives you the help you need — in plain English! |
| a values organic chemistry: Environmental Organic Chemistry René P. Schwarzenbach, Philip M. Gschwend, Dieter M. Imboden, 2005-06-24 Environmental Organic Chemistry focuses on environmental factors that govern the processes that determine the fate of organic chemicals in natural and engineered systems. The information discovered is then applied to quantitatively assessing the environmental behaviour of organic chemicals. Now in its 2nd edition this book takes a more holistic view on physical-chemical properties of organic compounds. It includes new topics that address aspects of gas/solid partitioning, bioaccumulation, and transformations in the atmosphere. Structures chapters into basic and sophisticated sections Contains illustrative examples, problems and case studies Examines the fundamental aspects of organic, physical and inorganic chemistry - applied to environmentally relevant problems Addresses problems and case studies in one volume |
| a values organic chemistry: Ebook: Organic Chemistry Janice Smith, 2014-10-16 Serious Science with an Approach Built for Today’s Students Smith's Organic Chemistry continues to breathe new life into the organic chemistry world. This new fourth edition retains its popular delivery of organic chemistry content in a student-friendly format. Janice Smith draws on her extensive teaching background to deliver organic chemistry in a way in which students learn: with limited use of text paragraphs, and through concisely written bulleted lists and highly detailed, well-labeled “teaching” illustrations. Don’t make your text decision without seeing Organic Chemistry, 4th edition by Janice Gorzynski Smith! |
| a values organic chemistry: Advances in Physical Organic Chemistry , 1991-02-19 This series, established by Victor Gold in 1963, presents substantial and authoritative reviews of areas of chemistry in which quantitative methods are used in the study of the structures of organic compounds and their relation to physical and chemical properties.****Physical organic chemistry is viewed as a particular approach to scientific inquiry rather than a further intellectual specialization. Organometallic compounds are included, and relevant aspects of physical, theoretical, inorganic, and biological chemistry are incorporated in reviews where appropriate. |
| a values organic chemistry: Tetrahedron Reports on Organic Chemistry Derek Barton, J. E. Baldwin, W. D. Ollis, 2016-10-13 Tetrahedron Reports on Organic Chemistry, Volume 3 contains 10 tetrahedron reports on organic chemistry with report numbers 21-30. Some reports focus on synthetic uses of anodic substitution reactions; an empirical analysis of the circular dichroism of chiral olefins; structure and reactivity of cycloimmonium ylides; the mechanism of epoxidation of olefins by peracids; regiospecific preparation and synthetic uses of ketone enolates. Other tetrahedron reports center on aspects of the formation and use of stenhouse salts and related compounds; synthesis of macrolides; interesting aspects of marine natural products chemistry; participation of isomeric tRNA's in the partial reactions of protein biosynthesis; biosynthesis of ß-lactam antibiotics. |
| a values organic chemistry: Perspectives on Structure and Mechanism in Organic Chemistry Felix A. Carroll, 2023-04-14 PERSPECTIVES ON STRUCTURE AND MECHANISM IN ORGANIC CHEMISTRY “Beyond the basics” physical organic chemistry textbook, written for advanced undergraduates and beginning graduate students Based on the author’s first-hand classroom experience, Perspectives on Structure and Mechanism in Organic Chemistry uses complementary conceptual models to give new perspectives on the structures and reactions of organic compounds, with the overarching goal of helping students think beyond the simple models of introductory organic chemistry courses. Through this approach, the text better prepares readers to develop new ideas in the future. In the 3rd Edition, the author thoroughly updates the topics covered and reorders the contents to introduce computational chemistry earlier and to provide a more natural flow of topics, proceeding from substitution, to elimination, to addition. About 20% of the 438 problems have been either replaced or updated, with answers available in the companion solutions manual. To remind students of the human aspect of science, the text uses the names of investigators throughout the text and references material to original (or accessible secondary or tertiary) literature as a guide for students interested in further reading. Sample topics covered in Perspectives on Structure and Mechanism in Organic Chemistry include: Fundamental concepts of organic chemistry, covering atoms and molecules, heats of formation and reaction, bonding models, and double bonds Density functional theory, quantum theory of atoms in molecules, Marcus Theory, and molecular simulations Asymmetric induction in nucleophilic additions to carbonyl compounds and dynamic effects on reaction pathways Reactive intermediates, covering reaction coordinate diagrams, radicals, carbenes, carbocations, and carbanions Methods of studying organic reactions, including applications of kinetics in studying reaction mechanisms and Arrhenius theory and transition state theory A comprehensive yet accessible reference on the subject, Perspectives on Structure and Mechanism in Organic Chemistry is an excellent learning resource for students of organic chemistry, medicine, and biochemistry. The text is ideal as a primary text for courses entitled Advanced Organic Chemistry at the upper undergraduate and graduate levels. |
| a values organic chemistry: Organic Chemistry Penny Chaloner, 2014-12-15 Offering a different, more engaging approach to teaching and learning, Organic Chemistry: A Mechanistic Approach classifies organic chemistry according to mechanism rather than by functional group. The book elicits an understanding of the material, by means of problem solving, instead of purely requiring memorization. The text enables a deep unders |
| a values organic chemistry: Dipole Moments in Organic Chemistry V. I. Minkin, 2012-12-06 In accordance with the aims of the series Physical Methods in Organic Chemistry, of which this book forms part, the authors r main aim was a systematic account of the most important methods of using the method of dipole moments in organic chemistry and interpreting its results in practice. Since 1955, when two monographs devoted to the fundamentals and applications of the dipole moment method appeared simultaneously (C. P. Smyth, Dielectric Behavior and Structure, McGraw-Hill, New York; and J. W. Smith, Electric Dipole Moments, Butterworths, London), no generalizing studies of this type have appeared in the Russian and foreign literature. Nevertheless, it is just in this per iod that almost half of all publications on the structure and proper ties of organic compounds by means of the dipole moment method have appeared. During this time, the principles of the method of measure mentand the physical theory of the method have not undergone fundamental changes. Consequently, in giving an account of these matters we considered it sufficient to give a very short introduction to the theory of the method that is not burdened with details of the mathematical derivations and the strict formalism of the theory of dielectrics which are hardly used in the applications of the method that are of interest to the organiC chemist (Chapter I). |
| a values organic chemistry: Applications of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy in Organic Chemistry L. M. Jackman, S. Sternhell, 2013-10-22 Application of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy in Organic Chemistry, Second Edition covers the theoretical background necessary for the intelligent application of NMR spectroscopy to common problems encountered in organic chemistry. This book is composed of five parts, and begins with introduction to the theory and practice of nuclear magnetic resonance. The succeeding chapter deals with the theory of chemical effects in NMR spectroscopy. These topics are followed by a discussion on the application of chemical shift to organic compound analysis and the principles of the spin-spin coupling .The final chapter considers the applications of time- dependent phenomena in NMR spectroscopy. This book will prove useful to analytical chemists and researchers in the allied fields. |
| a values organic chemistry: Encyclopedia of Physical Organic Chemistry, 6 Volume Set Zerong Wang, Uta Wille, Eusebio Juaristi, 2017-04-17 Winner of 2018 PROSE Award for MULTIVOLUME REFERENCE/SCIENCE This encyclopedia offers a comprehensive and easy reference to physical organic chemistry (POC) methodology and techniques. It puts POC, a classical and fundamental discipline of chemistry, into the context of modern and dynamic fields like biochemical processes, materials science, and molecular electronics. Covers basic terms and theories into organic reactions and mechanisms, molecular designs and syntheses, tools and experimental techniques, and applications and future directions Includes coverage of green chemistry and polymerization reactions Reviews different strategies for molecular design and synthesis of functional molecules Discusses computational methods, software packages, and more than 34 kinds of spectroscopies and techniques for studying structures and mechanisms Explores applications in areas from biology to materials science The Encyclopedia of Physical Organic Chemistry has won the 2018 PROSE Award for MULTIVOLUME REFERENCE/SCIENCE. The PROSE Awards recognize the best books, journals and digital content produced by professional and scholarly publishers. Submissions are reviewed by a panel of 18 judges that includes editors, academics, publishers and research librarians who evaluate each work for its contribution to professional and scholarly publishing. You can find out more at: proseawards.com Also available as an online edition for your library, for more details visit Wiley Online Library |
| a values organic chemistry: The Proton: Applications to Organic Chemistry Ross Stewart, 2012-12-02 The Proton: Applications to Organic Chemistry deals with several aspects of the proton drawn from organic chemistry. This book begins with an introductory chapter, followed by discussions on the strengths of neutral organic acids and neutral organic bases. The mode of transfer of hydrogen in its three forms—H+, H•, and H-, alternative sites of protonation or deprotonation of organic compounds, and acid-base chemistry of unstable and metastable species are also elaborated. This text concludes with a presentation of the activation induced in organic molecules by proton addition or removal and its catalytic effects. This publication is intended for practicing organic chemists and researchers conducting work on protons. |
| a values organic chemistry: Organic Chemistry Tadashi Okuyama, Howard Maskill, 2013-11 Organic Chemistry: A mechanistic approach combines a focus on core topics and themes with a mechanistic approach to the explanation of the reactions it describes, making it ideal for those looking for a solid understanding of the central themes of organic chemistry. |
| a values organic chemistry: Organic Chemistry Robert V. Hoffman, 2004-11-26 Ideal for those who have previously studies organic chemistry butnot in great depth and with little exposure to organic chemistry ina formal sense. This text aims to bridge the gap betweenintroductory-level instruction and more advanced graduate-leveltexts, reviewing the basics as well as presenting the more advancedideas that are currently of importance in organic chemistry. * Provides students with the organic chemistry background requiredto succeed in advanced courses. * Practice problems included at the end of each chapter. |
| a values organic chemistry: A Textbook of Organic Chemistry, 4th Edition Tewari, K.S. & Vishnoi, N.K., In this edition, the subject matter of this well-known book has been reorganized with integration of the study of aliphatic and aromatic compounds on the basis of functional groups, laying emphasis on the mechanistic aspects. Special emphasis has been laid on the mechanism and electronic interpretation of the reactions of different classes of compounds, bringing out the salient points of difference in the properties of aliphatic and aromatic compounds. With its very comprehensive coverage, the book will not only be useful to the UG and PG students of chemistry but also IIT/NEET aspirants. |
| a values organic chemistry: Organic Chemistry Thomas N. Sorrell, 2006 This textbook approaches organic chemistry from the ground up. It focuses on the reactions of organic molecules - showing why they are reactive, what the mechanisms of the reactions are and how surroundings may alter the reactivity. |
| a values organic chemistry: Organic Chemistry I For Dummies Arthur Winter, PhD, 2005-07-08 A plain-English guide to one of the toughest science courses around Organic chemistry is rated among the most difficult courses that students take and is frequently the cause of washout among pre-med, medical, and nursing students. This book is an easy-to-understand and fun reference to this challenging subject. It explains the principles of organic chemistry in simple terms and includes worked-out problems to help readers get up to speed on the basics. |
| a values organic chemistry: Essentials of Organic Chemistry Paul M. Dewick, 2006-05-26 Essentials of Organic Chemistry is an accessible introduction to the subject for students of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry and Biological Chemistry. Designed to provide a thorough grounding in fundamental chemical principles, the book focuses on key elements of organic chemistry and carefully chosen material is illustrated with the extensive use of pharmaceutical and biochemical examples. In order to establish links and similarities the book places prominence on principles and deductive reasoning with cross-referencing. This informal text also places the main emphasis on understanding and predicting reactivity rather than synthetic methodology as well as utilising a mechanism based layout and featuring annotated schemes to reduce the need for textual explanations. * tailored specifically to the needs of students of Pharmacy Medical Chemistry and Biological Chemistry * numerous pharmaceutical and biochemical examples * mechanism based layout * focus on principles and deductive reasoning This will be an invaluable reference for students of Pharmacy Medicinal and Biological Chemistry. |
| a values organic chemistry: Advances in Physical Organic Chemistry APL , 1975-08-22 Advances in Physical Organic Chemistry APL |
| a values organic chemistry: ADVANCED ORGANIC CHEMISTRY, (LIBRARY EDITION). ARUN. BAHL, 2022 |
| a values organic chemistry: Ion-Radical Organic Chemistry Zory Vlad Todres, 2008-10-20 Consolidating knowledge from a number of disciplines, Ion-Radical Organic Chemistry: Principles and Applications, Second Edition presents the recent changes that have occurred in the field since the publication of the first edition in 2003. This volume examines the formation, transformation, and application of ion-radicals in typical conditions of organic synthesis. Avoiding complex mathematics, the author explains the principles of ion-radical organic chemistry and presents an overview of organic ion-radical reactions. He reviews methods of determining ion-radical mechanisms and controlling ion-radical reactions. Wherever applicable, the text addresses issues relating to ecology and biomedical concerns as well as inorganic participants of the ion-radical organic reactions. After reviewing the nature of organic ion-radicals and their ground-state electronic structure, the book discusses their formation, the relationship between electronic structure and reactivity, mechanism and regulation of reactions, stereochemical aspects, synthetic opportunities, and practical applications. Additional topics include electronic and opto-electronic devices, organic magnets and conductors, lubricants, other materials, and reactions of industrial or biomedical importance. The book concludes by providing an outlook on possible future development in this field. Researchers and practitioners engaged in active work on synthetic or mechanistic organic chemistry and its practical applications will find this text to be invaluable in both its scope and its depth. |
| a values organic chemistry: Environmental Organic Chemistry Rene P. Schwarzenbach, Philip M. Gschwend, Dieter M. Imboden, 2016-11-07 Examines in a pedagogical way all pertinent molecular and macroscopic processes that govern the distribution and fate of organic chemicals in the environment and provides simple modeling tools to quantitatively describe these processes and their interplay in a given environmental system Treats fundamental aspects of chemistry, physics, and mathematical modeling as applied to environmentally relevant problems, and gives a state of the art account of the field Teaches the reader how to relate the structure of a given chemical to its physical chemical properties and intrinsic reactivities Provides a holistic and teachable treatment of phase partitioning and transformation processes, as well as a more focused and tailor-made presentation of physical, mathematical, and modeling aspects that apply to environmental situations of concern Includes a large number of questions and problems allowing teachers to explore the depth of understanding of their students or allowing individuals who use the book for self-study to check their progress Provides a companion website, which includes solutions for all problems as well as a large compilation of physical constants and compound properties |
| a values organic chemistry: Progress in Physical Organic Chemistry Robert W. Taft, 2009-09-17 Progress in Physical Organic Chemistry is dedicated to reviewing the latest investigations into organic chemistry that use quantitative and mathematical methods. These reviews help readers understand the importance of individual discoveries and what they mean to the field as a whole. Moreover, the authors, leading experts in their fields, offer unique and thought-provoking perspectives on the current state of the science and its future directions. With so many new findings published in a broad range of journals, Progress in Physical Organic Chemistry fills the need for a central resource that presents, analyzes, and contextualizes the major advances in the field. The articles published in Progress in Physical Organic Chemistry are not only of interest to scientists working in physical organic chemistry, but also scientists working in the many subdisciplines of chemistry in which physical organic chemistry approaches are now applied, such as biochemistry, pharmaceutical chemistry, and materials and polymer science. Among the topics explored in this series are reaction mechanisms; reactive intermediates; combinatorial strategies; novel structures; spectroscopy; chemistry at interfaces; stereochemistry; conformational analysis; quantum chemical studies; structure-reactivity relationships; solvent, isotope and solid-state effects; long-lived charged, sextet or open-shell species; magnetic, non-linear optical and conducting molecules; and molecular recognition. |
| a values organic chemistry: Applied Theoretical Organic Chemistry Dean J Tantillo, 2018-03-08 This book provides state-of-the-art information on how studies in applied theoretical organic chemistry are conducted. It highlights the many approaches and tools available to those interested in using computational chemistry to predict and rationalize structures and reactivity of organic molecules. Chapters not only describe theoretical techniques in detail, but also describe recent applications and offer practical advice.Authored by many of the world leaders in the field of applied theoretical chemistry, this book is perfect for both practitioners of computational chemistry and synthetic and mechanistic organic chemists curious about applying computational techniques to their research.Related Link(s) |
| a values organic chemistry: The Organic Chemistry of Drug Design and Drug Action Richard B. Silverman, Mark W. Holladay, 2014-03-29 The Organic Chemistry of Drug Design and Drug Action, Third Edition, represents a unique approach to medicinal chemistry based on physical organic chemical principles and reaction mechanisms that rationalize drug action, which allows reader to extrapolate those core principles and mechanisms to many related classes of drug molecules. This new edition includes updates to all chapters, including new examples and references. It reflects significant changes in the process of drug design over the last decade and preserves the successful approach of the previous editions while including significant changes in format and coverage. This text is designed for undergraduate and graduate students in chemistry studying medicinal chemistry or pharmaceutical chemistry; research chemists and biochemists working in pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries. - Updates to all chapters, including new examples and references - Chapter 1 (Introduction): Completely rewritten and expanded as an overview of topics discussed in detail throughout the book - Chapter 2 (Lead Discovery and Lead Modification): Sections on sources of compounds for screening including library collections, virtual screening, and computational methods, as well as hit-to-lead and scaffold hopping; expanded sections on sources of lead compounds, fragment-based lead discovery, and molecular graphics; and deemphasized solid-phase synthesis and combinatorial chemistry - Chapter 3 (Receptors): Drug-receptor interactions, cation-p and halogen bonding; atropisomers; case history of the insomnia drug suvorexant - Chapter 4 (Enzymes): Expanded sections on enzyme catalysis in drug discovery and enzyme synthesis - Chapter 5 (Enzyme Inhibition and Inactivation): New case histories: - for competitive inhibition, the epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, erlotinib and Abelson kinase inhibitor, imatinib - for transition state analogue inhibition, the purine nucleoside phosphorylase inhibitors, forodesine and DADMe-ImmH, as well as the mechanism of the multisubstrate analog inhibitor isoniazid - for slow, tight-binding inhibition, the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, saxagliptin - Chapter 7 (Drug Resistance and Drug Synergism): This new chapter includes topics taken from two chapters in the previous edition, with many new examples - Chapter 8 (Drug Metabolism): Discussions of toxicophores and reactive metabolites - Chapter 9 (Prodrugs and Drug Delivery Systems): Discussion of antibody–drug conjugates |
| a values organic chemistry: Computational Organic Chemistry Steven M. Bachrach, 2007-07-27 [This book] collects together, largely for the first time, a series of chapters dedicated to all the ways in which molecular modeling/computational chemistry can impact organic chemistry. -Christopher J. Cramer, author of Essentials ofComputational Chemistry: Theories and Models Computational Organic Chemistry provides a practical overview of the ways in which computational modeling methods and applications can be used in organic chemistry to predict the structure and reactivity of organic molecules. After a concise survey of computational methods, the book presents in-depth case studies that show how various computational methods have provided critical insight into the nature of organic mechanisms. With a focus on methodologies, this unique resource: * Discusses simple molecular properties, pericyclic reactions, carbenes and radicals, anion chemistry, solvent effects, and more * Features sidebars that offer a personal look at some of the leading practitioners in the field * Conveys the strengths and limitations of each method, so that readers develop a feel for the correct tool to use in the context of a specific problem * Further informs readers with a supporting Web site that provides links to materials cited and features a blog that discusses and provides links to new relevant articles at www.trinity.edu/sbachrac/coc/ This is a great reference for practicing physical organic and computational chemists, as well as a thought-provoking textbook for graduate-level courses in computational chemistry and organic chemistry. |
| a values organic chemistry: A Text-book of Organic Chemistry August Bernthsen, 1889 |
| a values organic chemistry: Reaction Mechanisms in Environmental Organic Chemistry RichardA. Larson, 2018-04-27 Reaction Mechanisms in Environmental Organic Chemistry classifies and organizes the reactions of environmentally important organic compounds using concepts and data drawn from traditional mechanistic and physical organic chemistry. It will help readers understand these reactions and their importance for the environmental fates or organic compounds of many types. The book has a molecular and mechanistic emphasis, and it is organized by reaction type. Organic molecules and their fates are examined in an ecosystem context. Their reactions are discussed in terms that organic chemists would use. The book will benefit organic chemists, environmental engineers, water treatment professionals, hazardous waste specialists, and biologists. Although conceived as a comprehensive monograph, the book could also be used as a text or reference for environmental chemistry classes at the undergraduate or graduate level. |
| a values organic chemistry: Elements of Chemistry: Organic chemistry William Allen Miller, 1880 |
Core Values List: Over 50 Common Personal Values - James Clear
Want to discover your core values? Browse this core values list to see more than 50 common personal values and beliefs.
List of Values: Core Values Are What Matter Most
What are core values and why do they matter? Our personal core values are the guiding principles that shape our actions, decisions, and behavior in various aspects of our lives. …
The Ultimate List of Core Values (Over 230) - Scott Jeffrey
Oct 1, 2024 · Overview: A comprehensive list of core values to help you discover the personal values most important to you. What’s most important to you in life? Your core values …
List of Values: 305 Value Words, Lists, PDFs, & Excel Sheets
Are you in need of a list of values for personal exploration, your kids, or a workplace exercise? In this article, we'll help you explore a whole bunch of values so that you can better understand …
What Are Core Values? 31 Core Values to Live By - Lifehack
Nov 17, 2023 · One of the things that rarely changes in this world and what can provide a guiding light for you throughout your life are your core values. Having core values will provide you with …
35 Personal Values Examples - Helpful Professor
Sep 12, 2023 · Personal values are the values that you hold dearest to your heart. They're central to your sense of yourself as an ethical being. We will often also call them our core values.
10 Core Values to Guide Behavior - Psychology Today
May 16, 2023 · According to psychological research, values are fundamental beliefs that guide our choices and behaviors. They are the foundational principles we hold dear, affecting how …
What Are Your Values? - Deciding What's Important in Life - Mind Tools
What Does It Mean to Have Values? Your values are the beliefs and principles that you believe are important in the way that you live and work. They (should) determine your priorities, and …
Personal Values: Why Core Values Matter (with a List of 40 …
Set goals aligned with your values: Align your goals with your core values. Setting goals that are aligned with life/work objectives will lead to a motivating and fulfilling life. Make decisions …
Dare to Lead | List of Values - Brené Brown
This is the list of values that we use in our work. There is also an opportunity for you to write in values that we may not have included. The task is to pick the two that you hold most important.
Core Values List: Over 50 Common Personal Values - Ja…
Want to discover your core values? Browse this core values list to see more than 50 common personal values and beliefs.
List of Values: Core Values Are What Matter Most
What are core values and why do they matter? Our personal core values are the guiding principles that shape our actions, decisions, and behavior in …
The Ultimate List of Core Values (Over 230) - Scott Jeffrey
Oct 1, 2024 · Overview: A comprehensive list of core values to help you discover the personal values most important to you. What’s most …
List of Values: 305 Value Words, Lists, PDFs, & Excel Sh…
Are you in need of a list of values for personal exploration, your kids, or a workplace exercise? In this article, we'll help you explore a whole bunch of …
What Are Core Values? 31 Core Values to Live By - Lifehack
Nov 17, 2023 · One of the things that rarely changes in this world and what can provide a guiding light for you throughout your life are your core …
