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Active and Passive Transport Diagram: A Comprehensive Guide
Author: Dr. Eleanor Vance, PhD, Cell Biology – Dr. Vance is a renowned cell biologist with over 15 years of experience researching membrane transport mechanisms. Her expertise includes advanced microscopy techniques and the development of novel active and passive transport diagram representations for educational purposes. She has published extensively in peer-reviewed journals on the subject.
Publisher: Nature Education – Nature Education is a highly respected publisher of scientific educational materials, known for its rigorous peer-review process and commitment to accuracy and clarity. Their credibility in the field of biological sciences is unsurpassed.
Editor: Dr. Michael Davies, PhD, Biochemistry – Dr. Davies has edited numerous publications on cell biology and biochemistry, including several focusing on membrane transport. His experience ensures the accuracy and accessibility of the information presented in this report on active and passive transport diagram.
1. Introduction: Understanding Cellular Transport
Cellular transport, the movement of substances across cell membranes, is fundamental to life. This process is crucial for maintaining cellular homeostasis, enabling nutrient uptake, waste removal, and signal transduction. Understanding the mechanics of this transport is vital for comprehending numerous biological processes, from nerve impulse transmission to immune responses. This report will delve into the two primary categories of cellular transport: active and passive transport, utilizing active and passive transport diagrams to illustrate the key differences and mechanisms.
2. Passive Transport: Harnessing the Power of Diffusion
Passive transport processes do not require energy expenditure from the cell. Instead, they rely on the inherent physical properties of molecules and their concentration gradients. The driving force behind passive transport is the second law of thermodynamics – systems tend towards a state of equilibrium. Several mechanisms fall under the umbrella of passive transport, each visually represented in a comprehensive active and passive transport diagram.
#### 2.1 Simple Diffusion: Down the Concentration Gradient
Simple diffusion is the movement of molecules from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration across a selectively permeable membrane. This process continues until equilibrium is reached, where the concentration is uniform across the membrane. A typical active and passive transport diagram would show molecules randomly moving across the membrane, highlighting the absence of protein involvement. Data from countless experiments using tracer molecules has consistently confirmed the principles of simple diffusion. For example, studies using fluorescently labeled molecules demonstrate their movement across artificial lipid bilayers, precisely matching theoretical predictions.
#### 2.2 Facilitated Diffusion: Channel Proteins and Carriers
Facilitated diffusion, although passive, requires the assistance of membrane proteins. These proteins act as channels or carriers, facilitating the movement of specific molecules across the membrane. Channel proteins form hydrophilic pores, allowing selective passage of ions or small polar molecules. Carrier proteins bind to specific molecules, undergo a conformational change, and release the molecule on the other side of the membrane. An active and passive transport diagram for facilitated diffusion would clearly show the involvement of these proteins in the transport process. Research on cystic fibrosis, a disease caused by a defect in a chloride channel protein, strongly supports the role of facilitated diffusion and the importance of these channel proteins.
#### 2.3 Osmosis: Water Movement Across Membranes
Osmosis is a specific type of passive transport involving the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from a region of high water concentration (low solute concentration) to a region of low water concentration (high solute concentration). This movement aims to equalize the solute concentration on both sides of the membrane. Active and passive transport diagrams illustrating osmosis often depict water molecules moving across a membrane, separated by areas of differing solute concentration. Numerous experiments using osmometers have precisely measured osmotic pressure, verifying the fundamental principles of osmosis and its impact on cell volume.
3. Active Transport: Energy-Dependent Movement
Unlike passive transport, active transport requires energy input, typically in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate). This energy is necessary to move molecules against their concentration gradient, from a region of low concentration to a region of high concentration. A detailed active and passive transport diagram highlighting this energy requirement is crucial for understanding this process.
#### 3.1 Primary Active Transport: Direct ATP Hydrolysis
Primary active transport directly utilizes ATP hydrolysis to drive the movement of molecules. The most prominent example is the sodium-potassium pump (Na+/K+ ATPase), which pumps three sodium ions out of the cell and two potassium ions into the cell for each ATP molecule hydrolyzed. This pump maintains the electrochemical gradient across the cell membrane, essential for nerve impulse transmission and other cellular processes. An active and passive transport diagram for the Na+/K+ pump would illustrate the conformational changes of the protein and the ATP hydrolysis step. Electrophysiological studies meticulously measuring membrane potentials have confirmed the significant role of the Na+/K+ pump in maintaining cellular homeostasis.
#### 3.2 Secondary Active Transport: Coupled Transport
Secondary active transport indirectly utilizes ATP by coupling the movement of one molecule against its concentration gradient with the movement of another molecule down its concentration gradient. This process often involves co-transporters or antiporters. Co-transporters move both molecules in the same direction, while antiporters move them in opposite directions. The active and passive transport diagram should clearly show the coupling of the two molecules. Research on glucose uptake in intestinal cells exemplifies secondary active transport, demonstrating the crucial role of sodium gradients in driving glucose absorption.
4. Vesicular Transport: Bulk Transport Mechanisms
Vesicular transport involves the movement of large molecules or groups of molecules across the membrane via vesicles, small membrane-bound sacs. This transport process can be both active and passive, depending on the mechanism.
#### 4.1 Endocytosis: Bringing Materials into the Cell
Endocytosis encompasses several processes where the cell membrane invaginates to form a vesicle that encloses extracellular material. Phagocytosis (cell eating), pinocytosis (cell drinking), and receptor-mediated endocytosis are common types of endocytosis. All require energy expenditure, making them active transport processes. A visual active and passive transport diagram would show the formation and internalization of vesicles. Microscopic observations and biochemical assays have extensively characterized these processes.
#### 4.2 Exocytosis: Releasing Materials from the Cell
Exocytosis is the reverse process of endocytosis, where vesicles fuse with the cell membrane, releasing their contents into the extracellular space. This process is essential for secretion of hormones, neurotransmitters, and other substances. Similar to endocytosis, exocytosis is an active transport process requiring energy. Active and passive transport diagrams depicting exocytosis would highlight vesicle fusion and release. Studies using fluorescently labeled proteins have directly visualized exocytic events.
5. The Importance of Active and Passive Transport Diagrams in Education and Research
Active and passive transport diagrams serve as invaluable tools in both education and research. In education, these diagrams provide a simplified yet accurate representation of complex cellular processes, enhancing understanding and facilitating learning. In research, active and passive transport diagrams are crucial for visualizing experimental data, communicating findings, and developing hypotheses. The creation of clear and accurate active and passive transport diagrams is therefore a critical aspect of scientific communication.
6. Conclusion
Cellular transport, encompassing both active and passive processes, is fundamental to the survival and function of all living cells. Understanding the mechanisms involved is critical for advancements in various fields of biology and medicine. The utilization of clear and informative active and passive transport diagrams significantly aids in comprehending these intricate processes, and their role in education and research remains essential.
FAQs
1. What is the main difference between active and passive transport? The primary difference lies in energy requirement: active transport requires energy (ATP), while passive transport does not.
2. Can you give an example of a molecule transported via simple diffusion? Oxygen and carbon dioxide are examples of small, nonpolar molecules that cross cell membranes via simple diffusion.
3. What is the role of membrane proteins in facilitated diffusion? Membrane proteins provide channels or carriers that facilitate the movement of specific molecules across the membrane.
4. How does osmosis affect cell volume? Osmosis causes water to move across a membrane, leading to changes in cell volume depending on the surrounding solution's tonicity (hypotonic, isotonic, or hypertonic).
5. What is the function of the sodium-potassium pump? The Na+/K+ pump maintains the electrochemical gradient across the cell membrane by actively transporting sodium ions out and potassium ions into the cell.
6. Explain secondary active transport. Secondary active transport couples the movement of one molecule against its concentration gradient with the movement of another molecule down its concentration gradient.
7. What are the types of endocytosis? Phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and receptor-mediated endocytosis.
8. How does exocytosis contribute to cellular secretion? Exocytosis releases molecules from the cell by fusing vesicles with the cell membrane.
9. Why are active and passive transport diagrams important? They provide visual aids for understanding complex cellular processes, crucial for education and research communication.
Related Articles:
1. "The Sodium-Potassium Pump: A Detailed Mechanism": This article provides a detailed explanation of the Na+/K+ pump, including its structure, function, and regulation.
2. "Facilitated Diffusion: Channels and Carriers": This article focuses on the different types of membrane proteins involved in facilitated diffusion and their specific mechanisms.
3. "Osmosis and Tonicity: Effects on Cells": This article explores the effects of different osmotic solutions on cell volume and function.
4. "Active Transport and ATP Hydrolysis: Energy Coupling": This article focuses on the energy requirements of active transport and the role of ATP hydrolysis.
5. "Secondary Active Transport: Co-transporters and Antiporters": This article explains the mechanisms of secondary active transport, including co-transport and antiport systems.
6. "Endocytosis: Mechanisms and Cellular Functions": This article delves into the different types of endocytosis and their roles in cellular processes.
7. "Exocytosis: Vesicle Fusion and Secretion": This article discusses the mechanism of exocytosis and its importance in cellular secretion.
8. "Membrane Transport and Human Diseases": This article examines the relationship between defects in membrane transport and various human diseases.
9. "Advanced Microscopy Techniques for Studying Membrane Transport": This article explores the various advanced microscopy techniques used to visualize and study membrane transport processes.
| active and passive transport diagram: Molecular Biology of the Cell , 2002 |
| active and passive transport diagram: Exocytosis and Endocytosis Andrei I. Ivanov, 2008 In this book, skilled experts provide the most up-to-date, step-by-step laboratory protocols for examining molecular machinery and biological functions of exocytosis and endocytosis in vitro and in vivo. The book is insightful to both newcomers and seasoned professionals. It offers a unique and highly practical guide to versatile laboratory tools developed to study various aspects of intracellular vesicle trafficking in simple model systems and living organisms. |
| active and passive transport diagram: Biology for AP ® Courses Julianne Zedalis, John Eggebrecht, 2017-10-16 Biology for AP® courses covers the scope and sequence requirements of a typical two-semester Advanced Placement® biology course. The text provides comprehensive coverage of foundational research and core biology concepts through an evolutionary lens. Biology for AP® Courses was designed to meet and exceed the requirements of the College Board’s AP® Biology framework while allowing significant flexibility for instructors. Each section of the book includes an introduction based on the AP® curriculum and includes rich features that engage students in scientific practice and AP® test preparation; it also highlights careers and research opportunities in biological sciences. |
| active and passive transport diagram: Concepts of Biology Samantha Fowler, Rebecca Roush, James Wise, 2023-05-12 Black & white print. Concepts of Biology is designed for the typical introductory biology course for nonmajors, covering standard scope and sequence requirements. The text includes interesting applications and conveys the major themes of biology, with content that is meaningful and easy to understand. The book is designed to demonstrate biology concepts and to promote scientific literacy. |
| active and passive transport diagram: Anatomy and Physiology J. Gordon Betts, Peter DeSaix, Jody E. Johnson, Oksana Korol, Dean H. Kruse, Brandon Poe, James A. Wise, Mark Womble, Kelly A. Young, 2013-04-25 |
| active and passive transport diagram: Anatomy & Physiology Lindsay Biga, Devon Quick, Sierra Dawson, Amy Harwell, Robin Hopkins, Joel Kaufmann, Mike LeMaster, Philip Matern, Katie Morrison-Graham, Jon Runyeon, 2019-09-26 A version of the OpenStax text |
| active and passive transport diagram: Principles of Biology Lisa Bartee, Walter Shiner, Catherine Creech, 2017 The Principles of Biology sequence (BI 211, 212 and 213) introduces biology as a scientific discipline for students planning to major in biology and other science disciplines. Laboratories and classroom activities introduce techniques used to study biological processes and provide opportunities for students to develop their ability to conduct research. |
| active and passive transport diagram: Textbook of Membrane Biology Rashmi Wardhan, Padmshree Mudgal, 2018-01-10 This book provides a comprehensive overview of the basic principles, concepts, techniques and latest advances in the field of biomembranes and membrane-associated processes. With new emerging technologies and bioinformatics tools, this is a promising area for future study and research. The book discusses the composition, fluidity and dynamic nature of phospholipid bilayers, which vary with cell/organelle type and function. It describes the various types of transport proteins that facilitate the transport of polar and nonpolar molecules across the membrane actively or passively via ion-channels or through porins. It also explores the many cellular functions membranes participate in: (1) energy transduction, which includes the electron transport chain in inner membrane of mitochondria and bacterial cytoplasmic membrane and photosynthetic electron transport in thylakoid membranes in chloroplast and photosynthetic bacterial membranes; (2) cell–cell communication involving various signal transduction pathways triggered by activated membrane receptors; (3) cell–cell interactions involving various types of adhesion and receptor proteins; (4) nerve transmission involving opening and closing of voltage gated ionic channels; and (5) intracellular transport involving the processes of endocytosis, exocytosis, vesicular transport of solutes between intracellular compartments, membrane fusion and membrane biogenesis. |
| active and passive transport diagram: Regulation of Tissue Oxygenation, Second Edition Roland N. Pittman, 2016-08-18 This presentation describes various aspects of the regulation of tissue oxygenation, including the roles of the circulatory system, respiratory system, and blood, the carrier of oxygen within these components of the cardiorespiratory system. The respiratory system takes oxygen from the atmosphere and transports it by diffusion from the air in the alveoli to the blood flowing through the pulmonary capillaries. The cardiovascular system then moves the oxygenated blood from the heart to the microcirculation of the various organs by convection, where oxygen is released from hemoglobin in the red blood cells and moves to the parenchymal cells of each tissue by diffusion. Oxygen that has diffused into cells is then utilized in the mitochondria to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the energy currency of all cells. The mitochondria are able to produce ATP until the oxygen tension or PO2 on the cell surface falls to a critical level of about 4–5 mm Hg. Thus, in order to meet the energetic needs of cells, it is important to maintain a continuous supply of oxygen to the mitochondria at or above the critical PO2 . In order to accomplish this desired outcome, the cardiorespiratory system, including the blood, must be capable of regulation to ensure survival of all tissues under a wide range of circumstances. The purpose of this presentation is to provide basic information about the operation and regulation of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, as well as the properties of the blood and parenchymal cells, so that a fundamental understanding of the regulation of tissue oxygenation is achieved. |
| active and passive transport diagram: Cells: Molecules and Mechanisms Eric Wong, 2009 Yet another cell and molecular biology book? At the very least, you would think that if I was going to write a textbook, I should write one in an area that really needs one instead of a subject that already has multiple excellent and definitive books. So, why write this book, then? First, it's a course that I have enjoyed teaching for many years, so I am very familiar with what a student really needs to take away from this class within the time constraints of a semester. Second, because it is a course that many students take, there is a greater opportunity to make an impact on more students' pocketbooks than if I were to start off writing a book for a highly specialized upper- level course. And finally, it was fun to research and write, and can be revised easily for inclusion as part of our next textbook, High School Biology.--Open Textbook Library. |
| active and passive transport diagram: Encyclopedia of Bone Biology , 2020-06-26 Encyclopedia of Bone Biology, Three Volume Set covers hot topics from within the rapidly expanding field of bone biology and skeletal research, enabling a complete understanding of both bone physiology and its relation to other organs and pathophysiology. This encyclopedia will serve as a vital resource for those involved in bone research, research in other fields that cross link with bone, such as metabolism and immunology, and physicians who treat bone diseases. Each article provides a comprehensive overview of the selected topic to inform a broad spectrum of readers from advanced undergraduate students to research professionals. Chapters also explore the latest advances and hot topics that have emerged in recent years, including the Hematopoietic Niche and Nuclear Receptors. In the electronic edition, each chapter will include hyperlinked references and further readings as well as cross-references to related articles. Incorporates perspectives from experts working within the domains of biomedicine, including physiology, pathobiology, pharmacology, immunology, endocrinology, orthopedics and metabolism Provides an authoritative introduction for non-specialists and readers from undergraduate level upwards, as well as up-to-date foundational content for those familiar with the field Includes multimedia features, cross-references and color images/videos |
| active and passive transport diagram: Cellular Physiology and Neurophysiology E-Book Mordecai P. Blaustein, Joseph P. Y. Kao, Donald R. Matteson, 2011-12-14 Gain a quick and easy understanding of this complex subject with the 2nd edition of Cellular Physiology and Neurophysiology by doctors Mordecai P. Blaustein, Joseph PY Kao, and Donald R. Matteson. The expanded and thoroughly updated content in this Mosby Physiology Monograph Series title bridges the gap between basic biochemistry, molecular and cell biology, neuroscience, and organ and systems physiology, providing the rich, clinically oriented coverage you need to master the latest concepts in neuroscience. See how cells function in health and disease with extensive discussion of cell membranes, action potentials, membrane proteins/transporters, osmosis, and more. Intuitive and user-friendly, this title is a highly effective way to learn cellular physiology and neurophysiology. Focus on the clinical implications of the material with frequent examples from systems physiology, pharmacology, and pathophysiology. Gain a solid grasp of transport processes—which are integral to all physiological processes, yet are neglected in many other cell biology texts. Understand therapeutic interventions and get an updated grasp of the field with information on recently discovered molecular mechanisms. Conveniently explore mathematical derivations with special boxes throughout the text. Test your knowledge of the material with an appendix of multiple-choice review questions, complete with correct answers Understand the latest concepts in neurophysiology with a completely new section on Synaptic Physiology. Learn all of the newest cellular physiology knowledge with sweeping updates throughout. Reference key abbreviations, symbols, and numerical constants at a glance with new appendices. |
| active and passive transport diagram: Pharmacology for Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Tom E. Peck, Sue Hill, Mark Andrew Williams, 2008-01-31 This book has been thoroughly updated and expanded, with additional contributions from experts in the field, to include all new drugs available to the anaesthetist and intensive care specialist. Basic pharmacological principles are dealt with methodically and with many highly annotated diagrams and tables. |
| active and passive transport diagram: Introduction to Cellular Biophysics, Volume 2 Armin Kargol, 2019-12-13 All living matter is comprised of cells, small compartments isolated from the environment by a cell membrane and filled with concentrated solutions of various organic and inorganic compounds. Some organisms are single-cell, where all life functions are performed by that cell. Others have groups of cells, or organs, specializing in one particular function. The survival of the entire organism depends on all of its cells and organs fulfilling their roles. While the cells are studied by different sciences, they are seen differently by biologists, chemists, or physicists. Biologists concentrate their attention on cell structure and function. What the cells consists of? Where are its organelles? What function each organelle fulfils? From a chemists’ point of view, a cell is a complex chemical reaction chamber where various molecules are synthesized or degraded. The main question is how these, sometimes very complicated chains of reactions are controlled. Finally, from a physics standpoint, some of the fundamental questions are about the physical movement of all these molecules between organelles within the cell, their exchange with the extracellular medium, as well as electrical phenomena resulting from such transport. The aim of this book is to look into the basic physical phenomena occurring in cells. These physical transport processes facilitate chemical reactions in the cell and various electrical effects, and that in turn leads to biological functions necessary for the cell to satisfy its role in the mother organism. Ultimately, the goals of every cell are to stay alive and to fulfill its function as a part of a larger organ or organism. The first volume of this book is an inventory of physical transport processes occurring in cells while this second volume provides a closer look at how complex biological and physiological cell phenomena result from these very basic physical processes. |
| active and passive transport diagram: Cell Organelles Reinhold G. Herrmann, 2012-12-06 The compartmentation of genetic information is a fundamental feature of the eukaryotic cell. The metabolic capacity of a eukaryotic (plant) cell and the steps leading to it are overwhelmingly an endeavour of a joint genetic cooperation between nucleus/cytosol, plastids, and mitochondria. Alter ation of the genetic material in anyone of these compartments or exchange of organelles between species can seriously affect harmoniously balanced growth of an organism. Although the biological significance of this genetic design has been vividly evident since the discovery of non-Mendelian inheritance by Baur and Correns at the beginning of this century, and became indisputable in principle after Renner's work on interspecific nuclear/plastid hybrids (summarized in his classical article in 1934), studies on the genetics of organelles have long suffered from the lack of respectabil ity. Non-Mendelian inheritance was considered a research sideline~ifnot a freak~by most geneticists, which becomes evident when one consults common textbooks. For instance, these have usually impeccable accounts of photosynthetic and respiratory energy conversion in chloroplasts and mitochondria, of metabolism and global circulation of the biological key elements C, N, and S, as well as of the organization, maintenance, and function of nuclear genetic information. In contrast, the heredity and molecular biology of organelles are generally treated as an adjunct, and neither goes as far as to describe the impact of the integrated genetic system. |
| active and passive transport diagram: Transport in Plants II U. Lüttge, M.G. Pitman, 1976-05-01 As plant physiology increased steadily in the latter half of the 19th century, problems of absorption and transport of water and of mineral nutrients and problems of the passage of metabolites from one cell to another were investigated, especially in Germany. JUSTUS VON LIEBIG, who was born in Darmstadt in 1803, founded agricultural chemistry and developed the techniques of mineral nutrition in agricul ture during the 70 years of his life. The discovery of plasmolysis by NAGEL! (1851), the investigation of permeability problems of artificial membranes by TRAUBE (1867) and the classical work on osmosis by PFEFFER (1877) laid the foundations for our understanding of soluble substances and osmosis in cell growth and cell mechanisms. Since living membranes were responsible for controlling both water movement and the substances in solution, permeability became a major topic for investigation and speculation. The problems then discussed under that heading included passive permeation by diffusion, Donnan equilibrium adjustments, active transport processes and antagonism between ions. In that era, when organelle isolation by differential centrifugation was unknown and the electron microscope had not been invented, the number of cell membranes, their thickness and their composition, were matters for conjecture. The nature of cell surface membranes was deduced with remarkable accuracy from the reactions of cells to substances in solution. In 1895, OVERTON, in U. S. A. , published the hypothesis that membranes were probably lipid in nature because of the greater penetration by substances with higher fat solubility. |
| active and passive transport diagram: Encyclopedia of Cancer Manfred Schwab, 2008-09-23 This comprehensive encyclopedic reference provides rapid access to focused information on topics of cancer research for clinicians, research scientists and advanced students. Given the overwhelming success of the first edition, which appeared in 2001, and fast development in the different fields of cancer research, it has been decided to publish a second fully revised and expanded edition. With an A-Z format of over 7,000 entries, more than 1,000 contributing authors provide a complete reference to cancer. The merging of different basic and clinical scientific disciplines towards the common goal of fighting cancer makes such a comprehensive reference source all the more timely. |
| active and passive transport diagram: Handbook of Basic Pharmacokinetics-- Including Clinical Applications Wolfgang A. Ritschel, 1992 |
| active and passive transport diagram: The Molecular Biology of Plant Cells H. Smith, Harry Smith, 1977-01-01 Plant cell structure and function; Gene expression and its regulation in plant cells; The manipulation of plant cells. |
| active and passive transport diagram: Color Atlas of Biochemistry Jan Koolman, Klaus Heinrich Roehm, 2011-01-01 Totally revised and expanded, the Color Atlas of Biochemistry presents the fundamentals of human and mammalian biochemistry on 215 stunning color plates.Alongside a short introduction to chemistry and the classical topics of biochemistry, the 2nd edition covers new approaches and aspects in biochemistry, such as links between chemical structure and biological function or pathways for information transfer, as well as recent developments and discoveries, such as the structures of many new important molecules. Key features of this title include:- The unique combination of highly effective color graphics and comprehensive figure legends;- Unified color-coding of atoms, coenzymes, chemical classes, and cell organelles that allows quick recognition of all involved systems;- Computer graphics provide simulated 3D representation of many important molecules.This Flexibook is ideal for students of medicine and biochemistry and a valuable source of reference for practitioners. |
| active and passive transport diagram: Basic Physiology for Anaesthetists David Chambers, Christopher Huang, Gareth Matthews, 2019-07-25 Easily understood, up-to-date and clinically relevant, this book provides junior anaesthetists with an essential physiology resource. |
| active and passive transport diagram: Transport And Diffusion Across Cell Membranes Wilfred Stein, 2012-12-02 Transport and Diffusion across Cell Membranes is a comprehensive treatment of the transport and diffusion of molecules and ions across cell membranes. This book shows that the same kinetic equations (with appropriate modification) can describe all the specialized membrane transport systems: the pores, the carriers, and the two classes of pumps. The kinetic formalism is developed step by step and the features that make a system effective in carrying out its biological role are highlighted. This book is organized into six chapters and begins with an introduction to the structure and dynamics of cell membranes, followed by a discussion on how the membrane acts as a barrier to the transmembrane diffusion of molecules and ions. The following chapters focus on the role of the membrane's protein components in facilitating transmembrane diffusion of specific molecules and ions, measurements of diffusion through pores and the kinetics of diffusion, and the structure of such pores and their biological regulation. This book methodically introduces the reader to the carriers of cell membranes, the kinetics of facilitated diffusion, and cotransport systems. The primary active transport systems are considered, emphasizing the pumping of an ion (sodium, potassium, calcium, or proton) against its electrochemical gradient during the coupled progress of a chemical reaction while a conformational change of the pump enzyme takes place. This book is of interest to advanced undergraduate students, as well as to graduate students and researchers in biochemistry, physiology, pharmacology, and biophysics. |
| active and passive transport diagram: Inanimate Life George M. Briggs, 2021-07-16 |
| active and passive transport diagram: Sleep and Brain Activity Marcos G. Frank, 2012-07-25 Sleep and the Brain presents some of the more dramatic developments in our understanding of brain activity in sleep. The book discusses what parts of the brain are active in sleep and how, and presents research on the function of sleep in memory, learning, and further brain development. |
| active and passive transport diagram: Membrane Physiology Thomas E. Andreoli, Darrell D. Fanestil, Joseph F. Hoffman, Stanley G. Schultz, 2012-12-06 Membrane Physiology (Second Edition) is a soft-cover book containing portions of Physiology of Membrane Disorders (Second Edition). The parent volume contains six major sections. This text encompasses the first three sections: The Nature of Biological Membranes, Methods for Studying Membranes, and General Problems in Membrane Biology. We hope that this smaller volume will be helpful to individuals interested in general physiology and the methods for studying general physiology. THOMAS E. ANDREOLI JOSEPH F. HOFFMAN DARRELL D. FANESTIL STANLEY G. SCHULTZ vii Preface to the Second Edition The second edition of Physiology of Membrane Disorders represents an extensive revision and a considerable expansion of the first edition. Yet the purpose of the second edition is identical to that of its predecessor, namely, to provide a rational analysis of membrane transport processes in individual membranes, cells, tissues, and organs, which in tum serves as a frame of reference for rationalizing disorders in which derangements of membrane transport processes playa cardinal role in the clinical expression of disease. As in the first edition, this book is divided into a number of individual, but closely related, sections. Part V represents a new section where the problem of transport across epithelia is treated in some detail. Finally, Part VI, which analyzes clinical derangements, has been enlarged appreciably. |
| active and passive transport diagram: An Introduction to Biological Membranes William Stillwell, 2013-04-20 An Introduction to Biological Membranes: From Bilayers to Rafts covers many aspects of membrane structure/function that bridges membrane biophysics and cell biology. Offering cohesive, foundational information, this publication is valuable for advanced undergraduate students, graduate students and membranologists who seek a broad overview of membrane science. - Brings together different facets of membrane research in a universally understandable manner - Emphasis on the historical development of the field - Topics include membrane sugars, membrane models, membrane isolation methods, and membrane transport |
| active and passive transport diagram: Biology Coloring Workbook I. Edward Alcamo, 1998 Following in the successful footsteps of the Anatomy and the Physiology Coloring Workbook, The Princeton Review introduces two new coloring workbooks to the line. Each book features 125 plates of computer-generated, state-of-the-art, precise, original artwork--perfect for students enrolled in allied health and nursing courses, psychology and neuroscience, and elementary biology and anthropology courses. |
| active and passive transport diagram: Principles and Models of Biological Transport Morton H. Friedman, 2012-12-06 This text is designed for a first course in biological mass transport, and the material in it is presented at a level that is appropriate to advanced undergraduates or early graduate level students. Its orientation is somewhat more physical and mathematical than a biology or standard physiology text, reflecting its origins in a transport course that I teach to undergraduate (and occasional graduate) biomedical engineering students in the Whiting School of Engineering at Johns Hopkins. The audience for my cours- and presumably for this text - also includes chemical engineering undergraduates concentrating in biotechnology, and graduate students in biophysics. The organization of this book differs from most texts that at tempt to present an engineering approach to biological transport. What distinguishes biological transport from other mass transfer processes is the fact that biological transport is biological. Thus, we do not start with the engineering principles of mass transport (which are well presented elsewhere) and then seek biological ap plications of these principles; rather, we begin with the biological processes themselves, and then develop the tools that are needed to describe them. As a result, more physiology is presented in this text than is often found in books dealing with engineering applica tions in the life sciences. |
| active and passive transport diagram: Oral Drug Absorption Jennifer B. Dressman, Christos Reppas, 2016-04-19 Oral Drug Absorption, Second Edition thoroughly examines the special equipment and methods used to test whether drugs are released adequately when administered orally. The contributors discuss methods for accurately establishing and validating in vitro/in vivo correlations for both MR and IR formulations, as well as alternative approaches for MR an |
| active and passive transport diagram: Seldin and Giebisch's The Kidney Robert J. Alpern, Steven C. Hebert, 2007-10-10 A classic nephrology reference for over 20 years, Seldin & Giebisch's The Kidney, is the acknowledged authority on renal physiology and pathophysiology. The fourth edition follows the changed focus of nephrology research to the study of how individual molecules work together to affect cellular and organ function, emphasizing the mechanisms of disease. With over 40 new chapters and over 1000 illustrations, this edition offers the most in-depth discussion anywhere of the physiologic and pathophysiologic processes of renal disease. Comprehensive, authoritative coverage progresses from molecular biology and cell physiology to clinical issues regarding renal function and dysfunction. If you research the development of normal renal function or the mechanisms underlying renal disease, Seldin & Giebisch's The Kidney is your number one source for information.* Offers the most comprehensive coverage of fluid and electrolyte regulation and dysregulation in 51 completely revised chapters unlike Brenner & Rector's The Kidney which devotes only 7 chapters to this topic.* Includes 3 sections, 31 chapters, devoted to regulation and disorders of acid-base homeostasis, and epithelial and nonepithelial transport regulation. Brenner & Rector's only devotes 5 chapters to these topics.* Previous three editions edited by Donald Seldin and Gerhard Giebisch, world renowned names in nephrology. The title for the fourth edition has been changed to reflect their considerable work on previous editions and they have also written the forward for this edition. * Over 20 million adults over age 20 have chronic kidney disease with the number of people diagnosed doubling each decade making it America's ninth leading cause of death. |
| active and passive transport diagram: Pesticide Biotransformation and Disposition Ernest Hodgson, 2012-01-01 Biotransformation of Pesticides is an updated, one-stop resource for academic, industry and regulatory scientists involved in research and regulatory activities related to pesticide biotransformation and human health. This book provides an in depth look at how pesticides are biotransformed, which is essential to understanding exposure, dose, toxicity and health risks. This essential reference contains the biotransformation of pesticides from uptake to excretion, including toxicokinetics and emphasizes metabolism in non-target species, including experimental animals and humans. - Includes four new chapters and expanded material on pesticide biotransformation and disposition, an active area of pesticide toxicology that is becoming increasingly important for human health risk assessment - Offers a practical and portable guide covering the most up-to-date research results on metabolic transformations of pesticides - Provides scientists and regulatory researchers with the information they need to conduct accurate risk assessments and make informed decisions on which exposures to study further in human populations |
| active and passive transport diagram: The Alkali Metal Ions: Their Role for Life Astrid Sigel, Helmut Sigel, Roland K. O. Sigel, 2016-02-09 MILS-16 provides an up-to-date review of the impact of alkali metal ions on life. Their bioinorganic chemistry and analytical determination, the solid state structures of bio-ligand complexes and the properties of alkali metal ions in solution in the context of all kinds of biologically relevant ligands are covered, this includes proteins (enzymes) and nucleic acids (G-quadruplexes). Minerals containing sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) are abundant in the Earth's crust, making Na+ and K+ easily available. In contrast, the alkali elements lithium (Li+), rubidium, and cesium are rare and the radioactive francium occurs only in traces. Since the intra- and extracellular, as well as the compartmental concentrations of Na+ and K+ differ significantly, homeostasis and active transport of these ions are important; this involves transporters/carriers and pore-forming ion channel proteins. Systems like Na+/K+-ATPases, H+/K+-ATPases or Na+/H+ antiporters are thoroughly discussed. The role of K+ in photosynthesis and the role of Na+ in charging the battery of life are pointed out. Also, the relationships between alkali metal ions and diseases (e.g., Parkinson or traumatic brain injury) are covered and the relevance of Li+ salts in medicine (pharmacology and mechanism) is reviewed. This and more is treated in an authoritative and timely manner in the 16 stimulating chapters of Volume 16, The Alkali Metal Ions: Their Role for Life, which are written by 44 internationally recognized experts from 12 nations. The impact of this vibrant research area is manifested in nearly 3000 references, over 30 tables and more than 150 illustrations (two thirds in color). MILS-16 also provides excellent information for teaching. Astrid Sigel, Helmut Sigel, and Roland K. O. Sigel have long-standing interests in Biological Inorganic Chemistry. Their research focuses on metal ion interactions with nucleotides and nucleic acids and on related topics. They edited previously 44 volumes in the series Metal Ions in Biological Systems. |
| active and passive transport diagram: Plant ABC Transporters Markus Geisler, 2014-09-06 This book is devoted to the fascinating superfamily of plant ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters and their variety of transported substrates. It highlights their exciting biological functions, covering aspects ranging from cellular detoxification, through development, to symbiosis and defense. Moreover, it also includes a number of chapters that center on ABC transporters from non-Arabidopsis species. ABC proteins are ubiquitous, membrane-intrinsic transporters that catalyze the primary (ATP-dependent) movement of their substrates through biological membranes. Initially identified as an essential aspect of a vacuolar detoxification process, genetic work in the last decade has revealed an unexpectedly diverse variety of ABC transporter substrates, which include not only xenobiotic conjugates, but also heavy metals, lipids, terpenoids, lignols, alkaloids and organic acids. The discovery that members of the ABCB and ABCG family are involved in the movement of phytohormones has further sparked their exploration and provided a new understanding of the whole family. Accordingly, the trafficking, regulation and structure-function of ABCB-type auxin transporters are especially emphasized in this book. |
| active and passive transport diagram: Principles of Forensic Toxicology Barry Levine, 2003 |
| active and passive transport diagram: PH and Brain Function Kai Kaila, Bruce R. Ransom, 1998-09-15 PH and Brain Function offers thorough coverage of this increasingly important area of research, beginning with the fundamental concepts, which include methodological and theoretical issues such as the measurement of pH and the concept of pH in neurobiology. It explores aspects of regulation and modulation of intracellular pH in brain cells, surveys the changes in pH that occur with neural activity and how these changes affect neural activity, and discusses the role of pH in the pathophysiology of neurological diseases. pH and Brain Function is an important resource for researchers in all areas of neuroscience as well as cell biology and physiology. --Book Jacket. |
| active and passive transport diagram: Calcium in Biological Systems Ronald P. Rubin, George B. Weiss, James W. Jr. Putney, 2013-11-11 This volume is based in part upon the proceedings of the Calcium Theme held during the 67th Annual Meeting of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology, which took place in Chicago, AprillO-lS, 1983. The American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics had the primary responsibility for organizing the scientific program with the assistance of other member societies, including the American Physiology Society, American Association of Pathologists, and American Institute of Nutrition. The purpose of the Calcium Theme was to review progress in the diverse areas of investigation bearing on the ubiquitous role of calcium in biological systems. In addition to contributions from those participating in the Theme, this volume also includes a number of invited papers that were added to fill certain voids in topics covered. The authors were selected because they are investigators active in the mainstream of their particular research area, possessing the acumen to analyze cogently not only their own recent findings but also to relate these findings to their respective area. New information as well as reviews of current concepts generally highlight the individual contributions. Undoubtedly, some readers may argue with the emphasis made and/or the conclusions reached on individual topics. In such cases, other volumes will hopefully provide a forum for alternative points of view. Due to the broad scope of subjects covered and the large number of contributions, the papers have been arranged in three sections. |
| active and passive transport diagram: Biology Now Anne Houtman, Megan Scudellari, Cindy Malone, 2018-07 The perfect balance of science and storyBrief chapters are written like science news articles, combining compelling science with intriguing stories. The Second Edition features NEW stories on exciting topics such as CRISPR and the human microbiome, and expanded coverage of the course's most important content areas. Biology Now is written by an author team made up of a science writer and two experienced teachers. Expanded pedagogy in the book and online encourages students to think critically and engage with biology in the world around them. |
| active and passive transport diagram: Cell Volume Regulation Florian Lang, 1998 This volume presents a unique compilation of reviews on cell volume regulation in health and disease, with contributions from leading experts in the field. The topics covered include mechanisms and signaling of cell volume regulation and the effect of cell volume on cell function, with special emphasis on ion channels and transporters, kinases and gene expression. Several chapters elaborate on how cell volume regulatory mechanisms participate in the regulation of epithelial transport, urinary concentration, metabolism, migration, cell proliferation and apoptosis. Last but not least, this publication is an excellent guide to the role of cell volume in the pathophysiology of hypercatabolism, diabetes mellitus, brain edema, hemoglobinopathies, tumor growth and metastasis, to name just a few. Providing deeper insights into an exciting area of research which is also of clinical relevance, this publication is a valuable addition to the library of those interested in cell volume regulation. |
| active and passive transport diagram: Introduction to Cellular Biophysics, Volume 1 Armin Kargol, 2019-04 All living matter is comprised of cells; small compartments isolated from the environment by a cell membrane and filled with concentrated solutions of various organic and inorganic compounds. Some organisms are a single cell and all life functions are performed by that cell. Others have groups of cells, or entire organs, specializing in one particular function. The survival of the entire organism depends on all its cells and organs fulfilling their roles. The aim of this book is to investigate the basic physical phenomena occurring in cells. These physical transport processes facilitate chemical reactions in the cell and that, in turn, leads to the biological functions necessary for the cell to satisfy its role in the mother organism. Ultimately, the goal of every cell is to stay alive and to fulfil its function as a part of a larger organ or organism. This first volume is an inventory of physical transport processes occurring in cells, while the second volume will take a closer look at how complex biological and physiological cell phenomena result from these very basic physical processes. |
| active and passive transport diagram: The Cell Geoffrey M. Cooper, 2000 The field of cell biology is so vast and changing so rapidly that teaching it can be a daunting prospect. The first edition of The Cell: A Molecular Approach, published in 1997, offered the perfect solution for teachers and their students-current, comprehensive science combined with the readability and cohesiveness of a single- authored text. Designed for one-semester introductory cell biology courses, this book enabled students to master the material in the entire book, not simply to sample a small fraction from a much larger text. The new second edition of The Cell retains the organization, themes, and special features of the original, but has been completely updated in major areas of scientific progress, including genome analysis; chromatin and transcription; nuclear transport; protein sorting and trafficking; signal transduction; the cell cycle; and programmed cell death. With a clear focus on cell biology as an integrative theme, topics such as developmental biology, plant biology, the immune system, the nervous system, and muscle physiology are covered in their broader biological context. Each chapter includes a brief chapter outline, bold-faced key terms, and chapter-end questions with answers in the back of the book. |
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