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| andrew wakefield study pdf: The Doctor Who Fooled the World Brian Deer, 2020-09-29 Investigative reporter Brian Deer exposes a conspiracy of fraud and betrayal behind attacks on a mainstay of medicine: vaccinations. 2021 IPPY Book Award Winner (Gold) in Health/Medicine/Nutrition, Recipient of the Eric Hoffer Award for Nonfiction in the Culture Category. From San Francisco to Shanghai, from Vancouver to Venice, controversy over vaccines is erupting around the globe. Fear is spreading. Banished diseases have returned. And a militant anti-vax movement has surfaced to campaign against children's shots. But why? In The Doctor Who Fooled the World, award-winning investigative reporter Brian Deer exposes the truth behind the crisis. Writing with the page-turning tension of a detective story, he unmasks the players and unearths the facts. Where it began. Who was responsible. How they pulled it off. Who paid. At the heart of this dark narrative is the rise of the so-called father of the anti-vaccine movement: a British-born doctor, Andrew Wakefield. Banned from medicine, thanks to Deer's discoveries, he fled to the United States to pursue his ambitions, and now claims to be winning a war. In an epic investigation spread across fifteen years, Deer battles medical secrecy and insider cover-ups, smear campaigns and gagging lawsuits, to uncover rigged research and moneymaking schemes, the heartbreaking plight of families struggling with disability, and the scientific scandal of our time. |
| andrew wakefield study pdf: Callous Disregard Andrew J. Wakefield, 2017-11-21 Callous Disregard is the account of how a doctor confronted first a disease and then the medical system that sought and still seeks to deny that disease, leaving millions of children to suffer and a world at risk. In 1995, Dr. Andrew Wakefield came to a fork in the road. As an academic gastroenterologist at the Royal Free School of Medicine and the University of London, he was confronted by a professional challenge and a moral choice. Previously healthy children were, according to their parents, regressing into autism and developing intestinal problems. Many parents blamed the MMR vaccine. Trusting his medical training, the parental narrative, and, above all, the instinct of mothers for their children?s well-being, he chose what would become a very difficult road. Dr. Wakefield provides the facts and an explanation of the problem that confronted him and his colleagues fifteen years ago. He does this in a detailed forensic analysis of the lies, obfuscation, cover-up, and dystopian science and medicine that panders to commercial interests at the expense of your children. |
| andrew wakefield study pdf: Autism's False Prophets Paul A. Offit, 2008-09-18 A London researcher was the first to assert that the combination measles-mumps-rubella vaccine known as MMR caused autism in children. Following this discovery, a handful of parents declared that a mercury-containing preservative in several vaccines was responsible for the disease. If mercury caused autism, they reasoned, eliminating it from a child's system should treat the disorder. Consequently, a number of untested alternative therapies arose, and, most tragically, in one such treatment, a doctor injected a five-year-old autistic boy with a chemical in an effort to cleanse him of mercury, which stopped his heart instead. Children with autism have been placed on stringent diets, subjected to high-temperature saunas, bathed in magnetic clay, asked to swallow digestive enzymes and activated charcoal, and injected with various combinations of vitamins, minerals, and acids. Instead of helping, these therapies can hurt those who are most vulnerable, and particularly in the case of autism, they undermine childhood vaccination programs that have saved millions of lives. An overwhelming body of scientific evidence clearly shows that childhood vaccines are safe and does not cause autism. Yet widespread fear of vaccines on the part of parents persists. In this book, Paul A. Offit, a national expert on vaccines, challenges the modern-day false prophets who have so egregiously misled the public and exposes the opportunism of the lawyers, journalists, celebrities, and politicians who support them. Offit recounts the history of autism research and the exploitation of this tragic condition by advocates and zealots. He considers the manipulation of science in the popular media and the courtroom, and he explores why society is susceptible to the bad science and risky therapies put forward by many antivaccination activists. |
| andrew wakefield study pdf: Fostering Integrity in Research National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Policy and Global Affairs, Committee on Science, Engineering, Medicine, and Public Policy, Committee on Responsible Science, 2018-01-13 The integrity of knowledge that emerges from research is based on individual and collective adherence to core values of objectivity, honesty, openness, fairness, accountability, and stewardship. Integrity in science means that the organizations in which research is conducted encourage those involved to exemplify these values in every step of the research process. Understanding the dynamics that support †or distort †practices that uphold the integrity of research by all participants ensures that the research enterprise advances knowledge. The 1992 report Responsible Science: Ensuring the Integrity of the Research Process evaluated issues related to scientific responsibility and the conduct of research. It provided a valuable service in describing and analyzing a very complicated set of issues, and has served as a crucial basis for thinking about research integrity for more than two decades. However, as experience has accumulated with various forms of research misconduct, detrimental research practices, and other forms of misconduct, as subsequent empirical research has revealed more about the nature of scientific misconduct, and because technological and social changes have altered the environment in which science is conducted, it is clear that the framework established more than two decades ago needs to be updated. Responsible Science served as a valuable benchmark to set the context for this most recent analysis and to help guide the committee's thought process. Fostering Integrity in Research identifies best practices in research and recommends practical options for discouraging and addressing research misconduct and detrimental research practices. |
| andrew wakefield study pdf: Immunization Safety Review Institute of Medicine, Board on Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, Immunization Safety Review Committee, 2004-09-30 This eighth and final report of the Immunization Safety Review Committee examines the hypothesis that vaccines, specifically the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine and thimerosal-containing vaccines, are causally associated with autism. The committee reviewed the extant published and unpublished epidemiological studies regarding causality and studies of potential biologic mechanisms by which these immunizations might cause autism. Immunization Safety Review: Vaccines and Autism finds that the body of epidemiological evidence favors rejection of a causal relationship between thimerosal-containing vaccines and autism. The book further finds that potential biological mechanisms for vaccine-induced autism that have been generated to date are only theoretical. It recommends a public health response that fully supports an array of vaccine safety activities and recommends that available funding for autism research be channeled to the most promising areas. The book makes additional recommendations regarding surveillance and epidemiological research, clinical studies, and communication related to these vaccine safety concerns. |
| andrew wakefield study pdf: The Panic Virus Seth Mnookin, 2012-01-03 A searing account of how vaccine opponents have used the media to spread their message of panic, despite no scientific evidence to support them. |
| andrew wakefield study pdf: Therapeutic immunisation William Mervyn Crofton, 1918 |
| andrew wakefield study pdf: Evidence of Harm David Kirby, 2007-04-01 In the 1990s reported autism cases among American children began spiking, from about 1 in 10,000 in 1987 to a shocking 1 in 166 today. This trend coincided with the addition of several new shots to the nation's already crowded vaccination schedule, grouped together and given soon after birth or in the early months of infancy. Most of these shots contained a little-known preservative called thimerosal, which includes a quantity of the toxin mercury. Evidence of Harm explores the heated controversy over what many parents, physicians, public officials, and educators have called an epidemic of afflicted children. Following several families, David Kirby traces their struggle to understand how and why their once-healthy kids rapidly descended into silence or disturbed behavior, often accompanied by severe physical illness. Alarmed by the levels of mercury in the vaccine schedule, these families sought answers from their doctors, from science, from pharmaceutical companies that manufacture vaccines, and finally from the Center for Disease Control and the Food and Drug Administration-to no avail. But as they dug deeper, the families also found powerful allies in Congress and in the small community of physicians and researchers who believe that the rise of autism and other disorders is linked to toxic levels of mercury that accumulate in the systems of some children. An important and troubling book, Evidence of Harm reveals both the public and unsung obstacles faced by desperate families who have been opposed by the combined power of the federal government, health agencies, and pharmaceutical giants. From closed meetings of the FDA, CDC, and drug companies, to the mysterious rider inserted into the 2002 Homeland Security Bill that would bar thimerosal litigation, to open hearings held by Congress, this book shows a medical establishment determined to deny evidence of harm that might be connected with thimerosal and mercury in vaccines. In the end, as research is beginning to demonstrate, the questions raised by these families have significant implications for all children, and for those entrusted to oversee our national health. |
| andrew wakefield study pdf: Vaccines Paul A. Offit, Louis M. Bell, 2003-05-13 Get the straight facts about vaccines and make informed choices Do you wonder whether vaccines are safe and whether they are all really necessary? This completely revised and updated edition of the classic Vaccines: What You Should Know helps you sort through the latest information about vaccines in order to determine what is right for your family. Coauthored by Paul Offit, a member of the CDC advisory committee that determines which vaccines are recommended for use in the United States, this guide tells you what vaccines are made of and clearly explains how they are made, how they work, and the risks associated with them. This updated edition includes recommendations for the smallpox vaccine, the latest information on vaccines for travelers, and the latest on the progress of combination vaccines. Expanded information on vaccine safety includes discussion of vaccines and autism, mercury in vaccines, and the ability of children to tolerate numerous vaccines at once. |
| andrew wakefield study pdf: Autism John W. Oller, Stephen Oller, 2010-10-25 Speech/Language/Hearing |
| andrew wakefield study pdf: Innate Kevin J. Mitchell, 2020-03-31 What makes you the way you are--and what makes each of us different from everyone else? In Innate, leading neuroscientist and popular science blogger Kevin Mitchell traces human diversity and individual differences to their deepest level: in the wiring of our brains. Deftly guiding us through important new research, including his own groundbreaking work, he explains how variations in the way our brains develop before birth strongly influence our psychology and behavior throughout our lives, shaping our personality, intelligence, sexuality, and even the way we perceive the world. We all share a genetic program for making a human brain, and the program for making a brain like yours is specifically encoded in your DNA. But, as Mitchell explains, the way that program plays out is affected by random processes of development that manifest uniquely in each person, even identical twins. The key insight of Innate is that the combination of these developmental and genetic variations creates innate differences in how our brains are wired--differences that impact all aspects of our psychology--and this insight promises to transform the way we see the interplay of nature and nurture. Innate also explores the genetic and neural underpinnings of disorders such as autism, schizophrenia, and epilepsy, and how our understanding of these conditions is being revolutionized. In addition, the book examines the social and ethical implications of these ideas and of new technologies that may soon offer the means to predict or manipulate human traits. Compelling and original, Innate will change the way you think about why and how we are who we are.--Provided by the publisher. |
| andrew wakefield study pdf: MMR and Autism Michael Fitzpatrick, 2004-08-02 The MMR controversy has been characterized by two one-sided discourses. In the medical world, the weight of opinion is overwhelmingly in favour of MMR. In the public world, the anti-MMR campaign has a much greater influence, centred on the fears of parents that the triple vaccine may cause autism in their children. Both professionals and parents struggle to cope with the anxieties this creates, but find it difficult to find a balanced account of the issues. In MMR and Autism Michael Fitzpatrick, a general practitioner who is also the parent of an autistic child, explains why he believes the anti-MMR campaign is misguided in a way that will reassure parents considering vaccination and also relieve the anxieties of parents of autistic children. At the same time, this informative book provides health care professionals and health studies students with an accessible overview of a contemporary health issue with significant policy implications. |
| andrew wakefield study pdf: Bad Science Ben Goldacre, 2010-10-12 Have you ever wondered how one day the media can assert that alcohol is bad for us and the next unashamedly run a story touting the benefits of daily alcohol consumption? Or how a drug that is pulled off the market for causing heart attacks ever got approved in the first place? How can average readers, who aren't medical doctors or Ph.D.s in biochemistry, tell what they should be paying attention to and what's, well, just more bullshit? Ben Goldacre has made a point of exposing quack doctors and nutritionists, bogus credentialing programs, and biased scientific studies. He has also taken the media to task for its willingness to throw facts and proof out the window. But he's not here just to tell you what's wrong. Goldacre is here to teach you how to evaluate placebo effects, double-blind studies, and sample sizes, so that you can recognize bad science when you see it. You're about to feel a whole lot better. |
| andrew wakefield study pdf: The Autistic Spectrum Lorna Wing, 2012-10-25 'Authoritative, compassionate and commonsensical . . . an honest, sensitive and thorough introduction to understanding and living with autism . . . highly recommended.' - Psychological Medicine 'Packed with down to earth, practical ideas . . . readable, interesting . . . informative . . . if you buy only one title about autism this year it should be this one.' - Collette Dritte, Nursery World Over 500,000 people of all ages in the UK have disorders in the autistic spectrum. About one-third also have varying degrees of learning difficulty. All have impairment of social interaction, communication and imagination - the world appears a bewildering and sometimes frightening place. This acclaimed, authoritative guide explains how people with autism experience the world and why they need an organized, structured environment, presenting a window into the world of those with the disorder. Wing suggests ways of improving communication, developing abilities and widening social interaction, and how to cope with stresses within the family. |
| andrew wakefield study pdf: Bayesian Data Analysis, Third Edition Andrew Gelman, John B. Carlin, Hal S. Stern, David B. Dunson, Aki Vehtari, Donald B. Rubin, 2013-11-01 Now in its third edition, this classic book is widely considered the leading text on Bayesian methods, lauded for its accessible, practical approach to analyzing data and solving research problems. Bayesian Data Analysis, Third Edition continues to take an applied approach to analysis using up-to-date Bayesian methods. The authors—all leaders in the statistics community—introduce basic concepts from a data-analytic perspective before presenting advanced methods. Throughout the text, numerous worked examples drawn from real applications and research emphasize the use of Bayesian inference in practice. New to the Third Edition Four new chapters on nonparametric modeling Coverage of weakly informative priors and boundary-avoiding priors Updated discussion of cross-validation and predictive information criteria Improved convergence monitoring and effective sample size calculations for iterative simulation Presentations of Hamiltonian Monte Carlo, variational Bayes, and expectation propagation New and revised software code The book can be used in three different ways. For undergraduate students, it introduces Bayesian inference starting from first principles. For graduate students, the text presents effective current approaches to Bayesian modeling and computation in statistics and related fields. For researchers, it provides an assortment of Bayesian methods in applied statistics. Additional materials, including data sets used in the examples, solutions to selected exercises, and software instructions, are available on the book’s web page. |
| andrew wakefield study pdf: Evolution of Translational Omics Institute of Medicine, Board on Health Sciences Policy, Board on Health Care Services, Committee on the Review of Omics-Based Tests for Predicting Patient Outcomes in Clinical Trials, 2012-09-13 Technologies collectively called omics enable simultaneous measurement of an enormous number of biomolecules; for example, genomics investigates thousands of DNA sequences, and proteomics examines large numbers of proteins. Scientists are using these technologies to develop innovative tests to detect disease and to predict a patient's likelihood of responding to specific drugs. Following a recent case involving premature use of omics-based tests in cancer clinical trials at Duke University, the NCI requested that the IOM establish a committee to recommend ways to strengthen omics-based test development and evaluation. This report identifies best practices to enhance development, evaluation, and translation of omics-based tests while simultaneously reinforcing steps to ensure that these tests are appropriately assessed for scientific validity before they are used to guide patient treatment in clinical trials. |
| andrew wakefield study pdf: Melanie's Marvelous Measles Stephanie Messenger, 2012-11 Melanie s Marvelous Measles takes children on a journey to learn about the ineffectiveness of vaccinations and to know they don t have to be scared of childhood illnesses, like measles and chicken pox. There are many health messages for parents to expand on about keeping healthy. For an information pack on vaccinations to be sent out free in Australia, people can e-mail growingawareness@yahoo.com and provide their postal address. |
| andrew wakefield study pdf: Cognitive and Linguistic Aspects of Geographic Space D.M. Mark, Andrew U. Frank, 2012-12-06 This book contains twenty-eight papers by participants in the NATO Advanced Study Institute (ASI) on Cognitive and Linguistic Aspects of Geographic Space, held in Las Navas del Maxques, Spain, July 8-20, 1990. The NATO ASI marked a stage in a two-year research project at the U. S. National Center for Geographic Infonnation and Analysis (NCOIA). In 1987, the U. S. National Science Foundation issued a solicitation for proposals to establish the NCGIA-and one element of that solicitation was a call for research on a fundamental theory of spatial relations. We felt that such a fundamental theory could be searched for in mathematics (geometry, topology) or in cognitive science, but that a simultaneous search in these two seemingly disparate research areas might produce novel results. Thus, as part of the NCGIA proposal from a consortium consisting of the University of California at Santa Barbara, the State University of New York at Buffalo, and the University of Maine, we proposed that the second major Research Initiative (two year, multidisciplinary research project) of the NCOIA would address these issues, and would be called Languages of Spatial Relations The grant to establish the NCOIA was awarded to our consortium late in 1988. |
| andrew wakefield study pdf: The Disordered Police State Andre Wakefield, 2009-08-01 Probing the relationship between German political economy and everyday fiscal administration, The Disordered Police State focuses on the cameral sciences—a peculiarly German body of knowledge designed to train state officials—and in so doing offers a new vision of science and practice during the seventeenth and eighteenth-centuries. Andre Wakefield shows that the cameral sciences were at once natural, technological, and economic disciplines, but, more important, they also were strategic sciences, designed to procure patronage for their authors and good publicity for the German principalities in which they lived and worked. Cameralism, then, was the public face of the prince's most secret affairs; as such, it was an essentially dishonest enterprise. In an entertaining series of case studies on mining, textiles, forestry, and universities, Wakefield portrays cameralists in their own gritty terms. The result is a revolutionary new understanding about how the sciences created and maintained an image of the well-ordered police state in early modern Germany. In raising doubts about the status of these German sciences of the state, Wakefield ultimately questions many of our accepted narratives about science, culture, and society in early modern Europe. |
| andrew wakefield study pdf: The Oxford Handbook of the Science of Science Communication Kathleen Hall Jamieson, Dan M. Kahan, Dietram Scheufele, 2017 On topics from genetic engineering and mad cow disease to vaccination and climate change, this Handbook draws on the insights of 57 leading science of science communication scholars who explore what social scientists know about how citizens come to understand and act on what is known by science. |
| andrew wakefield study pdf: Reinforcement Learning, second edition Richard S. Sutton, Andrew G. Barto, 2018-11-13 The significantly expanded and updated new edition of a widely used text on reinforcement learning, one of the most active research areas in artificial intelligence. Reinforcement learning, one of the most active research areas in artificial intelligence, is a computational approach to learning whereby an agent tries to maximize the total amount of reward it receives while interacting with a complex, uncertain environment. In Reinforcement Learning, Richard Sutton and Andrew Barto provide a clear and simple account of the field's key ideas and algorithms. This second edition has been significantly expanded and updated, presenting new topics and updating coverage of other topics. Like the first edition, this second edition focuses on core online learning algorithms, with the more mathematical material set off in shaded boxes. Part I covers as much of reinforcement learning as possible without going beyond the tabular case for which exact solutions can be found. Many algorithms presented in this part are new to the second edition, including UCB, Expected Sarsa, and Double Learning. Part II extends these ideas to function approximation, with new sections on such topics as artificial neural networks and the Fourier basis, and offers expanded treatment of off-policy learning and policy-gradient methods. Part III has new chapters on reinforcement learning's relationships to psychology and neuroscience, as well as an updated case-studies chapter including AlphaGo and AlphaGo Zero, Atari game playing, and IBM Watson's wagering strategy. The final chapter discusses the future societal impacts of reinforcement learning. |
| andrew wakefield study pdf: Air Force Combat Units of World War II Maurer Maurer, 1961 |
| andrew wakefield study pdf: Values and Vaccine Refusal Mark Navin, 2015-09-16 Parents in the US and other societies are increasingly refusing to vaccinate their children, even though popular anti-vaccine myths – e.g. ‘vaccines cause autism’ – have been debunked. This book explains the epistemic and moral failures that lead some parents to refuse to vaccinate their children. First, some parents have good reasons not to defer to the expertise of physicians, and to rely instead upon their own judgments about how to care for their children. Unfortunately, epistemic self-reliance systematically distorts beliefs in areas of inquiry in which expertise is required (like vaccine immunology). Second, vaccine refusers and mainstream medical authorities are often committed to different values surrounding health and safety. For example, while vaccine advocates stress that vaccines have low rates of serious complications, vaccine refusers often resist vaccination because it is ‘unnatural’ and because they view vaccine-preventable diseases as a ‘natural’ part of childhood. Finally, parents who refuse vaccines rightly resist the utilitarian moral arguments – ‘for the greater good’ – that vaccine advocates sometimes make. Unfortunately, vaccine refusers also sometimes embrace a pernicious hyper-individualism that sanctions free-riding on herd immunity and that cultivates indifference to the interpersonal and social harms that unvaccinated persons may cause. |
| andrew wakefield study pdf: To Err Is Human Institute of Medicine, Committee on Quality of Health Care in America, 2000-03-01 Experts estimate that as many as 98,000 people die in any given year from medical errors that occur in hospitals. That's more than die from motor vehicle accidents, breast cancer, or AIDSâ€three causes that receive far more public attention. Indeed, more people die annually from medication errors than from workplace injuries. Add the financial cost to the human tragedy, and medical error easily rises to the top ranks of urgent, widespread public problems. To Err Is Human breaks the silence that has surrounded medical errors and their consequenceâ€but not by pointing fingers at caring health care professionals who make honest mistakes. After all, to err is human. Instead, this book sets forth a national agendaâ€with state and local implicationsâ€for reducing medical errors and improving patient safety through the design of a safer health system. This volume reveals the often startling statistics of medical error and the disparity between the incidence of error and public perception of it, given many patients' expectations that the medical profession always performs perfectly. A careful examination is made of how the surrounding forces of legislation, regulation, and market activity influence the quality of care provided by health care organizations and then looks at their handling of medical mistakes. Using a detailed case study, the book reviews the current understanding of why these mistakes happen. A key theme is that legitimate liability concerns discourage reporting of errorsâ€which begs the question, How can we learn from our mistakes? Balancing regulatory versus market-based initiatives and public versus private efforts, the Institute of Medicine presents wide-ranging recommendations for improving patient safety, in the areas of leadership, improved data collection and analysis, and development of effective systems at the level of direct patient care. To Err Is Human asserts that the problem is not bad people in health careâ€it is that good people are working in bad systems that need to be made safer. Comprehensive and straightforward, this book offers a clear prescription for raising the level of patient safety in American health care. It also explains how patients themselves can influence the quality of care that they receive once they check into the hospital. This book will be vitally important to federal, state, and local health policy makers and regulators, health professional licensing officials, hospital administrators, medical educators and students, health caregivers, health journalists, patient advocatesâ€as well as patients themselves. First in a series of publications from the Quality of Health Care in America, a project initiated by the Institute of Medicine |
| andrew wakefield study pdf: Modeling the Interplay Between Human Behavior and the Spread of Infectious Diseases Piero Manfredi, Alberto D'Onofrio, 2013-01-04 This volume summarizes the state-of-the-art in the fast growing research area of modeling the influence of information-driven human behavior on the spread and control of infectious diseases. In particular, it features the two main and inter-related “core” topics: behavioral changes in response to global threats, for example, pandemic influenza, and the pseudo-rational opposition to vaccines. In order to make realistic predictions, modelers need to go beyond classical mathematical epidemiology to take these dynamic effects into account. With contributions from experts in this field, the book fills a void in the literature. It goes beyond classical texts, yet preserves the rationale of many of them by sticking to the underlying biology without compromising on scientific rigor. Epidemiologists, theoretical biologists, biophysicists, applied mathematicians, and PhD students will benefit from this book. However, it is also written for Public Health professionals interested in understanding models, and to advanced undergraduate students, since it only requires a working knowledge of mathematical epidemiology. |
| andrew wakefield study pdf: Peer Review in Health Sciences Tom Jefferson, Fiona Godlee, 2003-09-26 This book has established itself as the authoritative text on health sciences peer review. Contributions from the world's leading figures discuss the state of peer review, question its role in the currently changing world of electronic journal publishing, and debate where it should go from here. The second edition has been thoroughly revised and new chapters added on qualitative peer review, training, consumers and innovation. |
| andrew wakefield study pdf: From Aspirin to Viagra Vladimir Marko, 2020-07-06 From Aspirin to Viagra, insulin to penicillin, and vaccines to vitamin supplements, drugs have become part of our everyday lives. This staggering global industry wasn’t born overnight; advancements in pharmaceutical science have been happening for a long while, over the course of decades and even centuries. This book tells the history of ten prominent substances and how they came to be common household names. It shows how the creation of such influential drugs often began with the right person at the exactly right—or wrong!— time. The chapters tell the stories of geniuses and charlatans; scholars and amateurs; advances won through hard work or pure luck; and ultimately, the handful of resounding successes that revolutionized a global industry. Beyond the pioneers of the most famous drugs in our culture, the book analyzes how our perspective on medical treatment has shifted over the decades. Modern standards for testing and administering substances have created a new set of advantages, setbacks, and stigmas, all of which are discussed herein. |
| andrew wakefield study pdf: The Ethics of Vaccination Alberto Giubilini, 2018-12-28 This open access book discusses individual, collective, and institutional responsibilities with regard to vaccination from the perspective of philosophy and public health ethics. It addresses the issue of what it means for a collective to be morally responsible for the realisation of herd immunity and what the implications of collective responsibility are for individual and institutional responsibilities. The first chapter introduces some key concepts in the vaccination debate, such as ‘herd immunity’, ‘public goods’, and ‘vaccine refusal’; and explains why failure to vaccinate raises certain ethical issues. The second chapter analyses, from a philosophical perspective, the relationship between individual, collective, and institutional responsibilities with regard to the realisation of herd immunity. The third chapter is about the principle of least restrictive alternative in public health ethics and its implications for vaccination policies. Finally, the fourth chapter presents an ethical argument for unqualified compulsory vaccination, i.e. for compulsory vaccination that does not allow for any conscientious objection. The book will appeal to philosophers interested in public health ethics and the general public interested in the philosophical underpinning of different arguments about our moral obligations with regard to vaccination. |
| andrew wakefield study pdf: Vaccine: The Controversial Story of Medicine's Greatest Lifesaver Arthur Allen, 2008-05-17 A timely, fair-minded and crisply written account.—New York Times Book Review Vaccine juxtaposes the stories of brilliant scientists with the industry's struggle to produce safe, effective, and profitable vaccines. It focuses on the role of military and medical authority in the introduction of vaccines and looks at why some parents have resisted this authority. Political and social intrigue have often accompanied vaccination—from the divisive introduction of smallpox inoculation in colonial Boston to the 9,000 lawsuits recently filed by parents convinced that vaccines caused their children's autism. With narrative grace and investigative journalism, Arthur Allen reveals a history illuminated by hope and shrouded by controversy, and he sheds new light on changing notions of health, risk, and the common good. |
| andrew wakefield study pdf: Vaccinating Britain Gareth Millward, 2019-01-29 This electronic version has been made available under a Creative Commons (BY-NC-ND) open access license. This book is available as an open access ebook under a CC-BY-NC-ND licence. Vaccinating Britain shows how the British public has played a central role in the development of vaccination policy since the Second World War. It explores the relationship between the public and public health through five key vaccines – diphtheria, smallpox, poliomyelitis, whooping cough and measles-mumps-rubella (MMR). It reveals that while the British public has embraced vaccination as a safe, effective and cost-efficient form of preventative medicine, demand for vaccination and trust in the authorities that provide it has ebbed and flowed according to historical circumstances. It is the first book to offer a long-term perspective on vaccination across different vaccine types. This history provides context for students and researchers interested in present-day controversies surrounding public health immunisation programmes. Historians of the post-war British welfare state will find valuable insight into changing public attitudes towards institutions of government and vice versa. |
| andrew wakefield study pdf: The Critical Public Health Value of Vaccines National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Health and Medicine Division, Board on Global Health, Forum on Microbial Threats, 2022-01-29 Immunization against disease is among the most successful global health efforts of the modern era, and substantial gains in vaccination coverage rates have been achieved worldwide. However, that progress has stagnated in recent years, leaving an estimated 20 million children worldwide either undervaccinated or completely unvaccinated. The determinants of vaccination uptake are complex, mutable, and context specific. A primary driver is vaccine hesitancy - defined as a delay in acceptance or refusal of vaccines despite availability of vaccination services. The majority of vaccine-hesitant people fall somewhere on a spectrum from vaccine acceptance to vaccine denial. Vaccine uptake is also hampered by socioeconomic or structural barriers to access. On August 17-20, 2020, the Forum on Microbial Threats at the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine held a 4-day virtual workshop titled The Critical Public Health Value of Vaccines: Tackling Issues of Access and Hesitancy. The workshop focused on two main areas (vaccine access and vaccine confidence) and gave particular consideration to health systems, research opportunities, communication strategies, and policies that could be considered to address access, perception, attitudes, and behaviors toward vaccination. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussion of the workshop. |
| andrew wakefield study pdf: Vaccine Whistleblower Kevin Barry, 2015-08-20 A Firsthand Account from a CDC Insider on the Link between Vaccines and Autism Vaccine Whistleblower is a gripping account of four legally recorded phone conversations between Dr. Brian Hooker, a scientist investigating autism and vaccine research, and Dr. William Thompson, a senior scientist in the vaccine safety division at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Thompson, who is still employed at the CDC under protection of the federal Whistleblower Protection Act, discloses a pattern of data manipulation, fraud, and corruption at the highest levels of the CDC, the federal agency in charge of protecting the health of Americans. Thompson states, “Senior people just do completely unethical, vile things and no one holds them accountable.” This book nullifies the government’s claims that “vaccines are safe and effective,” and reveals that the government rigged research to cover up the link between vaccines and autism. Scientific truth and the health of American children have been compromised to protect the vaccine program and the pharmaceutical industry. The financial cost of the CDC’s corruption is staggering. The human cost is incalculable. Vaccine Whistleblower provides context to the implications of Thompson’s revelations and directs the reader to political action. |
| andrew wakefield study pdf: Immunization Safety Review Institute of Medicine, Board on Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, Immunization Safety Review Committee, 2003-11-26 The Immunization Safety Review Committee was established by the Institute of Medicine (IOM) to evaluate the evidence on possible causal associations between immunizations and certain adverse outcomes, and to then present conclusions and recommendations. The committee's mandate also includes assessing the broader societal significance of these immunization safety issues. While all the committee members share the view that immunization is generally beneficial, none of them has a vested interest in the specific immunization safety issues that come before the group. The committee reviews three immunization safety review topics each year, addressing each one at a time. In this fifth report in a series, the committee examines the hypothesis that exposure to polio vaccine contaminated with simian virus 40 (SV40), a virus that causes inapparent infection in some monkeys, can cause certain types of cancer. |
| andrew wakefield study pdf: The Age of Autism Dan Olmsted, Mark Blaxill, 2010-09-14 A groundbreaking book, THE AGE OF AUTISM explores how mankind has unwittingly poisoned itself for half a millennium For centuries, medicine has made reckless use of one of earth's most toxic substances: mercury—and the consequences, often invisible or ignored, continue to be tragic. Today, background pollution levels, including global emissions of mercury as well as other toxicants, make us all more vulnerable to its effects. From the worst cases of syphilis to Sigmund Freud's first cases of hysteria, from baffling new disorders in 19th century Britain to the modern scourge of autism, THE AGE OF AUTISM traces the long overlooked history of mercury poisoning. Now, for the first time, authors Dan Olmsted and Mark Blaxill uncover that history. Within this context, they present startling findings: investigating the first cases of autism diagnosed in the 1940s revealed an unsuspected link to a new form of mercury in seed disinfectants, lumber fungicides and vaccines. In the tradition of Silent Spring and An Inconvenient Truth, Olmsted and Blaxill demonstrate with clarity how chemical and environmental clues may have been missed as medical experts, many of them blinded by decades of systemic bias, instead placed blamed on parental behavior or children's biology. By exposing the roots and rise of The Age of Autism, this book attempts to point the way out – to a safer future for our children and the planet. |
| andrew wakefield study pdf: The Vignelli Canon Massimo Vignelli, 2010 An important manual for young designers from Italian modernist Massimo Vignelli The famous Italian designer Massimo Vignelli allows us a glimpse of his understanding of good design in this book, its rules and criteria. He uses numerous examples to convey applications in practice - from product design via signaletics and graphic design to Corporate Design. By doing this he is making an important manual available to young designers that in its clarity both in terms of subject matter and visually is entirely committed to Vignelli's modern design. |
| andrew wakefield study pdf: Deadly Choices Paul A. Offit, 2015-03-10 A renowned researcher vigorously challenges the anti-vaccine movement in this powerful defense of science in the face of fear. |
| andrew wakefield study pdf: Applied Health Economics Andrew M. Jones, Nigel Rice, Teresa Bago d'Uva, Silvia Balia, 2013-05-07 The first edition of Applied Health Economics did an expert job of showing how the availability of large scale data sets and the rapid advancement of advanced econometric techniques can help health economists and health professionals make sense of information better than ever before. This second edition has been revised and updated throughout and includes a new chapter on the description and modelling of individual health care costs, thus broadening the book’s readership to those working on risk adjustment and health technology appraisal. The text also fully reflects the very latest advances in the health economics field and the key journal literature. Large-scale survey datasets, in particular complex survey designs such as panel data, provide a rich source of information for health economists. They offer the scope to control for individual heterogeneity and to model the dynamics of individual behaviour. However, the measures of outcome used in health economics are often qualitative or categorical. These create special problems for estimating econometric models. The dramatic growth in computing power over recent years has been accompanied by the development of methods that help to solve these problems. The purpose of this book is to provide a practical guide to the skills required to put these techniques into practice. Practical applications of the methods are illustrated using data on health from the British Health and Lifestyle Survey (HALS), the British Household Panel Survey (BHPS), the European Community Household Panel (ECHP), the US Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS) and Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE). There is a strong emphasis on applied work, illustrating the use of relevant computer software with code provided for Stata. Familiarity with the basic syntax and structure of Stata is assumed. The Stata code and extracts from the statistical output are embedded directly in the main text and explained at regular intervals. The book is built around empirical case studies, rather than general theory, and the emphasis is on learning by example. It presents a detailed dissection of methods and results of some recent research papers written by the authors and their colleagues. Relevant methods are presented alongside the Stata code that can be used to implement them and the empirical results are discussed at each stage. This text brings together the theory and application of health economics and econometrics, and will be a valuable reference for applied economists and students of health economics and applied econometrics. |
| andrew wakefield study pdf: Vaccine Mark A. Largent, 2012-09 A thoughtful evaluation of the vaccine debate, its history, and its consequences. Since 1990, the number of mandated vaccines has increased dramatically. Today, a fully vaccinated child will have received nearly three dozen vaccinations between birth and age six. Along with the increase in number has come a growing wave of concern among parents about the unintended side effects of vaccines. In Vaccine, Mark A. Largent explains the history of the debate and identifies issues that parents, pediatricians, politicians, and public health officials must address. Nearly 40% of American parents report that they delay or refuse a recommended vaccine for their children. Despite assurances from every mainstream scientific and medical institution, parents continue to be haunted by the question of whether vaccines cause autism. In response, health officials herald vaccines as both safe and vital to the public's health and put programs and regulations in place to encourage parents to follow the recommended vaccine schedule. For Largent, the vaccine-autism debate obscures a constellation of concerns held by many parents, including anxiety about the number of vaccines required (including some for diseases that children are unlikely ever to encounter), unhappiness about the rigorous schedule of vaccines during well-baby visits, and fear of potential side effects, some of them serious and even life-threatening. This book disentangles competing claims, opens the controversy for critical reflection, and provides recommendations for moving forward. |
| andrew wakefield study pdf: Fair Society, Healthy Lives Michael Marmot, 2013 |
| andrew wakefield study pdf: The Future of Nursing 2020-2030 National Academies of Sciences Engineering and Medicine, Committee on the Future of Nursing 2020-2030, 2021-09-30 The decade ahead will test the nation's nearly 4 million nurses in new and complex ways. Nurses live and work at the intersection of health, education, and communities. Nurses work in a wide array of settings and practice at a range of professional levels. They are often the first and most frequent line of contact with people of all backgrounds and experiences seeking care and they represent the largest of the health care professions. A nation cannot fully thrive until everyone - no matter who they are, where they live, or how much money they make - can live their healthiest possible life, and helping people live their healthiest life is and has always been the essential role of nurses. Nurses have a critical role to play in achieving the goal of health equity, but they need robust education, supportive work environments, and autonomy. Accordingly, at the request of the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, on behalf of the National Academy of Medicine, an ad hoc committee under the auspices of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine conducted a study aimed at envisioning and charting a path forward for the nursing profession to help reduce inequities in people's ability to achieve their full health potential. The ultimate goal is the achievement of health equity in the United States built on strengthened nursing capacity and expertise. By leveraging these attributes, nursing will help to create and contribute comprehensively to equitable public health and health care systems that are designed to work for everyone. The Future of Nursing 2020-2030: Charting a Path to Achieve Health Equity explores how nurses can work to reduce health disparities and promote equity, while keeping costs at bay, utilizing technology, and maintaining patient and family-focused care into 2030. This work builds on the foundation set out by The Future of Nursing: Leading Change, Advancing Health (2011) report. |
Andrew - Wikipedia
Andrew is the English form of the given name, common in many countries. The word is derived from the Greek: Ἀνδρέας, Andreas, [1] itself related to Ancient Greek: ἀνήρ/ἀνδρός …
Who Was Andrew the Apostle? The Beginner’s Guide
Jun 17, 2019 · Andrew was the first apostle Jesus called and the first apostle to claim Jesus was the Messiah. Despite his seemingly important role as an early follower of Christ, Andrew is …
What Do We Know about Andrew the Disciple? - Bible Study Tools
Sep 15, 2023 · We get one big glimpse of who Andrew was early in John, but outside of that he remains relatively unknown, though he was one of the twelve chosen by Jesus. Today we will …
The Apostle Andrew Biography, Life and Death
The Apostle Andrew’s Death. From what we know from church history and tradition, Andrew kept bringing people to Christ, even after Jesus’ death. He never seemed to care about putting his …
Who was St. Andrew the Apostle and what did he do? - Aleteia
Nov 29, 2024 · Saint Andrew, apostle: born at Bethsaida, brother of Simon Peter and a fisherman with him, he was the first of the disciples of John the Baptist to be called by the Lord Jesus …
Andrew: Exploring the Forgotten Apostle of the Bible
Aug 8, 2024 · Andrew was one of the first disciples called by Jesus, initially a follower of John the Baptist. He immediately recognized Jesus as the Messiah and brought his brother Simon …
Andrew: Name Meaning, Origin, Popularity - Parents
May 21, 2025 · Andrew is a Greek name meaning "strong and manly." It's a variant of the Greek name Andreas, which is derived from the element aner, meaning "man." Andrew was the …
Vaccines and Autism - LBI Health
The “Wakefield” Studies: Studies Hypothesizing That MMR Causes Autism Two studies have been cited by those claiming that the MMR vaccine causes autism. This section summarizes …
STATEMENT - The Lancet
the study by Dr Andrew Wakefield and Professor John Walker-Smith, thus biasing the selection of children in favour of families reporting an association between their child’s illness and the MMR …
DER WAKEFIELD-FALL - uni-bremen.de
DER WAKEFIELD-FALL Andrew Wakefield ist ein britischer Arzt, der 1998 durch einen medizinischen Artikel bekannt wurde, in dem er anhand von zwölf Fällen (acht davon mit …
Vaccines and Autism: A Tale of Shifting Hypotheses - JSTOR
VACCINES INVITEDARTICLE StanleyPlotkin,SectionEditor VaccinesandAutism:ATaleofShiftingHypotheses JeffreyS.GerberandPaulA.Offit …
Public trust in vaccines - Nature
journal retracted a case study it had published 12 years earlier. The retracted study was led by the English physician Andrew Wakefield and claimed to have identified a new ‘autistic
Quantifying the effect of Wakefield et al. (1998) on …
In late February 1998, a research team led by Andrew Wakefield published an article in The Lancet suggesting a link between the Measles, Mumps, and Rubella vaccine (MMR) and the …
KONTROVESI AUTISME DAN IMUNISASI MMR - Direktori …
dr. Wakefield yang mengungkapkan autisme berhubungan dengan MMR. Menyimpulkan tidak ada hubungan antara MMR dan autisme. Tidak terdapat pengalaman klinis lainnya yang …
Common Immunization Myths and Misconceptions
•The 1998 study by Andrew Wakefield that started this concern was based on 12 children who were preselected for study. •In 2004, 10 of the 13 authors of this study retracted the study’s …
GMC Wakefield VerdiCt Trisha Greenhalgh Why did the …
content/Wakefield__Smith_Murch.pdf). Wakefield’s presentation of the referrals as consecutive and routine was deemed “dishonest” and “irresponsible” and was found to have “resulted in a …
Chapter 6 Anti-vaxxers: Wakeeld and the Autism Scare
6.13 Conclusion: Andrew’s Wake 77 References 79 6.1 Introduction Anti-vaccine messaging is a global phenomenon that thrives in online spaces. This chapter ... the study—and emphasize …
HOW THE CASE AGAINST THE MMR VACCINE WAS FIXED
behind Wakefield’s research. Triggering the longest ever UK General Medical Council fit-ness to practise hearing, and forcing the Lancet to retract the paper, last May it led to Wakefield and …
The Lancet
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Wakefield is struck off for the “serious findings against him”
Andrew Wakefield, the British gastroenterologist who sparked a worldwide scare over the measles, mumps, and rubella ... World News medicalisation of ordinary conditions costs $77 …
Why the MMR Vaccine-Autism Myth Persists. A Mixed …
International Journal on Science and Technology (IJSAT) E-ISSN: 2229-7677 Website: www.ijsat.org Email: editor@ijsat.org IJSAT25025119 Volume 16, Issue 2, April-June 2025 3
DISCOVERY - thompsoncenter.missouri.edu
The Lancet by Andrew Wakefield. The study suggested a link between the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine and autism; however, it was based on a small sample size, lacked …
Learning from the impact of misinformation and past …
lication of Andrew Wakefield’s flawed study on the link between the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vac-cine and the development of autism is a stunning example of the far-reaching …
The Facts Behind the “CDC Whistleblower” Accusations …
In August 2014, anti-vaccine activists Brian Hooker and Andrew Wakefield released a video of recorded phone conversations with Dr. William Thompson, a researcher at the U.S. Centers for …
VACCINES AND AUTISM: WHAT YOU SHOULD KNOW Winter …
A. No. In 1998, a British researcher named Andrew Wakefield raised the notion that the MMR vaccine might cause autism. In the medical journal The Lancet, he reported the stories of ... a …
Anatomy of a Scare - Utah State University
graduate student in the lab of gastroenterologist Andrew Wakefield, had called a press conference to unveil the results of a new study. With flashbulbs popping, Wakefield stepped up to the bank …
LAS VACUNAS Y EL AUTISMO: LO QUE DEBE SABER 2019
R. No. En 1998, el investigador británico Andrew Wakefield planteó la teoría de que la vacuna SPR podía causar autismo. En la revista médica The Lancet, este investigador presentó las …
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE - RESCUEPOST.COM
study small-intestine transplantation in Toronto, Canada. Discoveries made during his work in Canada led him to return to the United Kingdom to pursue the study of inflammatory bowel …
Lancet
main weaknesses of Andrew Wakefield and colleagues’1 case series—that the cases were highly selected and the underlying population is not clear. We conducted a population-based study in …
Recent Findings: Vaccines Do Not Cause Autism Spectrum …
Wakefield Study Retraction The concerns about vaccine causing ASD date largely to the 1998 study “Ileal-lymphoid-nodular hyperplasia, non-specific colitis, and pervasive developmental …
For personal use. Only reproduce with permission from The
Andrew J Wakefield (AJW), *Peter Harvey, John Linnell c/o 134 Harley Street, London W1G 7JY, UK 1 Wakefield AJ. Autism, inflammatory bowel disease, and MMR vaccine. ... retrospective …
H&K Health Dose: December 3, 2024 - hklaw.com
Dec 3, 2024 · Weldon's vaccine skepticism includes citing a discredited 1998 study by Andrew Wakefield that falsely linked the measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccine to autism – a …
Antivaccine hero Andrew Wakefield: Scientific fraud?
Feb 8, 2009 · Antivaccine hero Andrew Wakefield: Scientific fraud? Posted by David Gorski on February 8, 2009 Pity poor Andrew Wakefield. Actually, on second thought, Wakefield …
Date RReeaaddiinngg nCCoommpprreehheenssiioonn 44 …
discovered that Andrew Wakefield had received a large sum of money from lawyers seeking evidence to use in cases against vaccine manufacturers. It was then discovered that Wakefield …
Antivaccine hero Andrew Wakefield: Scientific fraud?
Oct 20, 2019 · sometimes a rat is a rat. And Wakefield is most definitely a rat. A rat who caused thousands of cases of measles and at least one death. Respond: List out what was …
A new replication crisis: Research that is less likely to be true is ...
The influence of an inaccurate paper published in a prestigious journal can have repercussions for decades. For example, the study Andrew Wakefield published in The Lancet in 1998 turned …
Protocol, A preliminary open-label study of the effect of
Protocol, A preliminary open-label study of the effect of oral measles virus-specific dialysable lymphocyte extract transfer factor (DLE-TFmv) in children with autistic enteropathy. 1998-02 …
Final WoRd An Injection of Truth - Cato Institute
Andrew Wakefield authored a study linking childhood autism to the MMR (measles, mumps, and rubella) vaccine. From the beginning, the study had its fair share of red flags — the most obvious
HighWire – Andrew Wakefield, M.D. – the Whole Story, with …
This is the narrative summary of the above interview of Dr. Wakefield by Del Bigtree on Highwire on Dec. 27, 2018 concerning the allegations made against Wakefield by Brian Deer, an …
L’affaire Wakefield: Shades of Dreyfus & BMJ’s Descent into …
disparaged the Wakefield et al, Lancet paper (1998) as “fraudulent”, the campaign has served a far greater objective than “merely” ending Dr. Wakefield’s career as a doctor and researcher. …
The Anti-Vaccination Movement - Georgia Department of …
In 1998, researcher Andrew Wakefield and some of his col-leagues published a study in the prestigious English medical VACCINES & AUTISM: Myths and Misconceptions Steven …
Callous Disregard: Autism and Vaccines: The Truth Behind a …
Wakefield, Andrew J. Callous disregard: Autism and vaccines—the truth behind a tragedy / Andrew J. Wakefield. p. ; cm. Other title: Autism and vaccines—the truth behind a tragedy …
Research Ethics: Where are we, How did we get here, and …
Andrew Wakefield • Now-former doctor who published a 12-person “study” on the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine in The Lancet in 1998 • Suggested a link between this …
VOF319 RKC Heksejakten på Andrew Wakefield.docx …
VOF319_RKC_Heksejakten på Andrew Wakefield.docx Ortomolekylær medisin Heksejakten på Andrew Wakefield I Helsemagasinet 1/2012 publiserte vi en grundig artikkel om hvordan den …
A climate conducive to learning and creating knowledge is …
Jan 22, 2019 · Case Study: Andrew Wakefield •Andrew Wakefield was a doctor in Britain •In 1998, he published a paper linking the MMR vaccine to autism •But •Results could not be repeated …
The Jenny McCarthy Conundrum - Association for …
Andrew Wakefield's article published in . The Lancet . journal. 13. 2002 . Measles declared eliminated in the U.S. (CDC) 14. 2004 . No association between thimerosal-containing …
Combatting Anti-Vaccination Misinformation: Improving …
Jun 8, 2020 · Objectives: This quality improvement study evaluates childhood immunization data for racial and ethnic disparities, identifies possible drivers, and proposes equitable solutions. ...
Vaccines and Autism
The “Wakefield” Studies: Studies Hypothesizing That MMR Causes Autism Two studies have been cited by those claiming that the MMR vaccine causes autism. This section summarizes …
The Importance of Ethical Conduct in Scientific Research
Study (11), participants were not informed of the ... surgeon and researcher Andrew Wakefield, whose fraudulent 1998 paper claimed an association . between the measles, mumps, and …
THE UK’S CHANNEL 4 TV: PRODUCERS OR PLAGIARISTS?
“Wakefield grinned. Easy peasy. ‘Yes,’ he replied. ‘They can’t take away the fact that I have a medical degree.’” (Opening of chapter 27, The Doctor Who Fooled the World.) “On the day that …
THE LANCET’S TWO DAYS TO BURY BAD NEWS - The BMJ
Andrew Wakefield, at the far end of the hearing room. Each smiled thinly and nodded back. The four had last met together three and a half years before, at the Lancet’s offices, nearly two …
Citing documents of Wakefield’s retracted article: the
An example of serious misconduct is the study authored by Andrew Wakeeld and 11 collaborators. The paper was published in The Lancet journal in 1998,1 suggesting a rela-tionship between …
HOW THE CASE AGAINST THE MMR VACCINE WAS FIXED
behind Wakefield’s research. Triggering the longest ever UK General Medical Council fit-ness to practise hearing, and forcing the Lancet to retract the paper, last May it led to Wakefield and …
CORRESPONDENCE - Max Planck Society
3 Wakefield AJ. Autism, inflammatory bowel disease, and MMR vaccine. Lancet 1998; 351: 908. Sir—I note significant inaccuracies in table 1 of the paper by Andrew Wakefield and …
MMR: Learning Lessons - Science Media Centre
Ł What efforts have been made since 1998, when Andrew Wakefield's research first began to garner serious media attention? Ł Are scientists powerless in the face of a news media that …
How Do Vaccines Cause Autism? - actascientific.com
1998: Wakefield study In 1998, Dr. Andrew Wakefield and colleagues published a study inThe Lancetexploring a potential link between the MMR vaccine, bowel disease, and autism. …
