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| appeal to history fallacy: Logically Fallacious Bo Bennett, 2012-02-19 This book is a crash course in effective reasoning, meant to catapult you into a world where you start to see things how they really are, not how you think they are. The focus of this book is on logical fallacies, which loosely defined, are simply errors in reasoning. With the reading of each page, you can make significant improvements in the way you reason and make decisions. Logically Fallacious is one of the most comprehensive collections of logical fallacies with all original examples and easy to understand descriptions, perfect for educators, debaters, or anyone who wants to improve his or her reasoning skills. Expose an irrational belief, keep a person rational for a day. Expose irrational thinking, keep a person rational for a lifetime. - Bo Bennett This 2021 Edition includes dozens of more logical fallacies with many updated examples. |
| appeal to history fallacy: Appeal to Popular Opinion Douglas Walton, 2010-11-01 |
| appeal to history fallacy: Argumentation and Debating William Trufant Foster, 1917 |
| appeal to history fallacy: Exegetical Fallacies D. A. Carson, 1996-03-01 This book offers updated explanations of the sins of interpretation to teach sound grammatical, lexical, cultural, theological, and historical Bible study practices. A must for teachers, pastors, and serious Bible students.--Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society |
| appeal to history fallacy: Bad Arguments Robert Arp, Steven Barbone, Michael Bruce, 2018-10-29 A timely and accessible guide to 100 of the most infamous logical fallacies in Western philosophy, helping readers avoid and detect false assumptions and faulty reasoning You’ll love this book or you’ll hate it. So, you’re either with us or against us. And if you’re against us then you hate books. No true intellectual would hate this book. Ever decide to avoid a restaurant because of one bad meal? Choose a product because a celebrity endorsed it? Or ignore what a politician says because she’s not a member of your party? For as long as people have been discussing, conversing, persuading, advocating, proselytizing, pontificating, or otherwise stating their case, their arguments have been vulnerable to false assumptions and faulty reasoning. Drawing upon a long history of logical falsehoods and philosophical flubs, Bad Arguments demonstrates how misguided arguments come to be, and what we can do to detect them in the rhetoric of others and avoid using them ourselves. Fallacies—or conclusions that don’t follow from their premise—are at the root of most bad arguments, but it can be easy to stumble into a fallacy without realizing it. In this clear and concise guide to good arguments gone bad, Robert Arp, Steven Barbone, and Michael Bruce take readers through 100 of the most infamous fallacies in Western philosophy, identifying the most common missteps, pitfalls, and dead-ends of arguments gone awry. Whether an instance of sunk costs, is ought, affirming the consequent, moving the goal post, begging the question, or the ever-popular slippery slope, each fallacy engages with examples drawn from contemporary politics, economics, media, and popular culture. Further diagrams and tables supplement entries and contextualize common errors in logical reasoning. At a time in our world when it is crucial to be able to identify and challenge rhetorical half-truths, this bookhelps readers to better understand flawed argumentation and develop logical literacy. Unrivaled in its breadth of coverage and a worthy companion to its sister volume Just the Arguments (2011), Bad Arguments is an essential tool for undergraduate students and general readers looking to hone their critical thinking and rhetorical skills. |
| appeal to history fallacy: An Illustrated Book of Bad Arguments: Learn the Lost Art of Making Sense (Bad Arguments) Ali Almossawi, 2014-09-23 “This short book makes you smarter than 99% of the population. . . . The concepts within it will increase your company’s ‘organizational intelligence.’. . . It’s more than just a must-read, it’s a ‘have-to-read-or-you’re-fired’ book.”—Geoffrey James, INC.com From the author of An Illustrated Book of Loaded Language, here’s the antidote to fuzzy thinking, with furry animals! Have you read (or stumbled into) one too many irrational online debates? Ali Almossawi certainly had, so he wrote An Illustrated Book of Bad Arguments! This handy guide is here to bring the internet age a much-needed dose of old-school logic (really old-school, a la Aristotle). Here are cogent explanations of the straw man fallacy, the slippery slope argument, the ad hominem attack, and other common attempts at reasoning that actually fall short—plus a beautifully drawn menagerie of animals who (adorably) commit every logical faux pas. Rabbit thinks a strange light in the sky must be a UFO because no one can prove otherwise (the appeal to ignorance). And Lion doesn’t believe that gas emissions harm the planet because, if that were true, he wouldn’t like the result (the argument from consequences). Once you learn to recognize these abuses of reason, they start to crop up everywhere from congressional debate to YouTube comments—which makes this geek-chic book a must for anyone in the habit of holding opinions. |
| appeal to history fallacy: History of the Rise and Influence of the Spirit of Rationalism in Europe William Edward Hartpole Lecky, 1866 |
| appeal to history fallacy: Aristotle on Fallacies Aristotle, 1866 |
| appeal to history fallacy: The Salvation-Historical Fallacy? Robert W. Yarbrough, 2019-05-21 New Testament scholarship since the Enlightenment is not quite like the histories tend to present it. It has not been the unfolding triumph of objective ''critical'' or ''historical'' thinkers over less progressive and dogmatically biased ''theological'' interests. Rather, in the same respective eras that ''critical'' thinkers like F.C. Bauer and R. Bultmann mapped out approaches to NT theology, responsible scholars from J.C.K. Hofmann to O. Cullmann have responded with viable programs of their own.This volume brings the ascendant Baur-Wrede-Bultmann line of analysis into dialogue with what may be called the salvation historical perspective, thus uncovering a line of inquiry that was significant in the past and may prove promising in the future. |
| appeal to history fallacy: 1001 Ideas That Changed the Way We Think Robert Arp, 2013-10-29 Arranged chronologically, presents the important thoughts and big ideas from the most brilliant minds of the past three thousand years, including St. Thomas Aquinas's five proofs of God's existence and the Freudian slip. |
| appeal to history fallacy: Bernoulli's Fallacy Aubrey Clayton, 2021-08-03 There is a logical flaw in the statistical methods used across experimental science. This fault is not a minor academic quibble: it underlies a reproducibility crisis now threatening entire disciplines. In an increasingly statistics-reliant society, this same deeply rooted error shapes decisions in medicine, law, and public policy with profound consequences. The foundation of the problem is a misunderstanding of probability and its role in making inferences from observations. Aubrey Clayton traces the history of how statistics went astray, beginning with the groundbreaking work of the seventeenth-century mathematician Jacob Bernoulli and winding through gambling, astronomy, and genetics. Clayton recounts the feuds among rival schools of statistics, exploring the surprisingly human problems that gave rise to the discipline and the all-too-human shortcomings that derailed it. He highlights how influential nineteenth- and twentieth-century figures developed a statistical methodology they claimed was purely objective in order to silence critics of their political agendas, including eugenics. Clayton provides a clear account of the mathematics and logic of probability, conveying complex concepts accessibly for readers interested in the statistical methods that frame our understanding of the world. He contends that we need to take a Bayesian approach—that is, to incorporate prior knowledge when reasoning with incomplete information—in order to resolve the crisis. Ranging across math, philosophy, and culture, Bernoulli’s Fallacy explains why something has gone wrong with how we use data—and how to fix it. |
| appeal to history fallacy: A Concise History of the Common Law Theodore Frank Thomas Plucknett, 2001 Originally published: 5th ed. Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1956. |
| appeal to history fallacy: Arguments from Ignorance Douglas Walton, 2010-11-01 |
| appeal to history fallacy: Lean Logic David Fleming, 2016 Lean Logic is David Fleming's masterpiece, the product of more than thirty years' work and a testament to the creative brilliance of one of Britain's most important intellectuals. A dictionary unlike any other, it leads readers through Fleming's stimulating exploration of fields as diverse as culture, history, science, art, logic, ethics, myth, economics, and anthropology, being made up of four hundred and four engaging essay-entries covering topics such as Boredom, Community, Debt, Growth, Harmless Lunatics, Land, Lean Thinking, Nanotechnology, Play, Religion, Spirit, Trust, and Utopia. The threads running through every entry are Fleming's deft and original analysis of how our present market-based economy is destroying the very foundations--ecological, economic, and cultural-- on which it depends, and his core focus: a compelling, grounded vision for a cohesive society that might weather the consequences. A society that provides a satisfying, culturally-rich context for lives well lived, in an economy not reliant on the impossible promise of eternal economic growth. A society worth living in. Worth fighting for. Worth contributing to. The beauty of the dictionary format is that it allows Fleming to draw connections without detracting from his in-depth exploration of each topic. Each entry carries intriguing links to other entries, inviting the enchanted reader to break free of the imposed order of a conventional book, starting where she will and following the links in the order of her choosing. In combination with Fleming's refreshing writing style and good-natured humor, it also creates a book perfectly suited to dipping in and out. The decades Fleming spent honing his life's work are evident in the lightness and mastery with which Lean Logic draws on an incredible wealth of cultural and historical learning--from Whitman to Whitefield, Dickens to Daly, Kropotkin to Kafka, Keats to Kuhn, Oakeshott to Ostrom, Jung to Jensen, Machiavelli to Mumford, Mauss to Mandelbrot, Leopold to Lakatos, Polanyi to Putnam, Nietzsche to Næss, Keynes to Kumar, Scruton to Shiva, Thoreau to Toynbee, Rabelais to Rogers, Shakespeare to Schumacher, Locke to Lovelock, Homer to Homer-Dixon--in demonstrating that many of the principles it commends have a track-record of success long pre-dating our current society. Fleming acknowledges, with honesty, the challenges ahead, but rather than inducing despair, Lean Logic is rare in its ability to inspire optimism in the creativity and intelligence of humans to nurse our ecology back to health; to rediscover the importance of place and play, of reciprocity and resilience, and of community and culture. ------ Recognizing that Lean Logic's sheer size and unusual structure could be daunting, Fleming's long-time collaborator Shaun Chamberlin has also selected and edited one of the potential pathways through the dictionary to create a second, stand-alone volume, Surviving the Future: Culture, Carnival and Capital in the Aftermath of the Market Economy. The content, rare insights, and uniquely enjoyable writing style remain Fleming's, but presented at a more accessible paperback-length and in conventional read-it-front-to-back format. |
| appeal to history fallacy: Appeal to Expert Opinion Douglas Walton, 2010-11-01 |
| appeal to history fallacy: Natural Right and History Leo Strauss, 2013-12-27 In this classic work, Leo Strauss examines the problem of natural right and argues that there is a firm foundation in reality for the distinction between right and wrong in ethics and politics. On the centenary of Strauss's birth, and the fiftieth anniversary of the Walgreen Lectures which spawned the work, Natural Right and History remains as controversial and essential as ever. Strauss . . . makes a significant contribution towards an understanding of the intellectual crisis in which we find ourselves . . . [and] brings to his task an admirable scholarship and a brilliant, incisive mind.—John H. Hallowell, American Political Science Review Leo Strauss (1899-1973) was the Robert Maynard Hutchins Distinguished Service Professor Emeritus in Political Science at the University of Chicago. |
| appeal to history fallacy: The Demon-Haunted World Carl Sagan, 2011-07-06 A prescient warning of a future we now inhabit, where fake news stories and Internet conspiracy theories play to a disaffected American populace “A glorious book . . . A spirited defense of science . . . From the first page to the last, this book is a manifesto for clear thought.”—Los Angeles Times How can we make intelligent decisions about our increasingly technology-driven lives if we don’t understand the difference between the myths of pseudoscience and the testable hypotheses of science? Pulitzer Prize-winning author and distinguished astronomer Carl Sagan argues that scientific thinking is critical not only to the pursuit of truth but to the very well-being of our democratic institutions. Casting a wide net through history and culture, Sagan examines and authoritatively debunks such celebrated fallacies of the past as witchcraft, faith healing, demons, and UFOs. And yet, disturbingly, in today's so-called information age, pseudoscience is burgeoning with stories of alien abduction, channeling past lives, and communal hallucinations commanding growing attention and respect. As Sagan demonstrates with lucid eloquence, the siren song of unreason is not just a cultural wrong turn but a dangerous plunge into darkness that threatens our most basic freedoms. Praise for The Demon-Haunted World “Powerful . . . A stirring defense of informed rationality. . . Rich in surprising information and beautiful writing.”—The Washington Post Book World “Compelling.”—USA Today “A clear vision of what good science means and why it makes a difference. . . . A testimonial to the power of science and a warning of the dangers of unrestrained credulity.”—The Sciences “Passionate.”—San Francisco Examiner-Chronicle |
| appeal to history fallacy: The Fallacy Detective Nathaniel Bluedorn, Hans Bluedorn, 2015-04-04 The Fallacy Detective has been the best selling text for teaching logical fallacies and introduction to logic for over 15 years. Can learning logic be fun? With The Fallacy Detective it appears that it can be. I thoroughly enjoyed this book and would recommend it to anyone who wants to improve his reasoning skills.--Tim Challies, curriculum reviewer Cartoon and comic illustrations, humorous examples, and a very reader-friendly writing style make this the sort of course students will enjoy.--Cathy Duffy, homeschool curriculum reviewer I really like The Fallacy Detective because it has funny cartoons, silly stories, and teaches you a lot!--11 Year Old What is a fallacy? A fallacy is an error in logic a place where someone has made a mistake in his thinking. This is a handy book for learning to spot common errors in reasoning. - For ages twelve through adult. - Fun to use -- learn skills you can use right away. - Peanuts, Dilbert, and Calvin and Hobbes cartoons. - Includes The Fallacy Detective Game. - Exercises with answer key. |
| appeal to history fallacy: Natural Alan Levinovitz, 2020-04-07 Illuminates the far-reaching harms of believing that natural means “good,” from misinformation about health choices to justifications for sexism, racism, and flawed economic policies. People love what’s natural: it’s the best way to eat, the best way to parent, even the best way to act—naturally, just as nature intended. Appeals to the wisdom of nature are among the most powerful arguments in the history of human thought. Yet Nature (with a capital N) and natural goodness are not objective or scientific. In this groundbreaking book, scholar of religion Alan Levinovitz demonstrates that these beliefs are actually religious and highlights the many dangers of substituting simple myths for complicated realities. It may not seem like a problem when it comes to paying a premium for organic food. But what about condemnations of “unnatural” sexual activity? The guilt that attends not having a “natural” birth? Economic deregulation justified by the inherent goodness of “natural” markets? In Natural, readers embark on an epic journey, from Peruvian rainforests to the backcountry in Yellowstone Park, from a “natural” bodybuilding competition to a “natural” cancer-curing clinic. The result is an essential new perspective that shatters faith in Nature’s goodness and points to a better alternative. We can love nature without worshipping it, and we can work toward a better world with humility and dialogue rather than taboos and zealotry. |
| appeal to history fallacy: The Federalist Papers Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, James Madison, 2018-08-20 Classic Books Library presents this brand new edition of “The Federalist Papers”, a collection of separate essays and articles compiled in 1788 by Alexander Hamilton. Following the United States Declaration of Independence in 1776, the governing doctrines and policies of the States lacked cohesion. “The Federalist”, as it was previously known, was constructed by American statesman Alexander Hamilton, and was intended to catalyse the ratification of the United States Constitution. Hamilton recruited fellow statesmen James Madison Jr., and John Jay to write papers for the compendium, and the three are known as some of the Founding Fathers of the United States. Alexander Hamilton (c. 1755–1804) was an American lawyer, journalist and highly influential government official. He also served as a Senior Officer in the Army between 1799-1800 and founded the Federalist Party, the system that governed the nation’s finances. His contributions to the Constitution and leadership made a significant and lasting impact on the early development of the nation of the United States. |
| appeal to history fallacy: Fallacies and Argument Appraisal Christopher W. Tindale, 2007-01-22 Fallacies and Argument Appraisal presents an introduction to the nature, identification, and causes of fallacious reasoning, along with key questions for evaluation. Drawing from the latest work on fallacies as well as some of the standard ideas that have remained relevant since Aristotle, Christopher Tindale investigates central cases of major fallacies in order to understand what has gone wrong and how this has occurred. Dispensing with the approach that simply assigns labels and brief descriptions of fallacies, Tindale provides fuller treatments that recognize the dialectical and rhetorical contexts in which fallacies arise. This volume analyzes major fallacies through accessible, everyday examples. Critical questions are developed for each fallacy to help the student identify them and provide considered evaluations. |
| appeal to history fallacy: The Declaration of Independence Carl Lotus Becker, 2017 In this long essay Becker analyzed the structure, drafting, and philosophy of the Declaration. He recognizes that it was not intended as an objective historical statement of the causes of the Revolution, but merely furnished a moral and legal justification for rebellion. Step by step, the colonists modified their theory to suit their needs. Whenever men become sufficiently dissatisfied with the existing regime of positive law and custom, they will be found reaching out beyond it for the rational basis of what they conceive ought to be. This is what the Americans did in their controversy with Great Britain. |
| appeal to history fallacy: The Infographic Murray Dick, 2020-04-21 An exploration of infographics and data visualization as a cultural phenomenon, from eighteenth-century print culture to today's data journalism. Infographics and data visualization are ubiquitous in our everyday media diet, particularly in news—in print newspapers, on television news, and online. It has been argued that infographics are changing what it means to be literate in the twenty-first century—and even that they harmonize uniquely with human cognition. In this first serious exploration of the subject, Murray Dick traces the cultural evolution of the infographic, examining its use in news—and resistance to its use—from eighteenth-century print culture to today's data journalism. He identifies six historical phases of infographics in popular culture: the proto-infographic, the classical, the improving, the commercial, the ideological, and the professional. Dick describes the emergence of infographic forms within a wider history of journalism, culture, and communications, focusing his analysis on the UK. He considers their use in the partisan British journalism of late eighteenth and early nineteenth-century print media; their later deployment as a vehicle for reform and improvement; their mass-market debut in the twentieth century as a means of explanation (and sometimes propaganda); and their use for both ideological and professional purposes in the post–World War II marketized newspaper culture. Finally, he proposes best practices for news infographics and defends infographics and data visualization against a range of criticism. Dick offers not only a history of how the public has experienced and understood the infographic, but also an account of what data visualization can tell us about the past. |
| appeal to history fallacy: Casanova's Lottery Stephen M. Stigler, 2022-10-06 In 1994, historian Stephen Stigler placed a mail-order purchase for a rare bit of ephemera from a French bookstore: a lottery Almanac from 1834. It contained the winning numbers for the entire span of the French Loterie from 1758 onward, including details on prizes actually awarded-difficult data to come by-as well as hand-written notes by an early owner. Stigler was fascinated with what he saw about how the Loterie was carried out, who bought tickets, and what size bets they placed, and so in the decades that followed he amassed booklets, legal documents, advertising bills, notices, contracts, and tickets. His own collection and extensive additional research helped him piece together the Loterie's remarkable inner workings, as well as its implications for how we understand the history of risk more broadly. In the 1750s at the urging of famed philandering adventurer Giocomo Casanova (who had recently escaped from a Venetian prison by means of a sharpened iron, an accomplice, a rope of bed sheets, and a stolen gondola), the French state began to embrace risk in its approach to the Loterie. The prize amounts varied depending on the number of tickets bought, and the amount of the bet was determined by each individual bettor. The state could lose money on any individual lot but was statistically guaranteed it would come out on top in the long run. Stigler follows the Loterie from its curious inception to a 1776 expansion, to its interruption during the French Revolution (but only with the Terror of 1793), to its renewal in 1797 and further expansion, and finally to its suppression in 1836, examining throughout the wider question of how members of the public came to trust in new financial technologies and believe in their value-- |
| appeal to history fallacy: The Place of Emotion in Argument Douglas Walton, 2010-11-01 |
| appeal to history fallacy: Historian's Fallacie David H. Fischer, 1970-12-30 If one laughs when David Hackett Fischer sits down to play, one will stay to cheer. His book must be read three times: the first in anger, the srcond in laughter, the third in respect....The wisdom is expressed with a certin ruthlessness. Scarcly a major historian escapes unscathed. Ten thousand members of the AmericanHistorical Association will rush to the index and breathe a little easier to find their names absent. |
| appeal to history fallacy: Middle Way Philosophy Robert M. Ellis, 2015-07-06 A departure at right angles to thinking in the modern Western world. An important, original work, that should get the widest possible hearing (Iain McGilchrist, author of The Master and his Emissary) Middle Way Philosophy is not about compromise, but about the avoidance of dogma and the integration of conflicting assumptions. To rely on experience as our guide, we need to avoid the interpretation of experience through unnecessary dogmas. Drawing on a range of influences in Buddhist practice, Western philosophy and psychology, Middle Way Philosophy questions alike the assumptions of scientific naturalism, religious revelation and political absolutism, trying to separate what addresses experience in these doctrines from what is merely assumed. This Omnibus edition of Middle Way Philosophy includes all four of the volumes previously published separately: 1. The Path of Objectivity, 2. The Integration of Desire, 3. The Integration of Meaning, and 4. The Integration of Belief. |
| appeal to history fallacy: The Fallacy of Fine-Tuning Victor J. Stenger, 2011-04-15 A number of authors have noted that if some physical parameters were slightly changed, the universe could no longer support life, as we know it. This implies that life depends sensitively on the physics of our universe. Does this fine-tuning of the universe suggest that a creator god intentionally calibrated the initial conditions of the universe such that life on earth and the evolution of humanity would eventually emerge? In his in-depth and highly accessible discussion of this fascinating and controversial topic, the author looks at the evidence and comes to the opposite conclusion. He finds that the observations of science and our naked senses not only show no evidence for God, they provide evidence beyond a reasonable doubt that God does not exist. |
| appeal to history fallacy: Adam's Fallacy Duncan K. Foley, 2009-06-30 This book could be called The Intelligent Person's Guide to Economics. The title expresses Duncan Foley's belief that economics at its most abstract and interesting level is a speculative philosophical discourse, not a deductive or inductive science. Adam's fallacy is the attempt to separate the economic sphere of life, in which the pursuit of self-interest is led by the invisible hand of the market to a socially beneficial outcome, from the rest of social life, in which the pursuit of self-interest is morally problematic and has to be weighed against other ends. |
| appeal to history fallacy: Art in History/History in Art David Freedberg, Jan de Vries, 1996-07-11 Historians and art historians provide a critique of existing methodologies and an interdisciplinary inquiry into seventeenth-century Dutch art and culture. |
| appeal to history fallacy: Elements of Logic Richard Whately, 1832 |
| appeal to history fallacy: Foundations of Qualitative Research Jerry W. Willis, 2007-01-26 Willis catches the student up on relevant aspects of philosophy, empiricism, history, and prevailing political influences. This building of chronology is so valuable for students in understanding the origins of specific schools of thought in relations to a paradigm. —Heather T. Zeng, NACADA Foundations of Qualitative Research introduces key theoretical and epistemological concepts replete with historical and current real-world examples. Author Jerry W. Willis provides an invaluable resource to guide the critical and qualitative inquiry process written in an accessible and non-intimidating style that brings these otherwise difficult concepts to life. Key Features: Covers the conceptual foundations of interpretive, critical, and post-positivist paradigms: A thorough background of theory and social inquiry is given by looking at the development of each paradigm throughout history. Provides real-world examples: Cases illustrate different approaches to the same research problem so that students can better understand the contrasting features of these paradigms. Introduces seven qualitative research frameworks: In-depth coverage is provided on Altheide and Johnson′s Analytic Realism; Denzin and Lincoln′s Interpretive Perspective; Eisner′s Connoisseurship Model of Inquiry; Semiotics; the Phenomenological Psychological Model; Poststructuralism and Postmodernism; and Symbolic Interactionism. Offers general guidelines for qualitative research: Conceptually covers the best practices, approaches to data analysis, and interpretation of qualitative research. Examines emergent methods in qualitative research: New research areas such as PAR, emancipatory research, and participatory design research are included, as well as exemplary journal articles to further illustrate how theory links to research practice. Intended Audience: This text is designed for advanced undergraduate and graduate students taking their first or second qualitative research methods course in the fields of Education, Psychology, and the Health and Social Sciences. It is also an excellent theory companion supplement to the more applied qualitative methods text. |
| appeal to history fallacy: The Tuttle Twins Guide to Logical Fallacies Connor Boyack, 2020-12 In a society where countless ideas are being shared, debated, and analyzed, it's more important than ever to sift out the good ones from among the bad ones. And when people you respect and trust use arguments that sound persuasive, how can you determine if they are correct? One of the most commonly used methods of spreading misinformation is the use of a logical fallacy--a bad argument that makes something seem truthful that actually might not be. These types of arguments are used repeatedly, and there are many different types. Fortunately, these logical fallacies can be learned, so they can be avoided. Armed with this information, you'll be equipped to understand when people are sharing an idea that is wrong or making a claim that isn't true. You'll become an expert debater by being able to point out a flaw in an opponent's argument. That makes this book dangerous--a guidebook for teenagers and young adults who want to explore the ins and outs of how to win arguments and point out problems in others' ideas. Use this book wisely! Fallacies included: The Strawman False Cause Appeal to Emotion Slippery Slope Ad Hominem Personal Incredulity Special Pleading Loaded Question Burden of Proof Ambiguity The Gambler The Bandwagon Appeal to Authority Composition & Division No True Scotsman Origins Black or White Begging the Question Appeal to Nature Anecdotal The Sharpshooter Middle Ground Tu Quoque The Fallacy Fallacy |
| appeal to history fallacy: Mastering Logical Fallacies Michael Withey, 2016-06-21 If I have learned anything in ten years of formal debating, it is that arguments are no different: without a good understanding of the rules and tactics, you are likely to do poorly and be beaten.—HENRY ZHANG, President of the Yale Debate Association Your argument is valid and you know it; yet once again you find yourself leaving a debate feeling defeated and embarrassed. The matter is only made worse when you realize that your defeat came at the hands of someone's abuse of logic—and that with the right skills you could have won the argument. The ability to recognize logical fallacies when they occur is an essential life skill. Mastering Logical Fallacies is the clearest, boldest, and most systematic guide to dominating the rules and tactics of successful arguments. This book offers methodical breakdowns of the logical fallacies behind exceedingly common, yet detrimental, argumentative mistakes, and explores them through real life examples of logic-gone-wrong. Designed for those who are ready to gain the upper hand over their opponents, this master class teaches the necessary skills to identify your opponents' misuse of logic and construct effective, arguments that win. With the empowering strategies offered in Mastering Logical Fallacies you'll be able to reveal the slight-of-hand flaws in your challengers' rhetoric, and seize control of the argument with bulletproof logic. |
| appeal to history fallacy: A History of Reasonableness Rick Kennedy, 2004 A defense of the social operation of thinking, with an emphasis on testimony and authority.This book describes a lost tradition that can be called reasonableness. The tradition began with Aristotle, was recommended to Western education by Augustine, flourished in the schools of the Renaissance through the nineteenth century, then got lost in the academic and philosophic shuffles of the twentieth century. Representative of the tradition is John Locke''s story of a King of Siam who rejected reports of the existence of ice. The King would have hadto risk too much trust in another man whom he did not know too well -- a Dutch ambassador -- in order to believe that elephants could walk on cold water. John Locke presented the story to encourage his readers to think about theresponsibilities and risks entailed in what he called ''the gentle and fair ways of information.'' The art of thinking is largely social. Popular textbook writers such as Quintilian, Boethius, Philipp Melanchthon, John of St.Thomas, Antoine Arnauld, Thomas Reid, Isaac Watts, Richard Whately, William Hamilton, L. Susan Stebbings, and Max Black taught strategies of belief, trust, assent, and even submission as part of reasonableness. For over two thousand years testimony and authority were at the center of lively discussions about teaching the art of thinking. In the twentieth century the tradition faltered largely due to Immanuel Kant''s insistence that there should be no distinction between handling testimony and personal experience. This book recounts the history of a lively educational tradition and hopes to encourage its revival. Rick Kennedy, whose previous books and articles have beenabout Colonial American logic, mathematics, and science, is Professor of History at Point Loma Nazarene University. Hamilton, L. Susan Stebbings, and Max Black taught strategies of belief, trust, assent, and even submission as part of reasonableness. For over two thousand years testimony and authority were at the center of lively discussions about teaching the art of thinking. In the twentieth century the tradition faltered largely due to Immanuel Kant''s insistence that there should be no distinction between handling testimony and personal experience. This book recounts the history of a lively educational tradition and hopes to encourage its revival. Rick Kennedy, whose previous books and articles have beenabout Colonial American logic, mathematics, and science, is Professor of History at Point Loma Nazarene University.uld, Thomas Reid, Isaac Watts, Richard Whately, William Hamilton, L. Susan Stebbings, and Max Black taught strategies of belief, trust, assent, and even submission as part of reasonableness. For over two thousand years testimony and authority were at the center of lively discussions about teaching the art of thinking. In the twentieth century the tradition faltered largely due to Immanuel Kant''s insistence that there should be no distinction between handling testimony and personal experience. This book recounts the history of a lively educational tradition and hopes to encourage its revival. Rick Kennedy, whose previous books and articles have beenabout Colonial American logic, mathematics, and science, is Professor of History at Point Loma Nazarene University. Hamilton, L. Susan Stebbings, and Max Black taught strategies of belief, trust, assent, and even submission as part of reasonableness. For over two thousand years testimony and authority were at the center of lively discussions about teaching the art of thinking. In the twentieth century the tradition faltered largely due to Immanuel Kant''s insistence that there should be no distinction between handling testimony and personal experience. This book recounts the history of a lively educational tradition and hopes to encourage its revival. Rick Kennedy, whose previous books and articles have beenabout Colonial American logic, mathematics, and science, is Professor of History at Point Loma Nazarene University.t of thinking. In the twentieth century the tradition faltered largely due to Immanuel Kant''s insistence that there should be no distinction between handling testimony and personal experience. This book recounts the history of a lively educational tradition and hopes to encourage its revival. Rick Kennedy, whose previous books and articles have beenabout Colonial American logic, mathematics, and science, is Professor of History at Point Loma Nazarene University. |
| appeal to history fallacy: Reaping the Whirlwind John R. Pottenger, 2007-07-05 As early as the sixteenth century the liberal democratic state has been forced to confront the question of religion in politics. The result has been a tense and uncomfortable balancing act. Today, in the public square of liberal democracy, a number of religious confessions and beliefs compete for attention. In the American experience, some sense of religious pluralism and relative social harmony has been maintained. However, for this relationship to prevail, a tension must continue to exist—one that balances the political and social pursuits of self-interest with meeting the objectives of the common good. In Reaping the Whirlwind, John R. Pottenger shows how this process began in the modern world, and how societies attempt to manage this ongoing conflict. The first part of the book lays the groundwork of his analysis by using examples from history to demonstrate the genesis of political and religious whirlwinds. It goes on to explore contemporary case studies, such as conflicts between Mormons and Evangelicals in the United States, liberation theology in Latin America, Islam and the state in Uzbekistan, and radical Christian reconstructionism. Pottenger believes that the formal institutions of liberal democracy should maintain this turbulence, even as religious activism threatens to upset the balance. He concludes by advocating religious liberty and recognizing the individual and social need for expression. At the same time, he maintains that the survival of liberal democracy requires that these religious traditions not dominate the public sphere. |
| appeal to history fallacy: A Companion to the Philosophy of History and Historiography Aviezer Tucker, 2011-06-28 A COMPANION TO THE PHILOSOPHY OF HISTORY AND HISTORIOGRAPHY The philosophy of historiography examines our representations and knowledge of the past, the relation between evidence, inference, explanation and narrative. Do we possess knowledge of the past? Do we just have probable beliefs about the past, or is historiography a piece of convincing fiction? The philosophy of history is the direct philosophical examination of history, whether it is necessary or contingent, whether it has a direction or whether it is coincidental, and if it has a direction, what it is, and how and why it is unfolding? The fifty entries in this Companion cover the main issues in the philosophies of historiography and history, including natural history and the practices of historians. Written by an international and multi-disciplinary group of experts, these clearly written entries present a cutting-edge updated picture of current research in the philosophies of historiography and history. This Companion will be of interest to philosophers, historians, natural historians, and social scientists. |
| appeal to history fallacy: Time Travel James Gleick, 2017-09-05 Best Books of 2016 BOSTON GLOBE * THE ATLANTIC From the acclaimed bestselling author of The Information and Chaos comes this enthralling history of time travel—a concept that has preoccupied physicists and storytellers over the course of the last century. James Gleick delivers a mind-bending exploration of time travel—from its origins in literature and science to its influence on our understanding of time itself. Gleick vividly explores physics, technology, philosophy, and art as each relates to time travel and tells the story of the concept's cultural evolutions—from H.G. Wells to Doctor Who, from Proust to Woody Allen. He takes a close look at the porous boundary between science fiction and modern physics, and, finally, delves into what it all means in our own moment in time—the world of the instantaneous, with its all-consuming present and vanishing future. |
| appeal to history fallacy: Pitfalls 2 J. D. Camorlinga, 2023-11-14 Simply put, a logical fallacy is an error in reasoning. Learning to identify and avoid logical pitfalls is an important part of learning to think and communicate well. Jesus said, Love the Lord your God with all your heart and with all your soul and with all your mind and with all your strength (Mark 12:30). Identifying bad reasoning can help us do that. It enables us to better discern and convey truth and protects us from errors. Pitfalls Volume 2 highlights even more ways fallacies fail to convey truth. Now, let's strengthen our minds! |
| appeal to history fallacy: Ethics for A-Level Mark Dimmock, Andrew Fisher, 2017-07-31 What does pleasure have to do with morality? What role, if any, should intuition have in the formation of moral theory? If something is ‘simulated’, can it be immoral? This accessible and wide-ranging textbook explores these questions and many more. Key ideas in the fields of normative ethics, metaethics and applied ethics are explained rigorously and systematically, with a vivid writing style that enlivens the topics with energy and wit. Individual theories are discussed in detail in the first part of the book, before these positions are applied to a wide range of contemporary situations including business ethics, sexual ethics, and the acceptability of eating animals. A wealth of real-life examples, set out with depth and care, illuminate the complexities of different ethical approaches while conveying their modern-day relevance. This concise and highly engaging resource is tailored to the Ethics components of AQA Philosophy and OCR Religious Studies, with a clear and practical layout that includes end-of-chapter summaries, key terms, and common mistakes to avoid. It should also be of practical use for those teaching Philosophy as part of the International Baccalaureate. Ethics for A-Level is of particular value to students and teachers, but Fisher and Dimmock’s precise and scholarly approach will appeal to anyone seeking a rigorous and lively introduction to the challenging subject of ethics. Tailored to the Ethics components of AQA Philosophy and OCR Religious Studies. |
ELEMENTS OF ARGUMENTS
Appeal to History There are two types of appeal to history. The first is committed by arguments that use past cases as a guide to the future. This is the predictive appeal to history fallacy. Just …
Appendix 1 A Great Big List of Fallacies
• Appeal to equality – where an assertion is deemed true or false based on an assumed pretense of equality. • Association fallacy (guilt by association) – arguing that because two things share …
24 Historical Fallacies of Historians - ResearchGate
Though the class of statements which are eligible to be criticized as historically fal-lacious may include any kind of claim about the past, here we shall focus on one par-ticular sub-class...
The Thinker’s Guide To Fallacies - critical thinking
Insights and tools, grounded in intellectual integrity, should be the ultimate aim of the study of “fallacies.” They have been our aim in this guide. Finding an Equal Number of Fallacies in …
12 Common Fallacies Used in Social Research Dr. Philip N.
4. Appeal to Popular Opinion (Argumentum ad Populum) This may be among the hardest academic fallacy to avoid, because it is impossible to fully explain every assumption in a study. …
FALLACIES AND ARGUMENT APPRAISAL - Cambridge …
Fallacies and Argument Appraisal presents an introduction to the nature, identification, and causes of fallacious reasoning, along with key questions for evaluation.
Appeal To History Fallacy [PDF] - wiki.morris.org.au
Appeal To History Fallacy: Logically Fallacious Bo Bennett,2012-02-19 This book is a crash course in effective reasoning meant to catapult you into a world where you start to see things …
Why Is the 'ad Populum' a Fallacy? - JSTOR
Why Is The Ad Populum A Fallacy? Douglas N. Walton The traditional informal fallacy of argumentum ad populum is standardly characterized as thè fallacy committed by directing an …
Appeal to Tradition
Appeal to Tradition is a fallacy that occurs when it is assumed that something is better or correct simply because it is older, traditional, or “always has been done.” This sort of “reasoning” has …
Appeal To History Fallacy (2024) - wiki.morris.org.au
appeal to history fallacy: Logically Fallacious Bo Bennett, 2012-02-19 This book is a crash course in effective reasoning, meant to catapult you into a world where you start to see things how …
University of Windsor Scholarship at UWindsor
Second, several textbooks in critical thinking or informal logic provide accounts of what is identified as a fallacious appeal to tradition or the wisdom of the past.4 The definitions used to …
Appeal to pity: A case study of the
ABSTRACT: The appeal to pity, or argumentum ad misericordiam, has traditionally been classified by the logic textbooks as an informal fallacy. The particular case studied in this
Critical Review Logic and Misery: Walton's Appeal to Pity
Looking ahead to Chapter 6, "When is it a fallacy?", Walton maintains that there are four basic sub-types of the fallacy: those that involve a twist ing of the argument, those that exhibit a …
From Logic to Rhetoric: A Contextualized Pedagogy for Fallacies
In this article, I offer a reenvisioning of fallacies for writing courses. First, I address recent changes in fallacy theory. Second, I critique a-rhetorical textbook approaches to fallacies. Third, I …
Fallacies of weak induction
The fallacy of false dichotomy is committed when the arguer claims that his conclusion is one of only two options, when in fact there are other possibilities. The arguer then goes on to show …
LOGICAL FALLACIES Fall 2018 Volume 2 AND VACCINES - The …
APPEAL TO AUTHORITY The appeal to authority fallacy occurs when something is considered to be true simply because a perceived authority said it is so (without evidence) or because it was …
3.3 Fallacies of Weak Induction - University of Colorado Boulder
2. Appeal to Ignorance (argumentum ad ignorantiam): This fallacy is committed whenever someone concludes that either (a) because they can’t see how something could be true, it …
Fallacies of Relevance 3 - Jonathon Klyng
Appeal to Force or Fear (Argumentum ad Baculum) • X is true because you’ll be harmed if you don’t believe it. • The conclusion is accepted, not because it’s true, but because one fears the …
Locke and Whately on the Argumentum ad Ignorantiam - JSTOR
LOCKEANDWHATELY 57 itdepictsthèadignorantiamasanargumentaboutanargument,thatis, anargument thatprésupposes anotherargumentorargumentshâve alreadybeenpresented ...
TheAppealtoForce DwightVan Vate,Jr. - JSTOR
In this essay, I ask: Suppose the appeal to force is a genuine informal fallacy, that is, suppose people really are sometimes duped by others into confusing merely threatening premises with …
ELEMENTS OF ARGUMENTS
Appeal to History There are two types of appeal to history. The first is committed by arguments that use past cases as a guide to the future. This is the predictive appeal to history fallacy. …
Appendix 1 A Great Big List of Fallacies
• Appeal to equality – where an assertion is deemed true or false based on an assumed pretense of equality. • Association fallacy (guilt by association) – arguing that because two things share …
The Thinker’s Guide To Fallacies - critical thinking
Insights and tools, grounded in intellectual integrity, should be the ultimate aim of the study of “fallacies.” They have been our aim in this guide. Finding an Equal Number of Fallacies in …
12 Common Fallacies Used in Social Research Dr. Philip N.
4. Appeal to Popular Opinion (Argumentum ad Populum) This may be among the hardest academic fallacy to avoid, because it is impossible to fully explain every assumption in a study. …
Why Is the 'ad Populum' a Fallacy? - JSTOR
Why Is The Ad Populum A Fallacy? Douglas N. Walton The traditional informal fallacy of argumentum ad populum is standardly characterized as thè fallacy committed by directing an …
Appeal To History Fallacy [PDF] - wiki.morris.org.au
Appeal To History Fallacy: Logically Fallacious Bo Bennett,2012-02-19 This book is a crash course in effective reasoning meant to catapult you into a world where you start to see things …
Appeal to Tradition
Appeal to Tradition is a fallacy that occurs when it is assumed that something is better or correct simply because it is older, traditional, or “always has been done.” This sort of “reasoning” has …
24 Historical Fallacies of Historians - ResearchGate
Though the class of statements which are eligible to be criticized as historically fal-lacious may include any kind of claim about the past, here we shall focus on one par-ticular sub-class...
FALLACIES AND ARGUMENT APPRAISAL - Cambridge …
Fallacies and Argument Appraisal presents an introduction to the nature, identification, and causes of fallacious reasoning, along with key questions for evaluation.
Appeal To History Fallacy (2024) - wiki.morris.org.au
appeal to history fallacy: Logically Fallacious Bo Bennett, 2012-02-19 This book is a crash course in effective reasoning, meant to catapult you into a world where you start to see things how …
Appeal to pity: A case study of the
ABSTRACT: The appeal to pity, or argumentum ad misericordiam, has traditionally been classified by the logic textbooks as an informal fallacy. The particular case studied in this
Critical Review Logic and Misery: Walton's Appeal to Pity
Looking ahead to Chapter 6, "When is it a fallacy?", Walton maintains that there are four basic sub-types of the fallacy: those that involve a twist ing of the argument, those that exhibit a …
University of Windsor Scholarship at UWindsor
Second, several textbooks in critical thinking or informal logic provide accounts of what is identified as a fallacious appeal to tradition or the wisdom of the past.4 The definitions used to …
From Logic to Rhetoric: A Contextualized Pedagogy for …
In this article, I offer a reenvisioning of fallacies for writing courses. First, I address recent changes in fallacy theory. Second, I critique a-rhetorical textbook approaches to fallacies. Third, I …
Fallacies of weak induction
The fallacy of false dichotomy is committed when the arguer claims that his conclusion is one of only two options, when in fact there are other possibilities. The arguer then goes on to show …
LOGICAL FALLACIES Fall 2018 Volume 2 AND VACCINES - The …
APPEAL TO AUTHORITY The appeal to authority fallacy occurs when something is considered to be true simply because a perceived authority said it is so (without evidence) or because it was …
3.3 Fallacies of Weak Induction - University of Colorado Boulder
2. Appeal to Ignorance (argumentum ad ignorantiam): This fallacy is committed whenever someone concludes that either (a) because they can’t see how something could be true, it …
TheAppealtoForce DwightVan Vate,Jr. - JSTOR
In this essay, I ask: Suppose the appeal to force is a genuine informal fallacy, that is, suppose people really are sometimes duped by others into confusing merely threatening premises with …
Fallacies of Relevance 3 - Jonathon Klyng
Appeal to Force or Fear (Argumentum ad Baculum) • X is true because you’ll be harmed if you don’t believe it. • The conclusion is accepted, not because it’s true, but because one fears the …
Locke and Whately on the Argumentum ad Ignorantiam - JSTOR
LOCKEANDWHATELY 57 itdepictsthèadignorantiamasanargumentaboutanargument,thatis, anargument thatprésupposes anotherargumentorargumentshâve alreadybeenpresented ...
