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| arguments against affirmative action in higher education: Mismatch Richard Sander, Stuart Taylor Jr, 2012-10-09 The debate over affirmative action has raged for over four decades, with little give on either side. Most agree that it began as noble effort to jump-start racial integration; many believe it devolved into a patently unfair system of quotas and concealment. Now, with the Supreme Court set to rule on a case that could sharply curtail the use of racial preferences in American universities, law professor Richard Sander and legal journalist Stuart Taylor offer a definitive account of what affirmative action has become, showing that while the objective is laudable, the effects have been anything but. Sander and Taylor have long admired affirmative action's original goals, but after many years of studying racial preferences, they have reached a controversial but undeniable conclusion: that preferences hurt underrepresented minorities far more than they help them. At the heart of affirmative action's failure is a simple phenomenon called mismatch. Using dramatic new data and numerous interviews with affected former students and university officials of color, the authors show how racial preferences often put students in competition with far better-prepared classmates, dooming many to fall so far behind that they can never catch up. Mismatch largely explains why, even though black applicants are more likely to enter college than whites with similar backgrounds, they are far less likely to finish; why there are so few black and Hispanic professionals with science and engineering degrees and doctorates; why black law graduates fail bar exams at four times the rate of whites; and why universities accept relatively affluent minorities over working class and poor people of all races. Sander and Taylor believe it is possible to achieve the goal of racial equality in higher education, but they argue that alternative policies -- such as full public disclosure of all preferential admission policies, a focused commitment to improving socioeconomic diversity on campuses, outreach to minority communities, and a renewed focus on K-12 schooling -- will go farther in achieving that goal than preferences, while also allowing applicants to make informed decisions. Bold, controversial, and deeply researched, Mismatch calls for a renewed examination of this most divisive of social programs -- and for reforms that will help realize the ultimate goal of racial equality. |
| arguments against affirmative action in higher education: Intelligence, Genes, and Success Bernie Devlin, Stephen E. Fienberg, Daniel P. Resnick, Kathryn Roeder, 1997-08-07 A scientific response to the best-selling The Bell Curve which set off a hailstorm of controversy upon its publication in 1994. Much of the public reaction to the book was polemic and failed to analyse the details of the science and validity of the statistical arguments underlying the books conclusion. Here, at last, social scientists and statisticians reply to The Bell Curve and its conclusions about IQ, genetics and social outcomes. |
| arguments against affirmative action in higher education: Affirmative Action Around the World Thomas Sowell, 2004-01-01 An eminent authority presents a new perspective on affirmative action in a provocative book that will stir fresh debate about this vitally important issue |
| arguments against affirmative action in higher education: For Discrimination Randall Kennedy, 2015-06-09 The definitive reckoning with one of America’s most explosively contentious and divisive issues—from “one of our most important and perceptive writers on race and the law.... The mere fact that he wrote this book is all the justification necessary for reading it.”—The Washington Post What precisely is affirmative action, and why is it fiercely championed by some and just as fiercely denounced by others? Does it signify a boon or a stigma? Or is it simply reverse discrimination? What are its benefits and costs to American society? What are the exact indicia determining who should or should not be accorded affirmative action? When should affirmative action end, if it must? Randall Kennedy gives us a concise and deeply personal overview of the policy, refusing to shy away from the myriad complexities of an issue that continues to bedevil American race relations. |
| arguments against affirmative action in higher education: Affirmative Action and Racial Preference Carl Cohen, James P. Sterba, 2003 Cohen and Sterba, two contemporary philosophers in sharp opposition, debate the value of affirmative action and racial preference. They defend thier views with analysis and commentay on landmark cases - including the decisions of the United States Supreme Court and the University of Michigan admissions cases, Gratz and Grutter. |
| arguments against affirmative action in higher education: Affirmative Action Matters Laura Dudley Jenkins, Michele S. Moses, 2014-04-04 Affirmative Action Matters focuses specifically on affirmative action policies in higher education admissions, the sphere that has been the most controversial in many of the nations that have such policies. It brings together distinguished scholars from diverse nations to examine and discuss the historical, political and philosophical contexts of affirmative action and clarify policy developments to further the meaningful equality of educational opportunity. This unique volume includes both well established and emerging policies from the Americas, Europe, Africa, and Asia, policies which developed under a variety of political systems and target a range of underrepresented groups, based on race, ethnicity, gender, class, social background, or region. Accessible and thought provoking case studies of affirmative action demonstrate that such policies are expanding to different countries and target populations. While some countries, such as India, have affirmative action policies that predate those in the United States, affirmative action is a recent development in countries such as Brazil and France. Legal or political pressures to move away from explicitly race-based policies in several countries have complicated affirmative action and make this assessment of international alternatives particularly timely. New or newly modified policies target a variety of disadvantaged groups, based on geography, class, or caste, in addition to race or sex. International scholars in six countries spanning five continents offer insights into their own countries’ experiences to examine the implications of policy shifts from race toward other categories of disadvantage, to consider best practices in student admission policies, and to assess the future of affirmative action. |
| arguments against affirmative action in higher education: Defending Diversity Patricia Gurin, 2004-02-27 DIVThe first major book to argue in favor of affirmative action in higher education since Bowen and Bok's The Shape of the River /div |
| arguments against affirmative action in higher education: The Next Twenty-five Years David Lee Featherman, Marvin Krislov, Martin Hall, 2009-12-18 A penetrating exploration of affirmative action's continued place in 21st-century higher education, The Next Twenty-five Years assembles the viewpoints of some of the most influential scholars, educators, university leaders, and public officials. Its comparative essays range the political spectrum and debates in two nations to survey the legal, political, social, economic, and moral dimensions of affirmative action and its role in helping higher education contribute to a just, equitable, and vital society. David L. Featherman is Professor of Sociology and Psychology and Founding Director of the Center for Advancing Research and Solutions for Society at the University of Michigan. Martin Hall is Vice-Chancellor of the University of Salford, Greater Manchester, and previously was Deputy Vice- Chancellor at the University of Cape Town. Marvin Krislov is President of Oberlin College and previously was Vice President and General Counsel at the University of Michigan. |
| arguments against affirmative action in higher education: Justice for the Past Stephen Kershnar, 2012-02-01 Among the most controversial issues in the United States is the question of whether public or private agencies should adopt preferential treatment programs or be required to pay reparations for slavery. Using a carefully reasoned philosophical approach, Stephen Kershnar argues that programs such as affirmative action and calls for slavery reparations are unjust for three reasons. First, the state has a duty to direct resources to those persons who, through their abilities, will benefit most from them. Second, he argues that, in the case of slavery, past injustice—where both the victims and perpetrators are long dead—cannot ground current claims to compensation. As terrible as slavery was, those who claim a right to compensation today owe their existence to it, he reasons, and since the events that bring about a person's existence are normally thought to be beneficial, past injustices do not warrant compensation. Finally, even if past injustices were allowed to serve as the basis of compensation in the present, other variables prevent a reasonable estimation of the amount owed. |
| arguments against affirmative action in higher education: Compelling Interest Mitchell J. Chang, Daria Witt, James Jones, Kenji Hakuta, 2003-03-12 In recent years American colleges and universities have become the locus of impassioned debates about race-conscious social policies, as conflicting theories clash over the ways to distribute the advantages of higher education in a fair and just manner. Just below the surface of these policy debates lies a complex tangle of ideologies, histories, grievances, and emotions that interfere with a rational analysis of the issues involved. As never before, the need for empirical research on the significance of race in American society seems essential to solving the manifest problems of this highly politicized and emotionally charged aspect of American higher education. The research evidence presented in this book has a direct relevance to those court cases that challenge race-conscious admission policies of colleges and universities. Though many questions still need to be addressed by future research, the empirical data collected to date makes it clear that affirmative action policies do work and are still very much needed in American higher education. This book also provides a framework for examining the evidence pertaining to issues of fairness, merit, and the benefits of diversity in an effort to assist courts and the public in organizing beliefs about race and opportunity. |
| arguments against affirmative action in higher education: The Case for Affirmative Action on Campus Eboni M. Zamani-Gallaher, 2009 Why is affirmative action under attack? What were the policys original purposes, and have they been achieved? What are the arguments being arrayed against it? Andfor all stakeholders concerned about equity and diversity on campus whats the way forward, politically, legally and practically? This book engages all these issues. |
| arguments against affirmative action in higher education: Affirmative Action for the Future James Sterba, 2011-01-15 At a time when private and public institutions of higher education are reassessing their admissions policies in light of new economic conditions, Affirmative Action for the Future is a clarion call for the need to keep the door of opportunity open. In 2003, U.S. Supreme Court's Grutter and Gratz decisions vindicated the University of Michigan Law School's affirmative action program while striking down the particular affirmative action program used for undergraduates at the university. In 2006 and 2008, state referendums banned affirmative action in some states while upholding it in others. Taking these developments into account, James P. Sterba draws on his vast experience as a champion of affirmative action to mount a new moral and legal defense of the practice as a useful tool for social reform. Sterba documents the level of racial and sexual discrimination that still exists in the United States and then, arguing that diversity is a public good, he calls for expansion of the reach of affirmative action as a mechanism for encouraging true diversity. In his view, we must include in our understanding of affirmative action the need to favor those who come from economically disadvantaged backgrounds, regardless of race and sex. Elite colleges and universities could best facilitate opportunities for students from working-class and poor families, in Sterba's view, by cutting back on legacy and athletic preferences that overwhelmingly benefit wealthy white applicants. |
| arguments against affirmative action in higher education: Sovereign Virtue Ronald Dworkin, 2000 Equality is the endangered species of political ideals. Even left-of-center politicians reject equality as an ideal: government must combat poverty, they say, but need not strive that its citizens be equal in any dimension. In his new book Ronald Dworkin insists, to the contrary, that equality is the indispensable virtue of democratic sovereignty. A legitimate government must treat all its citizens as equals, that is, with equal respect and concern, and, since the economic distribution that any society achieves is mainly the consequence of its system of law and policy, that requirement imposes serious egalitarian constraints on that distribution. What distribution of a nation's wealth is demanded by equal concern for all? Dworkin draws upon two fundamental humanist principles--first, it is of equal objective importance that all human lives flourish, and second, each person is responsible for defining and achieving the flourishing of his or her own life--to ground his well-known thesis that true equality means equality in the value of the resources that each person commands, not in the success he or she achieves. Equality, freedom, and individual responsibility are therefore not in conflict, but flow from and into one another as facets of the same humanist conception of life and politics. Since no abstract political theory can be understood except in the context of actual and complex political issues, Dworkin develops his thesis by applying it to heated contemporary controversies about the distribution of health care, unemployment benefits, campaign finance reform, affirmative action, assisted suicide, and genetic engineering. |
| arguments against affirmative action in higher education: Race, Class, and Affirmative Action Sigal Alon, 2015-11-17 No issue in American higher education is more contentious than that of race-based affirmative action. In light of the ongoing debate around the topic and recent Supreme Court rulings, affirmative action policy may be facing further changes. As an alternative to race-based affirmative action, some analysts suggest affirmative action policies based on class. In Race, Class, and Affirmative Action, sociologist Sigal Alon studies the race-based affirmative action policies in the United States. and the class-based affirmative action policies in Israel. Alon evaluates how these different policies foster campus diversity and socioeconomic mobility by comparing the Israeli policy with a simulated model of race-based affirmative action and the U.S. policy with a simulated model of class-based affirmative action. Alon finds that affirmative action at elite institutions in both countries is a key vehicle of mobility for disenfranchised students, whether they are racial and ethnic minorities or socioeconomically disadvantaged. Affirmative action improves their academic success and graduation rates and leads to better labor market outcomes. The beneficiaries of affirmative action in both countries thrive at elite colleges and in selective fields of study. As Alon demonstrates, they would not be better off attending less selective colleges instead. Alon finds that Israel’s class-based affirmative action programs have provided much-needed entry slots at the elite universities to students from the geographic periphery, from high-poverty high schools, and from poor families. However, this approach has not generated as much ethnic diversity as a race-based policy would. By contrast, affirmative action policies in the United States have fostered racial and ethnic diversity at a level that cannot be matched with class-based policies. Yet, class-based policies would do a better job at boosting the socioeconomic diversity at these bastions of privilege. The findings from both countries suggest that neither race-based nor class-based models by themselves can generate broad diversity. According to Alon, the best route for promoting both racial and socioeconomic diversity is to embed the consideration of race within class-based affirmative action. Such a hybrid model would maximize the mobility benefits for both socioeconomically disadvantaged and minority students. Race, Class, and Affirmative Action moves past political talking points to offer an innovative, evidence-based perspective on the merits and feasibility of different designs of affirmative action. |
| arguments against affirmative action in higher education: Place, Not Race Sheryll Cashin, 2014-05-06 From a nationally recognized expert, a fresh and original argument for bettering affirmative action Race-based affirmative action had been declining as a factor in university admissions even before the recent spate of related cases arrived at the Supreme Court. Since Ward Connerly kickstarted a state-by-state political mobilization against affirmative action in the mid-1990s, the percentage of four-year public colleges that consider racial or ethnic status in admissions has fallen from 60 percent to 35 percent. Only 45 percent of private colleges still explicitly consider race, with elite schools more likely to do so, although they too have retreated. For law professor and civil rights activist Sheryll Cashin, this isn’t entirely bad news, because as she argues, affirmative action as currently practiced does little to help disadvantaged people. The truly disadvantaged—black and brown children trapped in high-poverty environs—are not getting the quality schooling they need in part because backlash and wedge politics undermine any possibility for common-sense public policies. Using place instead of race in diversity programming, she writes, will better amend the structural disadvantages endured by many children of color, while enhancing the possibility that we might one day move past the racial resentment that affirmative action engenders. In Place, Not Race, Cashin reimagines affirmative action and champions place-based policies, arguing that college applicants who have thrived despite exposure to neighborhood or school poverty are deserving of special consideration. Those blessed to have come of age in poverty-free havens are not. Sixty years since the historic decision, we’re undoubtedly far from meeting the promise of Brown v. Board of Education, but Cashin offers a new framework for true inclusion for the millions of children who live separate and unequal lives. Her proposals include making standardized tests optional, replacing merit-based financial aid with need-based financial aid, and recruiting high-achieving students from overlooked places, among other steps that encourage cross-racial alliances and social mobility. A call for action toward the long overdue promise of equality, Place, Not Race persuasively shows how the social costs of racial preferences actually outweigh any of the marginal benefits when effective race-neutral alternatives are available. |
| arguments against affirmative action in higher education: Understanding Affirmative Action J. Edward Kellough, 2006 For some time, the United States has been engaged in a national debate over affirmative action policy. A policy that began with the idea of creating a level playing field for minorities has sparked controversy in the workplace, in higher education, and elsewhere. After forty years, the debate still continues and the issues are as complex as ever. While most Americans are familiar with the term, they may not fully understand what affirmative action is and why it has become such a divisive issue. With this concise and up-to-date introduction, J. Edward Kellough brings together historical, philosophical, and legal analyses to fully inform participants and observers of this debate. Aiming to promote a more thorough knowledge of the issues involved, this book covers the history, legal status, controversies, and impact of affirmative action in both the private and public sectors -- and in education as well as employment. In addition, Kellough shows how the development and implementation of affirmative action policies have been significantly influenced by the nature and operation of our political institutions. Highlighting key landmarks in legislation and court decisions, he explains such concepts as disparate impact, diversity management, strict scrutiny, and representative bureaucracy. Understanding Affirmative Action probes the rationale for affirmative action, the different arguments against it, and the known impact it has had. Kellough concludes with a consideration of whether or not affirmative action will remain a useful tool for combating discrimination in the years to come. Not just for students in public administration and public policy, this handy volume will be a valuable resource for public administrators, human resource managers, and ordinary citizens looking for a balanced treatment of a controversial policy. |
| arguments against affirmative action in higher education: The Shape of the River William G. Bowen, Derek Curtis Bok, James Lawrence Shulman, 1998 A groundbreaking study of the nature, effectiveness, and long-term consequences of race-sensitive admission policies in colleges and universities analyzes students' personal histories before and after college, offering findings greatly affecting the national debate on this issue. Tour. UP. |
| arguments against affirmative action in higher education: Affirmative Action in American Law Schools United States Commission on Civil Rights, 2007 A briefing before the United States Commission on Civil Rights, held in Washington, D.C., June 16, 2006. |
| arguments against affirmative action in higher education: The Future of Affirmative Action Richard D. Kahlenberg, 2014 As the United States experiences dramatic demographic change--and as our society's income inequality continues to rise--promoting racial, ethnic, and economic inclusion at selective colleges has become more important than ever. At the same time, however, many Americans--including several members of the U.S. Supreme Court--are uneasy with explicitly using race as a factor in college admissions. The Court's decision in Fisher v. University of Texas emphasized that universities can use race in admissions only when necessary, and that universities bear the ultimate burden of demonstrating, before turning to racial classifications, that available, workable race-neutral alternatives do not suffice. With race-based admission programs increasingly curtailed, The Future of Affirmative Action explores race-neutral approaches as a method of promoting college diversity after Fisher decision. The volume suggests that Fisher might on the one hand be a further challenge to the use of racial criteria in admissions, but on the other presents a new opportunity to tackle, at long last, the burgeoning economic divisions in our system of higher education, and in society as a whole. Contributions from: Danielle Allen (Princeton); John Brittain (University of the District of Columbia) and Benjamin Landy (MSNBC.com); Nancy Cantor and Peter Englot (Rutgers-Newark); Anthony P. Carnevale, Stephen J. Rose, and Jeff Strohl (Georgetown University); Dalton Conley (New York University); Arthur L. Coleman and Teresa E. Taylor (EducationCounsel LLC); Matthew N. Gaertner (Pearson); Sara Goldrick-Rab (University of Wisconsin-Madison); Scott Greytak (Campinha Bacote LLC); Catharine Hill (Vassar); Richard D. Kahlenberg (The Century Foundation); Richard L. McCormick (Rutgers); Nancy G. McDuff (University of Georgia); Halley Potter (The Century Foundation); Alexandria Walton Radford (RTI International) and Jessica Howell (College Board); Richard Sander (UCLA School of Law); and Marta Tienda (Princeton). |
| arguments against affirmative action in higher education: Poverty in the Philippines Asian Development Bank, 2009-12-01 Against the backdrop of the global financial crisis and rising food, fuel, and commodity prices, addressing poverty and inequality in the Philippines remains a challenge. The proportion of households living below the official poverty line has declined slowly and unevenly in the past four decades, and poverty reduction has been much slower than in neighboring countries such as the People's Republic of China, Indonesia, Thailand, and Viet Nam. Economic growth has gone through boom and bust cycles, and recent episodes of moderate economic expansion have had limited impact on the poor. Great inequality across income brackets, regions, and sectors, as well as unmanaged population growth, are considered some of the key factors constraining poverty reduction efforts. This publication analyzes the causes of poverty and recommends ways to accelerate poverty reduction and achieve more inclusive growth. it also provides an overview of current government responses, strategies, and achievements in the fight against poverty and identifies and prioritizes future needs and interventions. The analysis is based on current literature and the latest available data, including the 2006 Family Income and Expenditure Survey. |
| arguments against affirmative action in higher education: Affirmative Discrimination Nathan Glazer, 1987 Should government try to remedy persistent racial and ethnic inequalities by establishing and enforcing quotas and other statistical goals? Here is one of the most incisive books ever written on this difficult issue. Nathan Glazer surveys the civil rights tradition in the United States; evaluates public policies in the areas of employment, education, and housing; and questions the judgment and wisdom of their underlying premises--their focus on group rights, rather than individual rights. Such policies, he argues, are ineffective, unnecessary, and politically destructive of harmonious relations among the races. Updated with a long, new introduction by the author, Affirmative Discrimination will enable citizens as well as scholars to better understand and evaluate public policies for achieving social justice in a multiethnic society. |
| arguments against affirmative action in higher education: The Loneliest Americans Jay Caspian Kang, 2022-10-11 A “provocative and sweeping” (Time) blend of family history and original reportage that explores—and reimagines—Asian American identity in a Black and white world “[Kang’s] exploration of class and identity among Asian Americans will be talked about for years to come.”—Jennifer Szalai, The New York Times Book Review (Editors’ Choice) ONE OF THE BEST BOOKS OF THE YEAR: Time, NPR, Mother Jones In 1965, a new immigration law lifted a century of restrictions against Asian immigrants to the United States. Nobody, including the lawmakers who passed the bill, expected it to transform the country’s demographics. But over the next four decades, millions arrived, including Jay Caspian Kang’s parents, grandparents, aunts, and uncles. They came with almost no understanding of their new home, much less the history of “Asian America” that was supposed to define them. The Loneliest Americans is the unforgettable story of Kang and his family as they move from a housing project in Cambridge to an idyllic college town in the South and eventually to the West Coast. Their story unfolds against the backdrop of a rapidly expanding Asian America, as millions more immigrants, many of them working-class or undocumented, stream into the country. At the same time, upwardly mobile urban professionals have struggled to reconcile their parents’ assimilationist goals with membership in a multicultural elite—all while trying to carve out a new kind of belonging for their own children, who are neither white nor truly “people of color.” Kang recognizes this existential loneliness in himself and in other Asian Americans who try to locate themselves in the country’s racial binary. There are the businessmen turning Flushing into a center of immigrant wealth; the casualties of the Los Angeles riots; the impoverished parents in New York City who believe that admission to the city’s exam schools is the only way out; the men’s right’s activists on Reddit ranting about intermarriage; and the handful of protesters who show up at Black Lives Matter rallies holding “Yellow Peril Supports Black Power” signs. Kang’s exquisitely crafted book brings these lonely parallel climbers together and calls for a new immigrant solidarity—one rooted not in bubble tea and elite college admissions but in the struggles of refugees and the working class. |
| arguments against affirmative action in higher education: Equality Transformed Herman Belz, A quarter-century after the enactment of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, its legacy remains controversial. The statutory language intended to ensure equal opportunity to all individuals is now interpreted as authorizing both public and private employers to adopt preferential policies that benefit designated groups based on race and gender. Much the same transformation has occurred in federal contract programs: President Kennedy's executive order that required equal employment opportunity is now understood as mandating minority hiring with numerical goals tantamount to quotas. Herman Belz's Equality Transformed: A Quarter-Century of Affirmative Action traces this transformation of equality and how it was brought about by courts, regulatory agencies, and activists. The early champions of civil rights sought to eradicate impediments to advancement for the downtrodden; the ultimate aim was to create a truly colorblind society. Over the years, this goal, while still professed, became even more elusive. Preferences, goals, and timetables - temporary means for the attainment of a nondiscriminatory society - seemed to undermine that noble quest. Equality Transformed provides a textured history of affirmative action and its effects upon race relations and our democratic, egalitarian ideals. In recent years, under the impetus of the Reagan Justice Department, the Supreme Court has backed away, however hesitantly, from its earlier sympathy towards race-conscious remedies and preferential treatment. Belz's analysis of recent Supreme Court cases and their antecedents allows us to better understand both the tensions in our society and the fury that the Court has triggered with its recent civil rights pronouncements. Belz makes a strong case for hewing to a forward-looking rather than a backward-looking approach to eradicating discrimination. Anyone interested in the history, law, theory, or morality of affirmative action in employment will find Equality Transformed invaluable. |
| arguments against affirmative action in higher education: Racial Equity on College Campuses Royel M. Johnson, Uju Anya, Liliana M. Garces, 2022-02-01 The current socio-political moment—rife with racial tensions and overt bigotry—has exacerbated longstanding racial inequities in higher education. While educational scholars have developed conceptual tools and offered data-informed recommendations for rooting out racism in campus policies and practices, this work is largely inaccessible to the public. At the same time, practitioners and policymakers are increasingly called on to implement quick solutions to what are, in fact, profound, structural problems. Racial Equity on College Campuses bridges this gap, marshaling the expertise of nineteen scholars and practitioners to translate research-based findings into actionable recommendations in three key areas: university leadership, teaching and learning, and student and campus life. The strategies gathered here will prove useful to institutional actors engaged in both real-time and long-term decision-making across contexts—from the classroom to the boardroom. |
| arguments against affirmative action in higher education: The Diversity Bargain Natasha K. Warikoo, 2016-11-15 We’ve heard plenty from politicians and experts on affirmative action and higher education, about how universities should intervene—if at all—to ensure a diverse but deserving student population. But what about those for whom these issues matter the most? In this book, Natasha K. Warikoo deeply explores how students themselves think about merit and race at a uniquely pivotal moment: after they have just won the most competitive game of their lives and gained admittance to one of the world’s top universities. What Warikoo uncovers—talking with both white students and students of color at Harvard, Brown, and Oxford—is absolutely illuminating; and some of it is positively shocking. As she shows, many elite white students understand the value of diversity abstractly, but they ignore the real problems that racial inequality causes and that diversity programs are meant to solve. They stand in fear of being labeled a racist, but they are quick to call foul should a diversity program appear at all to hamper their own chances for advancement. The most troubling result of this ambivalence is what she calls the “diversity bargain,” in which white students reluctantly agree with affirmative action as long as it benefits them by providing a diverse learning environment—racial diversity, in this way, is a commodity, a selling point on a brochure. And as Warikoo shows, universities play a big part in creating these situations. The way they talk about race on campus and the kinds of diversity programs they offer have a huge impact on student attitudes, shaping them either toward ambivalence or, in better cases, toward more productive and considerate understandings of racial difference. Ultimately, this book demonstrates just how slippery the notions of race, merit, and privilege can be. In doing so, it asks important questions not just about college admissions but what the elite students who have succeeded at it—who will be the world’s future leaders—will do with the social inequalities of the wider world. |
| arguments against affirmative action in higher education: No Longer Separate, Not Yet Equal Thomas J. Espenshade, Alexandria Walton Radford, Chang Young Chung, 2009 How do race and social class influence who gets into America's elite colleges? This important book takes a comprehensive look at how all aspects of the elite college experience--from application and admission to enrollment and student life--are affected by these factors. To determine whether elite colleges are admitting and educating a diverse student body, the authors investigate such areas as admission advantages for minorities, academic achievement gaps tied to race and class, unequal burdens in paying for tuition, and satisfaction with college experiences. Arguing that elite higher education affects both social mobility and inequality, the authors call on educational institutions to improve access for students of lower socioeconomic status. Annotation ♭2010 Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com). |
| arguments against affirmative action in higher education: The Death of Affirmative Action? Carter, J. Scott, Lippard, Cameron D., 2021-07-14 Affirmative action in college admissions has been a polarizing policy since its inception, decried by some as unfairly biased and supported by others as a necessary corrective to institutionalized inequality. In recent years, the protected status of affirmative action has become uncertain, as legal challenges chip away at its foundations. This book looks through a sociological lens at both the history of affirmative action and its increasingly tenuous future. J. Scott Carter and Cameron D. Lippard first survey how and why so-called colorblind rhetoric was originally used to frame affirmative action and promote a political ideology. The authors then provide detailed examinations of a host of recent Supreme Court cases that have sought to threaten or undermine it. Carter and Lippard analyze why the arguments of these challengers have successfully influenced widespread changes in attitude toward affirmative action, concluding that the discourse and arguments over these policies are yet more unfortunate manifestations of the quest to preserve the racial status quo in the United States. |
| arguments against affirmative action in higher education: The Sustainable MBA Giselle Weybrecht, 2013-11-08 Whether you are an employee, a manager, an entrepreneur or a CEO, The Sustainable MBA Second Edition provides the knowledge and tools to help you ‘green’ your job and organization, to turn sustainability talk into action for the benefit of your bottom line and society as a whole. Based on more than 150 interviews with experts in business, international organizations, NGOs and universities from around the world, this book brings together all the pieces of the business and sustainability puzzle including: What sustainability is, why you should be interested, how to get started, and what a sustainable organization looks like. A wide range of tools, guidelines, techniques and concepts that you can use to implement sustainability practices. Information on how to be a sustainability champion or intrapraneur in your organization including how to sell these ideas to your team and how to incorporate them into any job. A survey of the exciting trends in sustainable business happening around the world. A wealth of links to interesting resources for more information. The Sustainable MBA Second Edition is organized like a business school course, allowing you easy access to the relevant information you need about sustainability as it relates to Accounting, Economics, Entrepreneurship, Ethics, Finance, Marketing, Organizational Behavior and HR, Operations and Strategy. The Sustainable MBA Second Edition has been updated to reflect global developments in this evolving field to remain the definitive guide to sustainable business. Additional resources to accompany the book are available at www.thesustainablemba.com. |
| arguments against affirmative action in higher education: The Content of Our Character Shelby Steele, 1991-07-19 In this controversial essay collection, award-winning writer Shelby Stelle illuminates the origins of the current conflict in race relations--the increase in anger, mistrust, and even violence between black and whites. With candor and persuasive argument, he shows us how both black and white Americans have become trapped into seeing color before character, and how social policies designed to lessen racial inequities have instead increased them. The Content of Our Character is neither liberal nor conservative, but an honest, courageous look at America's most enduring and wrenching social dilemma. |
| arguments against affirmative action in higher education: Race and College Admissions Jamillah Moore, 2024-07-22 In the United States, elite colleges and universities have historically catered primarily to wealthy, predominantly white Americans, creating barriers to entry for students of color. Legal statutes have entrenched discriminatory practices within the admissions process, perpetuating the underrepresentation of students of color at top-tier institutions. Given this reality, the imperative for institutions to promote diversity through affirmative action remains crucial. However, recent legal challenges against affirmative action threaten to reinforce the status quo, potentially perpetuating the dominance of predominantly white institutions in higher education. This book takes an historical look at the pivotal role affirmative action has played in higher education. It examines the admissions process through the eyes of a beneficiary of affirmative action and is the first text to share insights on the role eligibility plays in allowing universities to consider race in admitting applicants. Detailed are the different types of affirmative action and how some colleges and universities use the policy as a tool to consider race and ethnicity as part of a holistic evaluation of applicants. This work makes the case that race-conscious admissions practices remain necessary in the fight for racial equity in higher education. |
| arguments against affirmative action in higher education: The Case Against the SAT James Crouse, Dale Trusheim, 1988-03-31 The College Entrance Examination Board and the Educational Testing Service claim that the SAT helps colleges select students, helps college-bound students select appropriate institutions, and furthers equality of opportunity. But does it really? Drawing on three national surveys and on hundreds of studies conducted by colleges, the authors refute the justifications the College Board and the ETS give for requiring high school students to take the SAT. They show that the test neither helps colleges and universities improve their admissions decisions nor helps applicants choose schools at which they will be successful. They outline the adverse effect the SAT has on students from nonwhite and low-income backgrounds. They also question the ability of the College Board and the ETS to monitor themselves adequately. The authors do not, however, recommend abolishing either college admissions testing or the College Board and the ETS. Rather, they propose dropping the SAT and relying on such already available measures as students' high school coursework and grades, and they raise the possibility that new achievement tests that measure the mastery of high school courses could be developed to replace the SAT. |
| arguments against affirmative action in higher education: Letter from Birmingham Jail Martin Luther King, 2025-01-14 A beautiful commemorative edition of Dr. Martin Luther King's essay Letter from Birmingham Jail, part of Dr. King's archives published exclusively by HarperCollins. With an afterword by Reginald Dwayne Betts On April 16, 1923, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., responded to an open letter written and published by eight white clergyman admonishing the civil rights demonstrations happening in Birmingham, Alabama. Dr. King drafted his seminal response on scraps of paper smuggled into jail. King criticizes his detractors for caring more about order than justice, defends nonviolent protests, and argues for the moral responsibility to obey just laws while disobeying unjust ones. Letter from Birmingham Jail proclaims a message - confronting any injustice is an acceptable and righteous reason for civil disobedience. This beautifully designed edition presents Dr. King's speech in its entirety, paying tribute to this extraordinary leader and his immeasurable contribution, and inspiring a new generation of activists dedicated to carrying on the fight for justice and equality. |
| arguments against affirmative action in higher education: The Big Test Nicholas Lemann, 2000-11-16 A history of the Educational Testing Service and the attempt to form an elite by sorting students, fairly and dispassionately. |
| arguments against affirmative action in higher education: Courtrooms and Classrooms Scott M. Gelber, 2016-02-29 A stunningly original history of higher education law. Conventional wisdom holds that American courts historically deferred to institutions of higher learning in most matters involving student conduct and access. Historian Scott M. Gelber upends this theory, arguing that colleges and universities never really enjoyed an overriding judicial privilege. Focusing on admissions, expulsion, and tuition litigation, Courtrooms and Classrooms reveals that judicial scrutiny of college access was especially robust during the nineteenth century, when colleges struggled to differentiate themselves from common schools that were expected to educate virtually all students. During the early twentieth century, judges deferred more consistently to academia as college enrollment surged, faculty engaged more closely with the state, and legal scholars promoted widespread respect for administrative expertise. Beginning in the 1930s, civil rights activism encouraged courts to examine college access policies with renewed vigor. Gelber explores how external phenomena—especially institutional status and political movements—influenced the shifting jurisprudence of higher education over time. He also chronicles the impact of litigation on college access policies, including the rise of selectivity and institutional differentiation, the decline of de jure segregation, the spread of contractual understandings of enrollment, and the triumph of vocational emphases. |
| arguments against affirmative action in higher education: Civil Rights Thomas Sowell, 2009-10-13 It is now more than three decades since the historic Supreme Court decision on desegregation, Brown v. Board of Education. Thomas Sowell takes a tough, factual look at what has actually happened over these decades -- as distinguished from the hopes with which they began or the rhetoric with which they continue, Who has gained and who has lost? Which of the assumptions behind the civil rights revolution have stood the test of time and which have proven to be mistaken or even catastrophic to those who were supposed to be helped? |
| arguments against affirmative action in higher education: Equality and Preferential Treatment Marshall Cohen, Thomas Nagel, Thomas Scanlon, 1977-08-21 These essays, with one exception originally published in Philosophy & Public Affairs, consider the moral problems associated with improving the social and economic position of disadvantaged groups. If the situation of women and minorities improves so that their opportunities are equal to those of more favored groups, will they then be in a competitive position conducive to equal achievement? If not, can preferential hiring or preferential admission to educational institutions be justified? The contributors explore the complexities of this problem from several points of view. The discussions in Part I are more theoretical and concentrate on the application to this case of general considerations from ethical theory. The discussions in Part II also take up theoretical questions, but they start from specific problems about the constitutionality and the effectiveness of certain methods of achieving equality and counteracting discrimination. The two groups of essays demonstrate admirably the close connection between moral philosophy and questions of law and policy. The issues discussed include compensation, liability, victimization, the significance of group membership, the intrinsic importance of racial, sexual, or meritocratic criteria, and the overall effects of preferential policies. |
| arguments against affirmative action in higher education: Simple Justice Richard Kluger, 2011-08-24 Simple Justice is the definitive history of the landmark case Brown v. Board of Education and the epic struggle for racial equality in this country. Combining intensive research with original interviews with surviving participants, Richard Kluger provides the fullest possible view of the human and legal drama in the years before 1954, the cumulative assaults on the white power structure that defended segregation, and the step-by-step establishment of a team of inspired black lawyers that could successfully challenge the law. Now, on the fiftieth anniversary of the unanimous Supreme Court decision that ended legal segregation, Kluger has updated his work with a new final chapter covering events and issues that have arisen since the book was first published, including developments in civil rights and recent cases involving affirmative action, which rose directly out of Brown v. Board of Education. |
| arguments against affirmative action in higher education: Justice Michael J. Sandel, 2009-09-15 A renowned Harvard professor's brilliant, sweeping, inspiring account of the role of justice in our society--and of the moral dilemmas we face as citizens What are our obligations to others as people in a free society? Should government tax the rich to help the poor? Is the free market fair? Is it sometimes wrong to tell the truth? Is killing sometimes morally required? Is it possible, or desirable, to legislate morality? Do individual rights and the common good conflict? Michael J. Sandel's Justice course is one of the most popular and influential at Harvard. Up to a thousand students pack the campus theater to hear Sandel relate the big questions of political philosophy to the most vexing issues of the day, and this fall, public television will air a series based on the course. Justice offers readers the same exhilarating journey that captivates Harvard students. This book is a searching, lyrical exploration of the meaning of justice, one that invites readers of all political persuasions to consider familiar controversies in fresh and illuminating ways. Affirmative action, same-sex marriage, physician-assisted suicide, abortion, national service, patriotism and dissent, the moral limits of markets—Sandel dramatizes the challenge of thinking through these con?icts, and shows how a surer grasp of philosophy can help us make sense of politics, morality, and our own convictions as well. Justice is lively, thought-provoking, and wise—an essential new addition to the small shelf of books that speak convincingly to the hard questions of our civic life. |
| arguments against affirmative action in higher education: The Remedy Richard D. Kahlenberg, 1996-05-30 In a sweeping and damning analysis, Kahlenberg examines how the rationale for affirmative action has moved inexorably away from its original commitment to remedy past discrimination and instead has become a means to achieve racial diversity, even if that means giving preference to upper-middle-class blacks over poor whites. Such perverse outcomes, he shows, have undermined the moral legitimacy of affirmative action, which is supposed to benefit the truly disadvantaged, not the well-to-do. If Bill Cosby's kids are given preferences in college admissions and employment opportunities while a coal miner's kids are shut out, then something has gone very wrong. But Kahlenberg goes beyond simple criticism to outline how a class-based system of affirmative action would work, and why the objections often raised turn out to be red herrings. Moreover, he pays particular attention to the impact of such a policy on the African-American community, showing that because blacks are disproportionately poor, they would still continue to reap a disproportionate share of the benefits, but without engendering resentment or feelings of injustice within the white community. The problem of race is not going to disappear anytime soon, but The Remedy provides a way to cut the Gordian knot over affirmative action without sacrificing or compromising American ideals. |
| arguments against affirmative action in higher education: Creating Equal Ward Connerly, 2000 Ward Connerly first burst onto the American scene 1995 as the University of California Regent who had forced the largest public university in the country to become color-blind in its admissions policies. Connerly led the 1996 campaign to pass California's Proposition 209. In 1998, he spearheaded a similar successful anti-discrimination measure in Washington. Creating Equal chronicles Connerly's unique friendship with California governor Pete Wilson, as well as his encounters with figures like Bill Clinton and Al Gore, mogul Rupert Murdoch, Gen. Colin Powell, and Jesse Jackson. But above all, this book tells about how one man's willingness to break ranks created a movement whose end is not yet in sight. |
50 Compelling Argumentative Essay Topics - ThoughtCo
50 Compelling Argumentative Essay Topics - ThoughtCo
United States v. Jones: Supreme Court Case, Arguments, Impact
Jan 31, 2020 · Arguments . The government argued that vehicles access public streets regularly and are not subject to an expectation of privacy in the same way that a home is. Attorneys …
Obergefell v. Hodges: Supreme Court Case, Arguments, Impacts
Nov 19, 2019 · Arguments Attorneys on behalf of the couples argued that they were not asking for the Supreme Court to "create" a new right, allowing same-sex couples to marry. Attorneys for …
Buckley v. Valeo: Supreme Court Case, Arguments, Impact
Dec 13, 2019 · Arguments Attorneys representing those opposing the regulations argued that Congress had disregarded the importance of campaign contributions as a form of speech. …
Furman v. Georgia: Supreme Court Case, Arguments, Impact
Dec 13, 2019 · Arguments . The State of Georgia argued that the death penalty had been lawfully applied. The Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments provide that no state “shall deprive any person …
What Is an Argument? - ThoughtCo
What Is an Argument? - ThoughtCo
Munn v. Illinois: Supreme Court Case, Arguments, Impact
Jan 31, 2020 · Arguments . Munn and Scott argued that the state had unlawfully deprived them of their property rights. Central to the concept of owning property is being able to use it freely. In …
Pros and Cons of the Death Penalty - ThoughtCo
Pros and Cons of the Death Penalty - ThoughtCo
Escobedo v. Illinois: Supreme Court Case, Arguments, Impact
Jul 1, 2019 · Arguments . An attorney representing Escobedo argued that police had violated his right to due process when they prevented him from speaking with an attorney. The statements …
Cooper v. Aaron: Supreme Court Case, Arguments, Impact
Nov 19, 2019 · Arguments . The school board argued that the desegregation plan had caused immense unrest, propelled by the Governor of Arkansas himself. Further integration of the …
KEY FACTS Students for Fair Admissions, Inc. v President and …
country every day. Affirmative action, diversity, and anti-discrimination programs, are essential to opening up opportunities for women and people of color, including Asian Americans, in higher …
AFFIRMATIVE ACTION IN HIGHER EDUCATION
Sep 28, 2023 · 8 | Affirmative Action in Higher Education: The Racial Justice Landscape after the Cases III. THE LEGAL HISTORY OF AFFIRMATIVE ACTION IN HIGHER EDUCATION Nettie …
Determinative Action: The Approaching End of Legacy …
Mar 8, 2024 · The constitutionality of affirmative action in higher education in the United States has been frequently litigated in the highest levels of the judiciary. 9. The propriety and method …
Affirmative Action: Challenges and Opportunities - Brigham …
Affirmative action, which is defined as "the notion that the government may utilize race and gender conscious programs to redress the continuing effects of past discrimination in this country,"1 is …
STUDENTS FOR FAIR ADMISSIONS FAQ - law.stanford.edu
scrutiny over affirmative action policies, and more broadly, diversity programs and initiatives. The information in this FAQ. aims to provide clarity on the key issues, legal arguments, and. …
The Bakke Decision - JSTOR
in higher education. Attention is focused primarily on (1) the largely negative implications of Bakke with respect to expanded educational and professional opportunities for blacks and (2) the …
Understanding the Backlash Against Race-Based Affirmative …
affirmative action in higher education while studying multicultural issues. From my perspective, affirmative action policy serves a great purpose in higher ... legal arguments have been made …
Understanding Affirmative Action - University of California, …
DIVERSITY Commentators have long claimed that affirmative action is needed to help bring diversity to American schools and businesses (Tierney 1997). Until recently, the evidence for …
Perspective and Point of View on Affirmative Action†
Perspective and Point of View on Affirmative Action † KEVIN BROWN Professor Bowen’s article, Brilliant Disguise: An Empirical Analysis of a Social Experiment Banning Affirmative Action, …
Can Socioeconomic Status Substitute for Race in Affirmative …
affirmative action may help to increase socioeconomic diversity on college campuses, which in and of itself may be a desirable outcome for colleges. It is difficult to evaluate the effects of …
Affirmative Action: A Legitimate Concept? - SSRN
This paper comparatively analyses affirmative action in admissions into higher ... One of the prominent arguments against affirmative action is the formal equality ... opposition can be …
Affirmative Action in Malaysia - JSTOR
the negative impacts of affirmative action on the Malays, individually and as a community. This article will first examine the extent to which affirmative action has assisted in expanding Malay …
Affirmative Action, Reaction, and Inaction: A Positive …
The first Supreme Court case to examine affirmative action practices in higher education was DeFunis v. Odegaard (1974).1 This case concerned Marco DeFunis, a white applicant to …
Affirmative Action, Reaction, and Inaction: A Positive …
The first Supreme Court case to examine affirmative action practices in higher education was DeFunis v. Odegaard (1974).1 This case concerned Marco DeFunis, a white applicant to …
The Future of Affirmative A - Lumina Foundation
5 New Rules for Affirmative Action in Higher Education A Practical Guide to Fisher v. University of Texas for Colleges and Universities 57 Scott Greytak PART III. State Experiences with Race …
Cracking the Egg: Which Came First: Stigma or Affirmative …
race-based affirmative action in higher education.1 From Allan Bakke's challenge to the admissions program at the University of California, Davis School of Medicine,2 to the current …
Myths and Facts about Affirmative Action - University of …
the case against affirmative action are, for the most part, myths. People of good will believe them, but the facts are not what people think. MYTH:Affirmative Action Only Benefits Minorities …
Affirmative Action: An Ethical Evaluation - JSTOR
affirmative action that this paper will be referring to is a hiring goal system. IV. Ethical arguments for and against affirmative action17 A. Colorblind v. race-conscious plans As stated earlier, …
The Case Against Affirmative Action
The Case Against Affirmative Action If, after 25 years, affirmative action has not succeeded in ending discrimination, perhaps it is time to try something else. By David Sacks & Peter Thiel …
The Theory and Practice of Equality RONALD DWORKIN
The political campaign against affirmative action will continue, encouraged by the success of the California initiative, in other ... The study is confined to affirmative action in higher education, …
Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978)
quality education—applied to publicly funded institutions of higher education as well. In order to increase diversity, many public (i.e., state) universities adopted . affirmative action. programs. …
The Implementation of Affirmative Action in Higher …
5.1.3. Affirmative Action and the Principle of Difference 64 a. Affirmative Action and the Principle of Redress 64 b. Affirmative Action and the Conception of Reciprocity 65 c. Affirmative Action and …
71 - University of Pretoria
Oct 3, 2017 · attitudes to Affirmative Action against this framework. • The questionnaire in this study was administered to explore the perceptions of and attitudes to Affirmative Action and …
The Ethical Case for Affirmative Action - JSTOR
in higher education, meaningful employment, the civil service and so on. Notwithstanding the pragmatism of some gov ernments' policy in their commitment to the prin ciples of affirmative …
Affirmative Action: Ensuring Opportunity in Education
Dec 1, 2022 · Oral arguments were presented in both cases on October 31, 2022, and the Court is expected to rule in 2023. ... action in higher education both times — in Fisher I (2013) and …
The Diversity Rationale in Higher Education: An Overview of …
nation against racial and ethnic minority persons in U.S. society (Cunningham et al., 2002). Broadly conceived, affirmative action is a term that refers to measures ... sions of diversity and …
Affirmative Action in Higher Education - JSTOR
Affirmative Action in Higher Education Joshua M. Levinet INTRODUCTION "In summary, the Equal Protection Clause does not prohibit the Law ... [Thomas] knew that he could not make a …
A Critique of the Stigma Argument Against Affirmative …
One of the arguments against affirmative action is that it causes internal and external stigma towards its actual or perceived beneficiaries. In the ... Made in Opposition to Affirmative Action …
Asian Americans: Identity and the Stance on Affirmative Action
affirmative action, drawing on commentary by legal and social theorists. Part III explores how these meanings of affirmative action have changed by examining key Supreme Court decisions …
Excellence in Education - Stanford University
Wham Trent, professor of education at the University of Illinois, Champaign-Urbana, in his chapter titled “Jus- tice, Equality of Educational Opportunity, and Affirmative Action,” places affirmative …
Affirmative Action: What Do We Know? - Urban Institute
As with Affirmative Action in education, court rulings in the last decade or so have ... empirical evidence can be considered and used to assess these arguments.5 Supporters of Affirmative …
Uncertainties in the Changing Academic Profession - JSTOR
admission of blacks and other minorities into institutions of higher education. Within the higher education community, the various arguments for and against affirmative action differ somewhat …
Positive and Negative Affirmative Action - PhilArchive
Apr 11, 2024 · At the same time, at least one of the most prominent arguments put forward against affirmative action speak less against negative affirmative action. Thus, the paper …
The Case Against Affirmative Action - WordPress.com
can be made it will be as a corrective to racial oppression. I will examine nine arguments regarding Affirmative Action. The first six will be negative, attempting to show that the best …
Opportunity in Black and White: How Affirmative Action …
about higher education itself and its purposes. I will try to address these concerns while arguing the value of affirmative action in higher education. President Clinton has taken a position that …
Diversity Is a Value in American Higher Education, But It Is …
2. Affirmative Action is a subject which has the tendency to polarize its proponents and opponents at extremely opposite poles. The author of this Commentary personally feels that affirmative …
Supreme Court Term October 2022: A Review of Selected …
University of North Carolina, striking down the use of race-based affirmative action in higher education admissions; and (4) 303 Creative LLC v. Elenis, ruling that the First Amendment’s …
Chapter 5 The Educational Benefits of Diversity: Evidence from …
which affirmative action is used (Liu, 1998, p. 431). The value of diversity in higher education is also being questioned in the court of public opinion. While the public generally lends its support …
Mismatch: How Affirmative Action Hurts Students It s …
Research in Higher Education 37, no. 6 (1996): 681–709; Frederick L. Smyth and John J. McArdle, “Ethnic and Gender Differences in Science Graduation at Selective Colleges with …
Excellence in Education
The Dynamics of Race in Higher Education: An Examination of the Evidence Mitchell I. Chang, Daria Witt-Sandis, and Kenji Hakuta ... Affirmative Action in Court The Case for Optimism nctor …
“Positive discrimination doesn’t mean anything ... - JSTOR
examines four common justifications for affirmative action in higher education: remediation, econom-ics, diversity, and social justice.3 Arguments that frame affirmative action as a type of …
Cracking the Egg: Which Came First -- Stigma or Affirmative …
Delgado, Ten Arguments Against Affirmative Action-How Valid?, 50 ALA. L. REV. 135, 139 (1998) (arguing, in part, that stigma "predates and operates independently of affirmative action"), ...
Affirmative Action: The End of Discrimination
Affects Education”). But with the process of affirmative action it helps eliminate this threat. It gives people the chance to succeed in life. One of the bigger positives of affirmative action is to …
UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) - Universiteit van …
2.3.2 Arguments against affirmative action 33 2.3.2.1 Reverse discrimination 33 2.3.2.2 The merit principle 35 2.4 The concept of equality 37 2.4.1 Formal equality 37 ... Chapter 6: …
Neoliberalism in Higher Education: Reflections on …
firmative action in higher education, even accounting for recent victories, illustrate, paradoxically, that moral arguments, such as that affirmative action compensates for past wrongs (or, interest …
Affirmative Action - ed
process. However, many believe that affirmative action policies are no longer appropriate in today’s society and claim reverse discrimination against white students (DeCesare, 2002). …
REFRAMING THE AFFIRMATIVE ACTION DEBATE TO …
serve to infuse antiblackness into higher education policy. We first analyze Su-preme Court of the United States cases involving affirmative action policies. We reframe earlier cases aimed at …
Hopwood v. Texas: the Fifth Circuit Further Limits Affirmative …
plement a remedial affirmative action program to those situations in which the school can show the existence of present effects of its own past discrimination.5 In so holding, the Fifth Circuit …
History Of Higher Education In The United States
of Cross-Border Ethnic and Religious Affinities Controversies in Affirmative Action Rebutted False Arguments About the Nonresident Alien Position When Used by American Nationals, Form …
Veiled Threats: Color-Blind Frames and Group Threat in …
University of Texas-Austin affirmative action case. In this case, Abigail Noel Fisher filed a suit claiming that under affirmative action the uni-versity used race to discriminate against her. To …
