Arrhenius Base Definition Chemistry

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  arrhenius base definition chemistry: Principles of Modern Chemistry David W. Oxtoby, 1998-07-01 PRINCIPLES OF MODERN CHEMISTRY has dominated the honors and high mainstream general chemistry courses and is considered the standard for the course. The fifth edition is a substantial revision that maintains the rigor of previous editions but reflects the exciting modern developments taking place in chemistry today. Authors David W. Oxtoby and H. P. Gillis provide a unique approach to learning chemical principles that emphasizes the total scientific process'from observation to application'placing general chemistry into a complete perspective for serious-minded science and engineering students. Chemical principles are illustrated by the use of modern materials, comparable to equipment found in the scientific industry. Students are therefore exposed to chemistry and its applications beyond the classroom. This text is perfect for those instructors who are looking for a more advanced general chemistry textbook.
  arrhenius base definition chemistry: Glencoe Chemistry: Matter and Change, Student Edition McGraw-Hill Education, 2016-06-15
  arrhenius base definition chemistry: Introductory Chemistry Nivaldo J. Tro, 2023 This book is for you, and every text feature is meant to help you learn and succeed in your chemistry course. I wrote this book with two main goals for you in mind: to see chemistry as you never have before and to develop the problem-solving skills you need to succeed in chemistry. I want you to experience chemistry in a new way. I have written each chapter to show you that chemistry is not just something that happens in a laboratory; chemistry surrounds you at every moment. Several outstanding artists have helped me to develop photographs and art that will help you visualize the molecular world. From the opening example to the closing chapter, you will see chemistry. My hope is that when you finish this course, you will think differently about your world because you understand the molecular interactions that underlie everything around you. My second goal is for you to develop problem-solving skills. No one succeeds in chemistry-or in life, really-without the ability to solve problems. I can't give you a one-size-fits-all formula for problem solving, but I can and do give you strategies that will help you develop the chemical intuition you need to understand chemical reasoning--
  arrhenius base definition chemistry: Fundamentals of General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry John McMurry, 2013 Fundamentals of General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry by McMurry, Ballantine, Hoeger, and Peterson provides background in chemistry and biochemistry with a relatable context to ensure students of all disciplines gain an appreciation of chemistry's significance in everyday life. Known for its clarity and concise presentation, this book balances chemical concepts with examples, drawn from students' everyday lives and experiences, to explain the quantitative aspects of chemistry and provide deeper insight into theoretical principles. The Seventh Edition focuses on making connections between General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry through a number of new and updated features -- including all-new Mastering Reactions boxes, Chemistry in Action boxes, new and revised chapter problems that strengthen the ties between major concepts in each chapter, practical applications, and much more. NOTE: this is just the standalone book, if you want the book/access card order the ISBN below: 032175011X / 9780321750112 Fundamentals of General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Plus MasteringChemistry with eText -- Access Card Package Package consists of: 0321750837 / 9780321750839 Fundamentals of General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry 0321776461 / 9780321776464 MasteringChemistry with Pearson eText -- Valuepack Access Card -- for Fundamentals of General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry
  arrhenius base definition chemistry: General, Organic, and Biochemistry Katherine J. Denniston, Joseph J. Topping, Robert L. Caret, 2010-01-01 This edition is designed to help undergraduate health-related majors, and students of all other majors, understand key concepts and appreciate the significant connections between chemistry, health, disease, and the treatment of disease.
  arrhenius base definition chemistry: Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. Physical and Biophysical Chemistry Division, 2007 Prepared by the IUPAC Physical Chemistry Division this definitive manual, now in its third edition, is designed to improve the exchange of scientific information among the readers in different disciplines and across different nations. This book has been systematically brought up to date and new sections added to reflect the increasing volume of scientific literature and terminology and expressions being used. The Third Edition reflects the experience of the contributors with the previous editions and the comments and feedback have been integrated into this essential resource. This edition has been compiled in machine-readable form and will be available online.
  arrhenius base definition chemistry: Chemistry 2e Paul Flowers, Richard Langely, William R. Robinson, Klaus Hellmut Theopold, 2019-02-14 Chemistry 2e is designed to meet the scope and sequence requirements of the two-semester general chemistry course. The textbook provides an important opportunity for students to learn the core concepts of chemistry and understand how those concepts apply to their lives and the world around them. The book also includes a number of innovative features, including interactive exercises and real-world applications, designed to enhance student learning. The second edition has been revised to incorporate clearer, more current, and more dynamic explanations, while maintaining the same organization as the first edition. Substantial improvements have been made in the figures, illustrations, and example exercises that support the text narrative. Changes made in Chemistry 2e are described in the preface to help instructors transition to the second edition.
  arrhenius base definition chemistry: Inorganic Chemistry Gary Wulfsberg, 2000-03-16 This is a textbook for advanced undergraduate inorganic chemistry courses, covering elementary inorganic reaction chemistry through to more advanced inorganic theories and topics. The approach integrates bioinorganic, environmental, geological and medicinal material into each chapter, and there is a refreshing empirical approach to problems in which the text emphasizes observations before moving onto theoretical models. There are worked examples and solutions in each chapter combined with chapter-ending study objectives, 40-70 exercises per chapter and experiments for discovery-based learning.
  arrhenius base definition chemistry: An Introduction to Chemistry Mark Bishop, 2002 This book teaches chemistry at an appropriate level of rigor while removing the confusion and insecurity that impair student success. Students are frequently intimidated by prep chem; Bishop's text shows them how to break the material down and master it. The flexible order of topics allows unit conversions to be covered either early in the course (as is traditionally done) or later, allowing for a much earlier than usual description of elements, compounds, and chemical reactions. The text and superb illustrations provide a solid conceptual framework and address misconceptions. The book helps students to develop strategies for working problems in a series of logical steps. The Examples and Exercises give plenty of confidence-building practice; the end-of-chapter problems test the student's mastery. The system of objectives tells the students exactly what they must learn in each chapter and where to find it.
  arrhenius base definition chemistry: General Chemistry Ralph H. Petrucci, F. Geoffrey Herring, Jeffry D. Madura, Carey Bissonnette, 2010-05
  arrhenius base definition chemistry: Reactions of Acids and Bases in Analytical Chemistry Adam Hulanicki, 1987
  arrhenius base definition chemistry: Chemistry Bruce Averill, Patricia Eldredge, 2007 Emphasises on contemporary applications and an intuitive problem-solving approach that helps students discover the exciting potential of chemical science. This book incorporates fresh applications from the three major areas of modern research: materials, environmental chemistry, and biological science.
  arrhenius base definition chemistry: Developing Models in Science Education J.K. Gilbert, C. Boulter, 2000-11-30 Models and modelling play a central role in the nature of science, in its conduct, in the accreditation and dissemination of its outcomes, as well as forming a bridge to technology. They therefore have an important place in both the formal and informal science education provision made for people of all ages. This book is a product of five years collaborative work by eighteen researchers from four countries. It addresses four key issues: the roles of models in science and their implications for science education; the place of models in curricula for major science subjects; the ways that models can be presented to, are learned about, and can be produced by, individuals; the implications of all these for research and for science teacher education. The work draws on insights from the history and philosophy of science, cognitive psychology, sociology, linguistics, and classroom research, to establish what may be done and what is done. The book will be of interest to researchers in science education and to those taking courses of advanced study throughout the world.
  arrhenius base definition chemistry: Chemistry for Changing Times John W. Hill, Terry W. McCreary, Doris K. Kolb, 2012-01 ALERT: Before you purchase, check with your instructor or review your course syllabus to ensure that you select the correct ISBN. Several versions of Pearson's MyLab & Mastering products exist for each title, including customized versions for individual schools, and registrations are not transferable. In addition, you may need a CourseID, provided by your instructor, to register for and use Pearson's MyLab & Mastering products. Packages Access codes for Pearson's MyLab & Mastering products may not be included when purchasing or renting from companies other than Pearson; check with the seller before completing your purchase. Used or rental books If you rent or purchase a used book with an access code, the access code may have been redeemed previously and you may have to purchase a new access code. Access codes Access codes that are purchased from sellers other than Pearson carry a higher risk of being either the wrong ISBN or a previously redeemed code. Check with the seller prior to purchase. -- Used by over 1.5 million science students, the Mastering platform is the most effective and widely used online tutorial, homework, and assessment system for the sciences. The eText pages look exactly like the printed text, and include powerful interactive and customization functions. This is the product access code card for MasteringChemistry with Pearson eText and does not include the actual bound book. The book that defined the liberal arts chemistry course, Chemistry for Changing Times remains the most visually appealing and readable introduction on the subject. Now available with MasteringChemistry®, the Thirteenth Edition increases its focus on student engagement - with revised Have You Ever Wondered? questions, new Learning Objectives in each chapter linked to end of chapter problems both in the text and within MasteringChemistry, and new Green Chemistry content, closely integrated with the text. Abundant applications and examples fill each chapter, and material is updated throughout to mirror the latest scientific developments in a fast-changing world. Compelling chapter opening photos, a focus on Green Chemistry, and the It DOES Matter features highlight current events and enable students to relate to the text more readily. This package contains: Standalone Access Card for Chemistry for Pearson eText for Changing Times, Thirteenth Edition Student Access Code Card for Mastering Chemistry
  arrhenius base definition chemistry: Acids and Bases Kristi Lew, 2009 Learn about acids and bases, chemical components of the natural world that play key roles in medicine and industry.
  arrhenius base definition chemistry: Superacid Chemistry George A. Olah, G. K. Surya Prakash, Jean Sommer, Arpad Molnar, 2009-03-26 The chemistry of superacids has developed in the last two decades into a field of growing interest and importance. Now available in a new expanded second edition, this definitive work on superacids offers a comprehensive review of superacids and discusses the development of new superacid systems and applications of superacids in the promotion of unusual reactions. Covering Bronsted and Leurs superacids, solid superacids, carbocations, heterocations, and catalyzed reactions, this timely volume is invaluable to professionals, faculty, and graduate students in organic, inorganic, and physical chemistry.
  arrhenius base definition chemistry: Source Book in Chemistry 1900-1950 Henry M. Leicester, 1968
  arrhenius base definition chemistry: The Basics of Chemistry Richard L. Myers, 2003-06-30 Encompasses many different topics in and approaches to introductory chemistry. Discusses broad areas of chemistry including organic chemistry, biochemistry, environmental chemistry, and industrial chemistry. Historical developments of chemical concepts are covered, and biographical information is provided on key individuals responsible for the development of modern chemistry.
  arrhenius base definition chemistry: Hard and Soft Acids and Bases Ralph G. Pearson, 1973
  arrhenius base definition chemistry: The History of Blood Gases, Acids and Bases Poul Astrup, John Wendell Severinghaus, 1986
  arrhenius base definition chemistry: A New View of Current Acid-base Theories H. L. Finston, Allen C. Rychtman, 1982
  arrhenius base definition chemistry: The Nature of Science in Science Education W.F. McComas, 2006-04-11 This is the first book to blend a justification for the inclusion of the history and philosophy of science in science teaching with methods by which this vital content can be shared with a variety of learners. It contains a complete analysis of the variety of tools developed thus far to assess learning in this domain. This book is relevant to science methods instructors, science education graduate students and science teachers.
  arrhenius base definition chemistry: Chemistry, Life, the Universe and Everything Melanie Cooper, Michael Klymkowsky, 2014-06-27 As you can see, this molecular formula is not very informative, it tells us little or nothing about their structure, and suggests that all proteins are similar, which is confusing since they carry out so many different roles.
  arrhenius base definition chemistry: The Complete Idiot's Guide to Chemistry Ian Guch, 2003 Guch covers all the elements, the Periodic Table, ionic and covalent compounds, chemical reactions, acids and bases, and much more.
  arrhenius base definition chemistry: Introductory Chemistry Kevin Revell, 2020-11-17 Introductory Chemistry creates light bulb moments for students and provides unrivaled support for instructors! Highly visual, interactive multimedia tools are an extension of Kevin Revell’s distinct author voice and help students develop critical problem solving skills and master foundational chemistry concepts necessary for success in chemistry.
  arrhenius base definition chemistry: General Chemistry Ralph H. Petrucci, Ralph Petrucci, F. Geoffrey Herring, Jeffry Madura, Carey Bissonnette, 2017 The most trusted general chemistry text in Canada is back in a thoroughly revised 11th edition. General Chemistry: Principles and Modern Applications, is the most trusted book on the market recognized for its superior problems, lucid writing, and precision of argument and precise and detailed and treatment of the subject. The 11th edition offers enhanced hallmark features, new innovations and revised discussions that that respond to key market needs for detailed and modern treatment of organic chemistry, embracing the power of visual learning and conquering the challenges of effective problem solving and assessment. Note: You are purchasing a standalone product; MasteringChemistry does not come packaged with this content. Students, if interested in purchasing this title with MasteringChemistry, ask your instructor for the correct package ISBN and Course ID. Instructors, contact your Pearson representative for more information. If you would like to purchase both the physical text and MasteringChemistry, search for: 0134097327 / 9780134097329 General Chemistry: Principles and Modern Applications Plus MasteringChemistry with Pearson eText -- Access Card Package, 11/e Package consists of: 0132931281 / 9780132931281 General Chemistry: Principles and Modern Applications 0133387917 / 9780133387919 Study Card for General Chemistry: Principles and Modern Applications 0133387801 / 9780133387803 MasteringChemistry with Pearson eText -- Valuepack Access Card -- for General Chemistry: Principles and Modern Applications
  arrhenius base definition chemistry: Stewart's Textbook of Acid-Base John A Kellum, Paul WG Elbers, 2009 Rev. ed of: How to understand acid-base. c1981.
  arrhenius base definition chemistry: AP Chemistry For Dummies Peter J. Mikulecky, Michelle Rose Gilman, Kate Brutlag, 2008-11-13 A practical and hands-on guide for learning the practical science of AP chemistry and preparing for the AP chem exam Gearing up for the AP Chemistry exam? AP Chemistry For Dummies is packed with all the resources and help you need to do your very best. Focused on the chemistry concepts and problems the College Board wants you to know, this AP Chemistry study guide gives you winning test-taking tips, multiple-choice strategies, and topic guidelines, as well as great advice on optimizing your study time and hitting the top of your game on test day. This user-friendly guide helps you prepare without perspiration by developing a pre-test plan, organizing your study time, and getting the most out or your AP course. You'll get help understanding atomic structure and bonding, grasping atomic geometry, understanding how colliding particles produce states, and so much more. To provide students with hands-on experience, AP chemistry courses include extensive labwork as part of the standard curriculum. This is why the book dedicates a chapter to providing a brief review of common laboratory equipment and techniques and another to a complete survey of recommended AP chemistry experiments. Two full-length practice exams help you build your confidence, get comfortable with test formats, identify your strengths and weaknesses, and focus your studies. You'll discover how to Create and follow a pretest plan Understand everything you must know about the exam Develop a multiple-choice strategy Figure out displacement, combustion, and acid-base reactions Get familiar with stoichiometry Describe patterns and predict properties Get a handle on organic chemistry nomenclature Know your way around laboratory concepts, tasks, equipment, and safety Analyze laboratory data Use practice exams to maximize your score Additionally, you'll have a chance to brush up on the math skills that will help you on the exam, learn the critical types of chemistry problems, and become familiar with the annoying exceptions to chemistry rules. Get your own copy of AP Chemistry For Dummies to build your confidence and test-taking know-how, so you can ace that exam!
  arrhenius base definition chemistry: Proton-Transfer Reactions E. F. Caldin, Victor Gold, 2013-11-11
  arrhenius base definition chemistry: Alkaline Earth Hydroxides in Water and Aqueous Solutions I. Lambert, H.L. Clever, 2013-10-22 This volume contains evaluated data on the solubility of beryllium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, strontium hydroxide and barium hydroxide in water and in a number of electrolyte and nonelectrolyte solutions in water. The alkaline earth hydroxides can be divided into two groups depending on the hydration of the solid. First, the sparingly soluble anhydrous beryllium, magnesium and calcium hydroxides, whose freshly precipitated solids are poorly crystalline and show decreasing solubility with aging, and whose solubility in water decreases with increasing temperature. Second, the soluble strontium and barium hydroxide octahydrates that form crystalline precipitates which do not show changes in solubility on aging, and whose solubility in water increases with increasing temperature.
  arrhenius base definition chemistry: Chemical Misconceptions Keith Taber, 2002 Part one includes information on some of the key alternative conceptions that have been uncovered by research and general ideas for helping students with the development of scientific conceptions.
  arrhenius base definition chemistry: Chemistry Kenneth W. Whitten, Raymond E. Davis, George G. Stanley, Merlin Larry Peck, 2013-01-17 This new edition of CHEMISTRY, 10E, International Edition continues to incorporate a strong molecular reasoning focus, amplified problem-solving exercises, a wide range of real-life examples and applications, and innovative technological resources. With this text's focus on molecular reasoning, readers will learn to think at the molecular level and make connections between molecular structure and macroscopic properties. The Tenth Edition has been revised throughout and now includes a reorganization of the descriptive chemistry chapters to improve the flow of topics, a new basic math skills Appendix, an updated art program with new talking labels that fully explain what is going on in the figure, and much more.
  arrhenius base definition chemistry: Chemistry for Today Spencer L. Seager, Michael R. Slabaugh, 2004-01-01 Distinguished by its superior allied health focus and integration of technology, Seager and Slabaugh's CHEMISTRY FOR TODAY: GENERAL, ORGANIC, and BIOCHEMISTRY, Fifth Edition continues to lead the market on both fronts through numerous allied health-related applications, examples, boxes, and a new Companion Web Site, GOB ChemistryNow(tm). In addition to the many resources found in GOB ChemistryNow, this powerful new Web site contains questions modeled after the Nursing School and Allied Health Entrance Exams and NCLEX-LPN Certification Exams. The authors strive to dispel users' inherent fear of chemistry and to instill an appreciation for the role chemistry plays in our daily lives through a rich pedagogical structure and an accessible writing style that provides lucid explanations. In addition, Seager and Slabaugh's CHEMISTRY FOR TODAY, Fifth Edition, provides greater support in both problem-solving and critical-thinking skills. By demonstrating how this information will be important to a reader's future career and providing important career information online, the authors not only help readers to set goals but also to focus on achieving them.
  arrhenius base definition chemistry: Oxidizing and Reducing Agents Steven D. Burke, Rick L. Danheiser, 1999-07-09 Oxidizing and Reducing Agents S. D. Burke University of Wisconsin at Madison, USA R. L. Danheiser Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA Recognising the critical need for bringing a handy reference work that deals with the most popular reagents in synthesis to the laboratory of practising organic chemists, the Editors of the acclaimed Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis (EROS) have selected the most important and useful reagents employed in contemporary organic synthesis. Handbook of Reagents for Organic Synthesis: Oxidizing and Reducing Agents, provides the synthetic chemist with a convenient compendium of information concentrating on the most important and frequently employed reagents for the oxidation and reduction of organic compounds, extracted and updated from EROS. The inclusion of a bibliography of reviews and monographs, a compilation of Organic Syntheses procedures with tested experimental details and references to oxidizing and reducing agents will ensure that this handbook is both comprehensive and convenient.
  arrhenius base definition chemistry: Formulation and Stoichiometry Emil J. Margolis, 2012-12-06 The purpose of this book is to interpret more sensitively some of the offerings of the standard text book of general chemistry. As a supplement thereto, it covers various aspects of formulation and stoichiometry that are frequently treated far too perfunctorily or, in many instances, are not considered at all. The inadequate attention often accorded by the comprehensive text to many topics within its proper purview arises, understandably enough, from the numerous broad and highly varied objectives set for the first year of the curriculum for modern chemistry in colleges and universities. For the serious student this means, more often than not, the frustrations of questions unanswered. The amplification that this book proffers in the immediate area of its subject covers the equations representing internal redox reactions, not only of the simple but, also, of the multiple disproportionations of which the complexities often discourage an undertaking despite the challenge they offer: distinctions to be observed in the balancing of equations in con trasting alkali-basic and ammonia-basic reaction media; quantitative contributions made by the ionization or dissociation effects of electrolytes to the colligative properties of their solutions; intensive application of the universal reaction principle of chemical equivalence to the stoichiometry of oxidation and reduction.
  arrhenius base definition chemistry: The Tunnel Effect in Chemistry Ronald Percy Bell, 2014-01-15
  arrhenius base definition chemistry: Onium Ions George A. Olah, Kenneth K. Laali, Qi Wang, G. K. Surya Prakash, 1998-08-11 Der Autor George Olah, der 1995 den Nobelpreis erhielt, stellt in seinem Buch die Anwendung von Onium-Ionen als elektrophile Reagenzien und Katalysatoren dar und erläutert diese für die chemische Synthese bedeutsamen Verbindungen. (8/98)
  arrhenius base definition chemistry: Determination of PH Roger Gordon Bates, 1964 In portraying the rise and fall, in eighteenth century Ireland and England, of Barry Lyndon - an adventurer-gambler, a cad and a romantic idealist - Kubrick departs from Thackeray's picaresque novel in scope and tone. The first person narrator of the novel gives way in the film to the third person who assumes a good deal of the storytelling function, adding to the sense of detachment and abstraction typical of Kubrick. The way that this film polarised the critics suggests that it may hold a key to his oeuvre. Enervating pictorialism or a stately meditation upon the trappings of cultural ritual that we call civilisation? The painterly tableaux suggest the 'otherness' of a past era - a world as alien as that of 2001 - in a way matched by few other period films.
  arrhenius base definition chemistry: Real Process John W. Burbidge, 1996 Hegel's Philosophy of Nature was for a long time regarded as an outdated historical curiosity. Yet if systematic completeness is given up, the value of Hegelian arguments and of Hegelian logic generally becomes uncertain. In this book, John Burbidge reveals the abiding significance of the Philosophy of Nature as the intermediate movement in Hegel's system. Burbidge looks at three specific texts in Hegel's work: the two chapters of the Science of Logic that deal with the concept of chemism, and the section on chemical process in the Philosophy of Nature. Through his detailed commentary, he clarifies Hegel's distinction between a strictly theoretical philosophy and one that understands the natural world. He shows that Hegel does not presume to derive natural data a priori, nor is he simply dependent on the explanatory theories arrived at by chemists themselves. Experience provides the data, but thought sets the parameters. Burbidge sets Hegel's thought in context with sketches of what Kant, Fichte, and Schelling had to say about chemistry, and with background outlining the stage chemistry had reached at the time Hegel was writing. He also reveals how Hegel changed his mind as he revised each section for succeeding editions of his work, thus providing a fascinating case study of the development of Hegel's ideas.--BOOK JACKET.Title Summary field provided by Blackwell North America, Inc. All Rights Reserved
  arrhenius base definition chemistry: Chemistry Dennis W. Wertz, 2002
Arrhenius equation - Wikipedia
In physical chemistry, the Arrhenius equation is a formula for the temperature dependence of reaction rates.

6.2.3.1: Arrhenius Equation - Chemistry LibreTexts
Feb 14, 2024 · The Arrhenius equation, \[k = A e^{-E_a/RT} \label{1} \] can be written in a non-exponential form that is often more convenient to use and …

Svante Arrhenius | Nobel Prize-Winning Chemist | Brita…
Svante Arrhenius (born February 19, 1859, Vik, Sweden—died October 2, 1927, Stockholm) was a Swedish physicist and physical chemist …

Arrhenius Equation - Chemistry Steps
Arrhenius equation shows the relationship between the rate constant (k) and the temperature in kelvin (T).

Svante August Arrhenius - Science History Institute
In 1903 Svante August Arrhenius (1859–1927) received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his electrolytic theory of dissociation, which states that …

Arrhenius equation - Wikipedia
In physical chemistry, the Arrhenius equation is a formula for the temperature dependence of reaction rates.

6.2.3.1: Arrhenius Equation - Chemistry LibreTexts
Feb 14, 2024 · The Arrhenius equation, \[k = A e^{-E_a/RT} \label{1} \] can be written in a non-exponential form that is often more convenient to use and …

Svante Arrhenius | Nobel Prize-Winning Chemist | Brita…
Svante Arrhenius (born February 19, 1859, Vik, Sweden—died October 2, 1927, Stockholm) was a Swedish physicist and physical chemist …

Arrhenius Equation - Chemistry Steps
Arrhenius equation shows the relationship between the rate constant (k) and the temperature in kelvin (T).

Svante August Arrhenius - Science History Institute
In 1903 Svante August Arrhenius (1859–1927) received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his electrolytic theory of dissociation, which states that …