| astm a105 mechanical properties pdf: Pressure Vessel Handbook Eugene F. Megyesy, 1977 |
| astm a105 mechanical properties pdf: Handbook of Comparative World Steel Standards John E. Bringas, 2002 |
| astm a105 mechanical properties pdf: Piping and Pipeline Calculations Manual Philip Ellenberger, 2014-01-22 Piping and Pipeline Calculations Manual, Second Edition provides engineers and designers with a quick reference guide to calculations, codes, and standards applicable to piping systems. The book considers in one handy reference the multitude of pipes, flanges, supports, gaskets, bolts, valves, strainers, flexibles, and expansion joints that make up these often complex systems. It uses hundreds of calculations and examples based on the author's 40 years of experiences as both an engineer and instructor. Each example demonstrates how the code and standard has been correctly and incorrectly applied. Aside from advising on the intent of codes and standards, the book provides advice on compliance. Readers will come away with a clear understanding of how piping systems fail and what the code requires the designer, manufacturer, fabricator, supplier, erector, examiner, inspector, and owner to do to prevent such failures. The book enhances participants' understanding and application of the spirit of the code or standard and form a plan for compliance. The book covers American Water Works Association standards where they are applicable. - Updates to major codes and standards such as ASME B31.1 and B31.12 - New methods for calculating stress intensification factor (SIF) and seismic activities - Risk-based analysis based on API 579, and B31-G - Covers the Pipeline Safety Act and the creation of PhMSA |
| astm a105 mechanical properties pdf: Composite Materials Kamal K. Kar, 2016-10-14 Composite materials are used as substitutions of metals/traditional materials in aerospace, automotive, civil, mechanical and other industries. The present book collects the current knowledge and recent developments in the characterization and application of composite materials. To this purpose the volume describes the outstanding properties of this class of advanced material which recommend it for various industrial applications. |
| astm a105 mechanical properties pdf: Damage Mechanisms and Life Assessment of High Temperature Components Ramaswamy Viswanathan, 1989 |
| astm a105 mechanical properties pdf: ANSI/IIAR Standard 2-2014 International Institute of Ammonia Refrigeration, 2014 The new and improved IIAR 2 is the definitive design safety standard of the ammonia refrigeration industry - IIAR 2 has undergone extensive revision since the 2008 (with Addendum B) edition was published on December 3, 2012. A major focus of changes made to this edition has been incorporating topics traditionally addressed in other codes and standards so that IIAR 2 can eventually serve as a single, comprehensive standard covering safe design of closed-circuit ammonia refrigeration systems. |
| astm a105 mechanical properties pdf: Piping Materials Guide Peter Smith, 2005-01-20 The only book of its kind on the market, this book is the companion to our Valve Selection Handbook, by the same author. Together, these two books form the most comprehensive work on piping and valves ever written for the process industries. This book covers the entire piping process, including the selection of piping materials according to the job, the application of the materials and fitting, trouble-shooting techniques for corrosion control, inspections for OSHA regulations, and even the warehousing, distributing, and ordering of materials. There are books on materials, fitting, OSHA regulations, and so on, but this is the only one stop shopping source for the piping engineer on piping materials.- Provides a one stop shopping source for the piping engineer on piping materials- Covers the entire piping process. - Designed as an easy-to-access guide |
| astm a105 mechanical properties pdf: Ultrasonic Welding of Aluminum J. Byron Jones, Carmine F. DePrisco, John G. Thomas, 1955 |
| astm a105 mechanical properties pdf: Handbook of Engineering Practice of Materials and Corrosion Jung-Chul (Thomas) Eun, 2020-09-04 This handbook is an in-depth guide to the practical aspects of materials and corrosion engineering in the energy and chemical industries. The book covers materials, corrosion, welding, heat treatment, coating, test and inspection, and mechanical design and integrity. A central focus is placed on industrial requirements, including codes, standards, regulations, and specifications that practicing material and corrosion engineers and technicians face in all roles and in all areas of responsibility. The comprehensive resource provides expert guidance on general corrosion mechanisms and recommends materials for the control and prevention of corrosion damage, and offers readers industry-tested best practices, rationales, and case studies. |
| astm a105 mechanical properties pdf: Engineering Fundamentals: An Introduction to Engineering, SI Edition Saeed Moaveni, 2011-01-01 Specifically designed as an introduction to the exciting world of engineering, ENGINEERING FUNDAMENTALS: AN INTRODUCTION TO ENGINEERING encourages students to become engineers and prepares them with a solid foundation in the fundamental principles and physical laws. The book begins with a discovery of what engineers do as well as an inside look into the various areas of specialization. An explanation on good study habits and what it takes to succeed is included as well as an introduction to design and problem solving, communication, and ethics. Once this foundation is established, the book moves on to the basic physical concepts and laws that students will encounter regularly. The framework of this text teaches students that engineers apply physical and chemical laws and principles as well as mathematics to design, test, and supervise the production of millions of parts, products, and services that people use every day. By gaining problem solving skills and an understanding of fundamental principles, students are on their way to becoming analytical, detail-oriented, and creative engineers. Important Notice: Media content referenced within the product description or the product text may not be available in the ebook version. |
| astm a105 mechanical properties pdf: Piping Handbook Mohinder L. Nayyar, 1999-11-04 Instant answers to your toughest questions on piping components and systems! It's impossible to know all the answers when piping questions are on the table - the field is just too broad. That's why even the most experienced engineers turn to Piping Handbook, edited by Mohinder L. Nayyar, with contribution from top experts in the field. The Handbook's 43 chapters--14 of them new to this edition--and 9 new appendices provide, in one place, everything you need to work with any type of piping, in any type of piping system: design layout selection of materials fabrication and components operation installation maintenance This world-class reference is packed with a comprehensive array of analytical tools, and illustrated with fully-worked-out examples and case histories. Thoroughly updated, this seventh edition features revised and new information on design practices, materials, practical applications and industry codes and standards--plus every calculation you need to do the job. |
| astm a105 mechanical properties pdf: Process Piping C. Becht, 2004 Provides background information, historical perspective, and expert commentary on the ASME B31.3 Code requirements for process piping design and construction. It provides the most complete coverage of the Code that is available today and is packed with additional information useful to those responsible for the design and mechanical integrity of process piping. |
| astm a105 mechanical properties pdf: Standard Specifications for Construction of Roads and Bridges on Federal Highway Projects United States. Federal Highway Administration, 1985 |
| astm a105 mechanical properties pdf: Aerospace Materials Handbook Sam Zhang, Dongliang Zhao, 2016-04-19 Whether an airplane or a space shuttle, a flying machine requires advanced materials to provide a strong, lightweight body and a powerful engine that functions at high temperature. The Aerospace Materials Handbook examines these materials, covering traditional superalloys as well as more recently developed light alloys. Capturing state-of-the-art d |
| astm a105 mechanical properties pdf: Thermal Spray 2001 Christopher C. Berndt, K. A. Khor, Lugscheider, Erich F., 2001-01-01 |
| astm a105 mechanical properties pdf: Microsurfacing Douglas D. Gransberg, 2010 TRB's National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Synthesis 411: Microsurfacing explores highway microsurfacing project selection, design, contracting, equipment, construction, and performance measurement processes used by transportation agencies in the United States and Canada. Microsurfacing is a polymer-modified cold-mix surface treatment that has the potential to address a broad range of problems on today's highways -- |
| astm a105 mechanical properties pdf: Ceramic Materials and Components for Engines Jürgen G. Heinrich, Fritz Aldinger, 2008-11-21 Several ceramic parts have already proven their suitability for serial application in automobile engines in very impressive ways, especially in Japan, the USA and in Germany. However, there is still a lack of economical quality assurance concepts. Recently, a new generation of ceramic components, for the use in energy, transportation and environment systems, has been developed. The efforts are more and more system oriented in this field. The only possibility to manage this complex issue in the future will be interdisciplinary cooperation. Chemists, physicists, material scientists, process engineers, mechanical engineers and engine manufacturers will have to cooperate in a more intensive way than ever before. The R&D activities are still concentrating on gas turbines and reciprocating engines, but also on brakes, bearings, fuel cells, batteries, filters, membranes, sensors and actuators as well as on shaping and cutting tools for low expense machining of ceramic components. This book summarizes the scientific papers of the 7th International Symposium Ceramic Materials and Components for Engines. Some of the most fascinating new applications of ceramic meterials in energy, transportation and environment systems are presented. The proceedings shall lead to new ideas for interdisciplinary activities in the future. |
| astm a105 mechanical properties pdf: Worldwide Guide to Equivalent Irons and Steels Fran Cverna, 2006-01-01 More than 30,000 listings are presented in this edition with increased coverage from major steel producing countries such as China, India, and Japan. |
| astm a105 mechanical properties pdf: Steel Castings Handbook, 6th Edition Malcolm Blair, Thomas L. Stevens, 1995-01-01 |
| astm a105 mechanical properties pdf: Qualification Standard for Welding and Brazing Procedures American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1974 |
| astm a105 mechanical properties pdf: Powder Sampling and Particle Size Determination Terence Allen, 2003 Important new work in rapidly expanding field of powder technology. |
| astm a105 mechanical properties pdf: Failure Modes and Mechanisms in Electronic Packages P. Singh, Puligandla Viswanadham, 1997-11-30 With the proliferation of packaging technology, failure and reliability have become serious concerns. This invaluable reference details processes that enable detection, analysis and prevention of failures. It provides a comprehensive account of the failures of device packages, discrete component connectors, PCB carriers and PCB assemblies. |
| astm a105 mechanical properties pdf: Metallurgical Modelling of Welding Øystein Grong, 1997 Metallurgical Modelling of Welding gives graduate students, engineers and researchers an in-depth insight into the field of welding metallurgy, providing a broad overview of its fundamental principles. In recent years, significant progress has been made in the understanding of the chemical and physical processes which take place during weldning. This book brings together all the basic components to reach the goal of faster process development, optimisation of processes and properties, and the possibility of developing new and weldable alloys.The second edition includes a new chapter of exercis. |
| astm a105 mechanical properties pdf: Cold Spray Technology Anatolii Papyrin, Vladimir Kosarev, Sergey Klinkov, Anatolii Alkhimov, Vasily M. Fomin, 2006-10-04 The topic of this book is Cold Spray technology. Cold Spray is a process of applying coatings by exposing a metallic or dielectric substrate to a high velocity (300 to 1200 m/s) jet of small (1 to 50 μm) particles accelerated by a supersonic jet of compressed gas. This process is based on the selection of the combination of particle temperature, velocity, and size that allows spraying at the lowest temperature possible. In the Cold Spray process, powder particles are accelerated by the supersonic gas jet at a temperature that is always lower than the melting point of the material, resulting in coating formation from particles in the solid state. As a consequence, the deleterious effects of high-temperature oxidation, evaporation, melting, crystallization, residual stresses, gas release, and other common problems for traditional thermal spray methods are minimized or eliminated. This book is the first of its kind on the Cold Spray process. Cold Spray Technology covers a wide spectrum of various aspects of the Cold Spray technology, including gas-dynamics, physics of interaction of high-speed solid particles with a substrate as well as equipment, technologies, and applications. Cold Spray Technology includes the results of more than 20 years of original studies (1984-2005) conducted at the Institute of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics of the Siberian Division of the Russian Academy of Science, as well as the results of studies conducted at most of the research centres around the world. The authors' goal is threefold. The first goal is to explain basic principles and advantages of the Cold Spray process. The second goal is, to give practical information on technologies and equipment. The third goal is to present the current state of research and development in this field over the world. The book provides coverage and data that will be of interest for users of Cold Spray technology as well as for other coating experts. At the present time the Cold Spray method is recognized by world leading scientists and specialists. A wide spectrum of research is being conducted at many research centres and companies in many countries. New approach to spray coatings Results are exceptionally pure coatings Low spray temperature without degradation of powder and substrate materials High productivity, high deposition efficiency High operational safety because of absence of high temperature gas jets, radiation and explosive gases Excellent thermal and electrical conductivity Wide spectrum of applications because of important advantages of the process |
| astm a105 mechanical properties pdf: Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings , 2013 |
| astm a105 mechanical properties pdf: ASM Specialty Handbook Joseph R. Davis, 1995 If you are involved with machining or metalworking or you specify materials for industrial components, this book is an absolute must. It gives you detailed and comprehensive information about the selection, processing, and properties of materials for machining and metalworking applications. They include wrought and powder metallurgy tool steels, cobalt base alloys, cemented carbides, cermets, ceramics, and ultra-hard materials. You'll find specific guidelines for optimizing machining productivity through the proper selection of cutting tool materials plus expanded coverage on the use of coatings to extend cutting tool and die life. There is also valuable information on alternative heat treatments for improving the toughness of tool and die steels. All new material on the correlation of heat treatment microstructures and properties of tool steels is supplemented with dozens of photomicrographs. Information on special tooling considerations for demanding applications such as isothermal forging, die casting of metal matrix composites, and molding of corrosive plastics is also included. And you'll learn about alternatives to ferrous materials for metalworking applications such as carbides, cermets, ceramics, and nonferrous metals like aluminum, nickel, and copper base alloys. |
| astm a105 mechanical properties pdf: Piping Systems & Pipeline Phillip Ellenberger, 2005-05-13 The Piping Systems & Pipeline Code establishes rules of the design, inspection, maintenance and repair of piping systems and pipelines throughout the world. The objective of the rules is to provide a margin for deterioration in service. Advancements in design and material and the evidence of experience are constantly being added by Addenda. Based on a popular course taught by author and conducted by the ASME, this book will center on the on the practical aspects of piping and pipeline design, integrity, maintenance and repair. This book will cover such topics as: inspection techniques, from the most common (PT, MT, UT, RT, MFL pigs) to most recent (AE, PED, UT pigs and multi pigs), the implementation of integrity management programs, periodic inspections and evaluation of results |
| astm a105 mechanical properties pdf: Process Piping Design Handbook: The fundamentals of piping design Peter Smith, 2007 Annotation Written for the piper and engineer in the field, this volume fills a huge void in piping literature since the Rip Weaver books of the 90s were taken out of print. Focussing not only on Auto CAD, but also on other computer-aided design programmes as well and manual techniques not found anywhere else, the book covers the entire spectrum of needs for the piping engineer. Covering general piping systems, this basic guide for the piping engineer offers standards in practices for covered in the original Rip Weaver series. It is the perfect introduction to the design of piping systems, various processes and the layout of pipe work connecting the major items of equipment for the new hire, the engineering student and the veteran engineer needing a reference. |
| astm a105 mechanical properties pdf: Optical Microscopy of Carbon Steels Leonard Ernest Samuels, 1980 |
| astm a105 mechanical properties pdf: Welding Handbook American Welding Society, 1942 |
| astm a105 mechanical properties pdf: Uniform Plumbing Code International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials, 1988 |
| astm a105 mechanical properties pdf: AWS A5. 29/A5. 29M-2010, Specification for Low-Alloy Steel Electrodes for Flux Cored Arc Welding American Welding Standard, American Welding Society. Technical Activities Committee, American Welding Society. Committee on Filler Metals and Allied Materials, 2009 This specification prescribes the requirements for classificaiton of low-alloy steel electrodes for flux cored arc welding. The requirements include chemcial composition and mechanical properties of the weld metal and certain usability characteristics. Optional, supplemental designators are also included for improved toughness and diffusible hydrogen. Additional requirements are included for standard sizes, marking, manufacturing, and packaging. A guide is appened to the specification as a source of information concerning the classification system employed and the intended use of low-alloy steel flux cored electrodes. |
| astm a105 mechanical properties pdf: 1991 Annual Book of ASTM Standards American Society for Testing and Materials, 1991 |
| astm a105 mechanical properties pdf: ASTM Manual on Fitting Straight Lines American Society for Testing and Materials. Committee E-11 on Quality Control of Materials, Committee E-11 Staff, 1962 |
Carbon Steel Forgings for Piping Applications1
8. Mechanical Properties 8.1 The material shall conform to the mechanical property requirements prescribed in Table 2 and Table 3. 8.2 For normalized, normalized and tempered, or quenched …
ASTM A105 Flange Standard Specification - Octalsteel
ASTM A105 covers forged carbon steel piping components for ambent and higher temperature service in pressure systems includes flanges, fittings, valves and similar parts ordered either to …
ASTM A105 / ASME SA105 Specification - ThePipingMart Blog
ASTM A105 / ASME SA105 SPECIFICATION FOR CARBON STEEL FORGINGS, FOR PIPING APPLICATIONS This specification covers forged carbon steel piping components for ambient- …
01 ASTM A 105 - Yaang
Mechanical properties Forged values as reference Heat treatments must guarantee the reported values ASTM A 105M - 05 all dimension Testing at room temperature (longitudinal) ... T 485 …
ASTM A105 - Carbon Steel Forgings for Piping Applications
Mechanical Properties (min) Tensile psi(MPa) Yield psi(MPa) Elongation % Reduction % Hardness (HB) 70 000（485） 36 000（250） 22 30 ≤187 . Title: Microsoft Word - ASTM …
Carbon Steel Forgings for Piping Applications1
7. Mechanical Properties 7.1 The material shall conform to the mechanical property requirements prescribed in Table 2 and Table 3. 7.2 For normalized, normalized and tempered, or quenched …
Astm A105 (book) - sclc2019.iaslc.org
ASTM A105 Chemical Composition and Mechanical Properties ASTM A105 specifies the chemical composition and mechanical properties of ASTM A105. ASTM A105 covers forged …
Carbon Steel A105 Description - PVF Resources
Carbon Steel A105 Description . This standard cover forged carbon steel piping components for ambient- and higher-temperature service in pressure systems. Flanges are ordered either to …
ASTM A 105 - LUCEFIN
Mechanical properties Forged values as reference Heat treatments must guarantee the reported values ASTM A 105/A 105M - 14 all dimension mm Testing at room temperature (longitudinal) …
Carbon Steel Forgings for Piping Applications1
8. Mechanical Properties 8.1 The material shall conform to the mechanical property requirements prescribed in Table 2 and Table 3. 8.2 For normalized, normalized and tempered, or quenched …
TECHNICAL DATASHEET LOW CARBON STEEL A105 LF2
ASTM A105 LF2 is a standard specification for forged carbon steel elements. The steel is known for its excellent strength and toughness, which makes it suitable for use in high-pressure and …
pipefittingflange.com
Designation: A105/A105M -18 INTERNATIONAL Standard Specification for Carbon Steel Forgings for Piping Applicationsl Endorsed by Manufacturers Standardization Society of the …
WinSteel 7 Prof ver. 7.2.15.2 ( Igor Terminal / 31.1.2020 ) …
Properties By ASTM A105 Yield Strength: > 250 MPa Tensile Strength: > 485 MPa Elongation: > 22 % Hardness HB: < 187 Reduction of area: > 30 % Weldability By ISO 15608 Group: 11.1 …
Flanges Summary Data Sheet - Alloy Piping Products
ASTM A105/SA105 SCOPE This standard covers forged carbon steel piping components for ambient- and higher-temperature service in pressure systems. Flanges are ordered either to …
Astm A105 Material Density (Download Only)
ASTM A105 is a specification established by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). It defines the chemical composition, mechanical properties, and manufacturing …
ASTM A105/A105M-21 - REDLINE ASTM A105/A105M-21
This standard is issued under the fixed designation A105/A105M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the …
ASTM A105/A105M-10 Standard Specification for Carbon …
7. Mechanical Properties :- 7.1 The material shall conform to the mechanical property requirements prescribed in Table 2 and Table 3. 7.2 For normalized, normalized and …
Standard Specification for Carbon Steel Forgings for Piping …
1 This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A-1 on Steel, Stainless Steel, and Related Alloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee A01.22 on Valves, Fittings, …
Carbon Steel Forgings for Piping Applications1 - genpetroserv
7. Mechanical Properties 7.1 The material shall conform to the mechanical property requirements prescribed in Table 2 and Table 3. 7.2 For normalized, normalized and tempered, or quenched …
8. Mechanical Properties 8.1 The material shall conform to the mechanical property requirements prescribed in Table 2 and Table 3. 8.2 For normalized, normalized and tempered, or quenched …
Carbon Steel Forgings for Piping Applications1
8. Mechanical Properties 8.1 The material shall conform to the mechanical property requirements prescribed in Table 2 and Table 3. 8.2 For normalized, normalized and tempered, or quenched …
ASTM A105 Flange Standard Specification - Octalsteel
ASTM A105 covers forged carbon steel piping components for ambent and higher temperature service in pressure systems includes flanges, fittings, valves and similar parts ordered either to …
ASTM A105 / ASME SA105 Specification - ThePipingMart Blog
ASTM A105 / ASME SA105 SPECIFICATION FOR CARBON STEEL FORGINGS, FOR PIPING APPLICATIONS This specification covers forged carbon steel piping components for ambient- …
01 ASTM A 105 - Yaang
Mechanical properties Forged values as reference Heat treatments must guarantee the reported values ASTM A 105M - 05 all dimension Testing at room temperature (longitudinal) ... T 485 …
ASTM A105 - Carbon Steel Forgings for Piping Applications
Mechanical Properties (min) Tensile psi(MPa) Yield psi(MPa) Elongation % Reduction % Hardness (HB) 70 000（485） 36 000（250） 22 30 ≤187 . Title: Microsoft Word - ASTM …
Carbon Steel Forgings for Piping Applications1
7. Mechanical Properties 7.1 The material shall conform to the mechanical property requirements prescribed in Table 2 and Table 3. 7.2 For normalized, normalized and tempered, or quenched …
Astm A105 (book) - sclc2019.iaslc.org
ASTM A105 Chemical Composition and Mechanical Properties ASTM A105 specifies the chemical composition and mechanical properties of ASTM A105. ASTM A105 covers forged …
Carbon Steel A105 Description - PVF Resources
Carbon Steel A105 Description . This standard cover forged carbon steel piping components for ambient- and higher-temperature service in pressure systems. Flanges are ordered either to …
ASTM A 105 - LUCEFIN
Mechanical properties Forged values as reference Heat treatments must guarantee the reported values ASTM A 105/A 105M - 14 all dimension mm Testing at room temperature (longitudinal) …
Carbon Steel Forgings for Piping Applications1
8. Mechanical Properties 8.1 The material shall conform to the mechanical property requirements prescribed in Table 2 and Table 3. 8.2 For normalized, normalized and tempered, or quenched …
TECHNICAL DATASHEET LOW CARBON STEEL A105 LF2
ASTM A105 LF2 is a standard specification for forged carbon steel elements. The steel is known for its excellent strength and toughness, which makes it suitable for use in high-pressure and …
pipefittingflange.com
Designation: A105/A105M -18 INTERNATIONAL Standard Specification for Carbon Steel Forgings for Piping Applicationsl Endorsed by Manufacturers Standardization Society of the Valve and …
WinSteel 7 Prof ver. 7.2.15.2 ( Igor Terminal / 31.1.2020 ) …
Properties By ASTM A105 Yield Strength: > 250 MPa Tensile Strength: > 485 MPa Elongation: > 22 % Hardness HB: < 187 Reduction of area: > 30 % Weldability By ISO 15608 Group: 11.1 …
Flanges Summary Data Sheet - Alloy Piping Products
ASTM A105/SA105 SCOPE This standard covers forged carbon steel piping components for ambient- and higher-temperature service in pressure systems. Flanges are ordered either to …
Astm A105 Material Density (Download Only)
ASTM A105 is a specification established by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). It defines the chemical composition, mechanical properties, and manufacturing …
ASTM A105/A105M-21 - REDLINE ASTM A105/A105M-21
This standard is issued under the fixed designation A105/A105M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the …
ASTM A105/A105M-10 Standard Specification for Carbon …
7. Mechanical Properties :- 7.1 The material shall conform to the mechanical property requirements prescribed in Table 2 and Table 3. 7.2 For normalized, normalized and …
Standard Specification for Carbon Steel Forgings for Piping …
1 This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A-1 on Steel, Stainless Steel, and Related Alloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee A01.22 on Valves, Fittings, …
Carbon Steel Forgings for Piping Applications1 - genpetroserv
7. Mechanical Properties 7.1 The material shall conform to the mechanical property requirements prescribed in Table 2 and Table 3. 7.2 For normalized, normalized and tempered, or quenched …
8. Mechanical Properties 8.1 The material shall conform to the mechanical property requirements prescribed in Table 2 and Table 3. 8.2 For normalized, normalized and tempered, or quenched …
