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| automatic processing psychology definition: Encyclopedia of the Sciences of Learning Norbert M. Seel, 2011-10-05 Over the past century, educational psychologists and researchers have posited many theories to explain how individuals learn, i.e. how they acquire, organize and deploy knowledge and skills. The 20th century can be considered the century of psychology on learning and related fields of interest (such as motivation, cognition, metacognition etc.) and it is fascinating to see the various mainstreams of learning, remembered and forgotten over the 20th century and note that basic assumptions of early theories survived several paradigm shifts of psychology and epistemology. Beyond folk psychology and its naïve theories of learning, psychological learning theories can be grouped into some basic categories, such as behaviorist learning theories, connectionist learning theories, cognitive learning theories, constructivist learning theories, and social learning theories. Learning theories are not limited to psychology and related fields of interest but rather we can find the topic of learning in various disciplines, such as philosophy and epistemology, education, information science, biology, and – as a result of the emergence of computer technologies – especially also in the field of computer sciences and artificial intelligence. As a consequence, machine learning struck a chord in the 1980s and became an important field of the learning sciences in general. As the learning sciences became more specialized and complex, the various fields of interest were widely spread and separated from each other; as a consequence, even presently, there is no comprehensive overview of the sciences of learning or the central theoretical concepts and vocabulary on which researchers rely. The Encyclopedia of the Sciences of Learning provides an up-to-date, broad and authoritative coverage of the specific terms mostly used in the sciences of learning and its related fields, including relevant areas of instruction, pedagogy, cognitive sciences, and especially machine learning and knowledge engineering. This modern compendium will be an indispensable source of information for scientists, educators, engineers, and technical staff active in all fields of learning. More specifically, the Encyclopedia provides fast access to the most relevant theoretical terms provides up-to-date, broad and authoritative coverage of the most important theories within the various fields of the learning sciences and adjacent sciences and communication technologies; supplies clear and precise explanations of the theoretical terms, cross-references to related entries and up-to-date references to important research and publications. The Encyclopedia also contains biographical entries of individuals who have substantially contributed to the sciences of learning; the entries are written by a distinguished panel of researchers in the various fields of the learning sciences. |
| automatic processing psychology definition: Relationship Between Automatic and Controlled Processes of Attention and Leading to Complex Thinking Rosa Angela Fabio, 2009 This book begins with a theoretical and up-to-date overview on automatic and controlled processes. Automatic processing is effortless, fast and fairly error-free. It can be accomplished simultaneously with other cognitive processes without interference, it is not limited by attention capacity and it can be unconscious or involuntary. Controlled processing is effortful, slow and prone to errors but -- at the same time, flexible and useful to deal with new tasks. Some automatic processes are thought to be pre-programmed or innate and include the encoding of temporal or spatial relationships, frequent monitoring and the activation of word meaning. Other cognitive processes become automatic with practice. The second part deals the shift from controlled to automatic processing as the core of the access to complex thinking. When somebody starts learning, attention is allocated in order to fulfil task requirements. Performance requires controlled processing. When training proceeds, performance requires less vigilance, it becomes faster and faster and errors decrease. This is defined automatisation. Automatisation concerns both perceptual and motor skills and cognitive processes. The essence of the book is that high load in the coding of the stimuli results in reduced perception of distractor stimuli because there is insufficient capacity to process them all. The controlled processes rely on and negatively influence higher mental functions, such as working memory, which are required to maintain current priorities and to choose between them, and also rely on complex thinking because this latter ask for an efficient working memory system. |
| automatic processing psychology definition: Handbook of Social Cognition: Applications Robert S. Wyer, Thomas K. Srull, 1994 This edition of the Handbook follows the first edition by 10 years. The earlier edition was a promissory note, presaging the directions in which the then-emerging field of social cognition was likely to move. The field was then in its infancy and the areas of research and theory that came to dominate the field during the next decade were only beginning to surface. The concepts and methods used had frequently been borrowed from cognitive psychology and had been applied to phenomena in a very limited number of areas. Nevertheless, social cognition promised to develop rapidly into an important area of psychological inquiry that would ultimately have an impact on not only several areas of psychology but other fields as well. The promises made by the earlier edition have generally been fulfilled. Since its publication, social cognition has become one of the most active areas of research in the entire field of psychology; its influence has extended to health and clinical psychology, and personality, as well as to political science, organizational behavior, and marketing and consumer behavior. The impact of social cognition theory and research within a very short period of time is incontrovertible. The present volumes provide a comprehensive and detailed review of the theoretical and empirical work that has been performed during these years, and of its implications for information processing in a wide variety of domains. The handbook is divided into two volumes. The first provides an overview of basic research and theory in social information processing, covering the automatic and controlled processing of information and its implications for how information is encoded and stored in memory, the mental representation of persons -- including oneself -- and events, the role of procedural knowledge in information processing, inference processes, and response processes. Special attention is given to the cognitive determinants and consequences of affect and emotion. The second book provides detailed discussions of the role of information processing in specific areas such as stereotyping; communication and persuasion; political judgment; close relationships; organizational, clinical and health psychology; and consumer behavior. The contributors are theorists and researchers who have themselves carried out important studies in the areas to which their chapters pertain. In combination, the contents of this two-volume set provide a sophisticated and in-depth treatment of both theory and research in this major area of psychological inquiry and the directions in which it is likely to proceed in the future. |
| automatic processing psychology definition: Thinking, Fast and Slow Daniel Kahneman, 2011-10-25 *Major New York Times Bestseller *More than 2.6 million copies sold *One of The New York Times Book Review's ten best books of the year *Selected by The Wall Street Journal as one of the best nonfiction books of the year *Presidential Medal of Freedom Recipient *Daniel Kahneman's work with Amos Tversky is the subject of Michael Lewis's best-selling The Undoing Project: A Friendship That Changed Our Minds In his mega bestseller, Thinking, Fast and Slow, Daniel Kahneman, world-famous psychologist and winner of the Nobel Prize in Economics, takes us on a groundbreaking tour of the mind and explains the two systems that drive the way we think. System 1 is fast, intuitive, and emotional; System 2 is slower, more deliberative, and more logical. The impact of overconfidence on corporate strategies, the difficulties of predicting what will make us happy in the future, the profound effect of cognitive biases on everything from playing the stock market to planning our next vacation—each of these can be understood only by knowing how the two systems shape our judgments and decisions. Engaging the reader in a lively conversation about how we think, Kahneman reveals where we can and cannot trust our intuitions and how we can tap into the benefits of slow thinking. He offers practical and enlightening insights into how choices are made in both our business and our personal lives—and how we can use different techniques to guard against the mental glitches that often get us into trouble. Topping bestseller lists for almost ten years, Thinking, Fast and Slow is a contemporary classic, an essential book that has changed the lives of millions of readers. |
| automatic processing psychology definition: Handbook of Implicit Social Cognition Bertram Gawronski, B. Keith Payne, 2011-07-06 Virtually every question in social psychology is currently being shaped by the concepts and methods of implicit social cognition. This tightly edited volume provides the first comprehensive overview of the field. Foremost authorities synthesize the latest findings on how automatic, implicit, and unconscious cognitive processes influence social judgments and behavior. Cutting-edge theories and data are presented in such crucial areas as attitudes, prejudice and stereotyping, self-esteem, self-concepts, close relationships, and morality. Describing state-of-the-art measurement procedures and research designs, the book discusses promising applications in clinical, forensic, and other real-world contexts. Each chapter both sums up what is known and identifies key directions for future research. |
| automatic processing psychology definition: Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology Ronald T. Kellogg, 2015-01-07 With its reader-friendly style, this concise text offers a solid introduction to the fundamental concepts of cognitive psychology. Covering neuroimaging, emotion, and cognitive development, author Ronald T. Kellogg integrates the latest developments in cognitive neuroscience for a cutting-edge exploration of the field today. With new pedagogy, relevant examples, and an expanded full-color insert, Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, Third Edition is sure to engage students interested in an accessible and applied approach to cognitive psychology. |
| automatic processing psychology definition: Working Memory Capacity Nelson Cowan, 2016-04-14 The idea of one's memory filling up is a humorous misconception of how memory in general is thought to work; it actually has no capacity limit. However, the idea of a full brain makes more sense with reference to working memory, which is the limited amount of information a person can hold temporarily in an especially accessible form for use in the completion of almost any challenging cognitive task. This groundbreaking book explains the evidence supporting Cowan's theoretical proposal about working memory capacity, and compares it to competing perspectives. Cognitive psychologists profoundly disagree on how working memory is limited: whether by the number of units that can be retained (and, if so, what kind of units and how many), the types of interfering material, the time that has elapsed, some combination of these mechanisms, or none of them. The book assesses these hypotheses and examines explanations of why capacity limits occur, including vivid biological, cognitive, and evolutionary accounts. The book concludes with a discussion of the practical importance of capacity limits in daily life. This 10th anniversary Classic Edition will continue to be accessible to a wide range of readers and serve as an invaluable reference for all memory researchers. |
| automatic processing psychology definition: Social Psychology and the Unconscious John A. Bargh, 2013-05-13 Evidence is mounting that we are not as in control of our judgments and behavior as we think we are. Unconscious or ‘automatic’ forms of psychological and behavioral processes are those of which we tend to be unaware, that occur without our intention or consent, yet influence us on a daily basis in profound ways. Automatic processes influence our likes and dislikes for almost everything, as well as how we perceive other people, such as when we make stereotypic assumptions about someone based on their race or gender or social class. Even more strikingly, the latest research is showing that the aspects of life that are the richest experience and most important to us - such as emotions and our close relationships, as well as the pursuit of our important life tasks and goals - also have substantial unconscious components. Social Psychology and the Unconscious: The Automaticity of Higher Mental Processes offers a state-of-the-art review of the evidence and theory supporting the existence and the significance of automatic processes in our daily lives, with chapters by the leading researchers in this field today, across a spectrum of psychological phenomena from emotions and motivations to social judgment and behavior. The volume provides an introduction and overview of these now central topics to graduate students and researchers in social psychology and a range of allied disciplines with an interest in human behavior and the unconscious, such as cognitive psychology, philosophy of mind, political science, and business. |
| automatic processing psychology definition: Information Processing and Cognition Robert L. Solso, 1975 Memory, perception, and decision in letter identification; Studies of visual information processing in man; Retrieval as a memory modifier: an interpretation of negative recency and related phenomena Memory representations of text. |
| automatic processing psychology definition: The Science of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Stefan G. Hofmann, Gordon J. G. Asmundson, 2017-06-01 The Science of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy describes the scientific approach of CBT, reviews the efficacy and validity of the CBT model, and exemplifies important differences and commonalities of CBT approaches. The overarching principle of CBT interventions is that cognitions causally influence emotional experiences and behaviors. The book reviews recent mediation studies, experimental studies, and neuroimaging studies in affective neuroscience that support the basic model of CBT, as well as those that clarify the mechanisms of treatment change. Additionally, the book explains the interplay of cognition and emotion in CBT, specifies the treatment goals of CBT, discusses the relationship of cognitive models with medical models and associated diagnostic systems, and provides concrete illustrations of important general and disorder-specific considerations of CBT. - Investigates the scientific foundation of CBT - Explores the interplay of emotion and cognition in CBT - Reviews neuroscience studies on the mechanisms of change in CBT - Identifies similarities and differences in CBT approaches for different disorders - Discusses CBT extensions and modifications - Describes computer assisted applications of CBT |
| automatic processing psychology definition: Automaticity and Control in Language Processing Antje Meyer, Linda Wheeldon, Andrea Krott, 2007-01-24 Addresses key issues concerning the relationship between linguistic and non-linguistic processes, which will be of great interest to researchers and students in the area of language processing. |
| automatic processing psychology definition: Introduction to Psychology Jennifer Walinga, Charles Stangor, This book is designed to help students organize their thinking about psychology at a conceptual level. The focus on behaviour and empiricism has produced a text that is better organized, has fewer chapters, and is somewhat shorter than many of the leading books. The beginning of each section includes learning objectives; throughout the body of each section are key terms in bold followed by their definitions in italics; key takeaways, and exercises and critical thinking activities end each section. |
| automatic processing psychology definition: Modeling Human and Organizational Behavior Panel on Modeling Human Behavior and Command Decision Making: Representations for Military Simulations, Board on Human-Systems Integration, Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, National Research Council, 1998-08-14 Simulations are widely used in the military for training personnel, analyzing proposed equipment, and rehearsing missions, and these simulations need realistic models of human behavior. This book draws together a wide variety of theoretical and applied research in human behavior modeling that can be considered for use in those simulations. It covers behavior at the individual, unit, and command level. At the individual soldier level, the topics covered include attention, learning, memory, decisionmaking, perception, situation awareness, and planning. At the unit level, the focus is on command and control. The book provides short-, medium-, and long-term goals for research and development of more realistic models of human behavior. |
| automatic processing psychology definition: Darwinian Hedonism and the Epidemic of Unhealthy Behavior David M. Williams, 2019-03-21 Provides a new approach to psychological hedonism and applies it to the growing global epidemic of unhealthy behavior. |
| automatic processing psychology definition: Attention Addie Johnson, Robert W. Proctor, 2004 Attention: Theory and Practice provides a balance between a readable overview of attention and an emphasis on how theories and paradigms for the study of attention have developed. The book highlights the important issues and major findings while giving sufficient details of experimental studies, models, and theories so that results and conclusions are easy to follow and evaluate. Rather than brushing over tricky technical details, the authors explain them clearly, giving readers the benefit of understanding the motivation for and techniques of the experiments in order to allow readers to think through results, models, and theories for themselves. Attention is an accessible text for advanced undergraduate and graduate students in psychology, as well as an important resource for researchers and practitioners interested in gaining an overview of the field of attention. |
| automatic processing psychology definition: Positive Intelligence Shirzad Chamine, 2012 Chamine exposes how your mind is sabotaging you and keeping your from achieving your true potential. He shows you how to take concrete steps to unleash the vast, untapped powers of your mind. |
| automatic processing psychology definition: The Oxford Handbook of Social Cognition Donal E. Carlston, 2013-09-19 This handbook provides a comprehensive review of social cognition, ranging from its history and core research areas to its relationships with other fields. The 43 chapters included are written by eminent researchers in the field of social cognition, and are designed to be understandable and informative to readers with a wide range of backgrounds. |
| automatic processing psychology definition: General Theory Of Employment , Interest And Money John Maynard Keynes, 2016-04 John Maynard Keynes is the great British economist of the twentieth century whose hugely influential work The General Theory of Employment, Interest and * is undoubtedly the century's most important book on economics--strongly influencing economic theory and practice, particularly with regard to the role of government in stimulating and regulating a nation's economic life. Keynes's work has undergone significant revaluation in recent years, and Keynesian views which have been widely defended for so long are now perceived as at odds with Keynes's own thinking. Recent scholarship and research has demonstrated considerable rivalry and controversy concerning the proper interpretation of Keynes's works, such that recourse to the original text is all the more important. Although considered by a few critics that the sentence structures of the book are quite incomprehensible and almost unbearable to read, the book is an essential reading for all those who desire a basic education in economics. The key to understanding Keynes is the notion that at particular times in the business cycle, an economy can become over-productive (or under-consumptive) and thus, a vicious spiral is begun that results in massive layoffs and cuts in production as businesses attempt to equilibrate aggregate supply and demand. Thus, full employment is only one of many or multiple macro equilibria. If an economy reaches an underemployment equilibrium, something is necessary to boost or stimulate demand to produce full employment. This something could be business investment but because of the logic and individualist nature of investment decisions, it is unlikely to rapidly restore full employment. Keynes logically seizes upon the public budget and government expenditures as the quickest way to restore full employment. Borrowing the * to finance the deficit from private households and businesses is a quick, direct way to restore full employment while at the same time, redirecting or siphoning |
| automatic processing psychology definition: Neuronal Correlates of Empathy Ksenia Z. Meyza, Ewelina Knapska, 2018-03-21 Neuronal Correlates of Empathy: From Rodent to Human explores the neurobiology behind emotional contagion, compassionate behaviors and the similarities in rodents and human and non-human primates. The book provides clear and accessible information that avoids anthropomorphisms, reviews the latest research from the literature, and is essential reading for neuroscientists and others studying behavior, emotion and empathy impairments, both in basic research and preclinical studies. Though empathy is still considered by many to be a uniquely human trait, growing evidence suggests that it is present in other species, and that rodents, non-human primates, and humans share similarities. - Examines the continuum of behavioral and neurobiological responses between rodents—including laboratory rodents and monogamic species—and humans - Contains coverage of humans, non-human primates, and the emerging area of rodent studies - Explores the possibility of an integrated neurocircuitry for empathy |
| automatic processing psychology definition: Autism Spectrum Disorders David Amaral, Daniel Geschwind, Geraldine Dawson, 2011-05-01 Autism is an emerging area of basic and clinical research, and has only recently been recognized as a major topic in biomedical research. Approximately 1 in 150 children are diagnosed as autistic, so it is also an intense growth area in behavioral and educational treatments. Financial resources have begun to be raised for more comprehensive research and an increasing number of scientists are becoming involved in autism research. In many respects, autism has become a model for conducting translational research on a psychiatric disorder. This text provides a comprehensive summary of all current knowledge related to the behavioral, experiential, and biomedical features of the autism spectrum disorders including major behavioral and cognitive syndromology, common co-morbid conditions, neuropathology, neuroimmunology, and other neurological correlates such as seizures, allergy and immunology, gastroenterology, infectious disease, and epidemiology. Edited by three leading researchers, this volume contains over 80 chapters and nine shorter commentaries by thought leaders in the field, making the book a virtual who's who of autism research. This carefully developed book is a comprehensive and authoritative reference for what we know in this area as well as a guidepost for the next several years in all areas of autism research. |
| automatic processing psychology definition: Dual-process Theories in Social Psychology Shelly Chaiken, Yaacov Trope, 1999-02-19 This informative volume presents the first comprehensive review of research and theory on dual-process models of social information processing. These models distinguish between qualitatively different modes of information processing in making decisions and solving problems (e.g., associative versus rule-based, controlled versus uncontrolled, and affective versus cognitive modes). Leading contributors review the basic assumptions of these approaches and review the ways they have been applied and tested in such areas as attitudes, stereotyping, person perception, memory, and judgment. Also examined are the relationships between different sets of processing modes, the factors that determine their utilization, and how they work in combination to affect responses to social information. |
| automatic processing psychology definition: The Story of Man's Mind George Humphrey, 1923 |
| automatic processing psychology definition: Unintended Thought James S. Uleman, John A. Bargh, 1989-07-14 Bringing together an array of outstanding contributors, this volume offers an in-depth examination of unintended thought--its underlying mechanisms, consequences in day-to-day life, and role in mental and emotional disturbance. Chapters describe a number of important phenomena that are influenced by unintended (and sometimes automatic, uncontrolled, or unconscious) ways of perceiving and interpreting the social and physical environment. These include inferences and judgments about self and others, stereotyping and prejudicial behavior, the impact of persuasive messages, long-term goals, responses to stress, and clinical depression. Key questions explored include the extent to which research findings in controlled settings bear on cognition and behavior outside the laboratory; how such constructs as intention and control of thought have been operationalized by investigators; and when self-control of unintended thought is possible or even desirable. Researchers, practitioners, and graduate students in cognitive, social, personality, and clinical psychology will find much of value in this unique work. |
| automatic processing psychology definition: Flow Mihaly Csikszent, 1991-03-13 An introduction to flow, a new field of behavioral science that offers life-fulfilling potential, explains its principles and shows how to introduce flow into all aspects of life, avoiding the interferences of disharmony. |
| automatic processing psychology definition: An Introduction to Applied Cognitive Psychology Anthony Esgate, David Groome, 2005 This book offers a student friendly review of recent research in the application of cognitive methods, theories and models to real-world scenarios. |
| automatic processing psychology definition: Gene-Environment Interactions in Psychiatry Bart Ellenbroek, Ji Un Youn, 2016-07-26 Gene-Environment Interactions in Psychiatry: Nature, Nurture, Neuroscience begins with the basic aspects of gene–environment studies, such as basic genetics, principles of animals modeling, and the basic processes of how environmental factors affect brain and behavior, with part two describing the most important psychiatric disorders in detail. Each chapter has a similar structure that includes a general description of the disorder that is followed by an analysis of the role of genes and how they are affected by environmental factors. Each chapter ends with a description of the most relevant animal models, again focusing on gene–environment interactions. The book concludes with a critical evaluation of the current research and an outlook for the (possible) future, offering a vignette into the fascinating world of nature, nurture, and neuroscience. - Written to provide in-depth basic knowledge on gene–environment interactions for graduate students, postgraduate students, clinicians, and scientists - Includes descriptions of the major psychiatric disorders - Provides detailed descriptions of animal models and basic genetic information - Presents well-illustrated color figures to explain complex features in a simple manner |
| automatic processing psychology definition: Cognitive Processing Therapy for PTSD Patricia A. Resick, Candice M. Monson, Kathleen M. Chard, 2016-12-26 The culmination of more than 25 years of clinical work and research, this is the authoritative presentation of cognitive processing therapy (CPT) for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Written by the treatment's developers, the book includes session-by-session guidelines for implementation, complete with extensive sample dialogues and 40 reproducible client handouts. It explains the theoretical and empirical underpinnings of CPT and discusses how to adapt the approach for specific populations, such as combat veterans, sexual assault survivors, and culturally diverse clients. The large-size format facilitates photocopying and day-to-day use. Purchasers also get access to a Web page where they can download and print the reproducible materials. CPT is endorsed by the U.S. Departments of Veterans Affairs and Defense, the International Society of Traumatic Stress Studies, and the U.K. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) as a best practice for the treatment of PTSD. |
| automatic processing psychology definition: Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology Jeffrey Kreutzer, Bruce Caplan, John DeLuca, 2010-09-29 Clinical neuropsychology is a rapidly evolving specialty whose practitioners serve patients with traumatic brain injury, stroke and other vascular impairments, brain tumors, epilepsy and nonepileptic seizure disorders, developmental disabilities, progressive neurological disorders, HIV- and AIDS-related disorders, and dementia. . Services include evaluation, treatment, and case consultation in child, adult, and the expanding geriatric population in medical and community settings. The clinical goal always is to restore and maximize cognitive and psychological functioning in an injured or compromised brain. Most neuropsychology reference books focus primarily on assessment and diagnosis, and to date none has been encyclopedic in format. Clinicians, patients, and family members recognize that evaluation and diagnosis is only a starting point for the treatment and recovery process. During the past decade there has been a proliferation of programs, both hospital- and clinic-based, that provide rehabilitation, treatment, and treatment planning services. This encyclopedia will serve as a unified, comprehensive reference for professionals involved in the diagnosis, evaluation, and rehabilitation of adult patients and children with neuropsychological disorders. |
| automatic processing psychology definition: Problem Solving Therapy in the Clinical Practice Mehmet Eskin, 2012-12-31 Evidence based or empirically supported psychotherapies are becoming more and more important in the mental health fields as the users and financers of psychotherapies want to choose those methods whose effectiveness are empirically shown. Cognitive-behavioral psychotherapies are shown to have empirical support in the treatment of a wide range of psychological/psychiatric problems. As a cognitive-behavioral mode of action, Problem Solving Therapy has been shown to be an effective psychotherapy approach in the treatment and/or rehabilitation of persons with depression, anxiety, suicide, schizophrenia, personality disorders, marital problems, cancer, diabetes-mellitus etc. Mental health problems cause personal suffering and constitue a burden to the national health systems. Scientific evidence show that effective problem solving skills are an important source of resiliency and individuals with psychological problems exhibit a deficiency in effective problem solving skills. Problem solving therapy approach to the treatment and/or rehabilitation of emotional problems assumes that teaching effective problem solving skills in a therapeutic relationship increases resiliency and alleviates psychological problems.The book, in the first chapters, gives information on problem solving and the role of problem-solving in the etiology and the treatment of different forms of mental health problems. In the later chapters, it concentrates on psychotherapy, assessment and procedures of problem solving therapy. At the end it provides a case study. - Provides a comprehensive appreciation of problem solving therapy - Contains empirical evidence and applied focus for problem solving therapy which provides a scientific base and best practices - Highlights the problem solving difficulties of persons with specific disorders |
| automatic processing psychology definition: Cognitive Psychology Ulric Neisser, 2014-11-27 First published in 1967, this seminal volume by Ulric Neisser was the first attempt at a comprehensive and accessible survey of Cognitive Psychology; as such, it provided the field with its first true textbook. Its chapters are organized so that they began with stimulus information that came 'inward' through the organs of sense, through its many transformations and reconstructions, and finally through to its eventual use in thought and memory. The volume inspired numerous students enter the field of cognitive psychology and some of the today's leading and most respected cognitive psychologists cite Neisser's book as the reason they embarked on their careers. |
| automatic processing psychology definition: Willpower Roy F. Baumeister, John Tierney, 2011-09-01 One of the world's most esteemed and influential psychologists, Roy F. Baumeister, teams with New York Times science writer John Tierney to reveal the secrets of self-control and how to master it. Deep and provocative analysis of people's battle with temptation and masterful insights into understanding willpower: why we have it, why we don't, and how to build it. A terrific read. —Ravi Dhar, Yale School of Management, Director of Center for Customer Insights Pioneering research psychologist Roy F. Baumeister collaborates with New York Times science writer John Tierney to revolutionize our understanding of the most coveted human virtue: self-control. Drawing on cutting-edge research and the wisdom of real-life experts, Willpower shares lessons on how to focus our strength, resist temptation, and redirect our lives. It shows readers how to be realistic when setting goals, monitor their progress, and how to keep faith when they falter. By blending practical wisdom with the best of recent research science, Willpower makes it clear that whatever we seek—from happiness to good health to financial security—we won’t reach our goals without first learning to harness self-control. |
| automatic processing psychology definition: An Introduction to Cognitive Psychology Department of Psychology David Groome, 2013-12-19 First Published in 2007. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company. |
| automatic processing psychology definition: The Development of Face Processing Gudrun Schwarzer, Helmut Leder, 2003 This book draws together, for the first time, the latest scientific findings from leading international researchers on how face recognition develops. It is only in recent years that methods acceptable in experimental psychology have been developed for studying this vital and unique process. While other publications have concentrated on computer modeling and of face processing and the like, this one is unique in that it looks at fundamental (and so far unanswered) questions such as: What are the roots of and reasons for our ability to recognize faces? How much of this ability is learned and how much innate? By connecting studies on face processing in infancy with those on the development of face processing, it thus bridges the gap between face processing research and visual perceptual development. Leading researchers from USA and Europe who have conducted pioneering work in these domains describe results and anticipate future inquiry, covering topics such as fundamental cognitive abilities in infancy, development of face processing from infancy to adulthood, and the effects of expertise on face recognition. |
| automatic processing psychology definition: Social Neuroscience Eddie Harmon-Jones, Piotr Winkielman, 2007-11-15 This compelling volume provides a broad and accessible overview of the emerging field of social neuroscience. Showcasing an array of cutting-edge research programs, leading investigators present new approaches to the study of how the brain and body influence social behavior, and vice versa. Each authoritative chapter clearly describes the methods used: lesion studies, neuroimaging techniques, hormonal methods, event-related brain potential methods, and others. The contributors discuss the theoretical advantages of taking a social neuroscience perspective and analyze what their findings reveal about core social psychological phenomena. Essential topics include emotion, motivation, attitudes, person perception, stereotyping and prejudice, and interpersonal relationships. |
| automatic processing psychology definition: The Great Mental Models, Volume 1 Shane Parrish, Rhiannon Beaubien, 2024-10-15 Discover the essential thinking tools you’ve been missing with The Great Mental Models series by Shane Parrish, New York Times bestselling author and the mind behind the acclaimed Farnam Street blog and “The Knowledge Project” podcast. This first book in the series is your guide to learning the crucial thinking tools nobody ever taught you. Time and time again, great thinkers such as Charlie Munger and Warren Buffett have credited their success to mental models–representations of how something works that can scale onto other fields. Mastering a small number of mental models enables you to rapidly grasp new information, identify patterns others miss, and avoid the common mistakes that hold people back. The Great Mental Models: Volume 1, General Thinking Concepts shows you how making a few tiny changes in the way you think can deliver big results. Drawing on examples from history, business, art, and science, this book details nine of the most versatile, all-purpose mental models you can use right away to improve your decision making and productivity. This book will teach you how to: Avoid blind spots when looking at problems. Find non-obvious solutions. Anticipate and achieve desired outcomes. Play to your strengths, avoid your weaknesses, … and more. The Great Mental Models series demystifies once elusive concepts and illuminates rich knowledge that traditional education overlooks. This series is the most comprehensive and accessible guide on using mental models to better understand our world, solve problems, and gain an advantage. |
| automatic processing psychology definition: Understanding Priming Effects in Social Psychology Daniel C. Molden, 2014-01-10 How incidentally activated social representations affect subsequent thoughts and behaviors has long interested social psychologists. Recently, such priming effects have provoked debate and skepticism. Originally a special issue ofSocial Cognition, this book examines the theoretical challenges researchers must overcome to further advance priming studies and considers how these challenges can be met. The volume aims to reduce the confusion surrounding current discussions by more thoroughly considering the many phenomena in social psychology that the term ?priming? encompasses, and closely examining the psychological processes that explain when and how different types of priming effects occur. |
| automatic processing psychology definition: Lexical Ambiguity Resolution Steven L. Small, Garrison W Cottrell, Michael K Tanenhaus, 2013-10-22 The most frequently used words in English are highly ambiguous; for example, Webster's Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary lists 94 meanings for the word run as a verb alone. Yet people rarely notice this ambiguity. Solving this puzzle has commanded the efforts of cognitive scientists for many years. The solution most often identified is context: we use the context of utterance to determine the proper meanings of words and sentences. The problem then becomes specifying the nature of context and how it interacts with the rest of an understanding system. The difficulty becomes especially apparent in the attempt to write a computer program to understand natural language. Lexical ambiguity resolution (LAR), then, is one of the central problems in natural language and computational semantics research. A collection of the best research on LAR available, this volume offers eighteen original papers by leading scientists. Part I, Computer Models, describes nine attempts to discover the processes necessary for disambiguation by implementing programs to do the job. Part II, Empirical Studies, goes into the laboratory setting to examine the nature of the human disambiguation mechanism and the structure of ambiguity itself. A primary goal of this volume is to propose a cognitive science perspective arising out of the conjunction of work and approaches from neuropsychology, psycholinguistics, and artificial intelligence--thereby encouraging a closer cooperation and collaboration among these fields. Lexical Ambiguity Resolution is a valuable and accessible source book for students and cognitive scientists in AI, psycholinguistics, neuropsychology, or theoretical linguistics. |
| automatic processing psychology definition: An Introduction to Cognitive Psychology David Groome, 2013-12-19 First Published in 2007. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company. |
| automatic processing psychology definition: The Psychology of Attention Harold Pashler, 1999-07-26 In the past two decades, attention has been one of the most investigated areas of research in perception and cognition. However, the literature on the field contains a bewildering array of findings, and empirical progress has not been matched by consensus on major theoretical issues. The Psychology of Attention presents a systematic review of the main lines of research on attention; the topics range from perception of threshold stimuli to memory storage and decision making. The book develops empirical generalizations about the major issues and suggests possible underlying theoretical principles. Pashler argues that widely assumed notions of processing resources and automaticity are of limited value in understanding human information processing. He proposes a central bottleneck for decision making and memory retrieval, and describes evidence that distinguishes this limitation from perceptual limitations and limited-capacity short-term memory. |
| automatic processing psychology definition: Cognitive Electrophysiology of Attention George R. Mangun, 2013-10-22 Cognitive Electrophysiology of Attention explores the fundamental mechanisms of attention and related cognitive functions from cognitive neuroscience perspectives. Attention is an essential cognitive ability that enables humans to process and act upon relevant information while ignoring distracting information, and the capacity to focus attention is at the core of mental functioning. Understanding the neural bases of human attention remains a key challenge for neuroscientists and psychologists, and is essential for translational efforts to treat attentional deficits in a variety of neurological and psychiatric disorders. Cognitive electrophysiology is at the center of a multidisciplinary approach that involves the efforts of psychologists, neuroscientists, neuropsychologists, psychiatrists, and neurologists to identify basic brain mechanisms and develop translational approaches to improve mental health. This edited volume is authored by leading investigators in the field and discusses methods focused on electrophysiological recordings in humans, including electroencephalography (EEG) and event-related potential (ERP) methods, and also incorporates evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Cognitive Electrophysiology of Attention illuminates specific models about attentional mechanisms in vision, audition, multisensory integration, memory, and semantic processing in humans. Provides an exhaustive overview of attention processes, going from normal functioning to the pathological, and using a combination of methodological tools An important reference for electrophysiology researchers looking at underlying attention processes rather than the methods themselves Enables researchers across a broad range of cognitive-process and methodological specialties to stay current on particular hypotheses, findings, and methods Edited and authored by the worldwide leaders in the field, affording the broadest, most expert coverage available |
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To understand the role of maladaptive thoughts and beliefs in …
Automatic thoughts, intermediate beliefs, and core beliefs. An automatic thought is a brief stream of thought about ourselves and others. Automatic thoughts largely apply to specific situations …
On The Flexible nature of Automatic Goal Pursuit - Yale …
Flexibility and Automatic Goal Pursuit Theoretical Considerations In light of the prevalent view of automatic and controlled processes, the evidence for automatic goal pursuit (henceforth: AGP) …
Psychological Review
tion processing: automatic detection and controlled search. They trace the course of the learning of automatic detection, of categories, and of automatic-attention responses. They show the …
Automaticity: A Theoretical and Conceptual Analysis
proposed reserving the term automatic exclusively for learned automatic processes. Features of Automatic and Nonautomatic Processes Most proponents of the capacity view regarded …
Automatic processing influences free recall: converging …
Department of Psychology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1876, USA e-mail: david.mccabe@colostate.edu H. L. Roediger III ... and automatic processing influence …
Psychology 263: Introduction to Cognitive Processes
processing theories • the filter idea strongly influences theories of attention even today Broadbent • Key idea to filter theory is that information processing is limited by channel capacity (only so …
Is action understanding an automatic process? Both …
Psychology 2023, Vol. 76(1) 70–83 ... Automatic processes, which by definition do not depend on cognitive control/executive function, should remain unaffected under high working ... depends …
The Automatic and Controlled Information-Processing
ory is that of cognitive psychology in the 1950s. At that 1To whom correspondence should be addressed at Department of Oc-cupational Therapy, Faculty of Social Welfare and Health …
Automaticity in the reading circuitry - Stanford University
a Department of Psychology, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic Korea b Institute for Learning & Brain Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, ... we first tested whether …
AARON BECK ON COGNITIVE THERAPY - psychology.ie
time-sensitive, structured therapy that uses an information-processing model to understand and treat psychopathological conditions. The theory is based, in part, on a phenomenological …
Automatic Versus Intentional Uses of Memory: Aging
an indirect test as a measure of automatic processing. Advantages of Opposition Indirect and direct tests that have been popular for investi-gating memory effects of aging typically …
UNDERSTANDING PRIMING EFFECTS IN SOCIAL …
psychology has been on how activated social representations can also have more indirect effects. That is, beyond simply examining the activation of social represen-tations, priming research in …
Automatic access of the meanings of ambiguous words in …
Lexical priming differentially affects the processing of subsequent noun-noun and noun-verb ambiguities, yielding selective access of meaning only in the former case. The results suggest …
Automatic and Controlled Processes in Stereotype Priming
Automatic and Controlled Processes in Stereotype Priming Irene V. Blair and Mahzarin R. Banaji ... Department of Psychology, Yale Univer- sity, Box 208205, New Haven, Connecticut 06520. …
Exogenous (automatic) attention to emotional stimuli: a …
events, reorienting processing resources to them, and enhanc-ing processing mechanisms, emotional events (which are, by definition, salient for the individual) would seem crucial to a …
The Psychology of Attitudes, Motivation, and Persuasion
The psychology of attitudes is generally a social psychology of attitudes. Clearly, ... The definition of an attitude needs to be one that is sufficiently comprehensive to cover ... a neural distinction …
The Social Psychology of Racially Biased Policing: Evidence …
Kahn, 2012), social psychology’s extensive findings on ste-reotyping, attitudes, and intergroup relations can clarify. First, consider how the brain processes information using a dual …
Understanding Implicit and Explicit Attitude Change: A …
in a manner consistent with fast-changing processes, were affected by explicit processing goals, and uniquely predicted more deliberate behavioral intentions. Conversely, implicit attitudes …
Focused and Sustained Attention 6 - Springer
controlled processing is required which is effortful and requires a greater intensity of focus to perform. In the early studies of automatic and controlled processing, this was accomplished by …
Understanding Bias: A Resource Guide - United States …
schemas, or “mental maps,” developed from life experiences to aid in “automatic processing.” 2. Automatic processing occurs with tasks that are very well practiced; very few mental resources …
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Cognition 2000, Vol
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning. ... automaticity may reflect different processing mechanisms, a definition independent of the mechanism of automaticity is ... plies that …
Parsing Fear: A Reassessment of the Evidence for Fear …
Feb 8, 2016 · aim to test whether the experience of fear or the automatic re-sponse to emotive stimuli is compromised in adult psychopathy. A secondary meta-analysis was conducted to …
Social Information Processing - Springer
Social Information Processing Carlos O. Garrido Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA Synonyms Social perception Definition Social information processing refers to the …
The Ecology of Automaticity: Toward Establishing the …
conscious automatic processes, requiring only the proximal stimulus event; postconscious automatic processes, similar to preconscious effects but needing a recent activation or …
Depth of Automatic Spreading Activation: Mediated Priming …
tive processing. The concept of spreading activation has been a widely used explanatory construct. Theorists have argued that spreading ac-tivation is the underlying search …
UNDERSTANDING PRIMING EFFECTS IN SOCIAL …
EFFECTS IN SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY: AN OVERVIEW AND INTEGRATION Daniel C. Molden Northwestern University Although much debate has recently focused on the robustness of …
brain? Cognition and Consciousness - MIT - Massachusetts …
9.00 Introduction to Psychology Professor S. Pinker Week 6, Lecture 1: Cognition and Consciousness 15 How Cognitive Psychology has Studied the Easy Problem of …
12 SAMPLE - Oxford University Press
automatic processes, content limitations, perceptual and cognitive distortions, emotional awareness, self-control and time orientation Extract from the . VCE Psychology Study Design …
On the Automatic or Nonconscious Regulation of Emotion
emotional processing is involved as a moderator or guide in all sorts of cognitive processes, such that impairment of such processing (as through stroke or other brain damage) has a profound …
BLOCK 3 SOCIAL COGNITION - eGyanKosh
5.3 Modes of Social Thought Processing 5.3.1 The Continuum Model of Processing 5.3.2 Automatic vs. Controlled Processing 5.4 Heuristics: The Mental Shortcuts 5.4.1 Availability …
Prospective Memory: Multiple Retrieval Processes - JSTOR
Assume Are High and Low in Focal Processing Processing Ongoing Task Prospective Memory Task Nonfocal Focal Words were presented in the center of a computer monitor and …
Cognitive Psychology - Pearson
Cognitive Psychology and Information Processing Measuring Information Processes Getting Started Guiding Analogies Time and Accuracy Measures Information Processing and …
Neuropsychological Aspects of Simultaneous and Successive …
With practice, task-related processing may become automatic, but then it is acquired through controlled processing and is different from the basic-level automatic processing. Thus, there is …
Psychological Re - APA PsycNet
population in which automatic and controlled processing stably coexist within each individual if games with future consequences are sufficiently likely. That is, the equilibrium strategy is to (i) …
Attention and Preattention in Theories of Automaticity
automatic processing is preattentive. In recent views that treat automaticity as a memory phenomenon, automatic processing is postattentive. These views are described and evidence …
Conscious and Unconscious - Yale University
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Dual-Processing Accounts of Reasoning, Judgment, and …
Dual-Processing Accounts of Reasoning, Judgment, and Social Cognition Jonathan St. B. T. Evans Center for Thinking and Language, School of Psychology, University of Plymouth, …
Attention - University of Victoria
formation for further processing and inhibiting other information from receiving further processing. One possible way to understand how this might work is to ex-plore what happens when …
A History of Implicit Social Cognition: Where Is It Coming …
intellectual question in social psychology, and many outside of it, has been shaped by the theories and methods of implicit social cognition. Many of those ... Automatic processing was defined …
The nature and functions of schemas - University of Illinois …
information processing psychology. Properties of Schemas Having established that Bartlett took schemas to be unconscious mental structures, we now examine their characteristics. In …
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School of Psychology Victoria University Melbourne Australia 2005 . 9TA THESIS 153.1532 SAT 30001008791925 Satyen, Lata video game playing : ... Automatic and Controlled Processing …
International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences
beginnings of scientific psychology in the 19th century. Subliminal perception (see Dixon, 1971) is said to occur when stimuli presented below the threshold of awareness influence information …
Systematic and Heuristic Processing - Springer
processing as they decide whether to accept a persuasive message's overall position. For example, recipients may reftect upon and evaluate the content of the arguments included in …
The Neuroscience of Spontaneous Thought: An Evolving, …
Second, this definition contrasts thoughts that arise spontaneously from those that are constrained through automatic sources such as perceptual and affective salience. Third, if …
On the Control of Automatic Processes: A Parallel Distributed ...
tention, and are relatively slow, whereas automatic processes are fast and do not require attention for their execution. Perfor- mance of novel tasks is typically considered to rely on con- trolled …
Attention and automaticity: Toward a theoretical integration
sumed that automatic processes were separate from and independent of attention. The question was, where was the boundary between them? In the 1970s, the dominant paradigm shifted …
Unconscious Bias: Definition and Significance - Current …
influence of personal bias that affects thought processing in decision-making. Biasness is loosely defined as the systematic ... automatic, and intuitive in the first system, as Oberai and Anand …
Research Article AUTOMATIC STEREOTYPING - JSTOR
ine automatic information processing and, in particular, to re-veal the strength ofassociation between two concepts that ex-ists independently ofconsciousthought. Developed more than …
Chapter Nine Visual Attention - Harvard University
beyond early visual processing in striate cortex. Object-based Attention As reviewed above, the spotlight metaphor is useful for understanding how attention is deployed across space. …
Rapid Automatized Naming (RAN) and Reading Fluency: …
becomes automatic, it demands less conscious effort. Although at first the child experiences a laborious and slow process to decode a simple word or sentence, most adult readers can’t …
