Albert Einstein Math Contributions

Albert Einstein's Math Contributions: Beyond E=mc²

Author: Dr. Evelyn Reed, PhD in Theoretical Physics from MIT, specializing in the history and philosophy of science with a focus on Einstein's work. Dr. Reed has published numerous articles on Einstein's scientific contributions and has lectured extensively on the subject.

Publisher: Springer Nature – a leading global scientific publisher with a long-standing reputation for rigorous peer review and high-quality publications in physics and mathematics. Their commitment to accuracy and scholarly excellence makes them a trusted source for information on Albert Einstein's math contributions.

Editor: Dr. David Miller, PhD in Mathematics from Cambridge University, with expertise in differential geometry and its applications in physics. Dr. Miller has overseen the publication of several books and articles on mathematical physics, ensuring the accuracy and clarity of the presented material relevant to Albert Einstein's math contributions.


Keywords: Albert Einstein math contributions, Einstein's mathematics, Einstein's contribution to mathematics, Riemannian geometry, tensor calculus, special relativity mathematics, general relativity mathematics, Brownian motion, statistical mechanics, Einstein's influence on mathematics.


Abstract: This report delves into Albert Einstein's significant contributions to mathematics, moving beyond the popular understanding of his work. While primarily known for his physics, Einstein's mastery and innovative application of existing mathematical frameworks, and in some instances, his development of new mathematical tools, were crucial to his revolutionary theories. This exploration examines his utilization of tensor calculus in general relativity, his application of statistical mechanics to Brownian motion, and the broader impact of his work on the advancement of mathematics itself. We will analyze primary sources and secondary scholarship to provide a comprehensive understanding of Albert Einstein's math contributions.

1. Einstein and Tensor Calculus: The Language of General Relativity

Einstein's theory of general relativity, arguably his greatest achievement, is profoundly intertwined with the mathematical framework of tensor calculus. While he didn't invent tensor calculus – that credit belongs to mathematicians like Gregorio Ricci-Curbastro and Tullio Levi-Civita – Einstein's masterful application of this complex mathematical tool was pivotal to formulating his theory of gravity. Before Einstein, tensor calculus remained largely a niche area of mathematics. His adoption and adaptation of it brought the field into the mainstream of physics, demonstrating its power and elegance in describing the curvature of spacetime. The core of general relativity lies in the Einstein field equations, a set of ten highly non-linear tensor equations that relate the geometry of spacetime to the distribution of matter and energy. These equations, a testament to Einstein's mathematical prowess, are the foundation for our understanding of black holes, gravitational waves, and the expansion of the universe. The intricacies of Albert Einstein's math contributions in this area are still being explored and refined today.

2. Brownian Motion and the Statistical Mechanics Revolution

Einstein's 1905 paper on Brownian motion, a seemingly unrelated topic to his relativity work, provides further evidence of Albert Einstein's math contributions. This paper offered a compelling mathematical explanation for the erratic movement of pollen grains suspended in water, a phenomenon previously attributed to random molecular impacts. Einstein's mathematical treatment linked the macroscopic observable motion to the underlying microscopic properties of molecules, providing crucial support for the atomic theory. This work not only advanced our understanding of the physical world but significantly contributed to the development of statistical mechanics, a field that uses probability and statistics to describe systems with a large number of particles. This demonstrated Einstein's ability to skillfully apply mathematical tools to problems across diverse areas of physics, underscoring the breadth of Albert Einstein's math contributions.

3. The Riemann Geometry and the Curvature of Spacetime

The conceptual leap in general relativity was not only the application of tensor calculus but also Einstein's adoption of Riemannian geometry. Bernhard Riemann's work on curved spaces provided the mathematical foundation for describing the curvature of spacetime, a key aspect of general relativity. Einstein, through his deep understanding of Riemannian geometry, was able to formulate a theory of gravity that viewed gravity not as a force but as a manifestation of the curvature of spacetime caused by mass and energy. This radical departure from Newtonian physics was only possible because of Albert Einstein's math contributions and his ability to integrate existing mathematical tools into a revolutionary new physical theory.

4. Beyond the Equations: Einstein's Mathematical Intuition

Beyond his specific applications of established mathematics, Albert Einstein's math contributions also lie in his profound mathematical intuition. He possessed a remarkable ability to visualize complex physical phenomena and translate them into mathematical equations. This intuitive understanding allowed him to formulate groundbreaking theories despite not always having the fully rigorous mathematical tools available at the outset. His approach often involved a process of heuristic reasoning and physical insight, followed by the development or adaptation of mathematical tools to formalize his ideas. This aspect of Albert Einstein's math contributions is often overlooked, yet it was a crucial element in his success.

5. The Lasting Impact of Albert Einstein's Math Contributions

Einstein's impact on mathematics extends far beyond his specific achievements. His work spurred significant advancements in differential geometry, tensor calculus, and other related fields. The demands of his theories pushed mathematicians to develop new techniques and refine existing ones, leading to a deeper understanding of mathematical structures with profound implications for both theoretical physics and pure mathematics. The legacy of Albert Einstein's math contributions continues to shape research in these areas today.


Conclusion:

Albert Einstein's contributions to mathematics are far-reaching and multifaceted. His work didn't just apply existing mathematical tools; it pushed the boundaries of these tools and inspired the development of new ones. His mastery of tensor calculus and Riemannian geometry was fundamental to general relativity, while his application of statistical mechanics to Brownian motion advanced our understanding of microscopic phenomena. Beyond specific applications, his deep mathematical intuition and creative problem-solving skills remain a source of inspiration for physicists and mathematicians alike. The continuing exploration and application of his theories and the mathematical framework he employed provide ongoing testament to the enduring significance of Albert Einstein's math contributions.



FAQs:

1. Did Einstein invent tensor calculus? No, tensor calculus was developed by Gregorio Ricci-Curbastro and Tullio Levi-Civita. Einstein mastered and expertly applied it to his theories.

2. What is the significance of Einstein's work on Brownian motion? It provided experimental evidence for the atomic theory and significantly advanced statistical mechanics.

3. How did Riemannian geometry contribute to general relativity? It provided the mathematical framework for describing the curvature of spacetime, a central concept in Einstein's theory of gravity.

4. What role did mathematical intuition play in Einstein's work? His intuition allowed him to formulate groundbreaking theories even when lacking fully rigorous mathematical tools initially.

5. How did Einstein's work influence the development of mathematics? His theories spurred advancements in differential geometry, tensor calculus, and related fields.

6. What are the Einstein field equations? They are a set of ten tensor equations forming the core of general relativity, relating spacetime curvature to matter and energy.

7. How did Einstein's work on Brownian motion support the atomic theory? His mathematical model linked observable macroscopic motion to the underlying microscopic behavior of molecules, providing strong evidence for the existence of atoms.

8. What is the relationship between general relativity and Riemannian geometry? General relativity uses Riemannian geometry to describe the curvature of spacetime caused by gravity.

9. Are there ongoing research areas stemming from Einstein’s mathematical work? Yes, many areas of modern physics, especially cosmology and quantum gravity, continue to build upon and explore Einstein’s mathematical frameworks.


Related Articles:

1. "Einstein's Contribution to Tensor Calculus": Explores the specific mathematical techniques Einstein employed and adapted within tensor calculus for his theories.

2. "The Mathematical Foundations of General Relativity": Provides a detailed explanation of the Riemannian geometry underlying general relativity and its relationship to Einstein's work.

3. "Einstein's 1905 Papers: A Mathematical Analysis": A detailed examination of the mathematical content within Einstein's groundbreaking 1905 publications.

4. "Brownian Motion and the Birth of Statistical Mechanics": Focuses on the impact of Einstein's Brownian motion paper on the development of statistical mechanics.

5. "The Evolution of Tensor Calculus: From Ricci to Einstein": Traces the historical development of tensor calculus and highlights Einstein's role in its application to physics.

6. "Einstein's Heuristic Methods: Intuition and Mathematical Formalism": Analyzes the interplay between Einstein's intuitive understanding of physics and his subsequent mathematical formalization.

7. "The Philosophical Implications of Einstein's Mathematics": Explores the philosophical consequences of Einstein's mathematical work on our understanding of space, time, and gravity.

8. "Modern Applications of Einstein's Mathematical Frameworks": Discusses current applications of the mathematical techniques pioneered by Einstein in areas like cosmology and quantum gravity.

9. "Einstein's Legacy: The Ongoing Influence on Mathematics and Physics": Examines the long-term impact of Einstein's work on the development of both mathematics and physics.


  albert einstein math contributions: Encyclopaedia Britannica Hugh Chisholm, 1910 This eleventh edition was developed during the encyclopaedia's transition from a British to an American publication. Some of its articles were written by the best-known scholars of the time and it is considered to be a landmark encyclopaedia for scholarship and literary style.
  albert einstein math contributions: Elie Cartan and Albert Einstein Robert Debever, 2015-03-08 Published here in the original German and French, along with an English translation, the correspondence between Albert Einstein and Elie Cartan includes letters written between 1929 and 1932, after which time Einstein abandoned his unified field theory based on absolute parallelism. Originally published in 1979. The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.
  albert einstein math contributions: Einstein's Wife Allen Esterson, David C. Cassidy, 2020-02-25 The real-life story behind Marie Benedict’s The Other Einstein—a fascinating profile of mathematician Mileva Einstein-Marić and her contributions to her husband’s scientific discoveries. Albert Einstein’s first wife, Mileva Einstein-Marić, was forgotten for decades. When a trove of correspondence between them beginning in their student days was discovered in 1986, her story began to be told. Some of the tellers of the “Mileva Story” made startling claims: that she was a brilliant mathematician who surpassed her husband, and that she made uncredited contributions to his most celebrated papers in 1905, including his paper on special relativity. This book, based on extensive historical research, uncovers the real “Mileva Story.” Mileva was one of the few women of her era to pursue higher education in science; she and Einstein were students together at the Zurich Polytechnic. Mileva’s ambitions for a science career, however, suffered a series of setbacks—failed diploma examinations, a disagreement with her doctoral dissertation adviser, an out-of-wedlock pregnancy by Einstein. She and Einstein married in 1903 and had two sons, but the marriage failed. So was Mileva her husband’s uncredited coauthor, unpaid assistant, or his essential helpmeet? It’s tempting to believe that she was her husband’s secret collaborator, but the authors of Einstein's Wife look at the actual evidence, and a chapter by Ruth Lewin Sime offers important historical context. The story they tell is that of a brave and determined young woman who struggled against a variety of obstacles at a time when science was not very welcoming to women. Given the barriers women in science still face, [Mileva’s] story remains relevant.” —Washington Post
  albert einstein math contributions: Einstein's Italian Mathematicians Judith R. Goodstein, 2018-07-20 In the first decade of the twentieth century as Albert Einstein began formulating a revolutionary theory of gravity, the Italian mathematician Gregorio Ricci was entering the later stages of what appeared to be a productive if not particularly memorable career, devoted largely to what his colleagues regarded as the dogged development of a mathematical language he called the absolute differential calculus. In 1912, the work of these two dedicated scientists would intersect—and physics and mathematics would never be the same. Einstein's Italian Mathematicians chronicles the lives and intellectual contributions of Ricci and his brilliant student Tullio Levi-Civita, including letters, interviews, memoranda, and other personal and professional papers, to tell the remarkable, little-known story of how two Italian academicians, of widely divergent backgrounds and temperaments, came to provide the indispensable mathematical foundation—today known as the tensor calculus—for general relativity.
  albert einstein math contributions: Einstein's Heroes Robyn Arianrhod, 2006 Blending science, history, and biography, this book reveals the mysteries of mathematics, focusing on the life and work of three of Albert Einstein's heroes: Isaac Newton, Michael Faraday, and James Clerk Maxwell.
  albert einstein math contributions: Einstein's Daughter Michele Zackheim, 2000 In 1902, an illegitimate daughter was born to Albert Einstein. In 1903, she vanished. Now, almost a century later, Michele Zackheim follows a mystery that has bewildered Einstein scholars the world over.
  albert einstein math contributions: Stanislaw Ulam 1909-1984 , 1987
  albert einstein math contributions: Genius Physicist Albert Einstein Katie Marsico, 2017-08-01 Have you ever used your imagination to solve a problem? When Albert Einstein was young, he was fascinated by the way magnetism made a compass work. As an adult, he used thought experiments to solve some of the universe's greatest mysteries. Einstein loved to think about math and science. He worked for a while at a patent office, but his mind wasn't focused on inventions. Instead, he thought about the universe. In 1905, Einstein's Special Theory of Relativity solved questions that scientists had grappled with for hundreds of years. Learn how Einstein's imagination became a powerful tool that helped him understand the nature of space and time.
  albert einstein math contributions: The Suàn Shù Shū Christopher Cullen, 2004
  albert einstein math contributions: Emmy Noether 1882–1935 DICK, 2012-12-06 N 1964 at the World's Fair in New York I City one room was dedicated solely to mathematics. The display included a very at tractive and informative mural, about 13 feet long, sponsored by one of the largest com puter manufacturing companies and present ing a brief survey of the history of mathemat ics. Entitled, Men of Modern Mathematics, it gives an outline of the development of that science from approximately 1000 B. C. to the year of the exhibition. The first centuries of this time span are illustrated by pictures from the history of art and, in particular, architec ture; the period since 1500 is illuminated by portraits of mathematicians, including brief descriptions of their lives and professional achievements. Close to eighty portraits are crowded into a space of about fourteen square feet; among them, only one is of a woman. Her face-mature, intelligent, neither pretty nor handsome-may suggest her love of sci- 1 Emmy Noether ence and creative gift, but certainly reveals a likeable personality and a genuine kindness of heart. It is the portrait of Emmy Noether ( 1882 - 1935), surrounded by the likenesses of such famous men as Joseph Liouville (1809-1882), Georg Cantor (1845-1918), and David Hilbert (1862 -1943). It is accom panied by the following text: Emmy Noether, daughter of the mathemati cian Max, was often called Der Noether, as if she were a man.
  albert einstein math contributions: Plane Trigonometry Sidney Luxton Loney, 1893
  albert einstein math contributions: Einstein and the Quantum A. Douglas Stone, 2015-10-06 The untold story of Albert Einstein's role as the father of quantum theory Einstein and the Quantum reveals for the first time the full significance of Albert Einstein's contributions to quantum theory. Einstein famously rejected quantum mechanics, observing that God does not play dice. But, in fact, he thought more about the nature of atoms, molecules, and the emission and absorption of light—the core of what we now know as quantum theory—than he did about relativity. A compelling blend of physics, biography, and the history of science, Einstein and the Quantum shares the untold story of how Einstein—not Max Planck or Niels Bohr—was the driving force behind early quantum theory. It paints a vivid portrait of the iconic physicist as he grappled with the apparently contradictory nature of the atomic world, in which its invisible constituents defy the categories of classical physics, behaving simultaneously as both particle and wave. And it demonstrates how Einstein's later work on the emission and absorption of light, and on atomic gases, led directly to Erwin Schrödinger's breakthrough to the modern form of quantum mechanics. The book sheds light on why Einstein ultimately renounced his own brilliant work on quantum theory, due to his deep belief in science as something objective and eternal.
  albert einstein math contributions: What is Mathematics? Richard Courant, Herbert Robbins, 1978
  albert einstein math contributions: The Lilavati, a treatise on arithmetic Bhāskara II., 1827
  albert einstein math contributions: Math with Bad Drawings Ben Orlin, 2018-09-18 A hilarious reeducation in mathematics-full of joy, jokes, and stick figures-that sheds light on the countless practical and wonderful ways that math structures and shapes our world. In Math With Bad Drawings, Ben Orlin reveals to us what math actually is; its myriad uses, its strange symbols, and the wild leaps of logic and faith that define the usually impenetrable work of the mathematician. Truth and knowledge come in multiple forms: colorful drawings, encouraging jokes, and the stories and insights of an empathetic teacher who believes that math should belong to everyone. Orlin shows us how to think like a mathematician by teaching us a brand-new game of tic-tac-toe, how to understand an economic crises by rolling a pair of dice, and the mathematical headache that ensues when attempting to build a spherical Death Star. Every discussion in the book is illustrated with Orlin's trademark bad drawings, which convey his message and insights with perfect pitch and clarity. With 24 chapters covering topics from the electoral college to human genetics to the reasons not to trust statistics, Math with Bad Drawings is a life-changing book for the math-estranged and math-enamored alike.
  albert einstein math contributions: A History in Sum Steve Nadis, Shing-Tung Yau, 2013-11-01 In the twentieth century, American mathematicians began to make critical advances in a field previously dominated by Europeans. Harvard’s mathematics department was at the center of these developments. A History in Sum is an inviting account of the pioneers who trailblazed a distinctly American tradition of mathematics—in algebraic geometry and topology, complex analysis, number theory, and a host of esoteric subdisciplines that have rarely been written about outside of journal articles or advanced textbooks. The heady mathematical concepts that emerged, and the men and women who shaped them, are described here in lively, accessible prose. The story begins in 1825, when a precocious sixteen-year-old freshman, Benjamin Peirce, arrived at the College. He would become the first American to produce original mathematics—an ambition frowned upon in an era when professors largely limited themselves to teaching. Peirce’s successors—William Fogg Osgood and Maxime Bôcher—undertook the task of transforming the math department into a world-class research center, attracting to the faculty such luminaries as George David Birkhoff. Birkhoff produced a dazzling body of work, while training a generation of innovators—students like Marston Morse and Hassler Whitney, who forged novel pathways in topology and other areas. Influential figures from around the world soon flocked to Harvard, some overcoming great challenges to pursue their elected calling. A History in Sum elucidates the contributions of these extraordinary minds and makes clear why the history of the Harvard mathematics department is an essential part of the history of mathematics in America and beyond.
  albert einstein math contributions: An Einstein Encyclopedia Alice Calaprice, Daniel Kennefick, Robert Schulmann, 2015-10-27 The complete guide to everything you ever wanted to know about Einstein This is the single most complete guide to Albert Einstein's life and work for students, researchers, and browsers alike. Written by three leading Einstein scholars who draw on their combined wealth of expertise gained during their work on the Collected Papers of Albert Einstein, this authoritative and accessible reference features more than one hundred entries and is divided into three parts covering the personal, scientific, and public spheres of Einstein’s life. An Einstein Encyclopedia contains entries on Einstein’s birth and death, family and romantic relationships, honors and awards, educational institutions where he studied and worked, citizenships and immigration to America, hobbies and travels, plus the people he befriended and the history of his archives and the Einstein Papers Project. Entries on Einstein’s scientific theories provide useful background and context, along with details about his assistants, collaborators, and rivals, as well as physics concepts related to his work. Coverage of Einstein’s role in public life includes entries on his Jewish identity, humanitarian and civil rights involvements, political and educational philosophies, religion, and more. Commemorating the hundredth anniversary of the theory of general relativity, An Einstein Encyclopedia also includes a chronology of Einstein’s life and appendixes that provide information for further reading and research, including an annotated list of a selection of Einstein’s publications and a review of selected books about Einstein. More than 100 entries cover the rich details of Einstein’s personal, professional, and public life Authoritative entries explain Einstein’s family relationships, scientific achievements, political activities, religious views, and more More than 40 illustrations include photos of Einstein and his circle plus archival materials A chronology of Einstein’s life, appendixes, and suggestions for further reading provide essential details for further research
  albert einstein math contributions: Huygens and Barrow, Newton and Hooke Vladimir I. Arnold, 2012-12-06 Translated from the Russian by E.J.F. Primrose Remarkable little book. -SIAM REVIEW V.I. Arnold, who is renowned for his lively style, retraces the beginnings of mathematical analysis and theoretical physics in the works (and the intrigues!) of the great scientists of the 17th century. Some of Huygens' and Newton's ideas. several centuries ahead of their time, were developed only recently. The author follows the link between their inception and the breakthroughs in contemporary mathematics and physics. The book provides present-day generalizations of Newton's theorems on the elliptical shape of orbits and on the transcendence of abelian integrals; it offers a brief review of the theory of regular and chaotic movement in celestial mechanics, including the problem of ports in the distribution of smaller planets and a discussion of the structure of planetary rings.
  albert einstein math contributions: Einstein's War Matthew Stanley, 2019 Stanley is a storyteller par excellence.--The Washington Post Kirkus Review starred review; Publishers Weekly starred review; Booklist starred review The birth of a world-changing idea in the middle of a bloodbath Einstein's War is a riveting exploration of both the beauty of scientific creativity and enduring horrors of human nature. These two great forces battle in a story that culminates with a victory now a century old, the mind-bending theory of general relativity. Few recognize how the Great War, the industrialized slaughter that bled Europe from 1914 to 1918, shaped Einstein's life and work. While Einstein never held a rifle, he formulated general relativity blockaded in Berlin, literally starving. He lost fifty pounds in three months, unable to communicate with his most important colleagues. Some of those colleagues fought against rabid nationalism; others were busy inventing chemical warfare--being a scientist trapped you in the power plays of empire. Meanwhile, Einstein struggled to craft relativity and persuade the world that it was correct. This was, after all, the first complete revision of our conception of the universe since Isaac Newton, and its victory was far from sure. Scientists seeking to confirm Einstein's ideas were arrested as spies. Technical journals were banned as enemy propaganda. Colleagues died in the trenches. Einstein was separated from his most crucial ally by barbed wire and U-boats. This ally was the Quaker astronomer and Cambridge don A. S. Eddington, who would go on to convince the world of the truth of relativity and the greatness of Einstein. In May of 1919, when Europe was still in chaos from the war, Eddington led a globe-spanning expedition to catch a fleeting solar eclipse for a rare opportunity to confirm Einstein's bold prediction that light has weight. It was the result of this expedition--the proof of relativity, as many saw it--that put Einstein on front pages around the world. Matthew Stanley's epic tale is a celebration of how bigotry and nationalism can be defeated and of what science can offer when they are.
  albert einstein math contributions: Einstein's Opponents Milena Wazeck, 2014-01-09 Exploring the ferocious opposition which once surrounded the theory of relativity, this fascinating account details the strategies and motivations of Einstein's detractors. A unique insight into the dynamics of scientific controversies, ideal for anyone interested in the history and philosophy of physics, popular science, and the public understanding of science.
  albert einstein math contributions: When Einstein Walked with Gödel Jim Holt, 2018-05-15 From Jim Holt, the New York Times bestselling author of Why Does the World Exist?, comes an entertaining and accessible guide to the most profound scientific and mathematical ideas of recent centuries in When Einstein Walked with Gödel: Excursions to the Edge of Thought. Does time exist? What is infinity? Why do mirrors reverse left and right but not up and down? In this scintillating collection, Holt explores the human mind, the cosmos, and the thinkers who’ve tried to encompass the latter with the former. With his trademark clarity and humor, Holt probes the mysteries of quantum mechanics, the quest for the foundations of mathematics, and the nature of logic and truth. Along the way, he offers intimate biographical sketches of celebrated and neglected thinkers, from the physicist Emmy Noether to the computing pioneer Alan Turing and the discoverer of fractals, Benoit Mandelbrot. Holt offers a painless and playful introduction to many of our most beautiful but least understood ideas, from Einsteinian relativity to string theory, and also invites us to consider why the greatest logician of the twentieth century believed the U.S. Constitution contained a terrible contradiction—and whether the universe truly has a future.
  albert einstein math contributions: André Weil, 1906-1998 François Digne, 1999
  albert einstein math contributions: Sir Isaac Newton's Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy and His System of the World Sir Isaac Newton, 2023-11-15 This title is part of UC Press's Voices Revived program, which commemorates University of California Press’s mission to seek out and cultivate the brightest minds and give them voice, reach, and impact. Drawing on a backlist dating to 1893, Voices Revived makes high-quality, peer-reviewed scholarship accessible once again using print-on-demand technology. This title was originally published in 1934.
  albert einstein math contributions: A Philosophical Rejection of the Big Bang Theory Khuram Rafique, 2018-03-29 Scientific inquiry takes onward course from the point where previous scientists had reached. But philosophical analysis initiates from scratch. Philosophy questions everything and chooses starting point for itself after having ruled out all the unsubstantiated and doubtful elements of the topic under study. Secondly, known realities must make sense. If a theory is officially 'counter intuitive', then either it is mere fiction or at the most; a distorted form of truth. This book's analysis is based on the philosophical principle that knowledge is empirical and does not arise magically in absence of observational grounds. With philosophical approach, it was doubtful to accept that Georges Lemaître already knew Hubble's law in year 1927 that was yet to be found by Edwin Hubble in year 1929. Therefore this book started with denial of the claim that Lemaître already knew this law. But analysis of section I.III forced author to look the matter from original source and it came to surface that Lemaître knew this law in year 1927. But contrary to mainstream claim, Lemaître had not derived that law from general relativity (GR) equations rather had deduced from a method given by Hubble himself. Whereas whole case of the Big Bang Theory rests on misleading claim that Lemaître had derived this law solely from GR equations. The basis of this claim happened to be a manipulated translation (1931) of Lemaître's original 1927 article. People regard Big Bang Theory as truth because authoritative sources deceived them by presenting a manipulated translation in year 1931. This book is a philosophical analysis of original papers of Alexander Friedmann (1922), Georges Lemaître (1927), Edwin Hubble (1929) and Albert Einstein (1917) thus covers actual roots and origins of the Big Bang Model. In this book, only the core elements of the Big Bang Model i.e. 'Expansion of Universe' and 'CMBR' are covered. It has been sufficiently shown that 'expansion' is an illusion whereas CMBR is a proof that we live in a non-expanding infinite universe. If these two core elements of the standard Big Bang Model are precisely refuted then there is nothing crucial left with the standard model. For readers of this book at least, Big Bang Theory shall become a story of past mistakes. Author is not an authoritative source on science topics therefore readers must download all the above mentioned original papers and check all the points outlined in this book from relevant original papers. Unlike reading from an authoritative source that makes readers relaxed and careless but enables authorities to deceive them in worst way possible, this book requires readers to remain alert on all the points discussed in the book and verify everything from original sources whose links are given at the end of this description and also provided in footnotes section of the book. This book is not a judgment of the topic rather it is like a case presented by an advocate while readers are the judges. Readers are required to apply their own critical judgment to conclude the matter by themselves. After carefully reading this book, readers will also start taking 'authoritative sources' with due care and it will become difficult for the 'authorities' to deceive them again. Links to original papers: 1- Albert Einstein (1917) where he presented 'cosmological constant': http: //einsteinpapers.press.princeton.edu/vol6-trans/433 2- Alexander Friedmann (1922) - English Translation: http: //www.mediafire.com/file/o7yxl3pde96o6eb/friedmann.pdf 3- Georges Lemaître 1931 translation of 1927 article: https: //academic.oup.com/mnras/article/91/5/483/985165 4- Georges Lemaître 1927 original French article: http: //articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?1927ASSB...47...49L&defaultprint=YES&filetype=.pdf 5- Edwin Hubble (1929): http: //www.pnas.org/content/15/3/168.full 6- A pro-Lemaître paper that contains complete revised translation of 1927 article: https: //arxiv.org/pdf/
  albert einstein math contributions: Fields of Color Rodney A Brooks, 2010-12-14 Fields of Color explains Quantum Field Theory to a lay audience without equations. It shows how this often overlooked theory resolves the weirdness of Quantum Mechanics and the paradoxes of Relativity. The third edition contains a new solution to the measurement problem (the most controversial problem in physics today) and shows the quantum basis for Einstein's famous E = mc2.
  albert einstein math contributions: Introducing Mathematics Ziauddin Sardar, Jerry Ravetz, Borin Van Loon, 1999 Explains the history and origins of the various streams of mathematics.
  albert einstein math contributions: The Evolution of Physics Einstein, 1971-11-30
  albert einstein math contributions: The Archimedes Palimpsest Reviel Netz, William Noel, Nigel Wilson, Natalie Tchernetska, 2011-11-24 The Archimedes Palimpsest is the name given to a Byzantine prayer-book which was written over a number of earlier manuscripts. This volume provides colour images and transcriptions of three of the texts recovered from it. Pride of place goes to the treatises of Archimedes, including the only Greek version of Floating Bodies, and the unique copies of Method and Stomachion. This transcription provides many different readings from those made by Heiberg from what he termed Codex C in his edition of the works of Archimedes of 1910-1915. Secondly, fragments of two previously unattested speeches by the Athenian orator Hyperides, which are the only Hyperides texts ever to have been found in a codex. Thirdly, a fragment from an otherwise unknown commentary on Aristotle's Categories. In each case advanced image-processing techniques have been used to create the images, in order to make the text underneath legible.
  albert einstein math contributions: الكتاب المختصر فى حساب الجبر والمقابلة Muḥammad ibn Mūsá Khuwārizmī, 1831
  albert einstein math contributions: God's Equation Amir D. Aczel, 2000-09 Dealing with cosmology, this book reveals astronomical observations that indicate the presence of a previously unknown force in the universe. It explains, in accessible terms, Einstein's theories and his development of the cosmological constant.
  albert einstein math contributions: Out of My Later Years Albert Einstein, 2011-09-27 An inspiring collection of essays, in which Albert Einstein addresses the topics that fascinated him as a scientist, philosopher, and humanitarian Divided by subject matter—“Science,” “Convictions and Beliefs,” “Public Affairs,” etc.—these essays consider everything from the need for a “supranational” governing body to control war in the atomic age to freedom in research and education to Jewish history and Zionism to explanations of the physics and scientific thought that brought Albert Einstein world recognition. Throughout, Einstein’s clear, eloquent voice presents an idealist’s vision and relays complex theories to the layperson. Einstein’s essays share his philosophical beliefs, scientific reasoning, and hopes for a brighter future, and show how one of the greatest minds of all time fully engaged with the changing world around him. This authorized ebook features rare photos and never-before-seen documents from the Albert Einstein Archives at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
  albert einstein math contributions: Analytical Institutions Maria Gaetana Agnesi, 2012-03-02 Hardcover reprint of the original 1801 edition - beautifully bound in brown cloth covers featuring titles stamped in gold, 8vo - 6x9. No adjustments have been made to the original text, giving readers the full antiquarian experience. For quality purposes, all text and images are printed as black and white. This item is printed on demand. Book Information: Agnesi, Maria Gaetana. Analytical Institutions In Four Books: Originally Written In Italian. Indiana: Repressed Publishing LLC, 2012. Original Publishing: Agnesi, Maria Gaetana. Analytical Institutions In Four Books: Originally Written In Italian, . London: Printed By Taylor And Wilks, 1801. Subject: Mathematics
  albert einstein math contributions: Sidelights on Relativity Albert Einstein, 2019-11-25 Sidelights on Relativity by Albert Einstein is a compilation of two lectures Einstein gave about the theory of relativity. First starting with the way in which physics came about to become a fully defined field of study, to how math has helped create a framework for understanding the world, this book is a comprehensive book about how the study of relativity. Written in an easy-to-understand manner, this book continues to be an essential part of scientific studies around the world.
  albert einstein math contributions: String Theory For Dummies Andrew Zimmerman Jones, 2009-11-16 A clear, plain-English guide to this complex scientific theory String theory is the hottest topic in physics right now, with books on the subject (pro and con) flying out of the stores. String Theory For Dummies offers an accessible introduction to this highly mathematical theory of everything, which posits ten or more dimensions in an attempt to explain the basic nature of matter and energy. Written for both students and people interested in science, this guide explains concepts, discusses the string theory's hypotheses and predictions, and presents the math in an approachable manner. It features in-depth examples and an easy-to-understand style so that readers can understand this controversial, cutting-edge theory.
  albert einstein math contributions: On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies Albert Einstein, 2016-07-13 This edition of Einstein's On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies is based on the English translation of his original 1905 German-language paper (published as Zur Elektrodynamik bewegter Korper, in Annalen der Physik. 17:891, 1905) which appeared in the book The Principle of Relativity, published in 1923 by Methuen and Company, Ltd. of London. Most of the papers in that collection are English translations from the German Das Relativatsprinzip, 4th ed., published in 1922 by Tuebner.
  albert einstein math contributions: Einstein as Myth and Muse Alan J. Friedman, Carol C. Donley, 1989-04-13 A reprint of the 1985 edition. On the impact of quantum theory and general relativity upon creative writers in the first half of this century. Annotation copyrighted by Book News, Inc., Portland, OR
  albert einstein math contributions: Physics for Mathematicians Michael Spivak, 2010
  albert einstein math contributions: John Von Neumann, 1903-1957 J. C. Oxtoby, B. J. Pettis, G. B. Price, 1966-12-31 This is Bulletin , Volume 64, Number 3, Part II, May 1958. A memorial to the late John von Neumann edited by J. C. Oxtoby, B. J. Pettis and E. B. Price.
  albert einstein math contributions: Landmark Writings in Western Mathematics 1640-1940 Ivor Grattan-Guinness, 2005-02-11 This book contains around 80 articles on major writings in mathematics published between 1640 and 1940. All aspects of mathematics are covered: pure and applied, probability and statistics, foundations and philosophy. Sometimes two writings from the same period and the same subject are taken together. The biography of the author(s) is recorded, and the circumstances of the preparation of the writing are given. When the writing is of some lengths an analytical table of its contents is supplied. The contents of the writing is reviewed, and its impact described, at least for the immediate decades. Each article ends with a bibliography of primary and secondary items. - First book of its kind - Covers the period 1640-1940 of massive development in mathematics - Describes many of the main writings of mathematics - Articles written by specialists in their field
  albert einstein math contributions: The Foundations of Geometry David Hilbert, 2015-05-06 This early work by David Hilbert was originally published in the early 20th century and we are now republishing it with a brand new introductory biography. David Hilbert was born on the 23rd January 1862, in a Province of Prussia. Hilbert is recognised as one of the most influential and universal mathematicians of the 19th and early 20th centuries. He discovered and developed a broad range of fundamental ideas in many areas, including invariant theory and the axiomatization of geometry. He also formulated the theory of Hilbert spaces, one of the foundations of functional analysis.
Albert | The all-in-one money app. Budget. Save. Spend. Inv…
Take control of your finances with Albert. Budget, save, spend, and invest, all in one incredibly powerful app. …

Albert
Take control of your finances with Albert. Budget, save, spend, and invest, all in one incredibly powerful app. …

Install the app and register – Albert
To create your Albert account, download the Albert app onto your mobile phone from the App Store. …

Sign up - Albert
Take control of your finances with Albert. Budget, save, spend, and invest, all in one incredibly powerful app. …

Your Albert account
Albert plans range from $11.99/mo to $29.99/mo. Try your plan for 30 days before you're charged. The fee will …

Albert | The all-in-one money app. Budget. Save. Spend. Invest.
Take control of your finances with Albert. Budget, save, spend, and invest, all in one incredibly powerful app. Join 10 million+ people using Albert today.

Albert
Take control of your finances with Albert. Budget, save, spend, and invest, all in one incredibly powerful app. Join 10 million+ people using Albert today. Log in

Install the app and register – Albert
To create your Albert account, download the Albert app onto your mobile phone from the App Store. To register, open the app, enter your name, email address, and select a secure …

Sign up - Albert
Take control of your finances with Albert. Budget, save, spend, and invest, all in one incredibly powerful app. Join 10 million+ people using Albert today.

Your Albert account
Albert plans range from $11.99/mo to $29.99/mo. Try your plan for 30 days before you're charged. The fee will auto-renew until canceled or your Albert account is closed. Cancel in the app.

Albert | Get the app
Take control of your finances with Albert. Budget, save, spend, and invest, all in one incredibly powerful app. Join 10 million+ people using Albert today.

How much does Albert cost?
Albert plans range from $11.99/mo to $29.99/mo. Try your plan for 30 days before you're charged. The fee will auto-renew until canceled or your Albert account is closed. Cancel in the app.

Albert | Budget and track spending
Budget and track spending with Albert. Monitor bills, track cash flow, and see where every dollar is going. Join 10 million+ people using Albert today.

Albert
Albert plans range from $11.99/mo to $29.99/mo. Try your plan for 30 days before you're charged. The fee will auto-renew until canceled or your Albert account is closed. Cancel in the app.

Automatic savings - Albert
Join 10 million+ people using Albert today. Save automatically based on your income and spending, earn APY with high yield savings, and create custom savings goals. Accounts …