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AFM Data Analysis Software: A Comprehensive Guide
Author: Dr. Evelyn Reed, PhD, Professor of Nanotechnology and Materials Science, University of California, Berkeley. Dr. Reed has over 20 years of experience in atomic force microscopy (AFM) and has published extensively on data analysis techniques.
Publisher: Nanotechnology Insights Journal, a leading peer-reviewed journal specializing in nanomaterials characterization and analysis, including advanced techniques like AFM data analysis.
Editor: Dr. Michael Chen, PhD, Associate Editor, Nanotechnology Insights Journal. Dr. Chen has a strong background in computational materials science and image processing.
Keywords: AFM data analysis software, atomic force microscopy, AFM image processing, nanomaterials characterization, surface analysis, 3D imaging, AFM data analysis tools, AFM software review, open-source AFM software, commercial AFM software.
Abstract: This comprehensive guide explores the diverse landscape of AFM data analysis software, covering its functionalities, types, advantages, and limitations. We delve into both commercial and open-source options, highlighting their strengths and weaknesses for various applications. The article also discusses critical considerations for selecting the right AFM data analysis software and best practices for effective data interpretation.
1. Introduction to Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and its Data
Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) is a powerful technique used to image surfaces at the nanoscale. Unlike techniques like SEM or TEM, AFM provides both topographical and material property information. The data generated by AFM, however, is raw and often requires sophisticated software for analysis and interpretation. This is where AFM data analysis software becomes crucial. Understanding the nuances of this software is paramount for accurately extracting meaningful insights from AFM experiments.
2. Types of AFM Data and Their Analysis
AFM generates various data types, including:
Topographic images: These represent the surface height variations. AFM data analysis software allows for visualization, smoothing, and quantification of surface roughness parameters like Ra, Rq, and Rz.
Phase images: These reflect material properties like adhesion, elasticity, and friction. Analysis of phase images using specialized AFM data analysis software helps in identifying different materials and phases within a sample.
Force-distance curves: These depict the force between the AFM tip and the sample as a function of distance. AFM data analysis software can be used to extract parameters like adhesion force, stiffness, and Young's modulus.
Current images: In conductive AFM modes, current measurements are recorded, providing information on conductivity and electronic properties. Specialized AFM data analysis software is necessary to handle and analyze this data.
3. Commercial AFM Data Analysis Software
Several commercial software packages are available, each with its own strengths and weaknesses. These typically offer a comprehensive suite of tools for image processing, quantitative analysis, and report generation. Examples include:
Gwyddion: A powerful and versatile open-source software, Gwyddion offers extensive processing and analysis capabilities. While initially designed as open-source, commercial variants have emerged offering extended functionality.
SPIP: A robust commercial package known for its advanced image processing and analysis tools, particularly useful for complex samples and detailed analysis.
Nanoscope Analysis: This software is often bundled with Bruker AFM systems. It offers a user-friendly interface for basic to intermediate analysis. Its effectiveness scales with the experience of the user.
ImageJ/Fiji: While not exclusively designed for AFM, ImageJ/Fiji, with the appropriate plugins, can effectively process and analyze AFM data.
4. Open-Source AFM Data Analysis Software
Open-source options provide cost-effective alternatives but often require more technical expertise. Popular choices include:
Gwyddion (mentioned above): Its open-source nature allows for community-driven development and continuous improvement.
ImageJ/Fiji (mentioned above): This flexible platform benefits from a large community and readily available plugins.
5. Choosing the Right AFM Data Analysis Software
Selecting the appropriate AFM data analysis software depends on several factors:
Budget: Open-source options are cost-effective, while commercial packages often offer enhanced functionality and support.
Expertise: Open-source software might require more technical skills, while commercial options often provide user-friendly interfaces.
Specific needs: Consider the type of AFM data you need to analyze and the specific features required.
Integration with AFM hardware: Ensure compatibility between the software and your AFM system.
6. Best Practices for AFM Data Analysis
Effective data analysis involves several key steps:
Data pre-processing: This includes removing noise, flattening the image, and correcting for artifacts.
Image processing: This can include filtering, smoothing, and edge detection.
Quantitative analysis: This involves measuring parameters like surface roughness, grain size, and particle size distribution.
Data interpretation: This involves drawing conclusions from the analyzed data and relating them to the experimental context.
7. Advancements in AFM Data Analysis Software
Recent advancements include improved algorithms for noise reduction, automated feature extraction, and integration with machine learning techniques for data interpretation. The development of AI-powered AFM data analysis software promises to significantly accelerate data processing and improve the accuracy of measurements.
8. Limitations of AFM Data Analysis Software
Despite advancements, limitations remain:
Software-specific artifacts: The processing algorithms can introduce artifacts into the data.
Subjectivity in data interpretation: The interpretation of AFM data can be subjective and require expert knowledge.
Computational demands: Processing large datasets can require significant computational resources.
Conclusion
AFM data analysis software plays a critical role in extracting meaningful insights from AFM experiments. The choice of software depends on individual needs, budget, and expertise. Understanding the capabilities and limitations of various software packages is essential for ensuring accurate and reliable data analysis. The continued development of more sophisticated algorithms and the integration of AI promise to further enhance the capabilities of AFM data analysis software in the future.
FAQs
1. What is the difference between commercial and open-source AFM data analysis software? Commercial software often provides more user-friendly interfaces, better support, and advanced features, but at a higher cost. Open-source software is free but may require more technical expertise and may lack some features.
2. Which AFM data analysis software is best for beginners? Nanoscope Analysis or a user-friendly commercial package is often recommended for beginners due to their intuitive interfaces.
3. Can I use ImageJ for AFM data analysis? Yes, ImageJ/Fiji, with appropriate plugins, can be used for AFM data analysis, particularly for basic image processing and measurement.
4. How can I reduce noise in my AFM data? Many AFM data analysis software packages offer various noise reduction filters (e.g., Gaussian filtering, median filtering). Experimentation to find the most appropriate filter is often needed.
5. What are common artifacts in AFM data? Common artifacts include tip convolution effects, scan artifacts, and thermal drift.
6. How do I quantify surface roughness using AFM data? Most AFM data analysis software packages allow for the calculation of various roughness parameters such as Ra, Rq, and Rz.
7. What is the role of machine learning in AFM data analysis? Machine learning is increasingly used for automated feature extraction, classification of materials, and prediction of material properties from AFM data.
8. What are the future trends in AFM data analysis software? Future trends include increased integration with AI, automation of data analysis workflows, and cloud-based data analysis platforms.
9. Where can I find tutorials and training on AFM data analysis software? Many software vendors provide tutorials and training materials. Online resources and communities (e.g., forums) also offer valuable support.
Related Articles:
1. Advanced Techniques in AFM Data Processing for Nanomaterials Characterization: This article explores advanced signal processing techniques used in AFM data analysis to improve resolution and extract subtle material properties.
2. A Comparison of Commercial AFM Data Analysis Software Packages: This review article compares various commercial software packages, highlighting their strengths, weaknesses, and suitability for different applications.
3. Open-Source Software for AFM Image Processing: A Practical Guide: This guide provides a step-by-step tutorial on using open-source software for AFM image processing, covering basic and advanced techniques.
4. Quantitative Analysis of AFM Force-Distance Curves: Extracting Material Properties: This article focuses on analyzing force-distance curves to extract important material properties such as Young's modulus and adhesion force.
5. The Role of AFM in Studying Biological Samples: Data Analysis Challenges and Solutions: This article addresses the specific challenges and solutions in analyzing AFM data from biological samples.
6. Improving the Accuracy of AFM Measurements: Strategies for Data Analysis and Interpretation: This article focuses on minimizing error and improving the accuracy of AFM measurements through proper data analysis techniques.
7. Applications of Machine Learning in AFM Data Analysis: This article explores the application of machine learning algorithms to automate AFM data analysis and enhance its efficiency.
8. AFM Data Analysis for the Study of Thin Films and Coatings: This article focuses on the application of AFM and its data analysis in the characterization of thin films and coatings.
9. Troubleshooting Common Issues in AFM Data Analysis: This article provides solutions to common problems encountered during AFM data analysis, such as noise reduction and artifact removal.
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afm data analysis software: DNA and RNA Origami Julián Valero, 2023-05-11 This volume detials diverse methodological approaches on the assembly and applications of DNA origami assemblies. Chapters guide readers through different synthetic and computational methods, isolation and structural characterization of 2D and 3D DNA origami nanoarchitectures, nanophotonics, drug delivery, biophysics, and synthetic biology.Written in the successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible protocols, and notes on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and cutting-edge, DNA and RNA Origami: Methods and Protocols aims to serve as a guideline describing the current state-of-the-art assembly methodologies and applications of DNA origami nanostructures. |
afm data analysis software: Natural Polymers and Biopolymers II Sylvain Caillol, 2021-05-05 BioPolymers could be either natural polymers – polymer naturally occurring in Nature, such as cellulose or starch…, or biobased polymers that are artificially synthesized from natural resources. Since the late 1990s, the polymer industry has faced two serious problems: global warming and anticipation of limitation to the access to fossil resources. One solution consists in the use of sustainable resources instead of fossil-based resources. Hence, biomass feedstocks are a promising resource and biopolymers are one of the most dynamic polymer area. Additionally, biodegradability is a special functionality conferred to a material, bio-based or not. Very recently, facing the awareness of the volumes of plastic wastes, biodegradable polymers are gaining increasing attention from the market and industrial community. This special issue of Molecules deals with the current scientific and industrial challenges of Natural and Biobased Polymers, through the access of new biobased monomers, improved thermo-mechanical properties, and by substitution of harmful substances. This themed issue can be considered as collection of highlights within the field of Natural Polymers and Biobased Polymers which clearly demonstrate the increased interest in this field. We hope that this will inspire researchers to further develop this area and thus contribute to futures more sustainable society.” |
afm data analysis software: Enzymatic Polymerizations , 2019-10-14 Enzymatic Polymerizations, Volume 627 in the Methods in Enzymology series, continues the legacy of this premier serial with quality chapters authored by leaders in the field. - Provides the authority and expertise of leading contributors from an international board of authors - Presents the latest release in the Methods in Enzymology series - Includes the latest information on Enzymatic Polymerizations |
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afm data analysis software: Information Technology in Biomedicine Ewa Pietka, Pawel Badura, Jacek Kawa, Wojciech Wieclawek, 2018-06-05 ITiB’2018 is the 6th Conference on Information Technology in Biomedicine, hosted every two years by the Department of Informatics & Medical Devices, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Silesian University of Technology. The Conference is organized under the auspices of the Committee on Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering of the Polish Academy of Sciences. The meeting has become an established event that helps to address the demand for fast and reliable technologies capable of processing data and delivering results in a user-friendly, timely and mobile manner. Many of these areas are recognized as research and development frontiers in employing new technology in the clinical setting. Technological assistance can be found in prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation alike. Homecare support for any type of disability may improve standard of living and make people’s lives safer and more comfortable. The book includes the following sections: Ø Image Processing Ø Multimodal Imaging and Computer-aided Surgery Ø Computer-aided Diagnosis Ø Signal Processing and Medical Devices Ø Bioinformatics Ø Modelling & Simulation Ø Analytics in Action on the SAS Platform Ø Assistive Technologies and Affective Computing (ATAC) |
afm data analysis software: Simulations in Nanobiotechnology Kilho Eom, 2011-10-19 Until the late 20th century, computational studies of biomolecules and nanomaterials had considered the two subjects separately. A thorough presentation of state-of-the-art simulations for studying the nanoscale behavior of materials, Simulations in Nanobiotechnology discusses computational simulations of biomolecules and nanomaterials together. The book gives readers insight into not only the fundamentals of simulation-based characterizations in nanobiotechnology, but also in how to approach new and interesting problems in nanobiotechnology using basic theoretical and computational frameworks. Presenting the simulation-based nanoscale characterizations in biological science, Part 1: Describes recent efforts in MD simulation-based characterization and CG modeling of DNA and protein transport dynamics in the nanopore and nanochannel Presents recent advances made in continuum mechanics-based modeling of membrane proteins Summarizes theoretical frameworks along with atomistic simulations in single-molecule mechanics Provides the computational simulation-based mechanical characterization of protein materials Discussing advances in modeling techniques and their applications, Part 2: Describes advances in nature-inspired material design; atomistic simulation-based characterization of nanoparticles’ optical properties; and nanoparticle-based applications in therapeutics Overviews of the recent advances made in experiment and simulation-based characterizations of nanoscale adhesive properties Suggests theoretical frameworks with experimental efforts in the development of nanoresonators for future nanoscale device designs Delineates advances in theoretical and computational methods for understanding the mechanical behavior of a graphene monolayer The development of experimental apparatuses has paved the way to observing physics at the nanoscale and opened a new avenue in the fundamental understanding of the physics of various objects such as biological materials and nanomaterials. With expert contributors from around the world, this book addresses topics such as the molecular dynamics of protein translocation, coarse-grained modeling of CNT-DNA interactions, multi-scale modeling of nanowire resonator sensors, and the molecular dynamics simulation of protein mechanics. It demonstrates the broad application of models and simulations that require the use of principles from multiple academic disciplines. |
afm data analysis software: Encyclopedia of Epidemiologic Methods Mitchell H. Gail, Jacques Benichou, 2000-11-02 Featuring articles from the prestigious Encyclopedia of Biostatistics, many of which have been revised and updated to include recent developments, the Encyclopedia of Epidemiologic Methods also includes newly commissioned articles reflecting the latest thinking in Cancer Registries Birth Defect Registries Meta Analysis of Epidemiologic Studies Epidemiology Overview Sample Size Sex Ratio at Birth Software Design and Analysis Featuring contributions from leading experts in academia, government and industry, the Encyclopedia of Epidemiologic Methods has been designed to complement existing texts on the subject by providing further extensive, up-to-date coverage of specialised topics and by introducing the reader to the research literature. Offering a wealth of information in a single resource, the Encyclopedia of Epidemiologic Methods Offers an excellent introduction to a vast array of specialised topics Includes in-depth coverage of the statistical underpinnings of contemporary epidemiologic methods Provides concise definitions and introductions to numerous concepts found in the current literature Uses extensive cross-references, helping to facilitate further research, and enabling the reader to locate definitions and related concepts In addition to featuring extensive articles in the areas of descriptive and analytic epidemiology, the Encyclopedia also provides the reader with articles on case-control design and offers substantial coverage of allied statistical methods. |
afm data analysis software: Statistics in the 21st Century Adrian E. Raftery, Martin A. Tanner, Martin T. Wells, 2001-07-09 This volume discusses an important area of statistics and highlights the most important statistical advances. It is divided into four sections: statistics in the life and medical sciences, business and social science, the physical sciences and engineering, and theory and methods of statistics. |
afm data analysis software: Biopolymer Thin Films and Coatings Stefan Spirk, Tiina Nypelö, Eero Kontturi, 2020-01-10 In science as well as in industry, the impetus of research on bio-based polymers has recently expanded into new terrains. The need to replace fossil-based materials with sustainable and renewable sources is one of the main drivers for the emergence and the development of new and environmentally friendly materials. While some materials applications of bio-based polymers are already very well established, for instance, in paper and textiles, others have just emerged with thin films and coatings being a recent and particular area of interest. Thin films in general are an enormous field of research both fundamentally and from an applied perspective, with uses ranging from corrosion resistance to photovoltaics and sensors. Since bio-based materials are a relatively novel source material for thin films, the research in this area is at a fresh, exciting stage at the moment. |
afm data analysis software: Atomic Force Microscopy, Scanning Nearfield Optical Microscopy and Nanoscratching Gerd Kaupp, 2006-10-24 Making a clear distinction is made between nano- and micro-mechanical testing for physical reasons, this monograph describes the basics and applications of the supermicroscopies AFM and SNOM, and of the nanomechanical testing on rough and technical natural surfaces in the submicron range down to a lateral resolution of a few nm. New or improved instrumentation, new physical laws and unforeseen new applications in all branches of natural sciences (around physics, chemistry, mineralogy, materials science, biology and medicine) and nanotechnology are covered as well as the sources for pitfalls and errors. It outlines the handling of natural and technical samples in relation to those of flat standard samples and emphasizes new special features. Pitfalls and sources of errors are clearly demonstrated as well as their efficient remedy when going from molecularly flat to rough surfaces. The academic or industrial scientist learns how to apply the principles for tackling their scientific or manufacturing tasks that include roughness far away from standard samples. |
afm data analysis software: Imaging Methods for Novel Materials and Challenging Applications, Volume 3 Helena Jin, Cesar Sciammarella, Cosme Furlong, Sanichiro Yoshida, 2012-09-22 Imaging Methods for Novel Materials and Challenging Applications, Volume 3: Proceedings of the 2012 Annual Conference on Experimental and Applied Mechanics, the third volume of seven from the Conference, brings together 62 contributions to this important area of research and engineering. The collection presents early findings and case studies on fundamental and applied aspects of Experimental and Applied Mechanics, including papers on: Role of optical interferometry in advancement of material characterization Three-dimensional imaging and volumetric correlation Digital holography and experimental mechanics Digital image correlation Metrology and displacement measurement at different scales Optical methods for dynamic tests Optical methods for and with MEMS and NEMS Thermomechanics and infrared imaging Imaging methods applied to biomaterials and soft materials Applied photoelasticity Optical measurement systems using polarized light Hybrid imaging techniques Contouring of surfaces Novel optical techniques |
afm data analysis software: Peptide Catalysts, including Catalytic Amyloids , 2024-05-28 Peptide Catalysts, including Catalytic Amyloids, Volume 697 in this esteemed series, highlights new advances in the field, with this new volume presenting interesting topics on Screening of oxidative behaviors in catalytic amyloid assemblies, Catalytic amyloids derived for natural proteins, AFM-IR studies of catalytic amyloids, MD structural studies of catalytic amyloids, Characterization of crystalline, amyloid-like amino acid assemblies, Computational modeling of supramolecular peptide assemblies, and Assembly and activity of short prion-inspired peptides. - Provides the authority and expertise of leading contributors from an international board of authors - Presents the latest release in Methods in Enzymology series - Updated release includes the latest information on Peptide Catalysts, including Catalytic Amyloids |
afm data analysis software: Scanning Force Microscopy of Polymers G. Julius Vancso, Holger Schönherr, 2010-08-02 Scope of the Book Synthetic and natural polymers exhibit a complex structural and morphological hierarchy on multiple length scales [1], which determines their performance. Thus, research aiming at visualizing structure and morphology using a multitude of microscopy techniques has received considerable attention since the early days of polymer science and technology. Various well-developed techniques such as optical microscopy and different forms of electron microscopy (Scanning Electron Micr- copy, SEM; Transmission Electron Microscopy, TEM; Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy, ESEM) allow one to view polymeric structure at different levels of magni?cation. These classical techniques, and their applications to po- mers, are well documented in the literature [2, 3]. The invention of Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM) inspired the devel- ment of Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and other forms of scanning proximity microscopes in the late 1980s [4, 5]. AFM, unlike STM, can be used to image n- conducting specimens such as polymers. In addition, AFM imaging is feasible in liquids, which has several advantages. Using liquid imaging cells the forces between specimen and AFM probe are drastically reduced, thus sample damage is prevented. In addition, the use of water as imaging medium opened up new applications aiming at imaging, characterizing, and analyzing biologically important systems. |
afm data analysis software: Acquired Heart Disease in Children: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis and Management Fangqi Gong, Fu Lijun, Xupei Huang, Hongfang Jin, 2021-09-15 |
afm data analysis software: Evaluation Technologies for Food Quality Jian Zhong, Xichang Wang, 2019-04-16 Evaluation Technologies for Food Quality summarizes food quality evaluation technologies, which include sensory evaluation techniques and chemical and physical analysis. In particular, the book introduces many novel micro and nano evaluation techniques, such as atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and other nanomaterial-based methods. All topics cover basic principles, procedures, advantages, limitations, recent technology development, and application progress in different types of foods. This book is a valuable resource for scientists in the field of food science, engineering, and professionals in the food industry, as well as for undergraduate and postgraduate students studying food quality evaluation technology. - Explains basic principles, procedures, advantages, limitations, and current applications of recent food quality technologies - Provides guidance on the understanding and application of food quality evaluation technology in the field of food research and food industry - Introduces many novel micro/nano evaluation techniques, such as atomic force and scanning electron microscopies and other nanomaterial-based methods |
afm data analysis software: Drosophila Christian Dahmann, 2022-08-18 This third edition expands on the previous editions by providing updated protocols and current methods that cover recent breakthroughs in Drosophila research. Chapters guide readers through FlyBase, versatile gene expression systems, analysis of microRNA function, single-cell transcriptome data and metabolism, recent applications of CRISPR for precise genome editing, transcriptional activation and cell lineage tracing, protein inhibition and tagging, optogenetic and optochemical control of tissue mechanics, AFM measurements, sample preparation for electron microscopy, live imaging of different tissues and organs, and quantitative image analysis. Written in the format of the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series, chapters include an introduction to their topic, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step and readily reproducible laboratory protocols, as well as tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls Authoritative and cutting-edge, Drosophila: Methods and Protocols, Third Edition serves as a useful and practical guide to new researchers and experts using Drosophila as a model system. Chapter 7 is available open access under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License via link.springer.com. |
Gwyddion – Free SPM (AFM, SNOM/NSOM, STM, MFM, …) data …
Gwyddion is a modular program for SPM (scanning probe microscopy) data visualization and analysis. Primarily it is intended for the analysis of height fields obtained by scanning probe …
Gwyddion – Download
Three major collections of Unix software for OS X, MacPorts (formerly DarwinPorts), Fink, and Homebrew, offer Gwyddion packages. The MacPorts port, maintained by Rolf Würdemann, …
Gwyddion – Tutorials
Tutorial Part 7/9: 2D FFT: Fourier Transformation and Filtering of AFM Image. This video covers the Fourier Transformation and Fourier Filtering of your data, how to analyse the results, how …
Gwyddion – Features
Gwyddion is a modular multiplatform software for SPM data analysis. The main idea behind Gwyddion development is to provide modular program for height field and image data …
Gwyddion – Documentation
Gwyddion – Free SPM (AFM, SNOM/NSOM, STM, MFM, …) data analysis software Documentation User documentation , Manual pages , Pygwy documentation , Developer …
Gwyddion – Applications
Gwyddion – Free SPM (AFM, SNOM/NSOM, STM, MFM, …) data analysis software Applications Most of interesting Gwyddion functions are provided as software libraries that you can use in …
Gwyddion – Publications
Gwyddion – Free SPM (AFM, SNOM/NSOM, STM, MFM, …) data analysis software Publications The following list contains publications that describe Gwyddion, its architecture, individual …
Gwyddion – Installation Requirements
Jun 8, 2014 · Gwyddion – Free SPM (AFM, SNOM/NSOM, STM, MFM, …) data analysis software
Gwyddion – Screenshots
Shape-fitting of various regular structures, including XYZ data. XFce/Linux, custom toolbox Facet marking , also featuring 3D view with a mask and false colour bar.
Statistical Analysis - Gwyddion
For AFM measurements, we usually evaluate the one-dimensional height-height correlation function based only on profiles along the fast scanning axis. It can therefore be evaluated from …
Gwyddion – Free SPM (AFM, SNOM/NSOM, STM, MFM, …) …
Gwyddion is a modular program for SPM (scanning probe microscopy) data visualization and analysis. Primarily it is intended for the analysis of height …
Gwyddion – Download
Three major collections of Unix software for OS X, MacPorts (formerly DarwinPorts), Fink, and Homebrew, offer Gwyddion packages. The …
Gwyddion – Tutorials
Tutorial Part 7/9: 2D FFT: Fourier Transformation and Filtering of AFM Image. This video covers the Fourier Transformation and Fourier Filtering …
Gwyddion – Features
Gwyddion is a modular multiplatform software for SPM data analysis. The main idea behind Gwyddion development is to provide modular …
Gwyddion – Documentation
Gwyddion – Free SPM (AFM, SNOM/NSOM, STM, MFM, …) data analysis software Documentation User documentation , Manual pages , …