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| example of pca analysis: Places Rated Almanac David Savageau, 1993 This sometimes controversial bestseller, completely updated with all new statistics, is packed with timely facts and unbiased information on more than 300 metropolitan areas in the U.S. and Canada. Each city is ranked according to costs of living, crime rates, cultural life, and environmental factors. |
| example of pca analysis: Principal Component Analysis I.T. Jolliffe, 2013-03-09 Principal component analysis is probably the oldest and best known of the It was first introduced by Pearson (1901), techniques ofmultivariate analysis. and developed independently by Hotelling (1933). Like many multivariate methods, it was not widely used until the advent of electronic computers, but it is now weIl entrenched in virtually every statistical computer package. The central idea of principal component analysis is to reduce the dimen sionality of a data set in which there are a large number of interrelated variables, while retaining as much as possible of the variation present in the data set. This reduction is achieved by transforming to a new set of variables, the principal components, which are uncorrelated, and which are ordered so that the first few retain most of the variation present in all of the original variables. Computation of the principal components reduces to the solution of an eigenvalue-eigenvector problem for a positive-semidefinite symmetrie matrix. Thus, the definition and computation of principal components are straightforward but, as will be seen, this apparently simple technique has a wide variety of different applications, as weIl as a number of different deri vations. Any feelings that principal component analysis is a narrow subject should soon be dispelled by the present book; indeed some quite broad topics which are related to principal component analysis receive no more than a brief mention in the final two chapters. |
| example of pca analysis: Data-Driven Science and Engineering Steven L. Brunton, J. Nathan Kutz, 2022-05-05 A textbook covering data-science and machine learning methods for modelling and control in engineering and science, with Python and MATLAB®. |
| example of pca analysis: Practical Guide To Principal Component Methods in R Alboukadel KASSAMBARA, 2017-08-23 Although there are several good books on principal component methods (PCMs) and related topics, we felt that many of them are either too theoretical or too advanced. This book provides a solid practical guidance to summarize, visualize and interpret the most important information in a large multivariate data sets, using principal component methods in R. The visualization is based on the factoextra R package that we developed for creating easily beautiful ggplot2-based graphs from the output of PCMs. This book contains 4 parts. Part I provides a quick introduction to R and presents the key features of FactoMineR and factoextra. Part II describes classical principal component methods to analyze data sets containing, predominantly, either continuous or categorical variables. These methods include: Principal Component Analysis (PCA, for continuous variables), simple correspondence analysis (CA, for large contingency tables formed by two categorical variables) and Multiple CA (MCA, for a data set with more than 2 categorical variables). In Part III, you'll learn advanced methods for analyzing a data set containing a mix of variables (continuous and categorical) structured or not into groups: Factor Analysis of Mixed Data (FAMD) and Multiple Factor Analysis (MFA). Part IV covers hierarchical clustering on principal components (HCPC), which is useful for performing clustering with a data set containing only categorical variables or with a mixed data of categorical and continuous variables. |
| example of pca analysis: Generalized Principal Component Analysis René Vidal, Yi Ma, Shankar Sastry, 2016-04-11 This book provides a comprehensive introduction to the latest advances in the mathematical theory and computational tools for modeling high-dimensional data drawn from one or multiple low-dimensional subspaces (or manifolds) and potentially corrupted by noise, gross errors, or outliers. This challenging task requires the development of new algebraic, geometric, statistical, and computational methods for efficient and robust estimation and segmentation of one or multiple subspaces. The book also presents interesting real-world applications of these new methods in image processing, image and video segmentation, face recognition and clustering, and hybrid system identification etc. This book is intended to serve as a textbook for graduate students and beginning researchers in data science, machine learning, computer vision, image and signal processing, and systems theory. It contains ample illustrations, examples, and exercises and is made largely self-contained with three Appendices which survey basic concepts and principles from statistics, optimization, and algebraic-geometry used in this book. René Vidal is a Professor of Biomedical Engineering and Director of the Vision Dynamics and Learning Lab at The Johns Hopkins University. Yi Ma is Executive Dean and Professor at the School of Information Science and Technology at ShanghaiTech University. S. Shankar Sastry is Dean of the College of Engineering, Professor of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science and Professor of Bioengineering at the University of California, Berkeley. |
| example of pca analysis: Python Data Science Handbook Jake VanderPlas, 2016-11-21 For many researchers, Python is a first-class tool mainly because of its libraries for storing, manipulating, and gaining insight from data. Several resources exist for individual pieces of this data science stack, but only with the Python Data Science Handbook do you get them all—IPython, NumPy, Pandas, Matplotlib, Scikit-Learn, and other related tools. Working scientists and data crunchers familiar with reading and writing Python code will find this comprehensive desk reference ideal for tackling day-to-day issues: manipulating, transforming, and cleaning data; visualizing different types of data; and using data to build statistical or machine learning models. Quite simply, this is the must-have reference for scientific computing in Python. With this handbook, you’ll learn how to use: IPython and Jupyter: provide computational environments for data scientists using Python NumPy: includes the ndarray for efficient storage and manipulation of dense data arrays in Python Pandas: features the DataFrame for efficient storage and manipulation of labeled/columnar data in Python Matplotlib: includes capabilities for a flexible range of data visualizations in Python Scikit-Learn: for efficient and clean Python implementations of the most important and established machine learning algorithms |
| example of pca analysis: Model-Based Machine Learning John Winn, 2023-11-30 Today, machine learning is being applied to a growing variety of problems in a bewildering variety of domains. A fundamental challenge when using machine learning is connecting the abstract mathematics of a machine learning technique to a concrete, real world problem. This book tackles this challenge through model-based machine learning which focuses on understanding the assumptions encoded in a machine learning system and their corresponding impact on the behaviour of the system. The key ideas of model-based machine learning are introduced through a series of case studies involving real-world applications. Case studies play a central role because it is only in the context of applications that it makes sense to discuss modelling assumptions. Each chapter introduces one case study and works through step-by-step to solve it using a model-based approach. The aim is not just to explain machine learning methods, but also showcase how to create, debug, and evolve them to solve a problem. Features: Explores the assumptions being made by machine learning systems and the effect these assumptions have when the system is applied to concrete problems. Explains machine learning concepts as they arise in real-world case studies. Shows how to diagnose, understand and address problems with machine learning systems. Full source code available, allowing models and results to be reproduced and explored. Includes optional deep-dive sections with more mathematical details on inference algorithms for the interested reader. |
| example of pca analysis: Hands-On Machine Learning with R Brad Boehmke, Brandon M. Greenwell, 2019-11-07 Hands-on Machine Learning with R provides a practical and applied approach to learning and developing intuition into today’s most popular machine learning methods. This book serves as a practitioner’s guide to the machine learning process and is meant to help the reader learn to apply the machine learning stack within R, which includes using various R packages such as glmnet, h2o, ranger, xgboost, keras, and others to effectively model and gain insight from their data. The book favors a hands-on approach, providing an intuitive understanding of machine learning concepts through concrete examples and just a little bit of theory. Throughout this book, the reader will be exposed to the entire machine learning process including feature engineering, resampling, hyperparameter tuning, model evaluation, and interpretation. The reader will be exposed to powerful algorithms such as regularized regression, random forests, gradient boosting machines, deep learning, generalized low rank models, and more! By favoring a hands-on approach and using real word data, the reader will gain an intuitive understanding of the architectures and engines that drive these algorithms and packages, understand when and how to tune the various hyperparameters, and be able to interpret model results. By the end of this book, the reader should have a firm grasp of R’s machine learning stack and be able to implement a systematic approach for producing high quality modeling results. Features: · Offers a practical and applied introduction to the most popular machine learning methods. · Topics covered include feature engineering, resampling, deep learning and more. · Uses a hands-on approach and real world data. |
| example of pca analysis: An Introduction to Applied Multivariate Analysis with R Brian Everitt, Torsten Hothorn, 2011-04-23 The majority of data sets collected by researchers in all disciplines are multivariate, meaning that several measurements, observations, or recordings are taken on each of the units in the data set. These units might be human subjects, archaeological artifacts, countries, or a vast variety of other things. In a few cases, it may be sensible to isolate each variable and study it separately, but in most instances all the variables need to be examined simultaneously in order to fully grasp the structure and key features of the data. For this purpose, one or another method of multivariate analysis might be helpful, and it is with such methods that this book is largely concerned. Multivariate analysis includes methods both for describing and exploring such data and for making formal inferences about them. The aim of all the techniques is, in general sense, to display or extract the signal in the data in the presence of noise and to find out what the data show us in the midst of their apparent chaos. An Introduction to Applied Multivariate Analysis with R explores the correct application of these methods so as to extract as much information as possible from the data at hand, particularly as some type of graphical representation, via the R software. Throughout the book, the authors give many examples of R code used to apply the multivariate techniques to multivariate data. |
| example of pca analysis: A User's Guide to Principal Components J. Edward Jackson, 2005-01-21 WILEY-INTERSCIENCE PAPERBACK SERIES The Wiley-Interscience Paperback Series consists of selected books that have been made more accessible to consumers in an effort to increase global appeal and general circulation. With these new unabridged softcover volumes, Wiley hopes to extend the lives of these works by making them available to future generations of statisticians, mathematicians, and scientists. From the Reviews of A User’s Guide to Principal Components The book is aptly and correctly named–A User’s Guide. It is the kind of book that a user at any level, novice or skilled practitioner, would want to have at hand for autotutorial, for refresher, or as a general-purpose guide through the maze of modern PCA. –Technometrics I recommend A User’s Guide to Principal Components to anyone who is running multivariate analyses, or who contemplates performing such analyses. Those who write their own software will find the book helpful in designing better programs. Those who use off-the-shelf software will find it invaluable in interpreting the results. –Mathematical Geology |
| example of pca analysis: Methods of Multivariate Analysis Alvin C. Rencher, 2003-04-14 Amstat News asked three review editors to rate their top five favorite books in the September 2003 issue. Methods of Multivariate Analysis was among those chosen. When measuring several variables on a complex experimental unit, it is often necessary to analyze the variables simultaneously, rather than isolate them and consider them individually. Multivariate analysis enables researchers to explore the joint performance of such variables and to determine the effect of each variable in the presence of the others. The Second Edition of Alvin Rencher's Methods of Multivariate Analysis provides students of all statistical backgrounds with both the fundamental and more sophisticated skills necessary to master the discipline. To illustrate multivariate applications, the author provides examples and exercises based on fifty-nine real data sets from a wide variety of scientific fields. Rencher takes a methods approach to his subject, with an emphasis on how students and practitioners can employ multivariate analysis in real-life situations. The Second Edition contains revised and updated chapters from the critically acclaimed First Edition as well as brand-new chapters on: Cluster analysis Multidimensional scaling Correspondence analysis Biplots Each chapter contains exercises, with corresponding answers and hints in the appendix, providing students the opportunity to test and extend their understanding of the subject. Methods of Multivariate Analysis provides an authoritative reference for statistics students as well as for practicing scientists and clinicians. |
| example of pca analysis: An Introduction to Statistical Learning Gareth James, Daniela Witten, Trevor Hastie, Robert Tibshirani, Jonathan Taylor, 2023-08-01 An Introduction to Statistical Learning provides an accessible overview of the field of statistical learning, an essential toolset for making sense of the vast and complex data sets that have emerged in fields ranging from biology to finance, marketing, and astrophysics in the past twenty years. This book presents some of the most important modeling and prediction techniques, along with relevant applications. Topics include linear regression, classification, resampling methods, shrinkage approaches, tree-based methods, support vector machines, clustering, deep learning, survival analysis, multiple testing, and more. Color graphics and real-world examples are used to illustrate the methods presented. This book is targeted at statisticians and non-statisticians alike, who wish to use cutting-edge statistical learning techniques to analyze their data. Four of the authors co-wrote An Introduction to Statistical Learning, With Applications in R (ISLR), which has become a mainstay of undergraduate and graduate classrooms worldwide, as well as an important reference book for data scientists. One of the keys to its success was that each chapter contains a tutorial on implementing the analyses and methods presented in the R scientific computing environment. However, in recent years Python has become a popular language for data science, and there has been increasing demand for a Python-based alternative to ISLR. Hence, this book (ISLP) covers the same materials as ISLR but with labs implemented in Python. These labs will be useful both for Python novices, as well as experienced users. |
| example of pca analysis: MATLAB® Recipes for Earth Sciences Martin H. Trauth, Robin Gebbers, Norbert Marwan, 2007 Introduces methods of data analysis in geosciences using MATLAB such as basic statistics for univariate, bivariate and multivariate datasets, jackknife and bootstrap resampling schemes, processing of digital elevation models, gridding and contouring, geostatistics and kriging, processing and georeferencing of satellite images, digitizing from the screen, linear and nonlinear time-series analysis and the application of linear time-invariant and adaptive filters. Includes a brief description of each method and numerous examples demonstrating how MATLAB can be used on data sets from earth sciences. |
| example of pca analysis: Statistics for Machine Learning Pratap Dangeti, 2017-07-21 Build Machine Learning models with a sound statistical understanding. About This Book Learn about the statistics behind powerful predictive models with p-value, ANOVA, and F- statistics. Implement statistical computations programmatically for supervised and unsupervised learning through K-means clustering. Master the statistical aspect of Machine Learning with the help of this example-rich guide to R and Python. Who This Book Is For This book is intended for developers with little to no background in statistics, who want to implement Machine Learning in their systems. Some programming knowledge in R or Python will be useful. What You Will Learn Understand the Statistical and Machine Learning fundamentals necessary to build models Understand the major differences and parallels between the statistical way and the Machine Learning way to solve problems Learn how to prepare data and feed models by using the appropriate Machine Learning algorithms from the more-than-adequate R and Python packages Analyze the results and tune the model appropriately to your own predictive goals Understand the concepts of required statistics for Machine Learning Introduce yourself to necessary fundamentals required for building supervised & unsupervised deep learning models Learn reinforcement learning and its application in the field of artificial intelligence domain In Detail Complex statistics in Machine Learning worry a lot of developers. Knowing statistics helps you build strong Machine Learning models that are optimized for a given problem statement. This book will teach you all it takes to perform complex statistical computations required for Machine Learning. You will gain information on statistics behind supervised learning, unsupervised learning, reinforcement learning, and more. Understand the real-world examples that discuss the statistical side of Machine Learning and familiarize yourself with it. You will also design programs for performing tasks such as model, parameter fitting, regression, classification, density collection, and more. By the end of the book, you will have mastered the required statistics for Machine Learning and will be able to apply your new skills to any sort of industry problem. Style and approach This practical, step-by-step guide will give you an understanding of the Statistical and Machine Learning fundamentals you'll need to build models. |
| example of pca analysis: Biplots in Practice Michael J. Greenacre, 2010 Este libro explica las aplicaciones específicas y las interpretaciones del biplot en muchas áreas del análisis multivariante. regresión, modelos lineales generalizados, análisis de componentes principales, análisis de correspondencias y análisis discriminante. |
| example of pca analysis: Measurement and Multivariate Analysis Shizuhiko Nishisato, Y. Baba, H. Bozdogan, K. Kanefuji, 2013-11-11 Diversity is characteristic of the information age and also of statistics. To date, the social sciences have contributed greatly to the development of handling data under the rubric of measurement, while the statistical sciences have made phenomenal advances in theory and algorithms. Measurement and Multivariate Analysis promotes an effective interplay between those two realms of research-diversity with unity. The union and the intersection of those two areas of interest are reflected in the papers in this book, drawn from an international conference in Banff, Canada, with participants from 15 countries. In five major categories - scaling, structural analysis, statistical inference, algorithms, and data analysis - readers will find a rich variety of topics of current interest in the extended statistical community. |
| example of pca analysis: Exploratory Multivariate Analysis by Example Using R Francois Husson, Sebastien Le, Jérôme Pagès, 2017-04-25 Full of real-world case studies and practical advice, Exploratory Multivariate Analysis by Example Using R, Second Edition focuses on four fundamental methods of multivariate exploratory data analysis that are most suitable for applications. It covers principal component analysis (PCA) when variables are quantitative, correspondence analysis (CA) a |
| example of pca analysis: Factor analysis and principal component analysis Di Franco, Marradi, 2013 |
| example of pca analysis: Python Machine Learning Sebastian Raschka, 2015-09-23 Unlock deeper insights into Machine Leaning with this vital guide to cutting-edge predictive analytics About This Book Leverage Python's most powerful open-source libraries for deep learning, data wrangling, and data visualization Learn effective strategies and best practices to improve and optimize machine learning systems and algorithms Ask – and answer – tough questions of your data with robust statistical models, built for a range of datasets Who This Book Is For If you want to find out how to use Python to start answering critical questions of your data, pick up Python Machine Learning – whether you want to get started from scratch or want to extend your data science knowledge, this is an essential and unmissable resource. What You Will Learn Explore how to use different machine learning models to ask different questions of your data Learn how to build neural networks using Keras and Theano Find out how to write clean and elegant Python code that will optimize the strength of your algorithms Discover how to embed your machine learning model in a web application for increased accessibility Predict continuous target outcomes using regression analysis Uncover hidden patterns and structures in data with clustering Organize data using effective pre-processing techniques Get to grips with sentiment analysis to delve deeper into textual and social media data In Detail Machine learning and predictive analytics are transforming the way businesses and other organizations operate. Being able to understand trends and patterns in complex data is critical to success, becoming one of the key strategies for unlocking growth in a challenging contemporary marketplace. Python can help you deliver key insights into your data – its unique capabilities as a language let you build sophisticated algorithms and statistical models that can reveal new perspectives and answer key questions that are vital for success. Python Machine Learning gives you access to the world of predictive analytics and demonstrates why Python is one of the world's leading data science languages. If you want to ask better questions of data, or need to improve and extend the capabilities of your machine learning systems, this practical data science book is invaluable. Covering a wide range of powerful Python libraries, including scikit-learn, Theano, and Keras, and featuring guidance and tips on everything from sentiment analysis to neural networks, you'll soon be able to answer some of the most important questions facing you and your organization. Style and approach Python Machine Learning connects the fundamental theoretical principles behind machine learning to their practical application in a way that focuses you on asking and answering the right questions. It walks you through the key elements of Python and its powerful machine learning libraries, while demonstrating how to get to grips with a range of statistical models. |
| example of pca analysis: Beginner's Guide to Principal Components Kilem Li Gwet, 2020-11-11 The Beginner's Guide to Principal Components is a book that introduces beginner readers to the field of principal component analysis. Principal component analysis was invented in the beginning of the twentieth century and has been extensively used by statisticians and social scientists. It has found new applications in the era of big data and artificial intelligence. With a growing number of users of principal component analysis, comes the need to present the materials for a broader audience with limited mathematical background, but with a clear desire to understand how the techniques work. This book does not require a strong background in linear algebra. All concepts related to linear or matrix algebra and needed to understand the principal components will be introduce at a basic level. However, any prior exposure to linear or matrix algebra will be helpful. The more you want to understand principal components, the deeper you need to delve into the underlying mathematics. - One can use any of the software products that implement principal component analysis, without having to worry about the underlying mathematics. However, I advise that you develop some understanding of the logic and the mechanics of principal component analysis before you start crunching numbers. - This book introduces the Excel template pca.xlsm, which can be downloaded for free at https: //agreestat.com/books/pca/pca.xlsm. I expect Excel users to find it useful for implementing the different techniques discussed in this book. Non Excel users have a few free alternative options such as the R software. |
| example of pca analysis: Three-mode Principal Component Analysis Pieter M. Kroonenberg, 1983 |
| example of pca analysis: A Step-by-Step Approach to Using SAS for Factor Analysis and Structural Equation Modeling Larry Hatcher, Norm O'Rourke, 2013-03-01 Annotation Structural equation modeling (SEM) has become one of the most important statistical procedures in the social and behavioral sciences. This easy-to-understand guide makes SEM accessible to all userseven those whose training in statistics is limited or who have never used SAS. It gently guides users through the basics of using SAS and shows how to perform some of the most sophisticated data-analysis procedures used by researchers: exploratory factor analysis, path analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, and structural equation modeling. It shows how to perform analyses with user-friendly PROC CALIS, and offers solutions for problems often encountered in real-world research. This second edition contains new material on sample-size estimation for path analysis and structural equation modeling. In a single user-friendly volume, students and researchers will find all the information they need in order to master SAS basics before moving on to factor analysis, path analysis, and other advanced statistical procedures. |
| example of pca analysis: Statistics for Marketing and Consumer Research Mario Mazzocchi, 2008-05-22 Balancing simplicity with technical rigour, this practical guide to the statistical techniques essential to research in marketing and related fields, describes each method as well as showing how they are applied. The book is accompanied by two real data sets to replicate examples and with exercises to solve, as well as detailed guidance on the use of appropriate software including: - 750 powerpoint slides with lecture notes and step-by-step guides to run analyses in SPSS (also includes screenshots) - 136 multiple choice questions for tests This is augmented by in-depth discussion of topics including: - Sampling - Data management and statistical packages - Hypothesis testing - Cluster analysis - Structural equation modelling |
| example of pca analysis: Grokking Machine Learning Luis Serrano, 2021-12-14 Grokking Machine Learning presents machine learning algorithms and techniques in a way that anyone can understand. This book skips the confused academic jargon and offers clear explanations that require only basic algebra. As you go, you'll build interesting projects with Python, including models for spam detection and image recognition. You'll also pick up practical skills for cleaning and preparing data. |
| example of pca analysis: Probabilistic Machine Learning Kevin P. Murphy, 2022-03-01 A detailed and up-to-date introduction to machine learning, presented through the unifying lens of probabilistic modeling and Bayesian decision theory. This book offers a detailed and up-to-date introduction to machine learning (including deep learning) through the unifying lens of probabilistic modeling and Bayesian decision theory. The book covers mathematical background (including linear algebra and optimization), basic supervised learning (including linear and logistic regression and deep neural networks), as well as more advanced topics (including transfer learning and unsupervised learning). End-of-chapter exercises allow students to apply what they have learned, and an appendix covers notation. Probabilistic Machine Learning grew out of the author’s 2012 book, Machine Learning: A Probabilistic Perspective. More than just a simple update, this is a completely new book that reflects the dramatic developments in the field since 2012, most notably deep learning. In addition, the new book is accompanied by online Python code, using libraries such as scikit-learn, JAX, PyTorch, and Tensorflow, which can be used to reproduce nearly all the figures; this code can be run inside a web browser using cloud-based notebooks, and provides a practical complement to the theoretical topics discussed in the book. This introductory text will be followed by a sequel that covers more advanced topics, taking the same probabilistic approach. |
| example of pca analysis: Mathematics for Machine Learning Marc Peter Deisenroth, A. Aldo Faisal, Cheng Soon Ong, 2020-04-23 The fundamental mathematical tools needed to understand machine learning include linear algebra, analytic geometry, matrix decompositions, vector calculus, optimization, probability and statistics. These topics are traditionally taught in disparate courses, making it hard for data science or computer science students, or professionals, to efficiently learn the mathematics. This self-contained textbook bridges the gap between mathematical and machine learning texts, introducing the mathematical concepts with a minimum of prerequisites. It uses these concepts to derive four central machine learning methods: linear regression, principal component analysis, Gaussian mixture models and support vector machines. For students and others with a mathematical background, these derivations provide a starting point to machine learning texts. For those learning the mathematics for the first time, the methods help build intuition and practical experience with applying mathematical concepts. Every chapter includes worked examples and exercises to test understanding. Programming tutorials are offered on the book's web site. |
| example of pca analysis: R for Data Science Hadley Wickham, Garrett Grolemund, 2016-12-12 Learn how to use R to turn raw data into insight, knowledge, and understanding. This book introduces you to R, RStudio, and the tidyverse, a collection of R packages designed to work together to make data science fast, fluent, and fun. Suitable for readers with no previous programming experience, R for Data Science is designed to get you doing data science as quickly as possible. Authors Hadley Wickham and Garrett Grolemund guide you through the steps of importing, wrangling, exploring, and modeling your data and communicating the results. You'll get a complete, big-picture understanding of the data science cycle, along with basic tools you need to manage the details. Each section of the book is paired with exercises to help you practice what you've learned along the way. You'll learn how to: Wrangle—transform your datasets into a form convenient for analysis Program—learn powerful R tools for solving data problems with greater clarity and ease Explore—examine your data, generate hypotheses, and quickly test them Model—provide a low-dimensional summary that captures true signals in your dataset Communicate—learn R Markdown for integrating prose, code, and results |
| example of pca analysis: The Elements of Statistical Learning Trevor Hastie, Robert Tibshirani, Jerome Friedman, 2013-11-11 During the past decade there has been an explosion in computation and information technology. With it have come vast amounts of data in a variety of fields such as medicine, biology, finance, and marketing. The challenge of understanding these data has led to the development of new tools in the field of statistics, and spawned new areas such as data mining, machine learning, and bioinformatics. Many of these tools have common underpinnings but are often expressed with different terminology. This book describes the important ideas in these areas in a common conceptual framework. While the approach is statistical, the emphasis is on concepts rather than mathematics. Many examples are given, with a liberal use of color graphics. It should be a valuable resource for statisticians and anyone interested in data mining in science or industry. The book’s coverage is broad, from supervised learning (prediction) to unsupervised learning. The many topics include neural networks, support vector machines, classification trees and boosting---the first comprehensive treatment of this topic in any book. This major new edition features many topics not covered in the original, including graphical models, random forests, ensemble methods, least angle regression & path algorithms for the lasso, non-negative matrix factorization, and spectral clustering. There is also a chapter on methods for “wide” data (p bigger than n), including multiple testing and false discovery rates. Trevor Hastie, Robert Tibshirani, and Jerome Friedman are professors of statistics at Stanford University. They are prominent researchers in this area: Hastie and Tibshirani developed generalized additive models and wrote a popular book of that title. Hastie co-developed much of the statistical modeling software and environment in R/S-PLUS and invented principal curves and surfaces. Tibshirani proposed the lasso and is co-author of the very successful An Introduction to the Bootstrap. Friedman is the co-inventor of many data-mining tools including CART, MARS, projection pursuit and gradient boosting. |
| example of pca analysis: Multivariate Statistics for Wildlife and Ecology Research Kevin McGarigal, Samuel A. Cushman, Susan Stafford, 2013-12-01 With its focus on the practical application of the techniques of multivariate statistics, this book shapes the powerful tools of statistics for the specific needs of ecologists and makes statistics more applicable to their course of study. It gives readers a solid conceptual understanding of the role of multivariate statistics in ecological applications and the relationships among various techniques, while avoiding detailed mathematics and the underlying theory. More importantly, the reader will gain insight into the type of research questions best handled by each technique and the important considerations in applying them. Whether used as a textbook for specialised courses or as a supplement to general statistics texts, the book emphasises those techniques that students of ecology and natural resources most need to understand and employ in their research. While targeted for upper-division and graduate students in wildlife biology, forestry, and ecology, and for professional wildlife scientists and natural resource managers, this book will also be valuable to researchers in any of the biological sciences. |
| example of pca analysis: Multivariate Time Series Analysis and Applications William W. S. Wei, 2019-03-18 An essential guide on high dimensional multivariate time series including all the latest topics from one of the leading experts in the field Following the highly successful and much lauded book, Time Series Analysis—Univariate and Multivariate Methods, this new work by William W.S. Wei focuses on high dimensional multivariate time series, and is illustrated with numerous high dimensional empirical time series. Beginning with the fundamentalconcepts and issues of multivariate time series analysis,this book covers many topics that are not found in general multivariate time series books. Some of these are repeated measurements, space-time series modelling, and dimension reduction. The book also looks at vector time series models, multivariate time series regression models, and principle component analysis of multivariate time series. Additionally, it provides readers with information on factor analysis of multivariate time series, multivariate GARCH models, and multivariate spectral analysis of time series. With the development of computers and the internet, we have increased potential for data exploration. In the next few years, dimension will become a more serious problem. Multivariate Time Series Analysis and its Applications provides some initial solutions, which may encourage the development of related software needed for the high dimensional multivariate time series analysis. Written by bestselling author and leading expert in the field Covers topics not yet explored in current multivariate books Features classroom tested material Written specifically for time series courses Multivariate Time Series Analysis and its Applications is designed for an advanced time series analysis course. It is a must-have for anyone studying time series analysis and is also relevant for students in economics, biostatistics, and engineering. |
| example of pca analysis: Multivariate Analysis of Ecological Data Michael Greenacre, Raul Primicerio, 2014-01-09 La diversidad biológica es fruto de la interacción entre numerosas especies, ya sean marinas, vegetales o animales, a la par que de los muchos factores limitantes que caracterizan el medio que habitan. El análisis multivariante utiliza las relaciones entre diferentes variables para ordenar los objetos de estudio según sus propiedades colectivas y luego clasificarlos; es decir, agrupar especies o ecosistemas en distintas clases compuestas cada una por entidades con propiedades parecidas. El fin último es relacionar la variabilidad biológica observada con las correspondientes características medioambientales. Multivariate Analysis of Ecological Data explica de manera completa y estructurada cómo analizar e interpretar los datos ecológicos observados sobre múltiples variables, tanto biológicos como medioambientales. Tras una introducción general a los datos ecológicos multivariantes y la metodología estadística, se abordan en capítulos específicos, métodos como aglomeración (clustering), regresión, biplots, escalado multidimensional, análisis de correspondencias (simple y canónico) y análisis log-ratio, con atención también a sus problemas de modelado y aspectos inferenciales. El libro plantea una serie de aplicaciones a datos reales derivados de investigaciones ecológicas, además de dos casos detallados que llevan al lector a apreciar los retos de análisis, interpretación y comunicación inherentes a los estudios a gran escala y los diseños complejos. |
| example of pca analysis: Illustrative Examples of Principal Component Analysis Using BMDP/4M* Walter Theodore Federer, C. E. McCulloch, N. J. Miles-McDermott, 1987 In order to provide a deeper understanding of the workings of principal components, four data sets were constructed by taking linear combinations of values of two uncorrelated variables to form the X-variates for the principal component analysis. The examples highlight some of the properties and limitations of the principal component analysis. This is part of a continuing project that produces annotated computer output for principal component analysis. The complete project will involve processing four examples on SAS/PRINCOMP, BMDP/4M, SPSS-X/FACTOR, GENSTAT/PCP, and SYSTAT/FACTOR. We show here the results from BMDP/4M, Version 85. |
| example of pca analysis: Predictive Analytics For Dummies Anasse Bari, Mohamed Chaouchi, Tommy Jung, 2014-03-06 Combine business sense, statistics, and computers in a new and intuitive way, thanks to Big Data Predictive analytics is a branch of data mining that helps predict probabilities and trends. Predictive Analytics For Dummies explores the power of predictive analytics and how you can use it to make valuable predictions for your business, or in fields such as advertising, fraud detection, politics, and others. This practical book does not bog you down with loads of mathematical or scientific theory, but instead helps you quickly see how to use the right algorithms and tools to collect and analyze data and apply it to make predictions. Topics include using structured and unstructured data, building models, creating a predictive analysis roadmap, setting realistic goals, budgeting, and much more. Shows readers how to use Big Data and data mining to discover patterns and make predictions for tech-savvy businesses Helps readers see how to shepherd predictive analytics projects through their companies Explains just enough of the science and math, but also focuses on practical issues such as protecting project budgets, making good presentations, and more Covers nuts-and-bolts topics including predictive analytics basics, using structured and unstructured data, data mining, and algorithms and techniques for analyzing data Also covers clustering, association, and statistical models; creating a predictive analytics roadmap; and applying predictions to the web, marketing, finance, health care, and elsewhere Propose, produce, and protect predictive analytics projects through your company with Predictive Analytics For Dummies. |
| example of pca analysis: Illustrative Examples of Principal Component Analysis Using SAS/PRINCOMP Walter Theodore Federer, 1986 |
| example of pca analysis: Illustrative Examples of Principal Component Analysis Using SPSS-X/FACTOR Walter Theodore Federer, 1987 In order to provide a deeper understanding of the workings of principal components, four data sets were constructed by taking linear combinations of values of two uncorrelated variables to form the X-variates for the principal component analysis. The examples highlight some of the properties and limitations of principal component analysis. This is part of a continuing project that produces annotated computer output for principal component analysis. The complete project will involve processing four examples on SAS/PRINCOMP, BMDP/4M, SPSS-X/FACTOR, GENSTAT/PCP, and SYSTAT/FACTOR. We show here the results from SPSS-X/FACTOR, Release 2.2. |
| example of pca analysis: Comprehensive Chemometrics , 2009-03-09 Designed to serve as the first point of reference on the subject, Comprehensive Chemometrics presents an integrated summary of the present state of chemical and biochemical data analysis and manipulation. The work covers all major areas ranging from statistics to data acquisition, analysis, and applications. This major reference work provides broad-ranging, validated summaries of the major topics in chemometrics—with chapter introductions and advanced reviews for each area. The level of material is appropriate for graduate students as well as active researchers seeking a ready reference on obtaining and analyzing scientific data. Features the contributions of leading experts from 21 countries, under the guidance of the Editors-in-Chief and a team of specialist Section Editors: L. Buydens; D. Coomans; P. Van Espen; A. De Juan; J.H. Kalivas; B.K. Lavine; R. Leardi; R. Phan-Tan-Luu; L.A. Sarabia; and J. Trygg Examines the merits and limitations of each technique through practical examples and extensive visuals: 368 tables and more than 1,300 illustrations (750 in full color) Integrates coverage of chemical and biological methods, allowing readers to consider and test a range of techniques Consists of 2,200 pages and more than 90 review articles, making it the most comprehensive work of its kind Offers print and online purchase options, the latter of which delivers flexibility, accessibility, and usability through the search tools and other productivity-enhancing features of ScienceDirect |
| example of pca analysis: Quantitative Geosciences: Data Analytics, Geostatistics, Reservoir Characterization and Modeling Y. Z. Ma, 2019-07-15 Earth science is becoming increasingly quantitative in the digital age. Quantification of geoscience and engineering problems underpins many of the applications of big data and artificial intelligence. This book presents quantitative geosciences in three parts. Part 1 presents data analytics using probability, statistical and machine-learning methods. Part 2 covers reservoir characterization using several geoscience disciplines: including geology, geophysics, petrophysics and geostatistics. Part 3 treats reservoir modeling, resource evaluation and uncertainty analysis using integrated geoscience, engineering and geostatistical methods. As the petroleum industry is heading towards operating oil fields digitally, a multidisciplinary skillset is a must for geoscientists who need to use data analytics to resolve inconsistencies in various sources of data, model reservoir properties, evaluate uncertainties, and quantify risk for decision making. This book intends to serve as a bridge for advancing the multidisciplinary integration for digital fields. The goal is to move beyond using quantitative methods individually to an integrated descriptive-quantitative analysis. In big data, everything tells us something, but nothing tells us everything. This book emphasizes the integrated, multidisciplinary solutions for practical problems in resource evaluation and field development. |
| example of pca analysis: Computational Genomics with R Altuna Akalin, 2020-12-16 Computational Genomics with R provides a starting point for beginners in genomic data analysis and also guides more advanced practitioners to sophisticated data analysis techniques in genomics. The book covers topics from R programming, to machine learning and statistics, to the latest genomic data analysis techniques. The text provides accessible information and explanations, always with the genomics context in the background. This also contains practical and well-documented examples in R so readers can analyze their data by simply reusing the code presented. As the field of computational genomics is interdisciplinary, it requires different starting points for people with different backgrounds. For example, a biologist might skip sections on basic genome biology and start with R programming, whereas a computer scientist might want to start with genome biology. After reading: You will have the basics of R and be able to dive right into specialized uses of R for computational genomics such as using Bioconductor packages. You will be familiar with statistics, supervised and unsupervised learning techniques that are important in data modeling, and exploratory analysis of high-dimensional data. You will understand genomic intervals and operations on them that are used for tasks such as aligned read counting and genomic feature annotation. You will know the basics of processing and quality checking high-throughput sequencing data. You will be able to do sequence analysis, such as calculating GC content for parts of a genome or finding transcription factor binding sites. You will know about visualization techniques used in genomics, such as heatmaps, meta-gene plots, and genomic track visualization. You will be familiar with analysis of different high-throughput sequencing data sets, such as RNA-seq, ChIP-seq, and BS-seq. You will know basic techniques for integrating and interpreting multi-omics datasets. Altuna Akalin is a group leader and head of the Bioinformatics and Omics Data Science Platform at the Berlin Institute of Medical Systems Biology, Max Delbrück Center, Berlin. He has been developing computational methods for analyzing and integrating large-scale genomics data sets since 2002. He has published an extensive body of work in this area. The framework for this book grew out of the yearly computational genomics courses he has been organizing and teaching since 2015. |
| example of pca analysis: Data Mining for Business Intelligence Galit Shmueli, Nitin R. Patel, Peter C. Bruce, 2006-12-11 Learn how to develop models for classification, prediction, and customer segmentation with the help of Data Mining for Business Intelligence In today's world, businesses are becoming more capable of accessing their ideal consumers, and an understanding of data mining contributes to this success. Data Mining for Business Intelligence, which was developed from a course taught at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's Sloan School of Management, and the University of Maryland's Smith School of Business, uses real data and actual cases to illustrate the applicability of data mining intelligence to the development of successful business models. Featuring XLMiner, the Microsoft Office Excel add-in, this book allows readers to follow along and implement algorithms at their own speed, with a minimal learning curve. In addition, students and practitioners of data mining techniques are presented with hands-on, business-oriented applications. An abundant amount of exercises and examples are provided to motivate learning and understanding. Data Mining for Business Intelligence: Provides both a theoretical and practical understanding of the key methods of classification, prediction, reduction, exploration, and affinity analysis Features a business decision-making context for these key methods Illustrates the application and interpretation of these methods using real business cases and data This book helps readers understand the beneficial relationship that can be established between data mining and smart business practices, and is an excellent learning tool for creating valuable strategies and making wiser business decisions. |
| example of pca analysis: Illustrative Examples of Principal Component Analysis Using SYSTAT/FACTOR* Walter Theodore Federer, C. E. McCulloch, N. J. Miles-McDermott, 1987 In order to provide a deeper understanding of the workings of principal components, four data sets were constructed by taking linear combinations of values of two correlated variables to form the X-variates for the principal component analysis. The examples highlight some of the properties and limitations of principal component analysis. This is part of a continuing project that produces annotated computer output for principal component analysis. The complete project will involve processing four examples on SAS/PRINCOMP, BMDP/4M, SPSS-X/FACTOR, GENSTAT / PCP, and SYSTAT / FACTOR. We show here the results from SYSTAT/FACTOR, Version 3. (Author). |
EXAMPLE Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster
The meaning of EXAMPLE is one that serves as a pattern to be imitated or not to be imitated. How to use example in a sentence. Synonym Discussion of Example.
EXAMPLE | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary
EXAMPLE definition: 1. something that is typical of the group of things that it is a member of: 2. a way of helping…. Learn more.
EXAMPLE Definition & Meaning | Dictionary.com
one of a number of things, or a part of something, taken to show the character of the whole. This painting is an example of his early work. a pattern or model, as of something to be imitated or …
Example - definition of example by The Free Dictionary
1. one of a number of things, or a part of something, taken to show the character of the whole. 2. a pattern or model, as of something to be imitated or avoided: to set a good example. 3. an …
Example Definition & Meaning - YourDictionary
To be illustrated or exemplified (by). Wear something simple; for example, a skirt and blouse.
EXAMPLE - Meaning & Translations | Collins English Dictionary
An example of something is a particular situation, object, or person which shows that what is being claimed is true. 2. An example of a particular class of objects or styles is something that has …
example noun - Definition, pictures, pronunciation and usage notes ...
used to emphasize something that explains or supports what you are saying; used to give an example of what you are saying. There is a similar word in many languages, for example in French …
Example - Definition, Meaning & Synonyms - Vocabulary.com
An example is a particular instance of something that is representative of a group, or an illustration of something that's been generally described. Example comes from the Latin word for …
example - definition and meaning - Wordnik
noun Something that serves as a pattern of behaviour to be imitated (a good example) or not to be imitated (a bad example). noun A person punished as a warning to others. noun A parallel or …
EXAMPLE Synonyms: 20 Similar Words - Merriam-Webster
Some common synonyms of example are case, illustration, instance, sample, and specimen. While all these words mean "something that exhibits distinguishing characteristics in its category," …
EXAMPLE Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster
The meaning of EXAMPLE is one that serves as a pattern to be imitated or not to be imitated. How to use example in a sentence. Synonym Discussion of Example.
EXAMPLE | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary
EXAMPLE definition: 1. something that is typical of the group of things that it is a member of: 2. a way of helping…. Learn more.
EXAMPLE Definition & Meaning | Dictionary.com
one of a number of things, or a part of something, taken to show the character of the whole. This painting is an example of his early work. a pattern or model, as of something to be imitated or …
Example - definition of example by The Free Dictionary
1. one of a number of things, or a part of something, taken to show the character of the whole. 2. a pattern or model, as of something to be imitated or avoided: to set a good example. 3. an …
Example Definition & Meaning - YourDictionary
To be illustrated or exemplified (by). Wear something simple; for example, a skirt and blouse.
EXAMPLE - Meaning & Translations | Collins English Dictionary
An example of something is a particular situation, object, or person which shows that what is being claimed is true. 2. An example of a particular class of objects or styles is something that …
example noun - Definition, pictures, pronunciation and usage …
used to emphasize something that explains or supports what you are saying; used to give an example of what you are saying. There is a similar word in many languages, for example in …
Example - Definition, Meaning & Synonyms - Vocabulary.com
An example is a particular instance of something that is representative of a group, or an illustration of something that's been generally described. Example comes from the Latin word …
example - definition and meaning - Wordnik
noun Something that serves as a pattern of behaviour to be imitated (a good example) or not to be imitated (a bad example). noun A person punished as a warning to others. noun A parallel …
EXAMPLE Synonyms: 20 Similar Words - Merriam-Webster
Some common synonyms of example are case, illustration, instance, sample, and specimen. While all these words mean "something that exhibits distinguishing characteristics in its …
