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| example of generalization in psychology: Introduction to Psychology Jennifer Walinga, Charles Stangor, This book is designed to help students organize their thinking about psychology at a conceptual level. The focus on behaviour and empiricism has produced a text that is better organized, has fewer chapters, and is somewhat shorter than many of the leading books. The beginning of each section includes learning objectives; throughout the body of each section are key terms in bold followed by their definitions in italics; key takeaways, and exercises and critical thinking activities end each section. |
| example of generalization in psychology: Encyclopedia of Autism Spectrum Disorders Fred R. Volkmar, 2016 |
| example of generalization in psychology: Dictionary of Accepted Ideas Gustave Flaubert, 1968 Jacques Barzun's masterful translation proves that Flaubert's Dictionary of Accepted Ideas--an acid catalogue of the clichés of 19th-century France--is as relevant today as ever. |
| example of generalization in psychology: Encyclopedia of Child Behavior and Development Sam Goldstein, Jack A. Naglieri, 2010-11-23 This reference work breaks new ground as an electronic resource. Utterly comprehensive, it serves as a repository of knowledge in the field as well as a frequently updated conduit of new material long before it finds its way into standard textbooks. |
| example of generalization in psychology: Applied Behavior Analysis for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders Johnny L. Matson, 2009-09-18 Autism was once thought of as a rare condition, until the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network released the statistic that about 1 in every 150 eight-year-old children in various areas across the United States is afflicted by an autism spectrum disorder, or ASD. This news led to a dramatic expansion of research into autism spectrum disorders and to the emergence of applied behavior analysis (ABA) as the preferred method of treatment, even among prescribing practitioners. Applied Behavioral Analysis for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders ably synthesizes research data and trends with best-practice interventions into a comprehensive, state-of-the-art resource. Within its chapters, leading experts review current ABA literature in depth; identify interventions most relevant to children across the autism spectrum; and discuss potential developments in these core areas: Assessment methods, from functional assessment to single case research designs. Treatment methods, including reinforcement, replacement behaviors, and other effective strategies. The role of the differential diagnosis in ABA treatment planning. Specific deficit areas: communication, social skills, stereotypies/rituals. Target behaviors, such as self-injury, aggression, adaptive and self-help problems. ASD-related training concerns, including maintenance and transition issues, and parent training programs. This volume is a vital resource for researchers, graduate students, and professionals in clinical child and school psychology as well as the related fields of education and mental health. |
| example of generalization in psychology: Contingencies of Reinforcement B. F. Skinner, 2014-07-01 B. F. Skinner titled this book, Contingencies of Reinforcement, after the heart of his science of behavior. Contingencies relate classes of actions to postcedent events and to the contexts in which those action-postcedent relations occur. The basic processes seem straightforward, but many people do not know or understand the underlying theory. Skinner believed that ‘a theory is essential to the scientific understanding of behavior as a subject matter”. This book presents some of Skinner’s most sophisticated statements about theoretical issues. To his original articles, he added notes to clarify and expand subtle points. The book thus provides an overview of Skinner’s thinking about theory and the philosophy underpinning the science he began. |
| example of generalization in psychology: The Psychology of Fear and Stress Jeffrey Alan Gray, 1987 How do human emotions arise, what functions do they serve, what is their evolutionary background, how do they relate to behaviour and the brain? These questions are put, and answered, in relation to the emotion of fear in this, the second edition of professor Gray's extremely well known book, first published in 1971. In this edition, the text has been extensively modified and brought up-to-date, but the book maintains the style and general argument of the first edition. The author's approach in this book is from a biological standpoint; he emphasises the evidence that has accumulated from experiments by psychologists, ethologists, physiologists and endocrinologists. Although a lot of this evidence has been obtained from animal studies, it throws light on the psychology and physiology of fear in Man. Differences between individuals in their susceptibility to fear are treated with as much attention as the common factors are. |
| example of generalization in psychology: Theories in Educational Psychology Alyssa R. Gonzalez-DeHass, Patricia P. Willems, 2012-12-14 Theories in Educational Psychology’s purpose is to introduce readers to the pioneering educational psychology theories that continue to shape our understanding of the classroom learning environment, present support for the theories from perspectives in the current research literature, and share how these theoretical traditions have translated into effective teaching methods. Each chapter will be infused with practical teaching examples, classroom vignettes, and instructional strategies so readers are continually confronted with how theory translates to practice. In addition to becoming familiar with the conceptual understanding of core theoretical knowledge, readers will also be presented with current thinking about each theory and an introduction to important related topics at the close of each chapter. The chapters will also conclude with activities designed to help readers reflect on their learning of each chapter’s content. |
| example of generalization in psychology: Causal Models Steven Sloman, 2005-07-28 Human beings are active agents who can think. To understand how thought serves action requires understanding how people conceive of the relation between cause and effect, between action and outcome. In cognitive terms, how do people construct and reason with the causal models we use to represent our world? A revolution is occurring in how statisticians, philosophers, and computer scientists answer this question. Those fields have ushered in new insights about causal models by thinking about how to represent causal structure mathematically, in a framework that uses graphs and probability theory to develop what are called causal Bayesian networks. The framework starts with the idea that the purpose of causal structure is to understand and predict the effects of intervention. How does intervening on one thing affect other things? This is not a question merely about probability (or logic), but about action. The framework offers a new understanding of mind: Thought is about the effects of intervention and cognition is thus intimately tied to actions that take place either in the actual physical world or in imagination, in counterfactual worlds. The book offers a conceptual introduction to the key mathematical ideas, presenting them in a non-technical way, focusing on the intuitions rather than the theorems. It tries to show why the ideas are important to understanding how people explain things and why thinking not only about the world as it is but the world as it could be is so central to human action. The book reviews the role of causality, causal models, and intervention in the basic human cognitive functions: decision making, reasoning, judgment, categorization, inductive inference, language, and learning. In short, the book offers a discussion about how people think, talk, learn, and explain things in causal terms, in terms of action and manipulation. |
| example of generalization in psychology: Thinking, Fast and Slow Daniel Kahneman, 2011-10-25 *Major New York Times Bestseller *More than 2.6 million copies sold *One of The New York Times Book Review's ten best books of the year *Selected by The Wall Street Journal as one of the best nonfiction books of the year *Presidential Medal of Freedom Recipient *Daniel Kahneman's work with Amos Tversky is the subject of Michael Lewis's best-selling The Undoing Project: A Friendship That Changed Our Minds In his mega bestseller, Thinking, Fast and Slow, Daniel Kahneman, world-famous psychologist and winner of the Nobel Prize in Economics, takes us on a groundbreaking tour of the mind and explains the two systems that drive the way we think. System 1 is fast, intuitive, and emotional; System 2 is slower, more deliberative, and more logical. The impact of overconfidence on corporate strategies, the difficulties of predicting what will make us happy in the future, the profound effect of cognitive biases on everything from playing the stock market to planning our next vacation—each of these can be understood only by knowing how the two systems shape our judgments and decisions. Engaging the reader in a lively conversation about how we think, Kahneman reveals where we can and cannot trust our intuitions and how we can tap into the benefits of slow thinking. He offers practical and enlightening insights into how choices are made in both our business and our personal lives—and how we can use different techniques to guard against the mental glitches that often get us into trouble. Topping bestseller lists for almost ten years, Thinking, Fast and Slow is a contemporary classic, an essential book that has changed the lives of millions of readers. |
| example of generalization in psychology: The WEIRDest People in the World Joseph Henrich, 2020-09-08 A New York Times Notable Book of 2020 A Bloomberg Best Non-Fiction Book of 2020 A Behavioral Scientist Notable Book of 2020 A Human Behavior & Evolution Society Must-Read Popular Evolution Book of 2020 A bold, epic account of how the co-evolution of psychology and culture created the peculiar Western mind that has profoundly shaped the modern world. Perhaps you are WEIRD: raised in a society that is Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic. If so, you’re rather psychologically peculiar. Unlike much of the world today, and most people who have ever lived, WEIRD people are highly individualistic, self-obsessed, control-oriented, nonconformist, and analytical. They focus on themselves—their attributes, accomplishments, and aspirations—over their relationships and social roles. How did WEIRD populations become so psychologically distinct? What role did these psychological differences play in the industrial revolution and the global expansion of Europe during the last few centuries? In The WEIRDest People in the World, Joseph Henrich draws on cutting-edge research in anthropology, psychology, economics, and evolutionary biology to explore these questions and more. He illuminates the origins and evolution of family structures, marriage, and religion, and the profound impact these cultural transformations had on human psychology. Mapping these shifts through ancient history and late antiquity, Henrich reveals that the most fundamental institutions of kinship and marriage changed dramatically under pressure from the Roman Catholic Church. It was these changes that gave rise to the WEIRD psychology that would coevolve with impersonal markets, occupational specialization, and free competition—laying the foundation for the modern world. Provocative and engaging in both its broad scope and its surprising details, The WEIRDest People in the World explores how culture, institutions, and psychology shape one another, and explains what this means for both our most personal sense of who we are as individuals and also the large-scale social, political, and economic forces that drive human history. Includes black-and-white illustrations. |
| example of generalization in psychology: Conditioned Emotional Reactions John B. Watson, Rosalie Rayner, 2013-01-10 Psychology Classics: The Case of Little Albert Conditioned Emotional Reactions by John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner is one of the most influential, infamous and iconic research articles ever published in the history of psychology. Commonly referred to as The Case of Little Albert this psychology classic attempted to show how fear could be induced in an infant through classical conditioning. Originally published in 1920, Conditioned Emotional Reactions remains among the most frequently cited journal articles in introductory psychology courses and textbooks. A psychology classic is by definition a must read. However, most seminal texts within the discipline remain unread by a majority of psychology students. A detailed, well written description of a classic study is fine to a point, but there is absolutely no substitute for understanding and engaging with the issues under review than by reading the authors unabridged ideas, thoughts and findings in their entirety. Bonus Material: One of the most dramatic aspects of Watson and Rayner's original study was that they had planned to test a number of methods by which they could remove Little Albert's conditioned fear responses. However, as Watson noted Unfortunately Albert was taken from the hospital the day the above tests were made. Hence the opportunity of building up an experimental technique by means of which we could remove the conditioned emotional responses was denied us. This unforeseen turn of events was something that obviously stayed with Watson, as under his guidance some three years later, Mary Cover Jones conducted a follow-up study - A Laboratory Study of Fear: The Case of Peter - which illustrated how fear may be removed under laboratory conditions. This additional and highly relevant article is also presented in full. The Case of Little Albert has been produced as part of an initiative by the website All About Psychology to make important psychology publications widely available. www.all-about-psychology.com |
| example of generalization in psychology: The Great Mental Models, Volume 1 Shane Parrish, Rhiannon Beaubien, 2024-10-15 Discover the essential thinking tools you’ve been missing with The Great Mental Models series by Shane Parrish, New York Times bestselling author and the mind behind the acclaimed Farnam Street blog and “The Knowledge Project” podcast. This first book in the series is your guide to learning the crucial thinking tools nobody ever taught you. Time and time again, great thinkers such as Charlie Munger and Warren Buffett have credited their success to mental models–representations of how something works that can scale onto other fields. Mastering a small number of mental models enables you to rapidly grasp new information, identify patterns others miss, and avoid the common mistakes that hold people back. The Great Mental Models: Volume 1, General Thinking Concepts shows you how making a few tiny changes in the way you think can deliver big results. Drawing on examples from history, business, art, and science, this book details nine of the most versatile, all-purpose mental models you can use right away to improve your decision making and productivity. This book will teach you how to: Avoid blind spots when looking at problems. Find non-obvious solutions. Anticipate and achieve desired outcomes. Play to your strengths, avoid your weaknesses, … and more. The Great Mental Models series demystifies once elusive concepts and illuminates rich knowledge that traditional education overlooks. This series is the most comprehensive and accessible guide on using mental models to better understand our world, solve problems, and gain an advantage. |
| example of generalization in psychology: Concepts in Action Lucas Bechberger, 2021 This open access book is a timely contribution in presenting recent issues, approaches, and results that are not only central to the highly interdisciplinary field of concept research but also particularly important to newly emergent paradigms and challenges. The contributors present a unique, holistic picture for the understanding and use of concepts from a wide range of fields including cognitive science, linguistics, philosophy, psychology, artificial intelligence, and computer science. The chapters focus on three distinct points of view that lie at the core of concept research: representation, learning, and application. The contributions present a combination of theoretical, experimental, computational, and applied methods that appeal to students and researchers working in these fields. |
| example of generalization in psychology: Psychology Lester A. Lefton, Linda Brannon, 2006 From decolonization and democratization to religion and gender, Politics and Culture in the Developing World is a comprehensive survey of the global context of development. With in-depth and current examples from Asia, Africa, Latin America, and the Middle East, this text examines the central political themes in the developing world. Throughout, Politics and Culture in the Developing World demonstrates how globalization both accelerates change and increases interdependence between developing and developed countries. Book jacket. |
| example of generalization in psychology: Behavior Change in the Human Services Martin Sundel, Sandra S. Sundel, 2017-01-13 Behavior Change in the Human Services, Sixth Edition continues to provide a systematic introduction and overview of behavioral and cognitive principles and their applications to a wide range of problems and situations encountered in the human service professions. Designed for students and practitioners, the book uses a unique problem-solving framework to demonstrate how behavior change principles can be applied to practice situations. Martin and Sandra Sundel feature a detailed and sequential organization that encourages readers to move progressively through material of increasing complexity and to conduct self-assessments of their knowledge. The Fifth Edition includes eight clinical case studies and many new and engaging examples that address issues such as substance abuse, child behavior problems, assertiveness, marital discord, and developing appropriate social behaviors. The expanded chapter on intervention techniques incorporates empirically tested behavioral and cognitive strategies for addressing clinical problems such as phobias, anxiety disorders, depression, and other behavioral disorders. Current developments and trends in the field are discussed, including the movement toward evidence-based practice. This comprehensive yet accessible text also features figures, charts, and forms to demonstrate data collection and analysis. Any student pursuing a career in the helping professions, including social work, psychology, counseling, special education, nursing, and psychiatry, will find this book valuable |
| example of generalization in psychology: Connectionism and the Philosophy of Psychology Terry Horgan, John Tienson, 1996 In this volume, the authors present their view of cognition. They propose that unlike the classical paradigm that takes the mind to be a computer, the mind is best understood as a dynamical system realized in a neural network. |
| example of generalization in psychology: Health and Behavior Institute of Medicine, Board on Neuroscience and Behavioral Health, Committee on Health and Behavior: Research, Practice and Policy, 2001-10-18 Health and Behavior reviews our improved understanding of the complex interplay among biological, psychological, and social influences and explores findings suggested by recent research-including interventions at multiple levels that we can employ to improve human health. The book covers three main areas: What do biological, behavioral, and social sciences contribute to our understanding of healthâ€including cardiovascular, immune system and brain functioning, behaviors that influence health, the role of social networks and socioeconomic status, and more. What can we learn from applied research on interventions to improve the health of individuals, families, communities, organizations, and larger populations? How can we expeditiously translate research findings into application? |
| example of generalization in psychology: Handbook of Categorization in Cognitive Science Henri Cohen, Claire Lefebvre, 2017-06-03 Handbook of Categorization in Cognitive Science, Second Edition presents the study of categories and the process of categorization as viewed through the lens of the founding disciplines of the cognitive sciences, and how the study of categorization has long been at the core of each of these disciplines. The literature on categorization reveals there is a plethora of definitions, theories, models and methods to apprehend this central object of study. The contributions in this handbook reflect this diversity. For example, the notion of category is not uniform across these contributions, and there are multiple definitions of the notion of concept. Furthermore, the study of category and categorization is approached differently within each discipline. For some authors, the categories themselves constitute the object of study, whereas for others, it is the process of categorization, and for others still, it is the technical manipulation of large chunks of information. Finally, yet another contrast has to do with the biological versus artificial nature of agents or categorizers. - Defines notions of category and categorization - Discusses the nature of categories: discrete, vague, or other - Explores the modality effects on categories - Bridges the category divide - calling attention to the bridges that have already been built, and avenues for further cross-fertilization between disciplines |
| example of generalization in psychology: Formal Approaches in Categorization Emmanuel M. Pothos, Andy J. Wills, 2011-01-27 The process of constructing concepts underpins our capacity to encode information in an efficient and competent manner and also, ultimately, our ability to think in terms of abstract ideas such as justice, love and happiness. But what are the mechanisms which correspond to psychological categorization processes? This book unites many prominent approaches in modelling categorization. Each chapter focuses on a particular formal approach to categorization, presented by the proponent(s) or advocate(s) of that approach, and the authors consider the relation of this approach to other models and the ultimate objectives in their research programmes. The volume evaluates progress that has been made in the field and potential future developments. This is an essential companion to any scientist interested in the formal description of categorization and, more generally, in formal approaches to cognition. It will be the definitive guide to formal approaches in categorization research for years to come. |
| example of generalization in psychology: How to Lie with Statistics Darrell Huff, 2010-12-07 If you want to outsmart a crook, learn his tricks—Darrell Huff explains exactly how in the classic How to Lie with Statistics. From distorted graphs and biased samples to misleading averages, there are countless statistical dodges that lend cover to anyone with an ax to grind or a product to sell. With abundant examples and illustrations, Darrell Huff’s lively and engaging primer clarifies the basic principles of statistics and explains how they’re used to present information in honest and not-so-honest ways. Now even more indispensable in our data-driven world than it was when first published, How to Lie with Statistics is the book that generations of readers have relied on to keep from being fooled. |
| example of generalization in psychology: Earth System Science: A Very Short Introduction Tim Lenton, 2016-02-25 When humanity first glimpsed planet Earth from space, the unity of the system that supports humankind entered the popular consciousness. The concept of the Earth's atmosphere, biosphere, oceans, soil, and rocks operating as a closely interacting system has rapidly gained ground in science. This new field, involving geographers, geologists, biologists, oceanographers, and atmospheric physicists, is known as Earth System Science. In this Very Short Introduction, Tim Lenton considers how a world in which humans could evolve was created; how, as a species, we are now reshaping that world; and what a sustainable future for humanity within the Earth System might look like. Drawing on elements of geology, biology, chemistry, physics, and mathematics, Lenton asks whether Earth System Science can help guide us onto a sustainable course before we alter the Earth system to the point where we destroy ourselves and our current civilisation. ABOUT THE SERIES: The Very Short Introductions series from Oxford University Press contains hundreds of titles in almost every subject area. These pocket-sized books are the perfect way to get ahead in a new subject quickly. Our expert authors combine facts, analysis, perspective, new ideas, and enthusiasm to make interesting and challenging topics highly readable. |
| example of generalization in psychology: Applied Qualitative Research Design Margaret R. Roller, Paul J. Lavrakas, 2015-02-23 This unique text provides a comprehensive framework for creating, managing, and interpreting qualitative research studies that yield valid and useful information. Examples of studies from a wide range of disciplines illustrate the strengths, limitations, and applications of the primary qualitative methods: in-depth interviews, focus group discussions, ethnography, content analysis, and case study and narrative research. Following a consistent format, chapters show students and researchers how to implement each method within a paradigm-neutral and flexible Total Quality Framework (TQF) comprising four interrelated components: Credibility, Analyzability, Transparency, and Usefulness. Unlike other texts that relegate quality issues to one or two chapters, detailed discussions of such crucial topics as construct validity, interresearcher reliability, researcher bias, and verification strategies are featured throughout. The book also addresses applications of the TQF to the writing, review, and evaluation of qualitative research proposals and manuscripts. Pedagogical Features *Summary tables that highlight important content, such as the application of a method to vulnerable or hard-to-reach populations. *Case studies that illustrate TQF standards in practice for each method. *Guidelines for effective documentation (via thick descriptions) of each type of study. *End-of-chapter discussion topics, exercises, and suggested further reading and Web resources. *Chapters open with a preview and close with a bulleted summary of key ideas. *Extensive glossary. 2021 Winner--American Association for Public Opinion Research (AAPOR) Book Award |
| example of generalization in psychology: Verbal Behavior Burrhus Frederic Skinner, 1957 |
| example of generalization in psychology: Naturalistic Developmental Behavioral Interventions for Autism Spectrum Disorder Yvonne Bruinsma, Dr Mendy Minjarez, PH D, Laura Schreibman, Dr Aubyn Stahmer, PH D, 2020 This book is the first to offer a comprehensive overview of Naturalistic Developmental Behavioral Interventions (NDBI), which are evidence-based interventions that integrate both behavioral and developmental approaches in the treatment of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. |
| example of generalization in psychology: 21st Century Psychology: A Reference Handbook Stephen F. Davis, William Buskist, 2008 Highlights the most important topics, issues, questions, and debates in the field of psychology. Provides material of interest for students from all corners of psychological studies, whether their interests be in the biological, cognitive, developmental, social, or clinical arenas. |
| example of generalization in psychology: Psychology David G. Myers, 2001 This sixth edition of David G. Myers' Psychology includes new chapters on the nature and nurture of behaviour and references to statistical methods, streamlined development coverage and more. |
| example of generalization in psychology: Clinical and Organizational Applications of Applied Behavior Analysis Henry S. Roane, Joel E. Ringdahl, Terry S. Falcomata, 2015-06-20 Applied behavior analysts use applied research to create and implement effective evidence-based procedures in schools, homes, and the community, which have proved effective in addressing behaviors associated with autism and other developmental disorders. The principles underlying this therapeutic approach have been increasingly effective when applied to other populations, settings, and behaviors. Clinical and Organizational Applications of Applied Behavior Analysis explores data-based decision-making in depth to inform treatment selection for behavior change across various populations and contexts. Each chapter addresses considerations related to data collection, single-case research design methodology, objective decision-making, and visual inspection of data. The authors reference a range of published research methods in the area of applied behavior analysis (ABA) as it has been applied to specific topics, as well as utilizing their own clinical work by providing numerous case examples. - Reviews current evidence-based practices to provide a comprehensive guide to the application of ABA principles across a range of clinical contexts and applications - Divides clinical applications into three sections for ease-of-use: child, adult, and broad-based health - Explores the breadth of ABA-based treatment beyond autism and developmental disorders - Draws upon a range of subject-matter experts who have clinical and research experience across multiple uses of ABA |
| example of generalization in psychology: Psychology as the Behaviorist Views it John Broadus Watson, 1913 |
| example of generalization in psychology: Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychotherapy Warren Tryon, 2014-03-22 Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychotherapy provides a bionetwork theory unifying empirical evidence in cognitive neuroscience and psychopathology to explain how emotion, learning, and reinforcement affect personality and its extremes. The book uses the theory to explain research results in both disciplines and to predict future findings, as well as to suggest what the theory and evidence say about how we should be treating disorders for maximum effectiveness. While theoretical in nature, the book has practical applications, and takes a mathematical approach to proving its own theorems. The book is unapologetically physical in nature, describing everything we think and feel by way of physical mechanisms and reactions in the brain. This unique marrying of cognitive neuroscience and clinical psychology provides an opportunity to better understand both. - Unifying theory for cognitive neuroscience and clinical psychology - Describes the brain in physical terms via mechanistic processes - Systematically uses the theory to explain empirical evidence in both disciplines - Theory has practical applications for psychotherapy - Ancillary material may be found at: http://booksite.elsevier.com/9780124200715 including an additional chapter and supplements |
| example of generalization in psychology: Behavioral Interventions in Schools Steven G. Little, Angeleque Akin-Little, 2019 This book shows psychologists and other mental health providers how to assess and treat emotional and behavioral problems in classrooms, including those arising from autism diagnoses. |
| example of generalization in psychology: The Doctrine of Formal Discipline Cecil Kenyon Lyans, 1914 |
| example of generalization in psychology: The Big Book of Concepts Gregory Murphy, 2004-01-30 Concepts embody our knowledge of the kinds of things there are in the world. Tying our past experiences to our present interactions with the environment, they enable us to recognize and understand new objects and events. Concepts are also relevant to understanding domains such as social situations, personality types, and even artistic styles. Yet like other phenomenologically simple cognitive processes such as walking or understanding speech, concept formation and use are maddeningly complex. Research since the 1970s and the decline of the classical view of concepts have greatly illuminated the psychology of concepts. But persistent theoretical disputes have sometimes obscured this progress. The Big Book of Concepts goes beyond those disputes to reveal the advances that have been made, focusing on the major empirical discoveries. By reviewing and evaluating research on diverse topics such as category learning, word meaning, conceptual development in infants and children, and the basic level of categorization, the book develops a much broader range of criteria than is usual for evaluating theories of concepts. |
| example of generalization in psychology: Principles of Psychology Fred S. Keller, William N. Schoenfeld, 2014-06-24 Keller and Shoenfeld’s Principles of Psychology, published in 1950, was written as an introductory text to be used in the two-semester Psychology 1-2 course at Columbia University. It is a systematic approach in that a small number of functional relations described in B. F. Skinner’s The Behavior of Organisms are introduced and then used throughout to interpret the topics presented in a typical introductory psychology course. K & S was widely influential in familiarizing psychologists and others with the nature and general relevance of Skinner’s approach. It is an outstanding example of clear and interesting technical writing, and its style and topic arrangement have been the basis for a number of subsequent texts. Although old by textbook standards, it is still one of the easiest ways to acquire an accurate repertoire in the science of behavior. |
| example of generalization in psychology: Gentelligence Megan Gerhardt, Josephine Nachemson-Ekwall, Brandon Fogel, 2021-06-08 Vital for any organization with multigenerational staffs, and for marketers, public relations professionals, HRD managers, or executives. Library Journal, Starred Review Gentelligence: The Revolutionary Approach to Leading an Intergenerational Workforce presents a transformative way to end the generational wars once and for all. This book first introduces Gentelligence as a powerful business strategy and shows why it is critical for the future of work. It then presents a practical guide and a call to action for leaders of all ages to unlock the potential strengths of each generation. Readers will learn how an intergenerational workforce can be reframed as a profound business opportunity and discover how Gentelligence can help them win the talent war, create strong, diverse teams, and build adaptable cultures that will flourish in an era of rapid change. Gentelligence shares groundbreaking evidence that will have readers thinking about their generationally diverse workforce in an entirely different way. Readers will discover: Where generational conflict originates, and how it results in both dangerous ageism and reverse ageism in today’s workplaces. Why the generation gap stems from a misunderstanding of shared core values across all generations. How to find essential common ground with colleagues, both older and younger, and recognize the unique needs that come with different generational identities. How generational shaming leads us to view those from other generations as competitors rather than collaborators, further damaging employee engagement, team dynamics, innovation, and organizational culture. How leveraging the unique strengths of each generation at work can lead to a win-win outcome for all. How traditional views on leadership have been turned upside down as a result of new generational dynamics, with many employees currently being led by managers that are younger than themselves, and older leaders struggling to make sense of changing norms around authority and power. Gentelligence reveals the opportunities within an intergenerational workforce and provides actionable tools to help leaders build Gentelligent organizations. Unlike other books on generational leadership, this book rejects common stereotypes assigned to different generations, replacing them with a deep understanding of why those who grew up in different times may behave in unique and valuable, ways. We challenge leaders to go beyond simply accepting generational differences to leverage them proactively to increase engagement, innovation, and organizational success. |
| example of generalization in psychology: Neural Networks and Animal Behavior Magnus Enquist, Stefano Ghirlanda, 2005-09-04 How can we make better sense of animal behavior by using what we know about the brain? This is the first book that attempts to answer this important question by applying neural network theory. Scientists create Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) to make models of the brain. These networks mimic the architecture of a nervous system by connecting elementary neuron-like units into networks in which they stimulate or inhibit each other's activity in much the same way neurons do. This book shows how scientists can employ ANNs to analyze animal behavior, explore the general principles of the nervous systems, and test potential generalizations among species. The authors focus on simple neural networks to show how ANNs can be investigated by math and by computers. They demonstrate intuitive concepts that make the operation of neural networks more accessible to nonspecialists. The first chapter introduces various approaches to animal behavior and provides an informal introduction to neural networks, their history, and their potential advantages. The second chapter reviews artificial neural networks, including biological foundations, techniques, and applications. The following three chapters apply neural networks to such topics as learning and development, classical instrumental condition, and the role of genes in building brain networks. The book concludes by comparing neural networks to other approaches. It will appeal to students of animal behavior in many disciplines. It will also interest neurobiologists, cognitive scientists, and those from other fields who wish to learn more about animal behavior. |
| example of generalization in psychology: The Individual Subject and Scientific Psychology Jaan Valsiner, 2013-06-29 |
| example of generalization in psychology: Master Introductory Psychology Michael Corayer, 2016-07-22 Master Introductory Psychology gives you all the information you need for any introductory psychology class or for self-study. This book breaks down all the key concepts in psychology and provides an engaging and memorable guide for each unit. Clear explanations and examples are combined with helpful memory strategies so content can stick in your head after a single reading. It's a step-by-step guide through all of the ideas you need to know. Each unit also includes a chapter summary, a list of key terms for review, and extensive references and recommendations for exploring subjects in more detail. Don't settle for dry definitions or endless multiple-choice questions that don't develop true understanding. Instead get the guide that builds a solid foundation and helps you master introductory psychology. This complete edition covers 16 units: History and Approaches Research Methods Biological Bases of Behavior Sensation & Perception Learning Memory Language & Cognition States of Consciousness Intelligence Personality Motivation & Emotion Development Social Psychology Stress & Health Psychological Disorders Treatment |
| example of generalization in psychology: Topics for Group Discussion Prof Shrikant Prasoon, 2017-09 There are no specific rules to prepare for a GD. And no one knows what the topic of GD is going to be. This book includes topics that are likely to be put by the Group Testing Officer before the candidates to gauge their personality and leadership qualities. It will be a good idea to keep yourself abreast with topics from: 1. Current Affairs - Current Affairs is something that you have to be thorough with. Understand the recent crises affecting the world, latest developmental initiatives, and important national & global events. 2. Historical topics- Have a fair knowledge about the history of India and the world. Having historical information will help you cite examples and make references whenever needed. 3. Sports, Arts & Literature - In these topics, try to have a decent idea about what is popular, who are the leaders in each area, the latest that has happened in these areas. 4. Data crunching - Do familiarize yourself with important data. Throwing in some data if required in your GD will definitely create an impression among the assessors. Speak with a measure of confidence on the given topic; and secure the nod of the evaluator. |
| example of generalization in psychology: Stimulus Generalization David I. Mostofsky, Boston University, 1965 |
Learning How to Generalize - Princeton University
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Seven Strategies to Promote Generalization - Amazon Web …
Identify and train common but relevant examples of objects, pictures and responses that are found in every day settings. Use many different examples of pictures, objects, or real-life examples in …
Surprise Infants consider possible bases of generalization
based on a single example, we familiarized 9-month-olds with a single three-syllable input example that contained either one surprising feature (syllable repetition, Experiment 1) or two …
Learned helplessness and generalization - Stanford University
argument that generalization is central to learned help-lessness by investigating two crucial interactions between perceived control and generalization: 1.Learning about the controllability …
Generalization - University at Buffalo
In research in social psychology, many studies used just white males to make their sample more homogeneous (reducing variability due to individual differences). If the routine populations …
THE NATURE OF GENERALIZATION IN PSYCHOLOGY
Generalization is a creative and reflective act of thought, through accessing a higher level of abstraction from meaningful events. Scientific method provides a set of conceptual artifacts ...
Stimulus Generalization in Category Learning
Stimulus generalization is often regarded as a fundamental component of category learning, yet it has not been directly studied in this context. Here we develop a technique for measuring …
Generalization and Discrimination: the “Grand Challenge” class
when a stimulus is presented, how do we generalize from it to other known stimuli? how should learning be distributed between the different units of representation? remind you of something? …
creating Lasting Behavioral change through the …
This section presents a case example (taken from the case files of the second author) of how a comprehensive plan to facilitate generalization can be developed through the use of a …
Fear Generalization and Anxiety Behavioral and Neural …
Here, we review emerging evidence on behavioral and neural mechanisms of generalization of emotional learning with the goal of encouraging further research on generalization in anxiety …
Generalization, similarity, and Bayesian inference - Princeton …
Abstract: Shepard has argued that a universal law should govern generalization across different domains of perception and cognition, as well as across organisms from different species or …
When and How Children Use Explanations to Guide …
We report a study in which 108 4- to 7-year-old children evaluated mechanistic, functional, and categorical explanations for the properties of objects, and subsequently generalized those …
Inductive reasoning 2 - Minerva
Those in the top panel are typically observed when induction involves generalization of “blank” or unfamiliar properties (e.g., “has property P”). When such properties are used, property …
Lab Title: Stimulus Generalization and Discrimination
discrimination and generalization. For example, having two friends who both have dark hair and encountering one but calling them by the name of the other because they look alike is a …
The logic of generalization: Five principles common to
claims, not methods, these five principles apply to claims about generalization generated by any method, including both ethnographies and experiments. The principles are illustrated using …
The Concept of Theoretical Generalization and Problems of
GENERALIZATION AND PROBLEMS OF EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY* 1. THE LINK BETWEEN DIALECTICAL LOGIC AND PSYCHOLOGY The task of bringing our education …
Categories, concepts, and conditioning: how humans …
In this article we discuss how understanding the com-plexity of human fear generalization demands going be-yond traditional models of Pavlovian conditioning and stimulus …
GENERALIZATION VS. DISCRIMINATION IN LEARNING
Generalization and discrimination of observations is fundamental to all learning. We provide an introduction to key issues in the context of Machine Learning (ML), with references to the …
When and how children use explanations to guide …
Mar 11, 2021 · In the current paper, we test the hypothesis that explanations help children generalize from known to novel cases by highlighting some relations as more inductively …
A Bias to Spontaneously Generalize to Categories- R (final)
Our proposal of a generalization bias builds on the extensive research suggesting that people are able to draw kind-wide conclusions from relatively sparse evidence. For example, adults often …
PSYCHOLOGY - Best Exam Help
psychology being investigated in the study by Canli et al. One mark is available for an example from the study, but the rest are achieved for the knowledge of general psychology. The more …
Rainy River District School Board ABA in the Classroom …
they use, and the environment where they learn these skills. Generalization is the ability for a student to perform a skill under different conditions (stimulus generalization), the ability to apply …
When and how children use explanations to guide …
Mar 11, 2021 · nation they had received matched the subsequent basis for generalization (e.g., generalizing on the basis of a shared mechanism after hearing a mechanistic explanation). …
Phenomenological psychology and qualitative research
the psychology curriculum required students to take a minimum of two courses in modern philosophy, whereas the psychology faculty consistently audited philosophy courses. In 1970 …
Similarity and discrimination in classical conditioning: A latent ...
and generalization between patterns of sensory input. Historically, these issues arose in the context of nonlinear discriminations, such as the XOR problem (in which, e.g., a light and ... In …
Giving psychology away: How George Miller’s vision is being …
on by the wide dissemination of psychology knowledge through, for example, university school courses in the subject, and the growth of psychological literacy in the general public. This …
Toward A Universal Law Of Generalization For Psychological …
generalization data anddistances has unifonnly beenachieved in a space endowedwiththe familiar Euclidean metric (17, 20, 23, 24). For analyzable stimuli, such as shapes differing in perceptually
NEURAL SUBSTRATES OF FEAR GENERALIZATION AND ITS …
been established as a region important for generalization for its roles in both memory formation Figure 1. Example generalization findings. In healthy controls (left), generalization gradients …
Understanding Generalizability and Transferability
Because of its foundation in probability, however, such a generalization cannot be regarded as conclusive or exhaustive. While generalizability can occur in informal, nonacademic settings, it …
Generalization: Making Learning More than a “Classroom …
Oct 12, 2016 · Generalization (or transfer) of learning is the ability to take skills or concepts learned in one context and ... For example, consider two problems that require an …
UNDERSTANDING PRIMING EFFECTS IN SOCIAL …
some generalization across these different types of priming and to identify shared assumptions about how they occur, it is worth at least outlining common features among the various …
Toward Universal Law of Generalization for Psychological
generalization data anddistances has unifonnly beenachieved in a space endowedwiththe familiar Euclidean metric (17, 20, 23, 24). For analyzable stimuli, such as shapes differing in perceptually
Bias and Generalization in Deep Generative Models: An
visual system. For example, experiments on perception and representation of shape, color, numerosity, etc., have led to important discoveries such as ensemble representation [9], …
SENSATION AND PERCEPTION a unit lesson plan for high …
Psychology in July 1992. This unit is aligned with the following content standards of the National Standards for High School Psychology Curricula (APA, 2011): Standard Area: Sensation and …
Chapter 12: Methods of Proof for Quantifiers - UW Faculty …
Given a universal generalization (an ∀ sentence), the rule allows you to infer any instance of that generalization. Example: From Everyone is mortal, infer Dick Cheney is mortal. The formal …
Aesthetics and Psychology - JSTOR
generalization, is not what is wanted to resolve the puzzle. Further-more, what is wanted-what Wittgenstein calls the expression of an aesthetic reaction, e.g., the reaction of discontent …
aCtivity 1 - American Psychological Association (APA)
students a concrete example of classical conditioning in people, and it ... BACk To ConTEnTS A FivE-DAy UniT LESSon PLAn For HigH SCHooL PSyCHoLogy TEACHErS 25 Here is the …
Sikolohiyang Pilipino(Filipino psychology): A legacy …
For example, the predisposition to indirectness of Filipino communication was regarded Asian Journal of Social Psychology (2000) 3: 49–71 ... For example, in a Psychology class exam, he …
Cognitive Distortions - Springer
Future directions for the field of clinical health psychology include increasing other health professionals’ awareness of the need to address psychological factors associated with ...
Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches to Generalization …
Borgstede and Scholz A Representationalist View on Generalization INTRODUCTION Qualitative and quantitative research strategies have long been treated as opposing paradigms.
PSYCHOLOGY LITERATURE REVIEW OUTLINE EXAMPLE
encompasses the field of psychology of education, is the best indicator that the implementation of knowledge is only one of the aspects of this discipline and that it has long since exceeded the …
AP Psychology - Terms/Concepts (640 Total) - Central Bucks …
17. generalization 18. discrimination 19. operant conditioning, 20. law of effect 21. operant chamber 22. reinforcement 23. shaping ... Unit 9 – Developmental Psychology (these …
2004 AP Psychology Scoring Guidelines - College Board
period) with an example, well-phrased descriptions or definitions may be substituted for examples. However: a. if a description and an example directly contradict one another, do not score the …
From Discrete Trial to Real Life Applications
Once generalization probes occur AND if generalization is found to be absent or deficient, procedures are then initiated systematically in every non-generalizedcondition. • An extension …
Trait Anxiety and Fear Responses to Safety Cues: Stimulus ...
measures indicated that generalization of fear occurred for the safetycuewhichresembled the threat cue, but not for the perceptually dissimilar safety cue, consistent with the stimulus …
Lab Title: Stimulus Generalization and Discrimination
and generalization. For example, having two friends who both have dark hair and encountering one but calling them by the name of the other because they look alike is a common example of …
Step 1. Defining the Population Step 2. Constructing a List …
professional organizations. Therefore, a generalization would have to be limited to those professionals listed in the directory. In universities and colleges, complete lists of students can …
Blocking, Overshadowing and Related Concepts - University …
School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK helen.cassaday@nottingham.ac.uk Encyclopedia of Psychopharmacology DOI 10.1007/978-3 …
Overextension in Early Language Development
CHILD LANGUAGE . process. While this literature will not be reviewed in detail here, some of the . major issues will be outlined. The frequency of overextension is one major issue.
Learned helplessness and generalization - Stanford University
argument that generalization is central to learned help-lessness by investigating two crucial interactions between perceived control and generalization: 1.Learning about the controllability …
Validity - SAGE Publications Inc
Validity generalization studies can address at least three important issues. First, they can reveal the general level of predictive validity across all of the smaller individ-ual studies. For example, …
Chapter 6 Experimental Design in Psychological Research - IIT …
Experimental psychology is a young science. The first laboratory of experi-mental psychology was established just over 100 years ago. Consequently, there are a great many mysteries …
Transferability and Generalization in Qualitative Research
sions of generalization. Distinguishing between generaliza-tion and transferability is a necessary starting point. Generalization and Transferability Generalization has both everyday and …
The Universal Law of Generalization Holds for Naturalistic …
The Universal Law of Generalization Holds for Naturalistic Stimuli Raja Marjieh1, Nori Jacoby2, Joshua C. Peterson3, and Thomas L. Griffiths1, 3 1 Department of Psychology, Princeton …
Novelty and Inductive Generalization in Human …
an inductive generalization made on the basis of previous experience at that restaurant as a whole, which enables predictions about new dishes and future experiences. This form of …
rpublished May 1980 as Rutgers CS tech report CBM-TR-117
The Need for Biases in Learning Generalizations\rby\rTom M. Mitchell\rComputer Science Department\rRutgers University\rNew Brunswick, NJ 08904\rpublished May 1980 as Rutgers …
OpenStax Introduction to Psychology 2 Edition
example, accuracy of artwork, inclusion of more recent data/research, elimination of a generalization/absolute statement • Reorganized information on disorders for better flow of …
Classical vs. Operant Conditioning - California State University ...
Classical vs. Operant Conditioning Operant conditioning (R S RF) • A voluntary response (R) is followed by a reinforcing stimulus (SRF) • The voluntary response is more likely to be emitted …
CURRENT RESEARCH IN SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY
Current Research in Social Psychology (Vol. 10, No. 18) (Oldmeadow, Platow,& Foddy)) 270 Status generalization is hypothesized to operate only under a specific set of conditions, called …
Refinements in Validity Generalization Methods: Implications …
Refinements in Validity Generalization Methods: Implications for the Situational Specificity Hypothesis Frank L. Schmidt, Kenneth Law, John E. Hunter, Hannah R. Rothstein, ...
Context-dependent generalization - Intelligent Performance …
Psychology, Princeton University, 3-S-13 Green Hall, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA. e-mail: jordanat@princeton.edu. The pattern of generalization following motor learning can provide a …
THE EFFECTS OF COVERT AND OVERT MODELING ON Susan …
cance. For example, generalization practice interacted in a complex way with trials and groups to effect measures of short term change. Non- laboratory behavioral measures failed to yield any …
The Generalization of Mands - Springer
generalization. The purpose of this article is to distinguish and describe these types of mand generalization in order to encourage future research and influence practice. Keywords …
Making Generalizations Making Generali - sjva.net
Oct 7, 2013 · What generalization is being made in the passage? • All cocker spaniels make perfect pets. • Is this a valid generalization? • Does the author: –Use facts to support the idea? …
Successful generalization of conceptual knowledge after …
a participant remembers the scene category but not the exact scene. (E)Example category generalization test trial. Participants were asked to guess the correct scene category for a set …
Transfer Of Training: A Review And Directions For Future …
pirical support with respect to training outcomes. For example, Shore and Sechrest (1 96 1) found that using a moderate number of different exam- ples that were repeated a few times each was …
Generalization and Discrimination: the “Grand Challenge” class
Generalization and Discrimination: the “Grand Challenge” class PSY/NEU338: Animal learning and decision making: Psychological, computational and neural perspectives Outline • Today: …
Epistemic agency and the generalisation of fear
Keywords Fear generalization · Trauma · Epistemic harms · Epistemic wrongs · Epistemic injustice · Epistemic exclusion Katherine Puddifoot and Marina Trakas have contributed equally …
THE SCIENCE OF PSYCHOLOGY 5 - McGraw Hill
for Distinguished Contributions to Personality Psychology. In 2015, she received the Society for Personality and Social Psychology Award for service to the field, in part for her efforts in …
Chapter 8: Stimulus Control - California State University, …
Generalization & Discrimination • Stimulus Generalization is the tendency for an operant response to be emitted in the presence of a stimulus that is similar to the discriminative stimulus (SD) for …
