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| example of token economy in psychology: Tackling the Motivation Crisis Mike Anderson, 2021-08-16 Mike Anderson explores incentive systems, which do not motivate achievement or a love of learning, and the six intrinsic motivators that lead to real student engagement-- |
| example of token economy in psychology: The Token Economy Alan Kazdin, 2012-12-06 Applications of operant techniques in treatment and education have proliferated in recent years. Among the various techniques, the token economy has been particu larly popular. The token economy has been extended to many populations included in psychiatry, clinical psychology, education, and the mental health fields in general. Of course, merely because a technique is applied widely does not neces sarily argue for its efficacy. Yet, the token economy has been extensively re searched. The main purpose of this book is to review, elaborate, and evaluate critically research bearing on the token economy. The book examines several features of the token economy including the variables that contribute to its efficacy, the accomplishments, limitations, and potential weaknesses, and recent advances. Because the token economy literature is vast, the book encompasses programs in diverse treatment, rehabilitation, and educational settings across a wide range of populations and behaviors. Within the last few years, a small number of books on token economies have appeared. Each of these books describes a particular token economy in one treatment ,etting, details practical problems encountered, and provides suggestions for ad ministering the program. This focus is important but neglects the extensive scholarly research on token economies. The present book reviews research across diverse settings and clients. Actually, this focus is quite relevant for implementing token economies because the research reveals those aspects and treatment variations that contribute to or enhance client performance. |
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| example of token economy in psychology: The Token Economy Teodoro Ayllon, Nathan H. Azrin, 1968 |
| example of token economy in psychology: Behavior Change in the Human Services Martin Sundel, Sandra S. Sundel, 2017-01-13 Behavior Change in the Human Services, Sixth Edition continues to provide a systematic introduction and overview of behavioral and cognitive principles and their applications to a wide range of problems and situations encountered in the human service professions. Designed for students and practitioners, the book uses a unique problem-solving framework to demonstrate how behavior change principles can be applied to practice situations. Martin and Sandra Sundel feature a detailed and sequential organization that encourages readers to move progressively through material of increasing complexity and to conduct self-assessments of their knowledge. The Fifth Edition includes eight clinical case studies and many new and engaging examples that address issues such as substance abuse, child behavior problems, assertiveness, marital discord, and developing appropriate social behaviors. The expanded chapter on intervention techniques incorporates empirically tested behavioral and cognitive strategies for addressing clinical problems such as phobias, anxiety disorders, depression, and other behavioral disorders. Current developments and trends in the field are discussed, including the movement toward evidence-based practice. This comprehensive yet accessible text also features figures, charts, and forms to demonstrate data collection and analysis. Any student pursuing a career in the helping professions, including social work, psychology, counseling, special education, nursing, and psychiatry, will find this book valuable |
| example of token economy in psychology: The Incredible Years Training Series Carolyn Webster-Stratton, 2000 |
| example of token economy in psychology: Token Economy Shermin Voshmgir, 2019-06-27 Blockchains & smart contracts have made it easy for anyone to create a token with just a few lines of code. The book gives an intro to tokens and the underlying technology, the socio-economic implications, and selected use cases. It is written for a general audience, features many graphics, and could be a useful textbook for university students. |
| example of token economy in psychology: Handbook of Behavioral Interventions in Schools Assistant Professor Department of Psychology Keith C Radley, Evan H. Dart, Assistant Professor School Psychology Program Evan H Dart, 2019-04-03 Tasked chiefly with providing effective instruction, classroom teachers must also manage student behavior. Prevalence of student problem behavior is a strong indicator of failing schools, and has been linked to reduced academic achievement, truancy, bullying, and loss of teacher time. As such demand is on the rise for intervention programs that may effectively reduce levels of problem behavior in schools. Handbook of Behavioral Interventions in Schools is a comprehensive collection of evidence-based strategies for addressing student behavior in the classroom and other school settings. Experts in the fields of special education and school psychology provide practical guidance on over twenty behavior interventions that can be used to promote appropriate student behavior. Framed within a multi-tiered system of support, a framework representing one of the predominant service delivery models in schools, interventions are categorized as Tier I, Tier II, or Tier III, and chapters provide insight into how students might be placed in and moved through respective levels of service intensity. Each chapter details a specific intervention strategy, and includes reproducible materials to facilitate use of the intervention, case studies, and further reading for school-based practitioners. Introductory chapters on behavior analysis, multi-tiered systems of support, and law and ethics place the practical guides in a context that is relevant for school-based practice. Walking readers through the entire process of assessment of problem behaviors to intervention and progress monitoring, Handbook of Behavioral Interventions in Schools is an invaluable resource for special education teachers, school psychologists, and trainees in these fields. |
| example of token economy in psychology: The Matching Law Richard J. Herrnstein, 1997 This impressive collection features Richard Herrnstein's most important and original contributions to the social and behavioral sciences--his papers on choice behavior in animals and humans and on his discovery and elucidation of a general principle of choice called the matching law. In recent years, the most popular theory of choice behavior has been rational choice theory. Developed and elaborated by economists over the past hundred years, it claims that individuals make choices in such a way as to maximize their well-being or utility under whatever constraints they face; that is, people make the best of their situations. Rational choice theory holds undisputed sway in economics, and has become an important explanatory framework in political science, sociology, and psychology. Nevertheless, its empirical support is thin. The matching law is perhaps the most important competing explanatory account of choice behavior. It views choice not as a single event or an internal process of the organism but as a rate of observable events over time. It states that instead of maximizing utility, the organism allocates its behavior over various activities in exact proportion to the value derived from each activity. It differs subtly but significantly from rational choice theory in its predictions of how people exert self-control, for example, how they decide whether to forgo immediate pleasures for larger but delayed rewards. It provides, through the primrose path hypothesis, a powerful explanation of alcohol and narcotic addiction. It can also be used to explain biological phenomena, such as genetic selection and foraging behavior, as well as economic decision making. |
| example of token economy in psychology: Motivational Interviewing for Effective Classroom Management Wendy M. Reinke, Keith C. Herman, Randall S. Sprick, 2011-07-13 Highly accessible and user-friendly, this book focuses on helping K–12 teachers increase their use of classroom management strategies that work. It addresses motivational aspects of teacher consultation that are essential, yet often overlooked. The Classroom Check-Up is a step-by-step model for assessing teachers' organizational, instructional, and behavior management practices; helping them develop a menu of intervention options; and overcoming obstacles to change. Easy-to-learn motivational interviewing techniques are embedded throughout. In a large-size format with lay-flat binding to facilitate photocopying, the book includes 20 reproducible forms, checklists, and templates. This book is in The Guilford Practical Intervention in the Schools Series. |
| example of token economy in psychology: Contingencies of Reinforcement B. F. Skinner, 2014-07-01 B. F. Skinner titled this book, Contingencies of Reinforcement, after the heart of his science of behavior. Contingencies relate classes of actions to postcedent events and to the contexts in which those action-postcedent relations occur. The basic processes seem straightforward, but many people do not know or understand the underlying theory. Skinner believed that ‘a theory is essential to the scientific understanding of behavior as a subject matter”. This book presents some of Skinner’s most sophisticated statements about theoretical issues. To his original articles, he added notes to clarify and expand subtle points. The book thus provides an overview of Skinner’s thinking about theory and the philosophy underpinning the science he began. |
| example of token economy in psychology: Behavior Modification in Applied Settings Alan E. Kazdin, 2012-08-20 Continuing the tradition of excellence established in previous editions, distinguished researcher, practitioner, and educator Alan Kazdin integrates pioneering and recent research with discussions and examples for altering behavior and the conditions that influence their effectiveness. The Seventh Edition reflects several developments within the field of behavior modification, without diminishing an essential emphasis on applied research and intervention techniques. Kazdin has expanded and refined discussions of functional behavioral assessment, antecedent events and their influence on behavior, assessment options, ensuring the quality of assessment, data evaluation, and ethical and legal issues. New to this edition is an Appendix to guide a behavior-change project that focuses on applying the content of the book in everyday life. In addition to comprehensive coverage and lucid explanations of how assessment, evaluation, and intervention work together to improve the care of individuals, the text contains many learning-oriented features, such as chapter outlines that convey content, direction, and key points; practical examples of principles and techniques; an abundant number of tables that summarize important concepts; exercises for designing or evaluating a specific intervention or for changing a program that is not working; and a list of key terms at the end of the chapters. By completing the exercises and understanding the terms, students can master the core content of the chapters. This outstanding text enables students and professionals with varied interests to implement effective techniques with individuals and in contexts where behavior change is desperately neededin a world challenged by a wide range of social problems. |
| example of token economy in psychology: The Home Token Economy Jack R.. Alvord, Carl D.. Cheney, 1994-01-01 A simulation game which through 'reinforcements' and 'punishments' as consequences, modifies children's relationships with their parents. |
| example of token economy in psychology: Schedules of Reinforcement B. F. Skinner, C. B. Ferster, 2015-05-20 The contingent relationship between actions and their consequences lies at the heart of Skinner’s experimental analysis of behavior. Particular patterns of behavior emerge depending upon the contingencies established. Ferster and Skinner examined the effects of different schedules of reinforcement on behavior. An extraordinary work, Schedules of Reinforcement represents over 70,000 hours of research primarily with pigeons, though the principles have now been experimentally verified with many species including human beings. At first glance, the book appears to be an atlas of schedules. And so it is, the most exhaustive in existence. But it is also a reminder of the power of describing and explaining behavior through an analysis of measurable and manipulative behavior-environment relations without appealing to physiological mechanisms in the brain. As en exemplar and source for the further study of behavioral phenomena, the book illustrates the scientific philosophy that Skinner and Ferster adopted: that a science is best built from the ground up, from a firm foundation of facts that can eventually be summarized as scientific laws. |
| example of token economy in psychology: Reset Robert Aunger, 2021 Reset: An Introduction to Behavior Centered Design presents a new framework for achieving behavior change that draws on recent advances in neuroscience, evolutionary biology, and ecological psychology. |
| example of token economy in psychology: Encyclopedia of Child Behavior and Development Sam Goldstein, Jack A. Naglieri, 2010-11-23 This reference work breaks new ground as an electronic resource. Utterly comprehensive, it serves as a repository of knowledge in the field as well as a frequently updated conduit of new material long before it finds its way into standard textbooks. |
| example of token economy in psychology: Effective Teaching Mark Wolery, Donald B. Bailey, George M. Sugai, 1988 |
| example of token economy in psychology: Research Methods in Applied Behavior Analysis Jon S. Bailey, Mary R. Burch, 2002-02-13 This very practical, how-to text provides the beginning researcher with the basics of applied behavior analysis research methods. In 10 logical steps, this text covers all of the elements of single-subject research design and it provides practical information for designing, implementing, and evaluating studies. Using a pocketbook format, the authors provide novice researcher with a steps-for-success approach that is brief, to-the-point, and clearly delineated. |
| example of token economy in psychology: Creating Religious Childhoods in Anglo-World and British Colonial Contexts, 1800-1950 Hugh Morrison, Mary Clare Martin, 2017-01-20 Drawing on examples from British world expressions of Christianity, this collection further greater understanding of religion as a critical element of modern children’s and young people’s history. It builds on emerging scholarship that challenges the view that religion had a solely negative impact on nineteenth- and twentieth-century children, or that ‘secularization’ is the only lens to apply to childhood and religion. Putting forth the argument that religion was an abiding influence among British world children throughout the nineteenth and most of the twentieth centuries, this volume places ‘religion’ at the center of analysis and discussion. At the same time, it positions the religious factor within a broader social and cultural framework. The essays focus on the historical contexts in which religion was formative for children in various ‘British’ settings denoted as ‘Anglo’ or ‘colonial’ during the nineteenth and early- to mid-twentieth centuries. These contexts include mission fields, churches, families, Sunday schools, camps, schools and youth movements. Together they are treated as ‘sites’ in which religion contributed to identity formation, albeit in different ways relating to such factors as gender, race, disability and denomination. The contributors develop this subject for childhoods that were experienced largely, but not exclusively, outside the ‘metropole’, in a diversity of geographical settings. By extending the geographic range, even within the British world, it provides a more rounded perspective on children’s global engagement with religion. |
| example of token economy in psychology: Intrinsic Motivation Edward L. Deci, 2012-12-06 As I begin to write this Preface, I feel a rush of excitement. I have now finished the book; my gestalt is coming into completion. Throughout the months that I have been writing this, I have, indeed, been intrinsically motivated. Now that it is finished I feel quite competent and self-determining (see Chapter 2). Whether or not those who read the book will perceive me that way is also a concern of mine (an extrinsic one), but it is a wholly separate issue from the intrinsic rewards I have been experiencing. This book presents a theoretical perspective. It reviews an enormous amount of research which establishes unequivocally that intrinsic motivation exists. Also considered herein are various approaches to the conceptualizing of intrinsic motivation. The book concentrates on the approach which has developed out of the work of Robert White (1959), namely, that intrinsically motivated behaviors are ones which a person engages in so that he may feel competent and self-determining in relation to his environment. The book then considers the development of intrinsic motiva tion, how behaviors are motivated intrinsically, how they relate to and how intrinsic motivation is extrinsically motivated behaviors, affected by extrinsic rewards and controls. It also considers how changes in intrinsic motivation relate to changes in attitudes, how people attribute motivation to each other, how the attribution process is motivated, and how the process of perceiving motivation (and other internal states) in oneself relates to perceiving them in others. |
| example of token economy in psychology: Behavior Analysis and Treatment Ron Van Houten, Saul Axelrod, 2013-11-22 In May 1986, the Association for Behavior Analysis (ABA) established a task force on the right to effective behavioral treatment. The mandate of this task force was to identify and delineate specific rights as they apply to behavioral treatment. Impetus for this project came in part from the controversy over the use of aversive procedures, which some held had no place in treatment and, with evolution of the treatment process, were no longer necessary. In con trast, others cited evidence that programs based on positive reinforcement alone were sometimes not effective in treating severe problems. These re searchers and practitioners desired to ensure that clients and guardians be permitted to choose treatments that included punishment procedures when assessments warranted their use. The first editor approached Ogden Lindsley, president of ABA, about establishing a task force to examine this isuse. The ABA council decided to broaden the mandate to include an examination of clients' right to effective behavioral treatment in general. The first editor was asked to chair the task force and appointed Saul Axelrod, Jon S. Bailey, Judith E. Favell, Richard M. Foxx, and 0. Ivar Lovaas as members. Brian A. Iwata was appointed liaison by the ABA council. |
| example of token economy in psychology: Ethics in Psychology and the Mental Health Professions Gerald P. Koocher, Patricia Keith-Spiegel, 2016 Revised edition of the authors' Ethics in psychology and the mental health professions, 2008. |
| example of token economy in psychology: Psychology Richard A. Griggs, 2010-10-15 Exploring the broad subject of introductory psychology with brevity and clarity, the award-winning author draws on his own classroom experience and extensive research in his careful choice of the core concepts in psychology. |
| example of token economy in psychology: Psychology: A Concise Introduction Richard A. Griggs, 2005-03-18 Psychology: A Concise Introduction explores the territory of the introductory psychology course while answering the growing need for a shorter, less expensive book. Award-winning teacher, Richard A. Griggs, draws on his own classroom experience and his extensive research on the introductory course in his careful choice of the core concepts in psychology. |
| example of token economy in psychology: Effects of Punishment on Human Behavior Saul Axelrod, 2013-10-22 The Effects of Punishment on Human Behavior is a collection of essays that discusses the procedural and ethical issues of the use of electric shock as a treatment for severe behavior problems. The book presents the different types of extraneous aversives and undesirable side effects of punishment. It demonstrates the effectiveness of punishment procedures. The text describes the various aspects of punishment, as applied to human beings. It discusses the ethical and legal issues that challenge the use of punishment. Another topic of interest is the salient characteristics and influences affecting the success of overcorrection. The section that follows describes the types of punishment. The text also provides a conceptual and methodological analysis of a technique called timeout. The book will provide valuable insights for psychologists, teachers, students, and researchers in the field of behavioral science. |
| example of token economy in psychology: Token Economy Shermin Voshmgir, 2020-06-21 This is the second edition of the book Token Economy originally published in June 2019. The basic structure of this second edition is the same as the first edition, with slightly updated content of existing chapters and four additional chapters: User-Centric Identities, Privacy Tokens, Lending Tokens, and How to Design a Token System and more focus on the Web3. //Part one outlines the fundamental building blocks of the Web3, including the role of cryptography and user-centric digital identities. Part two explains Web3 applications like smart contracts, DAOs & tokens. The last two parts of the book focus on tokens as the atomic unit of the Web3, explaining the properties and functions of money and outlining the emerging field of decentralized finance (DeFi) that might power a potential future digital barter economy. Use cases such as asset tokens, purpose driven tokens, BAT (Basic Attention Token), social media tokens (Steemit, Hive and Reddit), privacy tokens, and stable tokens are explored, including the role of CBDCs (Central Bank Digital Currencies) and Facebook's Libra.//Tokens - often referred to as cryptocurrencies - can represent anything from an asset to an access right, such as gold, diamonds, a fraction of a Picasso painting or an entry ticket to a concert. Tokens could also be used to reward social media contributions, incentivize the reduction of CO2 emissions, or even ones attention for watching an ad. While it has become easy to create a token, which is collectively managed by a public Web3 infrastructure like a blockchain network, the understanding of how to apply these tokens is still vague. This book attempts to summarize existing knowledge about blockchain networks and other distributed ledgers as the backbone of the Web3, and contextualize the socio-economic implications of the Web3 applications such as smart contracts, tokens, and DAOs to the concepts of money, economics, governance and decentralized finance (DeFi).//The industry keeps referring to “Blockchain” as different from “Bitcoin,” creating an artificial divide that is often misleading. There seems to be too little understanding about the fact that Bitcoin is a blockchain network, which is (a) globally managed by people who mostly do not know each other, and (b) enabled by the consensus protocol that (c) incentivizes all network actors for their contributions with a native token. The governance rules are tied to the minting of a native blockchain token. The Bitcoin token can, therefore, be seen as the currency of a distributed Internet tribe, called the Bitcoin network, where network actors are rewarded with Bitcoins, just as the Ether is the currency of the distributed Internet tribe Ethereum network, or Sia is the native currency of the Sia network. The Bitcoin network and other distributed ledgers all represent a collectively maintained public infrastructure and are the backbone of the next generation Internet, what the crypto community refers to as the Web3. |
| example of token economy in psychology: Illustrating Concepts and Phenomena in Psychology E. Leslie Cameron, Douglas A. Bernstein, 2022-08-29 This compendium of examples of psychological concepts and phenomena is designed to make it easier for both novice and experienced teachers of psychology at all levels to bring new and/or particularly illuminating examples to their lectures and other presentations. Psychology instructors know that vivid examples bring concepts to life for students, making psychology both more accessible and interesting. Having a good supply of such examples can be particularly important when, as often happens, students fail to immediately grasp particular points, especially those that are complex or difficult. Generating compelling examples can be challenging, particularly when teaching a course, such as Introductory Psychology, in which much of the material is outside one’s main area of expertise, when teaching a course for the first time, or when teaching a course that is entirely outside one’s main area of expertise. This compendium will serve as a one-stop reference that presents a topic-organized body of compelling examples that instructors can explore as they prepare their teaching materials. The examples they will find range from simple illustrations (e.g., muting an obnoxious commercial as an example of negative reinforcement), to videos (e.g., of a patient with prosopagnosia), to brief stories (e.g., about how confirmation bias led a man to dismantle a kitchen because he assumed that an electrical stove’s whining clock was a trapped kitten), to short summaries of research that illustrate a concept or phenomenon. Beyond their value for enhancing the quality and interest level of classroom lectures, the examples in this book can help teachers find ideas for engaging multiple-choice exam and quiz items. They can also serve as stimuli for writing assignments and small group discussions in which students are asked to come up with additional examples of the concept or phenomenon, or link them to other concepts or phenomena. |
| example of token economy in psychology: Cambridge Handbook of Psychology, Health and Medicine Susan Ayers, Andrew Baum, Chris McManus, Stanton Newman, Kenneth Wallston, John Weinman, Robert West, 2007-08-23 Health psychology is a rapidly expanding discipline at the interface of psychology and clinical medicine. This new edition is fully reworked and revised, offering an entirely up-to-date, comprehensive, accessible, one-stop resource for clinical psychologists, mental health professionals and specialists in health-related matters. There are two new editors: Susan Ayers from the University of Sussex and Kenneth Wallston from Vanderbilt University Medical Center. The prestigious editorial team and their international, interdisciplinary cast of authors have reconceptualised their much-acclaimed handbook. The book is now in two parts: part I covers psychological aspects of health and illness, assessments, interventions and healthcare practice. Part II covers medical matters listed in alphabetical order. Among the many new topics added are: diet and health, ethnicity and health, clinical interviewing, mood assessment, communicating risk, medical interviewing, diagnostic procedures, organ donation, IVF, MMR, HRT, sleep disorders, skin disorders, depression and anxiety disorders. |
| example of token economy in psychology: Discovering Psychology Don H. Hockenbury, Sandra E. Hockenbury, 2010-01-27 A multimedia-enhanced eBook integrates the text, a rich assortment of media-powered learning opportunities, and a variety of customization features for students and instructors. Worth's acclaimed eBook platform was developed by a cognitive psychologist, Pepper Williams, (Ph.D., Yale University) who taught undergraduate psychology at the University of Massachusetts. |
| example of token economy in psychology: Educational Psychology Jeanne Ellis Ormrod, 2014 Educational Psychology: Developing Learners is known for its exceptionally clear and engaging writing, its in-depth focus on learning, and its extensive concrete applications. Its unique approach helps students understand concepts by examining their own learning and then showing them how to apply these concepts as teachers. More than any other educational psychology text, this text moves seamlessly between theory and applications, features the most extensive and integrated coverage of diversity, contexts of learning, neuropsychology and brain development, and classroom applications of technology. It includes innumerable concrete examples to help readers connect educational psychology to real children and classrooms. From reviews of the book: Rather than simply presenting the necessary content, the author makes you feel like she is talking directly to you...I love that diversity that has been woven throughout the fabric of this text...Ormrod's personalized writing style will reach undergraduate students in a way that few authors can. [The book] is concise, yet thorough; comprehensive, yet unpretentious.--Angela Bloomquist, California University of Pennsylvania 'Compared to other texts, Ormrod's text is written in a more accessible way...Strengths [include] accessibility, good use of supplementary materials, [and] updated research. --David Yun Dai, University at Albany, SUNY Love how each chapter discusses diversity and special needs! ...Most students keep this text throughout their teaching careers as a resource. Of all the educational psychology textbooks that I've used, this one is the most comprehensive and interactive with vivid examples...The supplemental materials are very useful. The power point is extensive and easy to use for lecture. I use the test bank materials and find the questions to be aligned with students' licensure exams. --Cindy Ballantyne, Northern Arizona University Note: MyEducationLab does not come automatically packaged with this text. To purchase MyEducationLab, please visit: www.myeducationlab.com or you can purchase a valuepack of the physical text MyEducationLab. |
| example of token economy in psychology: Behavior Modification Garry Martin, Joseph Pear, 1996 Assuming no prior knowledge of behaviour modification or psychology, this text offers students hands-on experience with the principles of behaviour modification and their application to everyday concerns - from helping children learn life's necessary skills to solving personal behaviour problems. |
| example of token economy in psychology: Teaching for Learning Claire Howell Major, Michael S. Harris, Todd D. Zakrajsek, 2015-08-27 Despite a growing body of research on teaching methods, instructors lack a comprehensive resource that highlights and synthesizes proven approaches. Teaching for Learning fills that gap. Each of the one hundred and one entries: describes an approach and lists its essential features and elements demonstrates how that approach has been used in education, including specific examples from different disciplines reviews findings from the research literature describes techniques to improve effectiveness. Teaching for Learning provides instructors with a resource grounded in the academic knowledge base, written in an easily accessible, engaging, and practical style. |
| example of token economy in psychology: Psychology in Economics and Business Gerrit Antonides, 2012-12-06 This book is targeted at students of economics and business administration and presents the state of the art in behavioral economics and economic psychology and their applications to economics and business. It discusses economic psychological themes, information processing, and applications in fields including entrepreneurial behavior, perceptions of price, risk, inflation and economic activities, and economic socialization. |
| example of token economy in psychology: Psychological Operations Frank L. Goldstein, Benjamin F. Findley, 1996 This anthology serves as a fundamental guide to PSYOP philosophy, concepts, principles, issues, and thought for both those new to, and those experienced in, the PSYOP field and PSYOP applications. It clarifies the value of PSYOP as a cost-effective weapon and incorporates it as a psychological instrument of U.S. military and political power, especially given our present budgetary constraints. Presents diverse articles that portray the value of the planned use of human actions to influence perceptions, public opinion, attitudes, and behaviors so that PSYOP victories can be achieved in war and in peace. |
| example of token economy in psychology: Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences Virgil Zeigler-Hill, Todd K. Shackelford, 2020-03-11 This Encyclopedia provides a comprehensive overview of individual differences within the domain of personality, with major sub-topics including assessment and research design, taxonomy, biological factors, evolutionary evidence, motivation, cognition and emotion, as well as gender differences, cultural considerations, and personality disorders. It is an up-to-date reference for this increasingly important area and a key resource for those who study intelligence, personality, motivation, aptitude and their variations within members of a group. |
| example of token economy in psychology: Applied Behavior Analysis John O. Cooper, Timothy E. Heron, William L. Heward, 2013-07-15 The long-awaited second edition of the classic textbook, Applied Behavior Analysis, provides a comprehensive, in-depth discussion of the field, providing a complete description of the principles and procedures needed to systematically change socially significant behavior and to understand the reasons for that change. The authors' goal in revising this best-selling text was to introduce students to ABA in as complete, technically accurate, and contemporary manner as possible. As a result, the book's scope, treatment of various principles, procedures, and issues suggest that it is intended for concentrated and serious study.Readers of the new second edition will appreciate the inclusion of: more than 1,400 citations to primary-source literature, including both classic and contemporary studies; a glossary of more than 400 technical terms and concepts; more than 100 graphs displaying original data from peer-reviewed research, with detailed descriptions of the procedures used to collect the data represented; five new chapters written by leading scholars in the field of behavior analysis; and the addition of The Behavior Analyst Certification Board(r) BCBA(r) and BCABA(r) Behavior Analyst Task List, Third Edition. First published in 1987, Applied Behavior Analysis remains the top-choice primary text for appropriate courses at universities in the United States and abroad with leading programs in behavior analysis. This comprehensive text, best-suited for all upper-level courses in basic principles, applications, and behavioral research methods, helps students, educators, and practitioners appreciate and begin to acquire the conceptual and technical skills necessary to foster socially adaptive behavior in diverse individuals. |
| example of token economy in psychology: Encyclopedia of Special Education Cecil R. Reynolds, Elaine Fletcher-Janzen, 2007-01-02 Offers a thoroughly revised, comprehensive A to Z compilation of authoritative information on the education of those with special needs. |
| example of token economy in psychology: Encyclopedia of School Psychology Steven W. Lee, 2005-04-27 Lee (U. of Kansas) emphasizes the role of school psychologists as consultants, and one of this encyclopedia's goals is to introduce non-specialists to the scope of psychology applied to education. It can also serve as a reference for practitioners and vocational counselors. For ease of use, the comprehensive contents are listed both alphabetically |
| example of token economy in psychology: Interpreting Consumer Choice Gordon Foxall, 2009-09-10 Interpretive consumer research usually proceeds with a minimum of structure and preconceptions. This book presents a more structured approach than is usual, showing how a simple framework that embodies the rewards and costs associated with consumer choice can be used to interpret a wide range of consumer behaviours from everyday purchasing and saving, innovative choice, imitation, ‘green’ consumer behavior, to compulsive behaviors such as addictions (to shopping, to gambling, to alcohol and other drugs, etc). Foxall takes a qualitative approach to interpreting behavior, focusing on the epistemological problems that arise in such research and emphasizing the emotional as well as cognitive aspects of consumption. The author argues that consumer behaviour can be understood with the aid of a very simple model that proposes how the consequences of consumption impact consumers’ subsequent choices. The objective is to show that a basic model can be used to interpret consumer behaviour in general, not in isolation from the marketing influences that shape it, but as a course of human choice that is dynamically linked with managerial concerns. |
| example of token economy in psychology: Behavior Management Thomas J. Zirpoli, Kristine J. Melloy, 2001 Updated discussion of techniques and issues of behavior management and assessment, everyday applications, legal considerations. |
EXAMPLE Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster
The meaning of EXAMPLE is one that serves as a pattern to be imitated or not to be imitated. How to use example in a sentence. Synonym Discussion of Example.
EXAMPLE | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary
EXAMPLE definition: 1. something that is typical of the group of things that it is a member of: 2. a way of helping…. Learn more.
EXAMPLE Definition & Meaning | Dictionary.com
one of a number of things, or a part of something, taken to show the character of the whole. This painting is an example of his early work. a pattern or model, as of something to be imitated or …
Example - definition of example by The Free Dictionary
1. one of a number of things, or a part of something, taken to show the character of the whole. 2. a pattern or model, as of something to be imitated or avoided: to set a good example. 3. an …
Example Definition & Meaning - YourDictionary
To be illustrated or exemplified (by). Wear something simple; for example, a skirt and blouse.
EXAMPLE - Meaning & Translations | Collins English Dictionary
An example of something is a particular situation, object, or person which shows that what is being claimed is true. 2. An example of a particular class of objects or styles is something that …
example noun - Definition, pictures, pronunciation and usage …
used to emphasize something that explains or supports what you are saying; used to give an example of what you are saying. There is a similar word in many languages, for example in …
Example - Definition, Meaning & Synonyms - Vocabulary.com
An example is a particular instance of something that is representative of a group, or an illustration of something that's been generally described. Example comes from the Latin word …
example - definition and meaning - Wordnik
noun Something that serves as a pattern of behaviour to be imitated (a good example) or not to be imitated (a bad example). noun A person punished as a warning to others. noun A parallel …
EXAMPLE Synonyms: 20 Similar Words - Merriam-Webster
Some common synonyms of example are case, illustration, instance, sample, and specimen. While all these words mean "something that exhibits distinguishing characteristics in its …
EXAMPLE Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster
The meaning of EXAMPLE is one that serves as a pattern to be imitated or not to be imitated. How to use example in a sentence. Synonym Discussion …
EXAMPLE | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary
EXAMPLE definition: 1. something that is typical of the group of things that it is a member of: 2. a way of helping…. …
EXAMPLE Definition & Meaning | Dictionary.com
one of a number of things, or a part of something, taken to show the character of the whole. This painting is an example of his early work. a pattern …
Example - definition of example by The Free Dictiona…
1. one of a number of things, or a part of something, taken to show the character of the whole. 2. a pattern or model, as of something to be …
Example Definition & Meaning - YourDictionary
To be illustrated or exemplified (by). Wear something simple; for example, a skirt and blouse.
