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| example of unit of analysis: Research Methods William M. K. Trochim, 2005 From an expert in the research methods field, Research Methods: The Concise Knowledge Base was written specifically for undergraduates. Trochim streamlined and clarified explanations of fundamental, yet difficult, concepts in his familiar, engaging style. With this text, students will learn about the relationship between theory and practice, which will help them become better researchers and better consumers of research. From an expert in the research methods field, Research Methods: The Concise Knowledge Base was written specifically for undergraduates. Trochim streamlined and clarified explanations of fundamental, yet difficult, concepts in his familiar, engaging style. With this text, students will learn about the relationship between theory and practice, which will help them become better researchers and better consumers of research. |
| example of unit of analysis: Encyclopedia of Research Design Neil J. Salkind, 2010-06-22 Comprising more than 500 entries, the Encyclopedia of Research Design explains how to make decisions about research design, undertake research projects in an ethical manner, interpret and draw valid inferences from data, and evaluate experiment design strategies and results. Two additional features carry this encyclopedia far above other works in the field: bibliographic entries devoted to significant articles in the history of research design and reviews of contemporary tools, such as software and statistical procedures, used to analyze results. It covers the spectrum of research design strategies, from material presented in introductory classes to topics necessary in graduate research; it addresses cross- and multidisciplinary research needs, with many examples drawn from the social and behavioral sciences, neurosciences, and biomedical and life sciences; it provides summaries of advantages and disadvantages of often-used strategies; and it uses hundreds of sample tables, figures, and equations based on real-life cases.--Publisher's description. |
| example of unit of analysis: Applied Qualitative Research Design Margaret R. Roller, Paul J. Lavrakas, 2015-02-23 This unique text provides a comprehensive framework for creating, managing, and interpreting qualitative research studies that yield valid and useful information. Examples of studies from a wide range of disciplines illustrate the strengths, limitations, and applications of the primary qualitative methods: in-depth interviews, focus group discussions, ethnography, content analysis, and case study and narrative research. Following a consistent format, chapters show students and researchers how to implement each method within a paradigm-neutral and flexible Total Quality Framework (TQF) comprising four interrelated components: Credibility, Analyzability, Transparency, and Usefulness. Unlike other texts that relegate quality issues to one or two chapters, detailed discussions of such crucial topics as construct validity, interresearcher reliability, researcher bias, and verification strategies are featured throughout. The book also addresses applications of the TQF to the writing, review, and evaluation of qualitative research proposals and manuscripts. Pedagogical Features *Summary tables that highlight important content, such as the application of a method to vulnerable or hard-to-reach populations. *Case studies that illustrate TQF standards in practice for each method. *Guidelines for effective documentation (via thick descriptions) of each type of study. *End-of-chapter discussion topics, exercises, and suggested further reading and Web resources. *Chapters open with a preview and close with a bulleted summary of key ideas. *Extensive glossary. 2021 Winner--American Association for Public Opinion Research (AAPOR) Book Award |
| example of unit of analysis: Development Research in Practice Kristoffer Bjärkefur, Luíza Cardoso de Andrade, Benjamin Daniels, Maria Ruth Jones, 2021-07-16 Development Research in Practice leads the reader through a complete empirical research project, providing links to continuously updated resources on the DIME Wiki as well as illustrative examples from the Demand for Safe Spaces study. The handbook is intended to train users of development data how to handle data effectively, efficiently, and ethically. “In the DIME Analytics Data Handbook, the DIME team has produced an extraordinary public good: a detailed, comprehensive, yet easy-to-read manual for how to manage a data-oriented research project from beginning to end. It offers everything from big-picture guidance on the determinants of high-quality empirical research, to specific practical guidance on how to implement specific workflows—and includes computer code! I think it will prove durably useful to a broad range of researchers in international development and beyond, and I learned new practices that I plan on adopting in my own research group.†? —Marshall Burke, Associate Professor, Department of Earth System Science, and Deputy Director, Center on Food Security and the Environment, Stanford University “Data are the essential ingredient in any research or evaluation project, yet there has been too little attention to standardized practices to ensure high-quality data collection, handling, documentation, and exchange. Development Research in Practice: The DIME Analytics Data Handbook seeks to fill that gap with practical guidance and tools, grounded in ethics and efficiency, for data management at every stage in a research project. This excellent resource sets a new standard for the field and is an essential reference for all empirical researchers.†? —Ruth E. Levine, PhD, CEO, IDinsight “Development Research in Practice: The DIME Analytics Data Handbook is an important resource and a must-read for all development economists, empirical social scientists, and public policy analysts. Based on decades of pioneering work at the World Bank on data collection, measurement, and analysis, the handbook provides valuable tools to allow research teams to more efficiently and transparently manage their work flows—yielding more credible analytical conclusions as a result.†? —Edward Miguel, Oxfam Professor in Environmental and Resource Economics and Faculty Director of the Center for Effective Global Action, University of California, Berkeley “The DIME Analytics Data Handbook is a must-read for any data-driven researcher looking to create credible research outcomes and policy advice. By meticulously describing detailed steps, from project planning via ethical and responsible code and data practices to the publication of research papers and associated replication packages, the DIME handbook makes the complexities of transparent and credible research easier.†? —Lars Vilhuber, Data Editor, American Economic Association, and Executive Director, Labor Dynamics Institute, Cornell University |
| example of unit of analysis: The SAGE Encyclopedia of Communication Research Methods Mike Allen, 2017-04-11 Communication research is evolving and changing in a world of online journals, open-access, and new ways of obtaining data and conducting experiments via the Internet. Although there are generic encyclopedias describing basic social science research methodologies in general, until now there has been no comprehensive A-to-Z reference work exploring methods specific to communication and media studies. Our entries, authored by key figures in the field, focus on special considerations when applied specifically to communication research, accompanied by engaging examples from the literature of communication, journalism, and media studies. Entries cover every step of the research process, from the creative development of research topics and questions to literature reviews, selection of best methods (whether quantitative, qualitative, or mixed) for analyzing research results and publishing research findings, whether in traditional media or via new media outlets. In addition to expected entries covering the basics of theories and methods traditionally used in communication research, other entries discuss important trends influencing the future of that research, including contemporary practical issues students will face in communication professions, the influences of globalization on research, use of new recording technologies in fieldwork, and the challenges and opportunities related to studying online multi-media environments. Email, texting, cellphone video, and blogging are shown not only as topics of research but also as means of collecting and analyzing data. Still other entries delve into considerations of accountability, copyright, confidentiality, data ownership and security, privacy, and other aspects of conducting an ethical research program. Features: 652 signed entries are contained in an authoritative work spanning four volumes available in choice of electronic or print formats. Although organized A-to-Z, front matter includes a Reader’s Guide grouping entries thematically to help students interested in a specific aspect of communication research to more easily locate directly related entries. Back matter includes a Chronology of the development of the field of communication research; a Resource Guide to classic books, journals, and associations; a Glossary introducing the terminology of the field; and a detailed Index. Entries conclude with References/Further Readings and Cross-References to related entries to guide students further in their research journeys. The Index, Reader’s Guide themes, and Cross-References combine to provide robust search-and-browse in the e-version. |
| example of unit of analysis: Encyclopedia of Survey Research Methods Paul J. Lavrakas, 2008-09-12 To the uninformed, surveys appear to be an easy type of research to design and conduct, but when students and professionals delve deeper, they encounter the vast complexities that the range and practice of survey methods present. To complicate matters, technology has rapidly affected the way surveys can be conducted; today, surveys are conducted via cell phone, the Internet, email, interactive voice response, and other technology-based modes. Thus, students, researchers, and professionals need both a comprehensive understanding of these complexities and a revised set of tools to meet the challenges. In conjunction with top survey researchers around the world and with Nielsen Media Research serving as the corporate sponsor, the Encyclopedia of Survey Research Methods presents state-of-the-art information and methodological examples from the field of survey research. Although there are other how-to guides and references texts on survey research, none is as comprehensive as this Encyclopedia, and none presents the material in such a focused and approachable manner. With more than 600 entries, this resource uses a Total Survey Error perspective that considers all aspects of possible survey error from a cost-benefit standpoint. Key Features Covers all major facets of survey research methodology, from selecting the sample design and the sampling frame, designing and pretesting the questionnaire, data collection, and data coding, to the thorny issues surrounding diminishing response rates, confidentiality, privacy, informed consent and other ethical issues, data weighting, and data analyses Presents a Reader′s Guide to organize entries around themes or specific topics and easily guide users to areas of interest Offers cross-referenced terms, a brief listing of Further Readings, and stable Web site URLs following most entries The Encyclopedia of Survey Research Methods is specifically written to appeal to beginning, intermediate, and advanced students, practitioners, researchers, consultants, and consumers of survey-based information. |
| example of unit of analysis: The Behavioral and Social Sciences National Research Council, Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, Committee on Basic Research in the Behavioral and Social Sciences, 1988-02-01 This volume explores the scientific frontiers and leading edges of research across the fields of anthropology, economics, political science, psychology, sociology, history, business, education, geography, law, and psychiatry, as well as the newer, more specialized areas of artificial intelligence, child development, cognitive science, communications, demography, linguistics, and management and decision science. It includes recommendations concerning new resources, facilities, and programs that may be needed over the next several years to ensure rapid progress and provide a high level of returns to basic research. |
| example of unit of analysis: Research Basics James V. Spickard, 2016-09-15 Research Basics: Design to Data Analysis in Six Steps offers a fresh and creative approach to the research process based on author James V. Spickard’s decades of teaching experience. Using an intuitive six-step model, readers learn how to craft a research question and then identify a logical process for answering it. Conversational writing and multi-disciplinary examples illuminate the model’s simplicity and power, effectively connecting the “hows” and “whys” behind social science research. Students using this book will learn how to turn their research questions into results. |
| example of unit of analysis: Statistical modeling : a fresh approach Daniel Theodore Kaplan, 2011 Statistical Modeling: A Fresh Approach introduces and illuminates the statistical reasoning used in modern research throughout the natural and social sciences, medicine, government, and commerce. It emphasizes the use of models to untangle and quantify variation in observed data. By a deft and concise use of computing coupled with an innovative geometrical presentation of the relationship among variables. A Fresh Approach reveals the logic of statistical inference and empowers the reader to use and understand techniques such as analysis of covariance that appear widely in published research but are hardly ever found in introductory texts.-- book cover |
| example of unit of analysis: Understanding Social Research Jennifer Mason, Angela Dale, 2010-12-10 Jennifer Mason and Angela Dale′s book seeks to set out cutting-edge developments in the field of social research and to encourage students and researchers to consider ways of learning from different approaches and perspectives in such a way as to make their own research richer, more insightful and more rewarding. Social Researching brings together a wide variety of research methods - both qualitative and quantitative - to help students and researchers to consider the relative benefits of adopting different approaches for their own research work. The authors clearly identify the most appropriate methods for different research questions and also highlight areas where it might be fruitful to compliment different methods with each other or exploit creative tensions between them. The book is therefore a highly practical guide which also seeks to draw readers outside their methodological comfort zones. This book includes: - Critical coverage of issues in research design; - Expert experience in many methodological fields; - An overview of the many different ways to approach similar research problems; - Coverage of the tensions between different methodological approaches; - Examples of excellence in research design and practice; - An examination of how to turn methodological tensions into richer research practice. The methods covered include highly innovative, ′cutting-edge′ approaches and they are demonstrated in terms of their transferability between the different social sciences. This inter-disciplinary approach is complimented by a wide range of strategically chosen examples which demonstrate the authors′ pragmatic and creative take on research design. |
| example of unit of analysis: Management Research Susan Rose, Nigel Spinks, Ana Isabel Canhoto, 2014-07-25 For many post-graduate students undertaking a research project for the first time is a daunting prospect. Gaining the knowledge and skills needed to do research typically has to be done alongside carrying out the project itself. Students often have to conduct their research independently, perhaps with limited tutor contact. What is needed in such situations is a resource that supports the new researcher on every step of the research journey, from defining the project to communicating its findings. Management Research: Applying the Principles provides just such a resource. Structured around the key stages of a research project, it is designed to provide answers to the questions faced by new researchers but without neglecting the underlying principles of good research. Each chapter includes ‘next steps’ activities to help readers apply the content to their own live research project. The companion website provides extensive resources, including video tutorials, to support the development of practical research skills. The text reflects the richness and variety of current business and management research both in its presentation of methods and techniques and its choice of examples drawn from different subject disciplines, industries and organizations. Management Research: Applying the Principles combines diversity of coverage with a singularity of purpose: to help students complete their research project to a rigorous standard. |
| example of unit of analysis: SAGE Research Methods Foundations Paul Anthony Atkinson, Sara Delamont, Richard A. Williams, Alexandru Cernat, Joseph Sakshaug, 2021-05-05 |
| example of unit of analysis: Social Science Research Anol Bhattacherjee, 2012-04-01 This book is designed to introduce doctoral and graduate students to the process of conducting scientific research in the social sciences, business, education, public health, and related disciplines. It is a one-stop, comprehensive, and compact source for foundational concepts in behavioral research, and can serve as a stand-alone text or as a supplement to research readings in any doctoral seminar or research methods class. This book is currently used as a research text at universities on six continents and will shortly be available in nine different languages. |
| example of unit of analysis: A Practical Introduction to Real-World Research Loreen Wolfer, 2021-01-15 This practical text combines social research methods with coverage of statistical analysis to help students develop the applied research skills needed for future careers in public and private organizations, while also delivering a solid foundation for those going on to graduate school. Throughout the book, the author offers a real-world example and then breaks it down into a decision tree, which helps lead students to a possible statistical decision (rather than starting with the statistic). This text gives students a toolbox of the most common and in-demand skills and demonstrates how those skills can be used to make the best research decisions. The book takes students through the entire real-world research process, from the formation of a research topic to measurement and sampling, to methods for gathering information and making sense of the data, and finally presenting to a non-academic audience in a way that gets the job done. Resources for instructors and students are available on an accompanying website for the book. |
| example of unit of analysis: How to Sample in Surveys Arlene Fink, 1995-08-03 This book shows readers how to select & use the most appropriate sampling methods for their survey. It covers myriad sampling techniques, and describes criteria, the logic in estimating standard errors, and how to calculate the response rate. |
| example of unit of analysis: Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Julian P. T. Higgins, Sally Green, 2008-11-24 Healthcare providers, consumers, researchers and policy makers are inundated with unmanageable amounts of information, including evidence from healthcare research. It has become impossible for all to have the time and resources to find, appraise and interpret this evidence and incorporate it into healthcare decisions. Cochrane Reviews respond to this challenge by identifying, appraising and synthesizing research-based evidence and presenting it in a standardized format, published in The Cochrane Library (www.thecochranelibrary.com). The Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions contains methodological guidance for the preparation and maintenance of Cochrane intervention reviews. Written in a clear and accessible format, it is the essential manual for all those preparing, maintaining and reading Cochrane reviews. Many of the principles and methods described here are appropriate for systematic reviews applied to other types of research and to systematic reviews of interventions undertaken by others. It is hoped therefore that this book will be invaluable to all those who want to understand the role of systematic reviews, critically appraise published reviews or perform reviews themselves. |
| example of unit of analysis: Content Analysis Klaus Krippendorff, 2004 The Second Edition of Content Analysis: An Introduction to Its Methodology is a definitive sourcebook of the history and core principles of content analysis as well as an essential resource for present and future studies. The book introduces readers to ways of analyzing meaningful matter such as texts, images, voices - that is, data whose physical manifestations are secondary to the meanings that a particular population of people brings to them. Organized into three parts, the book examines the conceptual and methodological aspects of content analysis and also traces several paths through content analysis protocols. The author has completely revised and updated the Second Edition, integrating new information on computer-aided text analysis. The book also includes a practical guide that incorporates experiences in teaching and how to advise academic and commercial researchers. In addition, Krippendorff clarifies the epistemology and logic of content analysis as well as the methods for achieving its aims. Intended as a textbook for advanced undergraduate and graduate students across the social sciences, Content Analysis, Second Edition will also be a valuable resource for practitioners in a variety of disciplines. |
| example of unit of analysis: Sampling Essentials Johnnie Daniel, 2011-04-25 Written for students taking research methods courses, this text provides a thorough overview of sampling principles. The author gives detailed, nontechnical descriptions and guidelines with limited presentation of formulas to help students reach basic research decisions, such as whether to choose a census or a sample, as well as how to select sample size and sample type. Intended for students and researchers in the social and behavioral sciences, public health research, marketing research, and related areas, the text provides nonstatisticians with the concepts and techniques they need to do quality work and make good sampling choices. |
| example of unit of analysis: Developing a Protocol for Observational Comparative Effectiveness Research: A User's Guide Agency for Health Care Research and Quality (U.S.), 2013-02-21 This User’s Guide is a resource for investigators and stakeholders who develop and review observational comparative effectiveness research protocols. It explains how to (1) identify key considerations and best practices for research design; (2) build a protocol based on these standards and best practices; and (3) judge the adequacy and completeness of a protocol. Eleven chapters cover all aspects of research design, including: developing study objectives, defining and refining study questions, addressing the heterogeneity of treatment effect, characterizing exposure, selecting a comparator, defining and measuring outcomes, and identifying optimal data sources. Checklists of guidance and key considerations for protocols are provided at the end of each chapter. The User’s Guide was created by researchers affiliated with AHRQ’s Effective Health Care Program, particularly those who participated in AHRQ’s DEcIDE (Developing Evidence to Inform Decisions About Effectiveness) program. Chapters were subject to multiple internal and external independent reviews. More more information, please consult the Agency website: www.effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov) |
| example of unit of analysis: Qualitative Data Analysis Ian Dey, 2003-09-02 Qualitative Data Analysis shows that learning how to analyse qualitative data by computer can be fun. Written in a stimulating style, with examples drawn mainly from every day life and contemporary humour, it should appeal to a wide audience. |
| example of unit of analysis: Longitudinal Data Analysis Garrett Fitzmaurice, Marie Davidian, Geert Verbeke, Geert Molenberghs, 2008-08-11 Although many books currently available describe statistical models and methods for analyzing longitudinal data, they do not highlight connections between various research threads in the statistical literature. Responding to this void, Longitudinal Data Analysis provides a clear, comprehensive, and unified overview of state-of-the-art theory |
| example of unit of analysis: Research Methods in Education Louis Cohen, Lawrence Manion, Keith Morrison, 2007-05-07 This fully updated sixth edition of the international bestseller Research Methods in Education covers the whole range of methods currently employed by educational research at all stages. It is divided into five main parts: the context of educational research; planning educational research; styles of educational research; strategies for data collection and researching; and data analysis. The book also contains references to a comprehensive dedicated website of accompanying materials. The sixth edition includes new material on: complexity theory, ethics, sampling and sensitive educational research experimental research, questionnaire design and administration with practical guidance qualitative and quantitative data analysis, with practical examples internet based research. Research Methods in Education is essential reading for the professional researcher and continues to be the standard text for students and lecturers in educational research. To access the dedicated website of accompanying materials, please visit: www.routledge.com/textbooks/9780415368780. |
| example of unit of analysis: Sampling Sharon L. Lohr, 2019-04-08 This edition is a reprint of the second edition published by Cengage Learning, Inc. Reprinted with permission. What is the unemployment rate? How many adults have high blood pressure? What is the total area of land planted with soybeans? Sampling: Design and Analysis tells you how to design and analyze surveys to answer these and other questions. This authoritative text, used as a standard reference by numerous survey organizations, teaches sampling using real data sets from social sciences, public opinion research, medicine, public health, economics, agriculture, ecology, and other fields. The book is accessible to students from a wide range of statistical backgrounds. By appropriate choice of sections, it can be used for a graduate class for statistics students or for a class with students from business, sociology, psychology, or biology. Readers should be familiar with concepts from an introductory statistics class including linear regression; optional sections contain the statistical theory, for readers who have studied mathematical statistics. Distinctive features include: More than 450 exercises. In each chapter, Introductory Exercises develop skills, Working with Data Exercises give practice with data from surveys, Working with Theory Exercises allow students to investigate statistical properties of estimators, and Projects and Activities Exercises integrate concepts. A solutions manual is available. An emphasis on survey design. Coverage of simple random, stratified, and cluster sampling; ratio estimation; constructing survey weights; jackknife and bootstrap; nonresponse; chi-squared tests and regression analysis. Graphing data from surveys. Computer code using SAS® software. Online supplements containing data sets, computer programs, and additional material. Sharon Lohr, the author of Measuring Crime: Behind the Statistics, has published widely about survey sampling and statistical methods for education, public policy, law, and crime. She has been recognized as Fellow of the American Statistical Association, elected member of the International Statistical Institute, and recipient of the Gertrude M. Cox Statistics Award and the Deming Lecturer Award. Formerly Dean’s Distinguished Professor of Statistics at Arizona State University and a Vice President at Westat, she is now a freelance statistical consultant and writer. Visit her website at www.sharonlohr.com. |
| example of unit of analysis: Doing Meta-Analysis with R Mathias Harrer, Pim Cuijpers, Toshi A. Furukawa, David D. Ebert, 2021-09-15 Doing Meta-Analysis with R: A Hands-On Guide serves as an accessible introduction on how meta-analyses can be conducted in R. Essential steps for meta-analysis are covered, including calculation and pooling of outcome measures, forest plots, heterogeneity diagnostics, subgroup analyses, meta-regression, methods to control for publication bias, risk of bias assessments and plotting tools. Advanced but highly relevant topics such as network meta-analysis, multi-three-level meta-analyses, Bayesian meta-analysis approaches and SEM meta-analysis are also covered. A companion R package, dmetar, is introduced at the beginning of the guide. It contains data sets and several helper functions for the meta and metafor package used in the guide. The programming and statistical background covered in the book are kept at a non-expert level, making the book widely accessible. Features • Contains two introductory chapters on how to set up an R environment and do basic imports/manipulations of meta-analysis data, including exercises • Describes statistical concepts clearly and concisely before applying them in R • Includes step-by-step guidance through the coding required to perform meta-analyses, and a companion R package for the book |
| example of unit of analysis: Oxford Handbook of Medical Statistics Janet Peacock, Philip Peacock, 2011 The majority of medical research involves quantitative methods and so it is essential to be able to understand and interpret statistics. This book shows readers how to develop the skills required to critically appraise research evidence effectively, and how to conduct research and communicate their findings. |
| example of unit of analysis: Basic Content Analysis Robert Philip Weber, 1990 This second edition has been completely updated to include new studies, new computer applications and an additional chapter on problems and issues that can arise when carrying out content analysis in four major categories: measurement, indication, representation and interpretation. |
| example of unit of analysis: The Cambridge Handbook of Group Interaction Analysis Elisabeth Brauner, Margarete Boos, Michaela Kolbe, 2018-08-02 This Handbook provides a compendium of research methods that are essential for studying interaction and communication across the behavioral sciences. Focusing on coding of verbal and nonverbal behavior and interaction, the Handbook is organized into five parts. Part I provides an introduction and historic overview of the field. Part II presents areas in which interaction analysis is used, such as relationship research, group research, and nonverbal research. Part III focuses on development, validation, and concrete application of interaction coding schemes. Part IV presents relevant data analysis methods and statistics. Part V contains systematic descriptions of established and novel coding schemes, which allows quick comparison across instruments. Researchers can apply this methodology to their own interaction data and learn how to evaluate and select coding schemes and conduct interaction analysis. This is an essential reference for all who study communication in teams and groups. |
| example of unit of analysis: Syntactic Structures Noam Chomsky, 2020-05-18 No detailed description available for Syntactic Structures. |
| example of unit of analysis: Approaches to Social Research Royce Singleton, Bruce C. Straits, Margaret Miller Straits, 1993 Thoroughly revised and updated, this remarkably successful text offers a sophisticated introduction to social research methods in a variety of fields. It provides balanced, comprehensive treatment of four major approaches--experimentation, survey research, field research, and the use of available data--with extensive substantive examples and a clarity of exposition that recommend it to students with no background. |
| example of unit of analysis: General Theory Of Employment , Interest And Money John Maynard Keynes, 2016-04 John Maynard Keynes is the great British economist of the twentieth century whose hugely influential work The General Theory of Employment, Interest and * is undoubtedly the century's most important book on economics--strongly influencing economic theory and practice, particularly with regard to the role of government in stimulating and regulating a nation's economic life. Keynes's work has undergone significant revaluation in recent years, and Keynesian views which have been widely defended for so long are now perceived as at odds with Keynes's own thinking. Recent scholarship and research has demonstrated considerable rivalry and controversy concerning the proper interpretation of Keynes's works, such that recourse to the original text is all the more important. Although considered by a few critics that the sentence structures of the book are quite incomprehensible and almost unbearable to read, the book is an essential reading for all those who desire a basic education in economics. The key to understanding Keynes is the notion that at particular times in the business cycle, an economy can become over-productive (or under-consumptive) and thus, a vicious spiral is begun that results in massive layoffs and cuts in production as businesses attempt to equilibrate aggregate supply and demand. Thus, full employment is only one of many or multiple macro equilibria. If an economy reaches an underemployment equilibrium, something is necessary to boost or stimulate demand to produce full employment. This something could be business investment but because of the logic and individualist nature of investment decisions, it is unlikely to rapidly restore full employment. Keynes logically seizes upon the public budget and government expenditures as the quickest way to restore full employment. Borrowing the * to finance the deficit from private households and businesses is a quick, direct way to restore full employment while at the same time, redirecting or siphoning |
| example of unit of analysis: Strategies and Tactics of Behavioral Research James M. Johnston, Henry S. Pennypacker, 2010-10-18 Almost entirely rewritten and reformatted with many more learning tools, this classic text now has even greater appeal to today’s students. This edition features much more discussion of how research methods are relevant for practitioners, and many examples are based on field research and service delivery scenarios. This comprehensive treatment of single-subject or within-subject design focuses on the strategic (the overall goal) and tactical (the methods and procedures) options available to investigators as they try to determine the most effective way of addressing research questions. The authors guide readers to consider the rationale for different ways of measuring behavior and designing experimental comparisons. At every point, the text explains the strengths and weaknesses of alternative choices so that readers can make the best decision in each situation. Highlights of the new third edition include: Rewritten in a straightforward and accessible style for students without a background in this area, this edition features many more field-based examples and applications. Increased focus on the application of research methods to the needs of practitioners in measuring behavior change and evaluating interventions under field conditions. Increased use of learning aids, including a built-in study guide, summary tables, figures, boxed discussions of special topics, key terms with definitions, chapter summaries, suggested readings, discussion questions and exercises, and a glossary. Instructor’s resource materials available on a password-protected website with digital access to figures, tables, definition of new terms by chapters, multiple choice test questions, and content from the book’s learning aids, including study guide questions and suggested topics for class discussion and exercises. With a focus on direct behavioral measurement and within-subject design, this book is intended for advanced undergraduate or graduate courses in behavioral research methods, basic or applied behavior analysis, or single-/within-subject design taught in psychology (especially clinical and counseling psychology), social work, education, developmental disabilities, and other social and health science programs that deal with human behavior in research or practice settings. Although the book is written for students without a background in behavioral research, its comprehensive approach to designing procedures for measuring behavior and creating experimental comparisons also make it a valuable resource for investigators and professionals. |
| example of unit of analysis: Research Methods and Statistics for Public and Nonprofit Administrators Masami Nishishiba, Matthew Jones, Mariah Kraner, 2013-09-17 Research Methods and Statistics for Public and Nonprofit Administrators: A Practical Guide is a comprehensive, easy-to-read, core text that thoroughly prepares readers to apply research methods and data analysis to the professional environments of public and non-profit administration. The authors expertly incorporate original case examples to demonstrate concepts using “real actors,” facing specific scenarios, in which research methods must be applied. This unique approach—presented in language accessible to both students new to research as well as current practitioners—guides the reader in fully understanding the research options detailed throughout the text. |
| example of unit of analysis: Research Methods for Public Administrators Gary Rassel, Suzanne Leland, Zachary Mohr, Elizabethann O'Sullivan, 2020-12-29 Research Methods for Public Administrators contains a thorough overview of research methods and statistical applications for advanced undergraduate and graduate students, and practitioners. The material is based on established social science methods. Concepts and applications are discussed and illustrated with examples from actual research. The book covers research design, methods of data collection, instructions on formulating research plans, measurement, sampling procedures, and statistical applications from basic statistics to more advance techniques. The basics of conducting experiments, survey research, case studies, and focus groups are discussed. Data organization, management, and analysis are also covered, as are data analysis and hypothesis testing. Descriptive and inferential statistics are discussed and illustrated with examples. The book also includes a chapter on obtaining and analyzing secondary data (data already collected for other purposes) and a chapter on reporting and presenting research results to a variety of audiences. This is a general textbook written primarily for students of public administration and practitioners in public and not-for-profit organizations. It includes materials shown to be useful in gathering and assessing information for making decisions and implementing policies. The material is discussed at a level to be accessible and with enough detail to be useful. New to the seventh edition: Additional and expanded material on qualitative research, big data, metadata, literature reviews, and causal inference New material on experiments and experimental research New examples and case studies, including those dealing with public policy Expanded material on using computers for data management Information on new NSF and NIH ethics and protection of human subjects requirements for researchers New data sets and Power Point slides for each chapter. |
| example of unit of analysis: Collecting Qualitative Data Greg Guest, Emily E. Namey, Marilyn L. Mitchell, 2013 Provides a very practical and step-by-step guide to collecting and managing qualitative data, |
| example of unit of analysis: Work and Personality Melvin L. Kohn, Carmi Schooler, 1983 |
| example of unit of analysis: Qualitative Media Analysis David L. Altheide, Christopher J. Schneider, 2013 Qualitative Media Analysis |
| example of unit of analysis: Primary Health Care Trisha Greenhalgh, 2007-09-11 General practitioners and other primary care professionals have a leading role in contemporary health care, which Trisha Greenhalgh explores in this highly praised new text. She provides perceptive and engaging insights into primary health care, focussing on: • its intellectual roots • its impact on the individual, the family and the community • the role of the multidisciplinary team • contemporary topics such as homelessness, ethnic health and electronic records. Concise summaries, highlighted boxes, extensive referencing and a dedicated section on effective learning make this essential reading for postgraduate students, tutors and researchers in primary care. ___ From the foreword by Julian Tudor Hart “Trish Greenhalgh, in her frequent columns in the British Medical Journal…more than any other medical journalist spoke to her fellow GPs in the language of experience, but never without linking this to our expanding knowledge from the whole of human science. When I compare the outlines of primary care so lucidly presented in this wonderful book, obviously derived from rich experience of real teaching and learning, with the grand guignol theatre of London medical schools when I was a student 1947-52, the advance is stunning.” ___ Trish Greenhalgh is one of the international stars of general practice and a very clever thinker. This new book is a wonderful resource for primary health care and general practice. Every general practice registrar should read this book and so should every general practice teacher and primary care researcher. Professor Michael Kidd, Head of the Department of General Practice, University of Sydney and Immediate Past President of The Royal Australian College of General Practitioners “This important new book by one of primary care's most accomplished authors sets out clearly the academic basis for further developments in primary health care. Health systems will only function effectively if they recognise the importance of high quality primary care so I strongly recommend this book to students, teachers, researchers, practitioners and policy makers.” Professor Martin Marshall, Deputy Chief Medical Officer, Department of Health, UK |
| example of unit of analysis: Counterexamples in Analysis Bernard R. Gelbaum, John M. H. Olmsted, 2012-07-12 These counterexamples deal mostly with the part of analysis known as real variables. Covers the real number system, functions and limits, differentiation, Riemann integration, sequences, infinite series, functions of 2 variables, plane sets, more. 1962 edition. |
| example of unit of analysis: Social Statistics for a Diverse Society Chava Frankfort-Nachmias, Anna Leon-Guerrero, 2008-11-12 Order the SPSS Student Version (ISBN: 978-1-4129-6883-6) of this text and your students will be able to practice SPSS (version 16.0)áon their laptops in the convenience of their dorm rooms (rather than in the computer labs) for just $25 more than the text alone.In this Fifth Edition of their best-selling Social Statistics for a Diverse Society, Chava Frankfort-Nachmias and Anna Leon-Guerrero use straightforward, conversational prose and emphasize common sense as they demonstrate the link between the practice of statistics and important social issues. Social Statistics for a Diverse Society helps students learn key sociological concepts through real research examples related to the dynamic relationship between race, class, gender, and other social variables. An emphasis on SPSS® for Windows (version 16.0) throughout the book, in conjunction with General Social Survey data, introduces one of the most commonly used analytical software packages in the field. Each chapter ends with a demonstration of a related SPSS procedure, along with a set of useful exercises to help students practice what they learn. New and Retained FeaturesNew and updated real-world examples, drawn from a wide range of sources, including news stories, government reports, scholarly research, the National Opinion Research Center General Social Survey and the Monitoring the Future Survey, help students combine an understanding of statistics with an increased understanding of social issues Significant student-friendly reorganization of the text provides descriptive and inferential statistics in discrete units first, followed by coverage of data analysis Updated statistical applications in examples now include social issues beyond race and gender, such as class and mobility Reading the Research Literature sections in most chapters help students read and interpret statistical information in professional and scholarly publications Fully revitalized learning aids, including new end-of-chapter exercises, Learning Checks, and Statistics in Practice and A Closer Look boxes A new data set available on the Study Site applies to criminology and social work research issues Ancillaries Instructor Resources on CD-Rom feature a new test bank with a wide variety of test questions, PowerPoint slides for each chapter, illustrations from the book, and teaching tips. Contact Customer Care at 1-800-818-SAGE (7243). A Student study site at www.pineforge.com/frankfort-nachmiasstudy5 contains interactive quizzes, e-flashcards, data sets, online research activities, SAGE journal articles and more. Social Statistics for a Diverse Society, Fifth Edition is appropriate for use in Introduction to Statistics, Social Statistics, Research Methods and Data Analysis courses in all of the social sciences. á |
| example of unit of analysis: How to Manage, Analyze, and Interpret Survey Data Arlene Fink, 2003 Shows how to manage survey data and become better users of statistical and qualitative survey information. This book explains the basic vocabulary of data management and statistics, and demonstrates the principles and logic behind the selection and interpretation of commonly used statistical and qualitative methods to analyze survey data. |
Unit Analysis and Problem Solving Script - Open Library …
Unit Analysis is a method of arranging problems using the units of given quantities as conversion factors. Using unit analysis to set up problems is important because it is an efficient way to …
Chapter 2 Units, Dimensional Analysis, and Estimation - MIT …
As of May 20, 2019, all the base SI units are now defined in terms of seven constants shown in Table 2.2.
3.1 DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS - California State University, …
dimensional analysis, also known as factor-label method and unit analysis. Dimensional analysis is a general problem solving method that uses the dimensions (units) associated with numbers …
2.1 Unit Analysis - WebAssign
Unit analysis to the rescue! The main purpose of this chapter is to show you how to make many different types of unit conversions, such as the one required above.
Chapter 2 Units, Dimensional Analysis, Problem Solving, and
Example 2.2 Mass of a Silicon Crystal A given standard unit cell of silicon has a volume V 0 and contains N 0 atoms. The number of molecules in a given mole of substance is given by …
More examples of units of analysis and variables
Unit of Analysis Variables Objects Characteristics of objects which vary Individuals income age sex attitude toward abortion how voted in 2000 Households income (not the same as …
Unit Conversion and Dimensional Analysis - colbycc.edu
frequently described as Unit Conversion. As an example, you may be given a measurement of length in centi. ters which must be converted to meters. This worksheet includes the rules and …
Dimensional Analysis Worksheet - Boston University
In this worksheet “examples” have step-by-step solutions while “problems” only have answers. We have left you room to try all the examples before the solution is shown. We highly suggest …
An Introduction to Unit-of-Analysis Error - ISPOR
Unit-of-analysis (UoA) errors occur in medical and pharmaceutical intervention studies when clustering based on a unit (e.g., the provider, practice, or health care institution) to which the …
Unit Analysis Instructor Guide - MIT OpenCourseWare
Unit analysis provides the basic tool kit for understanding how units behave mathematically. Once these foundations are set, they provide the framework for doing dimensional analysis. …
Let’s the Stop the Madness: Understanding the Difference …
(Trochim, 2006). Your unit of analysis is the “who” or the “what” that you are analyzing for your study. Your unit of analysis could be an individual student, a group, or even an entire ...
Introduction to Dimensional Analysis - Montana State …
Dimensional analysis is a math tool used to change units. With this method, it is easy to change very complex units provided you know the necessary conversion definitions. This method is …
An Introduction to Chemistry
General “Unit Analysis” Procedure and Terminology •Let’s convert 254 meters (m) to feet (ft). •Step 1:Identify the unit or units you want, and set that equal to the unit or units you are given.
UNITS OF ANALYSIS IN PSYCHOLOGY - Trinity College
Many thinkers have searched for the proper unit of analysis for psychology. From Descartes' sensations, to Locke's ideas, to punctate stimuli, cues, features, templates. and structural …
Unit Analysis Transcript - MIT OpenCourseWare
use unit analysis to check your work at points during and after the computation. You can see now that unit analysis can be a useful part of your problem solving strategy. It is important to …
Understanding Different Issues of Unit of Analysis in a
In this paper different levels of unit of analysis are described. The relation between the unit of analysis and unit of observation is explained. Faulty reasoning about the unit of analysis is
Qualitative Research: Analysis
unit of analysis keeping in mind that broad, contextually rich units of analysis — maintained throughout coding, category and theme development, and interpretation — are crucial to …
MITOCW | unit analysis - MIT OpenCourseWare
the key properties of unit analysis: when two quantities are multiplied, their units also multiply. all terms added, subtracted or equated must have the same units. You should also be able to …
What is the Unit of Analysis in a Review? - SAGE Journals
The rationale for using studies as the unit of analysis is two-fold: First, we can only include the same study sample once in a review. Including more than one article from the same study in a …
Exploration Description Chapter 4 Explanation Research Design
What are units of analysis? What are time dimensions? Example: 2000 US census data.
Unit Analysis and Problem Solving Script - Open Libra…
Unit Analysis is a method of arranging problems using the units of given quantities as conversion factors. Using unit analysis to set up problems is …
Chapter 2 Units, Dimensional Analysis, and Estimation - …
As of May 20, 2019, all the base SI units are now defined in terms of seven constants shown in Table 2.2.
3.1 DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS - California Stat…
dimensional analysis, also known as factor-label method and unit analysis. Dimensional analysis is a general problem solving method that uses …
2.1 Unit Analysis - WebAssign
Unit analysis to the rescue! The main purpose of this chapter is to show you how to make many different types of unit conversions, such as the one …
Chapter 2 Units, Dimensional Analysis, Pro…
Example 2.2 Mass of a Silicon Crystal A given standard unit cell of silicon has a volume V 0 and contains N 0 atoms. The number of molecules in a given mole …
