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| dna rna venn diagram: DNA and RNA Modification Enzymes Henri Grosjean, 2009-06-11 This volume is a timely and comprehensive description of the many facets of DNA and RNA modification-editing processes and to some extent repair mechanisms. Each chapter offers fundamental principles as well as up to date information on recent advances in the field (up to end 2008). They ended by a shortconclusion and future prospect' section and |
| dna rna venn diagram: Academic English for Biology Kallia Katsampoxaki-Hodgetts, 2024-06-07 Academic English for Biology aims to improve your ability to study Biosciences in English effectively. It has been written by an English for Specific Academic Purposes Instructor and reviewed by Biology researchers and experts in the field. It is written for international students who speak English as a foreign language and are planning to embark on an undergraduate programme of Biological Sciences. With this course, you will develop your knowledge of academic and scientific conventions, and you will improve your skills in the following areas: reading and understanding of science-related articles in English listening to lectures, understanding sign-posting language, main points and improve your note-taking skills noticing writing conventions for different audiences and purposes within the same discipline and providing guidelines for effective lab report writing improving academic writing skills such as argumentative essay writing, paraphrasing, formality and citations contributing effectively in seminar discussions preparing and giving effective scientific presentations improving academic vocabulary i.e. experimental language and prominent language features such as biological prefixes, compound words, phrasal verbs and prepositions improving study skills such as planning, note-taking and summarising improving your critical reading and writing skills with peer-review evaluations |
| dna rna venn diagram: Differentiating Instruction With Menus Laurie E. Westphal, 2021-09-03 Differentiating Instruction With Menus: Biology offers teachers everything needed to create a student-centered learning environment based on choice. This book presents six different types of menus that students can use to select exciting advanced-level products that they will develop so teachers can assess what has been learned, instead of using a traditional worksheet format. Topics addressed include biology basics, biodiversity and environments, genetics, human body systems, and the different phyla typically included in the biology curriculum. Differentiating Instruction With Menus: Biology contains attractive reproducible menus, each based on the levels of Bloom's revised taxonomy as well as incorporating different learning styles. These menus can be used to guide students in making decisions as to which products they will develop after studying a major concept or unit. Grades 9-12 |
| dna rna venn diagram: Plants, Stress & Proteins Dipanjana Ghosh, Qingsong Lin, Jian Xu, Hanjo A. Hellmann, 2017-09-08 Biotic and abiotic stress factors deliver a huge impact on plant life. Biotic stress factors such as damage through pathogens or herbivore attack, as well as abiotic stress factors like variation in temperature, rainfall and salinity, have placed the plant kingdom under constant challenges for survival. As a consequence, global agricultural and horticultural productivity has been disturbed to a large extent. Being sessile in nature, plants cannot escape from the stress, and instead adapt changes within their system to overcome the adverse conditions. These changes include physiological, developmental and biochemical alterations within the plant body which influences the genome, proteome and metabolome profiles of the plant. Since proteins are the ultimate players of cellular behavior, proteome level alterations during and recovery period of stress provide direct implications of plant responses towards stress factors. With current advancement of modern high-throughput technologies, much research has been carried out in this field. This e-book highlights the research and review articles that cover proteome level changes during the course or recovery period of various stress factors in plant life. Overall, the chapters in this e-book has provided a wealth of information on how plants deal with stress from a proteomics perspective. |
| dna rna venn diagram: Roman's Notes on DNA Roman B. Romaniuk, 2002-04 Excellent resource for both students and teachers studying DNA! For anyone wanting to better understand the basic concepts of DNA, the Genetic Code, and protein synthesis, this neat little package of memory tricks and mini-summaries is invaluable. Perfect for all college, university, and high school students taking a biology course that focuses on DNA. Glossary of over 200 frequently used DNA-related terms will save students much time and effort! |
| dna rna venn diagram: RNA modifications and epitranscriptomics - volume II Giovanni Nigita, Xiao Han, Ernesto Picardi, Kunqi Chen, 2023-06-30 |
| dna rna venn diagram: Statistical Genomics Brooke Fridley, Xuefeng Wang, 2023-03-16 This volume provides a collection of protocols from researchers in the statistical genomics field. Chapters focus on integrating genomics with other “omics” data, such as transcriptomics, epigenomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and metagenomics. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Cutting-edge and thorough, Statistical Genomics hopes that by covering these diverse and timely topics researchers are provided insights into future directions and priorities of pan-omics and the precision medicine era. |
| dna rna venn diagram: BIOMOLECULES NARAYAN CHANGDER, 2024-05-16 THE BIOMOLECULES MCQ (MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS) SERVES AS A VALUABLE RESOURCE FOR INDIVIDUALS AIMING TO DEEPEN THEIR UNDERSTANDING OF VARIOUS COMPETITIVE EXAMS, CLASS TESTS, QUIZ COMPETITIONS, AND SIMILAR ASSESSMENTS. WITH ITS EXTENSIVE COLLECTION OF MCQS, THIS BOOK EMPOWERS YOU TO ASSESS YOUR GRASP OF THE SUBJECT MATTER AND YOUR PROFICIENCY LEVEL. BY ENGAGING WITH THESE MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS, YOU CAN IMPROVE YOUR KNOWLEDGE OF THE SUBJECT, IDENTIFY AREAS FOR IMPROVEMENT, AND LAY A SOLID FOUNDATION. DIVE INTO THE BIOMOLECULES MCQ TO EXPAND YOUR BIOMOLECULES KNOWLEDGE AND EXCEL IN QUIZ COMPETITIONS, ACADEMIC STUDIES, OR PROFESSIONAL ENDEAVORS. THE ANSWERS TO THE QUESTIONS ARE PROVIDED AT THE END OF EACH PAGE, MAKING IT EASY FOR PARTICIPANTS TO VERIFY THEIR ANSWERS AND PREPARE EFFECTIVELY. |
| dna rna venn diagram: Applied Bioinformatics Paul M. Selzer, Richard J. Marhöfer, Oliver Koch, 2018-05-02 This book introduces readers to the basic principles of bioinformatics and the practical application and utilization of computational tools, without assuming any prior background in programming or informatics. It provides a coherent overview of the complex field and focuses on the implementation of online tools, genome databases and software that can benefit scientists and students in the life sciences. Training tutorials with practical bioinformatics exercises and solutions facilitate the understanding and application of such tools and interpretation of results. In addition, a glossary explains terminology that is widely used in the field. This straightforward introduction to applied bioinformatics offers an essential resource for students, as well as scientists seeking to understand the basis of sequencing analysis, functional genomics and protein structure predictions. |
| dna rna venn diagram: Personalized Immunotherapy: Advancing processes to extend patient collectives Patrick Schmidt, Stefan B. Eichmüller, Yun-Fan Sun, Jonathan Scolnick, 2024-02-16 Cancer Immunotherapy apart from checkpoint inhibitors is a highly personalized medicine that puts the patient's cells in the focus of drug manufacturing and promises outcomes that rarely have been seen in the history of cancer treatment. CAR-T cells can be mentioned here as the key example that has gained FDA and EMA approvals as the first living drugs for the treatment of leukemias and is now under clinical investigation for application in solid tumors as well. Improvements in cellular engineering in combination with advanced sequencing methods have made it possible to discover tumor-mutation-specific T-cell receptors that can be used to redirect effector cells toward the malignant cell pool with high specificity. This approach opens the opportunity to drug driver mutations that are occurring in a group of patients as well as to design unique patient individual treatment regimens. |
| dna rna venn diagram: Jacaranda Science Quest 10 Australian Curriculum, 4e learnON and Print Graeme Lofts, Merrin J. Evergreen, 2023-11-20 |
| dna rna venn diagram: The Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator Kevin L. Kirk, David C. Dawson, 2003-10-31 The CFTR chloride channel is one of the most well studied transport proteins in biology. Yet there remain many mysteries about the functional properties and biological roles of this ABC transporter. The Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator addresses a select series of `hot' topics that relate to the function of CFTR, and the links between CFTR dysfunction and human disease (i.e., cystic fibrosis). The timeliness of these topics distinguishes this collection from previous volumes of this type. Given the general interest in CFTR, this collection will appeal to a broad readership with interests in CFTR, cystic fibrosis, ion channels and ABC transporters. |
| dna rna venn diagram: Computational Methods to Analyze RNA Data for Human Diseases Min Zeng, Pingjian Ding, Rui Yin, 2023-09-25 |
| dna rna venn diagram: Applied Bioinformatics Paul Maria Selzer, Richard Marhöfer, Andreas Rohwer, 2008-01-18 At last, here is a baseline book for anyone who is confused by cryptic computer programs, algorithms and formulae, but wants to learn about applied bioinformatics. Now, anyone who can operate a PC, standard software and the internet can also learn to understand the biological basis of bioinformatics, of the existence as well as the source and availability of bioinformatics software, and how to apply these tools and interpret results with confidence. This process is aided by chapters that introduce important aspects of bioinformatics, detailed bioinformatics exercises (including solutions), and to cap it all, a glossary of definitions and terminology relating to bioinformatics. |
| dna rna venn diagram: New Technologies in Cancer Diagnostics and Therapeutics Dong-Hua Yang, Pascale Cohen, Haichang Li, Yingyan Yu, 2021-10-21 |
| dna rna venn diagram: Blumgart's Surgery of the Liver, Pancreas and Biliary Tract E-Book William R. Jarnagin, 2016-10-10 Extensively revised with new illustrations, new clinical photos, this classic text remains the most comprehensive and up-to-date resource on surgery of the hepatobiliary and pancreatic region. Dr. William Jarnagin and his team of internationally recognized surgeons continue the Blumgart’s tradition of excellence, bringing you the latest advances in diagnostic and surgical techniques. You’ll find updates on the newest minimally invasive surgeries, new interventional diagnostic techniques, and complete coverage of all relevant diseases, including those seen in the tropics. Considers all worldwide opinions and approaches to management, and includes key data on surgical outcomes to better inform your clinical decision-making. Covers exactly what you need to know, balancing basic science with information on clinical practice. Presents cutting edge guidance on pathology, diagnostics, surgery and non-operative intervention of the liver, biliary tract, and pancreas in a single, comprehensive reference. Covers the most recent non-surgical therapies for pancreatic cancer, microwave ablation, and other emerging technologies. Brings you up to date with recent developments in transplantation, minimally invasive surgery, percutaneous devices, pre- and post-care, blood transfusion, and surgical techniques for the spleen. Features an extensively revised art and illustration program, with new anatomical line drawings (including hundreds now in color), more than 750 new clinical photos, more schematic diagrams that summarize information, and new graphs and algorithms throughout. |
| dna rna venn diagram: Molecular Robotics Satoshi Murata, 2022-08-17 In this book, researchers at the forefront of the field explain the minimum necessary background knowledge and introduce important topics in molecular robotics in an easy-to-understand manner.Molecular robotics is related to many fields, such as systems engineering, control engineering, computer science, biochemistry, biophysics, polymer chemistry, nucleic acid chemistry, molecular biology, and ethics. The whole picture of molecular robotics can be grasped only by looking at these fields from a bird's-eye view. This book has been planned in the belief that such a book is essential for students and those new to the field to understand the ongoing expansion of molecular robotics.The book consists of eight chapters: introduction, design theory of molecular robots, systemization technology, molecular nanotechnology, molecular actuators, molecular materials, medical applications, and social acceptance. In each chapter, the reader can get a general idea of the theory, underlying technology, medical applications, and social issues, and can also understand what is currently being done on the research front. In addition, there are many parts that introduce topics related to molecular robotics. |
| dna rna venn diagram: Innate Immunity in Aquatic Vertebrates Leon Grayfer, Stephanie DeWitte-Orr, Eva-Stina Isabella Edholm, 2020-01-17 |
| dna rna venn diagram: Why We Need Vaccines Rowena Rae, 2024-04-16 Key Selling Points Covers STEM topics, including the history, biology, evolution and effects of viruses and vaccine development. The book discusses misinformation, mental biases and how to think critically about information found online (or elsewhere). It challenges young readers to think about social and ethical responsibility when it comes to vaccination, and their responsibilities as individuals and members of a larger community. COVID-19 and the race to develop a vaccine for it put the topic of vaccines, vaccine mandates and vaccine hesitancy in the spotlight. The book includes career profiles of professionals in the field, such as a doctor, a nurse, a medical historian, an epidemiologist, a medical ethicist, an IT specialist and others. One profile is of two young people who volunteer with a nonprofit focused on training youth to become vaccine ambassadors in their schools and communities. The author is a biologist and science writer, and her mother was an infectious diseases doctor. |
| dna rna venn diagram: Multi-omics strategies to analyze complex agronomic traits in plants Lin Chen, Guo-Fei Tan, 2023-11-01 |
| dna rna venn diagram: Voltage-Sensitive Ion Channels H. Richard Leuchtag, 2008-12-21 Voltage-sensitive ion channels are macromolecules embedded in the membranes of nerve and muscle fibers of animals. Despite decades of intensive research under the traditional approach of gated structural pores, the relation between the structure of these molecules and their function remains enigmatic. This book examines physically oriented approaches not covered in other ion-channel books, and it develops a new physics-based approach to the problem of molecular excitability. |
| dna rna venn diagram: Holland-Frei Cancer Medicine Robert C. Bast, Jr., Carlo M. Croce, William N. Hait, Waun Ki Hong, Donald W. Kufe, Martine Piccart-Gebhart, Raphael E. Pollock, Ralph R. Weichselbaum, Hongyang Wang, James F. Holland, 2017-03-10 Holland-Frei Cancer Medicine, Ninth Edition, offers a balanced view of the most current knowledge of cancer science and clinical oncology practice. This all-new edition is the consummate reference source for medical oncologists, radiation oncologists, internists, surgical oncologists, and others who treat cancer patients. A translational perspective throughout, integrating cancer biology with cancer management providing an in depth understanding of the disease An emphasis on multidisciplinary, research-driven patient care to improve outcomes and optimal use of all appropriate therapies Cutting-edge coverage of personalized cancer care, including molecular diagnostics and therapeutics Concise, readable, clinically relevant text with algorithms, guidelines and insight into the use of both conventional and novel drugs Includes free access to the Wiley Digital Edition providing search across the book, the full reference list with web links, illustrations and photographs, and post-publication updates |
| dna rna venn diagram: MENDELIAN GENETICS NARAYAN CHANGDER, 2024-03-27 THE MENDELIAN GENETICS MCQ (MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS) SERVES AS A VALUABLE RESOURCE FOR INDIVIDUALS AIMING TO DEEPEN THEIR UNDERSTANDING OF VARIOUS COMPETITIVE EXAMS, CLASS TESTS, QUIZ COMPETITIONS, AND SIMILAR ASSESSMENTS. WITH ITS EXTENSIVE COLLECTION OF MCQS, THIS BOOK EMPOWERS YOU TO ASSESS YOUR GRASP OF THE SUBJECT MATTER AND YOUR PROFICIENCY LEVEL. BY ENGAGING WITH THESE MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS, YOU CAN IMPROVE YOUR KNOWLEDGE OF THE SUBJECT, IDENTIFY AREAS FOR IMPROVEMENT, AND LAY A SOLID FOUNDATION. DIVE INTO THE MENDELIAN GENETICS MCQ TO EXPAND YOUR MENDELIAN GENETICS KNOWLEDGE AND EXCEL IN QUIZ COMPETITIONS, ACADEMIC STUDIES, OR PROFESSIONAL ENDEAVORS. THE ANSWERS TO THE QUESTIONS ARE PROVIDED AT THE END OF EACH PAGE, MAKING IT EASY FOR PARTICIPANTS TO VERIFY THEIR ANSWERS AND PREPARE EFFECTIVELY. |
| dna rna venn diagram: Application of genomics in livestock populations under selection or conservation Anupama Mukherjee, Zexi Cai, 2024-02-06 |
| dna rna venn diagram: Microbial Symbionts Dhanasekaran Dharumadurai, 2022-09-25 Microbial Symbionts: Functions and Molecular Interactions on Host focuses on microbial symbionts of plants, animals, insects and molecular methods in the identification of microbial symbionts. The book describes the molecular mechanism and interactions of symbiosis of microbiome in plants, animals and humans. It brings the latest techniques for identification, localization and functional characterization of host-associated microbes and explains the role/importance of microbial symbionts. This comprehensive reference covers a wide range of symbiotic microorganisms used for basic and advanced techniques associated with the isolation, characterization and identification of microbial symbiotic microorganisms and their functions and molecular interactions on the host. The book will also helps users plan and execute experiments with appropriate knowledge rather than experimental trial and error in a wide range of disciplines, including Microbiology, Biotechnology, Botany and Zoology. - Provides basic knowledge and working protocols for a wide range of disciplines like Microbiology, Biotechnology, Botany and Zoology - Presents the most current information in symbiotic microbiome and holobiome - Includes color photos pertaining to techniques |
| dna rna venn diagram: Molecular Biomarkers for Gastric Cancer, 2nd edition Kecheng Zhang, Seungwan Ryu , Fenglin Liu, 2024-07-31 Gastric cancer (GC) represents a serious health problem on a global scale. Despite some recent advances in the field, the prognosis in GC remains poor. A better understanding of molecular biology, which would lead to improved treatment options, is needed. Many potential biomarkers of prognostic significance have been identified. However, inhibition of only HER2 protein has led to a modest survival benefit. A deeper understanding of the pathogenesis and biological features of gastric cancer, including the identification and characterization of diagnostic, prognostic, predictive, and therapeutic biomarkers, hopefully will provide improved clinical outcomes. This Research Topic aims to provide a comprehensive overview on recent progress in emerging molecular biomarkers for gastric cancer. We welcome the submission of Review and Original Research articles covering, but not limited to, the following topics: 1)Novel diagnostic molecules to improve the early detection rate for gastric cancer 2)Novel prognostic molecules to stratify gastric cancer patients into different risk 3)Novel therapeutic biomarker which could serve as target for treating gastric cancer 4)Novel biomarker to predict chemotherapy response of gastric cancer patients |
| dna rna venn diagram: Genetics Philip Mark Meneely, Rachel Dawes Hoang, Iruka N. Okeke, Katherine Heston, 2017 Genetics: Genes, Genomes, and Evolution unites evolution, genomics, and genetics in a single narrative approach. It is an approach that provides students with a uniquely flexible and contemporary view of genetics, genomics, and evolution. |
| dna rna venn diagram: Phylogenomics Rob DeSalle, Michael Tessler, Jeffrey Rosenfeld, 2020-08-18 Phylogenomics: A Primer, Second Edition is for advanced undergraduate and graduate biology students studying molecular biology, comparative biology, evolution, genomics, and biodiversity. This book explains the essential concepts underlying the storage and manipulation of genomics level data, construction of phylogenetic trees, population genetics, natural selection, the tree of life, DNA barcoding, and metagenomics. The inclusion of problem-solving exercises in each chapter provides students with a solid grasp of the important molecular and evolutionary questions facing modern biologists as well as the tools needed to answer them. |
| dna rna venn diagram: The Potential Effects and Mechanisms of Chinese Traditional Medicine on Bone Homeostasis and Remodeling Jun Liu, Bo Liu, Xiaoqin Wu, Qi Wang, 2023-09-20 Osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal disease, strongly affecting postmenopausal women and characterized by an increased risk of bone fragility and a decrease in bone mass. Bone homeostasis requires a balance between bone-forming osteoblasts and bone-resorbing osteoclasts. When this balance is impaired, normal bone remodelling cannot keep bone mass stable, leading to osteopenia and osteoporosis. About 30–50% of all women in the world suffer from fractures due to osteoporosis throughout their lives. The treatments include improving metabolic abnormalities through complementary and alternative therapies, drug application and surgical therapy for the management of overweight, obesity and hormone metabolism disorder. Chinese traditional medicine has been increasingly considered as an effective therapy for osteoporosis. A series of formulae, herbs and natural products have been indicated for their effects in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis, such as Liu-Wei-Di-Huang Wan (formula), Morindae Officinalis Radix (herb), Longspur epimedium glycoside (natural product). However, the mechanisms of action remain largely unexplored. |
| dna rna venn diagram: Rigor and Assessment in the Classroom Barbara R. Blackburn, 2017-02-24 Learn how to assess students in a way that truly impacts learning. In Rigor and Assessment in the Classroom, bestselling author Barbara R. Blackburn provides a broad range of practical strategies for increasing the rigor and usefulness of your formative and summative assessments. You’ll discover how to... Create an environment where students are expected to learn at high levels; Evaluate and check student learning in a way that ensures growth; Strengthen the validity and reliability of your assessments; Plan assessments in conjunction with planning the instruction; Differentiate assessments to increase the rigor for all students; Enhance the effectiveness of your grading system and feedback; Use performance-based assessment to enhance rigor; and Design clear, reader-friendly rubrics and scoring guides. Each chapter includes ready-to-use tools, examples across the subject areas, and Think About It questions to help you reflect on what you’ve read. Many of the tools are also offered as free eResources at www.routledge.com/9781138936140, so you can easily print and distribute them for classroom use. |
| dna rna venn diagram: Bioinformatics in Microbiota Xing Chen, Hongsheng Liu, Qi Zhao, 2020-06-22 |
| dna rna venn diagram: DNA and RNA Modification Enzymes Henri Grosjean, 2009-06-11 This volume is a timely and comprehensive description of the many facets of DNA and RNA modification-editing processes and to some extent repair mechanisms. Each chapter offers fundamental principles as well as up to date information on recent advances in the field (up to end 2008). They ended by a short ‘conclusion and future prospect’ section and an exhaustive list of 35 to up to 257 references (in average 87). Contributors are geneticists, structural enzymologists and molecular biologists working at the forefront of this exciting, fast-moving and diverse field of researches. This book will be a major interest to PhD students and University teachers alike. It will also serve as an invaluable reference tool for new researchers in the field, as well as for specialists of RNA modification enzymes generally not well informed about what is going on in similar processes acting on DNA and vice-versa for specialists of the DNA modification-editing and repair processes usually not much acquainted with what is going on in the RNA maturation field. The book is subdivided into 41 chapters (740 pages). The common links between them are mainly the enzymatic aspects of the different modification-editing and repair machineries: structural, mechanistic, functional and evolutionary aspects. It starts with two general and historical overview of the discovery of modified nucleosides in DNA and RNA and corresponding modification-editing enzymes. Then follows eleven chapters on DNA modification and editing (mechanistic and functional aspects). Two additional chapters cover problems related to DNA/RNA repair and base editing by C-to-U deaminases, followed by three chapters on RNA editing by C-to-U and A-to-I type of deamination. Discussions about interplay between DNA and RNA modifications and the emergence of DNA are covered in two independent chapters, followed by twenty chapters on different but complementary aspects of RNA modification enzymes and their cellular implications. The last chapter concerns the description of the present state-of-the art for incorporating modified nucleosides by in vitro chemical synthesis. At the end of the book, six appendicies give useful details on modified nucleosides, modification-editing enzymes and nucleosides analogs. This information is usually difficult to obtain from current scientific literature. |
| dna rna venn diagram: Genomics in Plant Sciences: Understanding and Development of Stress-Tolerant Plants Yusuf Khan, Ayaz Dar, Hussain Touseef, Kashif Nawaz, Pranav Pankaj Sahu, 2023-06-29 |
| dna rna venn diagram: Women in breast cancer: 2021 Elena Provenzano, Angela Toss, 2023-03-28 |
| dna rna venn diagram: Transcriptome & Metabolic Profiling: An Insight Into the Abiotic Stress Response Crosstalk in Plants Poonam Yadav, Guanlin Li, Jose M. Mulet, 2024-02-21 |
| dna rna venn diagram: Salt tolerance: Molecular and physiological mechanisms and breeding applications, volume II Loredana F. Ciarmiello, Pasqualina Woodrow, 2023-01-27 |
| dna rna venn diagram: The Role of High-Order Chromatin Organization in Gene Regulation Alexey V. Pindyurin, Veniamin Fishman, 2022-11-11 |
| dna rna venn diagram: Mobile Genetic Elements in Cellular Differentiation, Genome Stability, and Cancer Tammy A. Morrish, Jose Luis García Pérez, 2018-01-16 The human genome, as with the genome of most organisms, is comprised of various types of mobile genetic element derived repeats. Mobile genetic elements that mobilize by an RNA intermediate, include both autonomous and non-autonomous retrotransposons, and mobilize by a “copy and paste” mechanism that relies of the presence of a functional reverse transcriptase activity. The extent to which these different types of elements are actively mobilizing varies among organisms, as revealed with the advent of Next Generation DNA sequencing (NGS). To understand the normal and aberrant mechanisms that impact the mobility of these elements requires a more extensive understanding of how these elements interact with molecular pathways of the cell, including DNA repair, recombination and chromatin. In addition, epigenetic based-mechanisms can also influence the mobility of these elements, likely by transcriptional activation or repression in certain cell types. Studies regarding how mobile genetic elements interface and evolve with these pathways will rely on genomic studies from various model organisms. In addition, the mechanistic details of how these elements are regulated will continue to be elucidated with the use of genetic, biochemical, molecular, cellular, and bioinformatic approaches. Remarkably, the current understanding regarding the biology of these elements in the human genome, suggests these elements may impact developmental biology, including cellular differentiation, neuronal development, and immune function. Thus, aberrant changes in these molecular pathways may also impact disease, including neuronal degeneration, autoimmunity, and cancer. |
| dna rna venn diagram: Diabetes and cardiovascular disease: new therapeutic interventions Ludwig Weckbach, Michele D’Amico, Anca Hermenean , Maria Consiglia Trotta, Bartolo Ferraro, 2024-08-22 Diabetes, also known as diabetes mellitus (DM), is a disease that occurs when the glucose level in the blood becomes too high (hyperglycaemia). Chronic hyperglycaemia is accompanied by both biochemical and pathological complications such as retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, and cardiovascular diseases. Diabetes mellitus can be classified into two types: type I which results from the destruction of pancreatic β-cells, leading to insulin insufficiency and type II diabetes mellitus, which is mainly related to insulin resistance. Optimal control of blood glucose levels remains the cornerstone of managing DM. To date, the major classes of antidiabetic medications used to treat diabetes include: biguanides, dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) inhibitors, sulfonylureas, meglitinides, thiazolidinediones (TZDs), sodium-glucose cotransporter (SGLT2) inhibitors, α-glucosidase inhibitors, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) receptor and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists and the various types of insulin. Several of these drugs may have, besides their antidiabetic properties, also important cardiovascular complications for the patients taking them. |
| dna rna venn diagram: Improvement for Quality and Safety Traits in Horticultural Plants Pei Xu, Xinchao Wang, Ferdinando Branca, 2022-06-23 |
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