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| duolingo english test technical manual: The Concise Companion to Language Assessment Antony John Kunnan, 2024-10-01 The Concise Companion to Language Assessment provides a state-of-the-art overview of the crucial areas of language assessment, teaching, and learning. Edited by one of the foremost scholars in the field, The Concise Companion combines newly commissioned articles on innovations in assessment with a selection of chapters from The Companion to Language Assessment, the landmark four-volume reference work first published in 2013. Presented in eight themes, The Concise Companion addresses a broad range of language assessment methods, issues, and contexts. Forty-five chapters cover assessment conceptualization, development, research, and policy, as well as recent changes in language assessment technology, learning-oriented assessment, teacher-based assessment, teacher assessment literacy, plurilingual assessment, assessment for immigration, and more. Exploring the past, present, and future possibilities of the dynamic field, The Concise Companion to Language Assessment: Contains dedicated chapters on listening, speaking, reading writing, vocabulary, pronunciation, intercultural competence, and other language skills Describes fundamental assessment design and scoring guidelines, as well as advanced concepts in scenario-based assessment and automated performance scoring Provides insights on different assessment environments, such as classrooms, universities, employment, immigration, and healthcare Covers various qualitative and quantitative research methods, including introspective methods, classical reliability, and structural equation modeling Discusses the impacts of colonialism and discrimination on the history of language assessment Explores the use of AI in writing evaluation, plagiarism and cheating detection, and other assessment contexts Sure to become a standard text for the next generation of applied linguistics students, The Concise Companion to Language Assessment is an invaluable textbook for undergraduate and graduate courses in applied linguistics, language assessment, TESOL, second language acquisition, and language policy. |
| duolingo english test technical manual: Advancing Natural Language Processing in Educational Assessment Victoria Yaneva, Matthias von Davier, 2023-06-05 Advancing Natural Language Processing in Educational Assessment examines the use of natural language technology in educational testing, measurement, and assessment. Recent developments in natural language processing (NLP) have enabled large-scale educational applications, though scholars and professionals may lack a shared understanding of the strengths and limitations of NLP in assessment as well as the challenges that testing organizations face in implementation. This first-of-its-kind book provides evidence-based practices for the use of NLP-based approaches to automated text and speech scoring, language proficiency assessment, technology-assisted item generation, gamification, learner feedback, and beyond. Spanning historical context, validity and fairness issues, emerging technologies, and implications for feedback and personalization, these chapters represent the most robust treatment yet about NLP for education measurement researchers, psychometricians, testing professionals, and policymakers. The Open Access version of this book, available at www.taylorfrancis.com, has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-No Derivatives 4.0 license. |
| duolingo english test technical manual: Machine Learning, Natural Language Processing, and Psychometrics Hong Jiao, Robert W. Lissitz, 2024-04-01 With the exponential increase of digital assessment, different types of data in addition to item responses become available in the measurement process. One of the salient features in digital assessment is that process data can be easily collected. This non-conventional structured or unstructured data source may bring new perspectives to better understand the assessment products or accuracy and the process how an item product was attained. The analysis of the conventional and non-conventional assessment data calls for more methodology other than the latent trait modeling. Natural language processing (NLP) methods and machine learning algorithms have been successfully applied in automated scoring. It has been explored in providing diagnostic feedback to test-takers in writing assessment. Recently, machine learning algorithms have been explored for cheating detection and cognitive diagnosis. When the measurement field promote the use of assessment data to provide feedback to improve teaching and learning, it is the right time to explore new methodology and explore the value added from other data sources. This book presents the use cases of machine learning and NLP in improving the assessment theory and practices in high-stakes summative assessment, learning, and instruction. More specifically, experts from the field addressed the topics related to automated item generations, automated scoring, automated feedback in writing, explainability of automated scoring, equating, cheating and alarming response detection, adaptive testing, and applications in science assessment. This book demonstrates the utility of machine learning and NLP in assessment design and psychometric analysis. |
| duolingo english test technical manual: The Routledge Handbook of Corpus Linguistics Anne O'Keeffe, Michael J. McCarthy, 2022-02-08 The Routledge Handbook of Corpus Linguistics 2e provides an updated overview of a dynamic and rapidly growing area with a widely applied methodology. Over a decade on from the first edition of the Handbook, this collection of 47 chapters from experts in key areas offers a comprehensive introduction to both the development and use of corpora as well as their ever-evolving applications to other areas, such as digital humanities, sociolinguistics, stylistics, translation studies, materials design, language teaching and teacher development, media discourse, discourse analysis, forensic linguistics, second language acquisition and testing. The new edition updates all core chapters and includes new chapters on corpus linguistics and statistics, digital humanities, translation, phonetics and phonology, second language acquisition, social media and theoretical perspectives. Chapters provide annotated further reading lists and step-by-step guides as well as detailed overviews across a wide range of themes. The Handbook also includes a wealth of case studies that draw on some of the many new corpora and corpus tools that have emerged in the last decade. Organised across four themes, moving from the basic start-up topics such as corpus building and design to analysis, application and reflection, this second edition remains a crucial point of reference for advanced undergraduates, postgraduates and scholars in applied linguistics. |
| duolingo english test technical manual: Technology-Assisted Language Assessment in Diverse Contexts Karim Sadeghi, 2022-12-30 This timely collection explores the role of digital technology in language education and assessment during the COVID-19 pandemic. It recognises the unique pressures which the COVID-19 pandemic placed on assessment in language education, and examines the forced shift in assessment strategies to go online, the existing shortfalls, as well as unique affordances of technology-assisted L2 assessment. By showcasing international examples of successful digital and computer-assisted proficiency and skills testing, the volume addresses theoretical and practical concerns relating to test validity, reliability, ethics, and student experience in a range of testing contexts. Particular attention is given to identifying lessons and implications for future research and practice, and the challenges of implementing unplanned computer-assisted language assessment during a crisis. Insightfully unpacking the ‘lessons learned’ from COVID and its impact on the acceleration of the shift towards online course and assessment delivery, it offers important guidelines for navigating assessment in different instructional settings in times of crisis. It will appeal to scholars, researchers, educators, and faculty with interests in educational measurement, digital education and technology, and language assessment and testing. |
| duolingo english test technical manual: Entry Points to US Education Jing Luan, Leilt Habte, David L. Di Maria, Krishna Bista, 2024-05-27 Entry Points to US Education: Accessing the Next Wave of Growth focuses on the imperative need to modernize international education as a result of the changes in international student mobility. Centered around the ten entry points, the book looks into the distinct preferences and approaches of Generation Z (Gen Z) students, offering data-driven strategies to navigate the ten entry points to U.S. undergraduate degrees. This book also provides actionable strategies and model practices and encourages a national dialogue around student engagement to enhance (in the context of) global mobility. Editors Jing Luan is Provost Emeritus of San Mateo Colleges of Silicon Valley (San Mateo County Community College District) and former President of the Association of International Enrollment Management. Leilt Habte is the Associate Director of the Transfer Center at the University of California Berkeley Center for Educational Partnership. David L. Di Maria is a Senior International Officer and Associate Vice Provost for international education at the University of Maryland, Baltimore County. Krishna Bista is a Professor of Higher Education in the Department of Advanced Studies, Leadership and Policy at Morgan State University, Baltimore, Maryland. Paperback available on Amazon https://www.amazon.com/dp/1957480327 |
| duolingo english test technical manual: Reading in a Second Language William Grabe, Junko Yamashita, 2022-09-08 Understanding reading abilities and their development is fundamental for language comprehension and human cognition. Now in its second edition, this book draws on research from multiple disciplines to explain reading abilities in both L1 and L2, and shows how this research can be applied in practice in order to support reading development. Research into reading has progressed a great deal since the first edition was published, so this edition has been completely updated and revised, in order to reflect these advances. All chapters present updated research studies, and completely new chapters are included on the neurocognition of reading, reading-writing relationships, and digital reading. If you want to know how reading works, no matter the language(s) involved, as well as how it can be taught effectively, this book provides a persuasive research foundation and many practical insights. It is essential reading for academic researchers and students in Applied Linguistics and TESOL. |
| duolingo english test technical manual: Statistical Guidelines: New Developments in Statistical Methods and Psychometric Tools Pietro Cipresso, Jason C. Immekus, 2022-03-25 |
| duolingo english test technical manual: Evaluating Language Assessments Antony John Kunnan, 2017-07-06 Evaluating Language Assessments offers a comprehensive overview of the theoretical bases and research methodologies for the evaluation of language assessments and demonstrates the importance of a fuller understanding of this widely used evaluative tool. The volume explores language assessment evaluation in its wider political, economic, social, legal, and ethical contexts while also illustrating quantitative and qualitative methods through discussions of key research studies. Suitable for students in applied linguistics, second language acquisition and language assessment and education, this book makes the case for a clear and rigorous understanding of the theoretical and methodological underpinnings of language assessment evaluation in order to achieve fair assessments and just institutions. |
| duolingo english test technical manual: Assessing Academic English for Higher Education Admissions Xiaoming Xi, John M. Norris, 2021-05-26 Assessing Academic English for Higher Education Admissions is a state-of-the-art overview of advances in theories and practices relevant to the assessment of academic English skills for higher education admissions purposes. The volume includes a brief introduction followed by four main chapters focusing on critical developments in theories and practices for assessing reading, listening, writing, and speaking, of which the latter two also address the assessment of integrated skills such as reading-writing, listening-speaking, and reading-listening-speaking. Each chapter reviews new task types, scoring approaches, and scoring technologies and their implications in light of the increasing use of technology in academic communication and the growing use of English as a lingua franca worldwide. The volume concludes with recommendations about critical areas of research and development that will help move the field forward. Assessing Academic English for Higher Education Admissions is an ideal resource for researchers and graduate students in language testing and assessment worldwide. |
| duolingo english test technical manual: Individual Differences in Second/Foreign Language Speech Production: Multidisciplinary Approaches and New Sounds Peijian Paul Sun, Boping Yuan, Xun Yan, Jimin Kahng, 2023-09-01 Second/foreign language (L2) speech production is a complex process requiring individuals’ combined efforts to utilize various processing components such as conceptualiser, formulator, and articulator. Since the publication of Pim Levelt’s book Speaking – From Intention to Articulation in 1989, a considerable number of studies have examined L2 speech production in the field of neuroscience with a particular focus on the link between speech perception and speech production. Undeniably, a neurolinguistic examination of speech production can enrich our understanding of how human brains compute linguistic information at a cognitive level. However, it is insufficient by only focusing on the neurocognitive dimension of speech production, given that individuals’ speech production can be subject to various individual differences factors, either cognitively, affectively, or socio-culturally. It is, therefore, necessary to move beyond the neurocognitive understanding of speech production by taking every possible perspective into consideration. Individual difference, as an umbrella term, covers psychological traits, personal characteristics, cognitive and emotional components that distinguish learners from each other. Given that individual difference factors can reveal disparities in L2 learning and performance among learners, such factors have attracted researchers’ growing interest concerning their influences on L2 speech processing, their relationships with L2 speech performance, and their contributions to L2 speech development. Nevertheless, our understanding of L2 speech production is not only insufficient compared to other L2 skills such as writing and reading, but also limited to the neurocognitive account of L2 speech production. More research, therefore, is in urgent need to uncover the influence of various individual differences factors on L2 speech production from multidisciplinary perspectives. |
| duolingo english test technical manual: Introducing America: A Guide For You Tarek Hussein, Mike McMullen, 2018-03-08 We decided to write about the topic of introducing this country to you. You have made a great choice. You chose to come here, and I believe you have made a great first step towards achieving better things in your life. You have to be ready and responsible for the consequences. You can have a great and wonderful life if you understand the environment in which you live. This is very important because you are coming from a different culture with traditions and habits that might be different from traditions and habits in this country. We're not asking you to change; in fact, we are encouraging you to keep your identity, but you always need to seek improvement in everything you do or plan to do. That includes learning how to integrate into the society in which you have chosen to live. We wrote this book as a resource to guide newly arriving immigrants to the United States. We used straightforward language and a simple format so that everyone can easily find, interpret, and understand the information. We hope you will find it informative, resourceful, and a joy to read. To give you insight, we will provide the information we have gained while living in the United States. If you read this book and try to use it in your daily life, you will avoid many consequences that might cost you more than you think. Do not try to figure out everything on your own. You might wrongly understand an issue because of differences in cultures. Discussing the issue with many different people will help you learn many perspectives and may help you understand the issue better. I hope to provide you a positive perspective and some understanding of how to go about solving some of the challenges you may face coming to a new country. So, to successfully find your way in American society, I encourage you to use this book to become familiar with the ways of living in the United States. |
| duolingo english test technical manual: Communicative proficiency and linguistic development Inge Bartning, Maisa Martin, Ineke Vedder, 2010 The Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) has become the yardstick for teaching and testing language skills in Europe and elsewhere. Yet little is known about the relationships between the communicative levels established using the can-do statements of the CEFR and the developmental stages of grammatical and lexical development described by Second Language Acquisition (SLA) research. This book presents empirical research by members of the SLATE network (Second Language Acquisition and Testing in Europe), aimed at bridging this gap. The studies deal with several target languages, including Dutch, English, Finnish, French, Italian, Norwegian and Spanish, with adult, adolescent and child learners in both formal and informal contexts. |
| duolingo english test technical manual: Assessing L2 Listening Gary J. Ockey, Elvis Wagner, 2018-08-08 This book is relevant for language testers, listening researchers, and oral proficiency teachers, in that it explores four broad themes related to the assessment of L2 listening ability: the use of authentic, real-world spoken texts; the effects of different speech varieties of listening inputs; the use of audio-visual texts; and assessing listening as part of an interactive speaking/listening construct. Each theme is introduced with a review of the relevant literature, and then is examined through either two or three empirical studies. The notion of authenticity underlies each of these four themes. By creating more authentic test tasks that are similar to real world language tasks, test developers can create listening assessments that not only more effectively assess test takers’ communicative competence, but can also have a positive washback effect on educational systems. |
| duolingo english test technical manual: AI and education Miao, Fengchun, Holmes, Wayne, Ronghuai Huang, Hui Zhang, UNESCO, 2021-04-08 Artificial Intelligence (AI) has the potential to address some of the biggest challenges in education today, innovate teaching and learning practices, and ultimately accelerate the progress towards SDG 4. However, these rapid technological developments inevitably bring multiple risks and challenges, which have so far outpaced policy debates and regulatory frameworks. This publication offers guidance for policy-makers on how best to leverage the opportunities and address the risks, presented by the growing connection between AI and education. It starts with the essentials of AI: definitions, techniques and technologies. It continues with a detailed analysis of the emerging trends and implications of AI for teaching and learning, including how we can ensure the ethical, inclusive and equitable use of AI in education, how education can prepare humans to live and work with AI, and how AI can be applied to enhance education. It finally introduces the challenges of harnessing AI to achieve SDG 4 and offers concrete actionable recommendations for policy-makers to plan policies and programmes for local contexts. [Publisher summary, ed] |
| duolingo english test technical manual: THE DUOLINGO ENGLISH TEST (TARGET 125+) ASHOK KUMAR, It’s tricky to prepare for the Duolingo exam as it measures everything from how natural your intonation is to your ability to accurately describe a photo you’ve never seen before! However, there are a few things you can do to ensure you’re ready to take it. The best thing you can do for your score on the Duolingo exam is to work on your overall English proficiency using high-level material like this reference and practice book which contains the FAQs about the test, a complete information about the tasks and practice material, essential tips and strategies, the rules of functional and basic grammar, vocabulary, spellings of typical words. This Duolingo English test preparation material is not like traditional resources. It has been prepared after observing the various issues of the test and concerns of the common students. This book is a comprehensive Duolingo English tests preparation material and aims at improving general English of the students. It is hopefully believed that learners of all the levels will find the contents of this book worth reading. |
| duolingo english test technical manual: The Routledge Handbook of Language Testing Glenn Fulcher, Luke Harding, 2021-12-15 This second edition of The Routledge Handbook of Language Testing provides an updated and comprehensive account of the area of language testing and assessment. The volume brings together 35 authoritative articles, divided into ten sections, written by 51 leading specialists from around the world. There are five entirely new chapters covering the four skills: reading, writing, listening, and speaking, as well as a new entry on corpus linguistics and language testing. The remaining 30 chapters have been revised, often extensively, or entirely rewritten with new authorship teams at the helm, reflecting new generations of expertise in the field. With a dedicated section on technology in language testing, reflecting current trends in the field, the Handbook also includes an extended epilogue written by Harding and Fulcher, contemplating what has changed between the first and second editions and charting a trajectory for the field of language testing and assessment. Providing a basis for discussion, project work, and the design of both language tests themselves and related validation research, this Handbook represents an invaluable resource for students, researchers, and practitioners working in language testing and assessment and the wider field of language education. |
| duolingo english test technical manual: The Duolingo English Test Ashok Kumar, 2020-07-06 The first ever book on the Duolingo English Test in the whole world aims at making students aware about the different tasks of the test and providing tips and strategies to score at least 125 out of 160. Besides, this book has the sufficient contents to upgrade the level of knowledge of the English language, specifically for the non-native speakers. |
| duolingo english test technical manual: Assessing Listening Gary Buck, 2001-04-12 This book provides language teachers with guidelines to develop suitable listening tests |
| duolingo english test technical manual: Remembering the Kanji 2 James W. Heisig, 2012-04-30 Following the first volume of Remembering the Kanji, the present work provides students with helpful tools for learning the pronunciation of the kanji. Behind the notorious inconsistencies in the way the Japanese language has come to pronounce the characters it received from China lie several coherent patterns. Identifying these patterns and arranging them in logical order can reduce dramatically the amount of time spent in the brute memorization of sounds unrelated to written forms. Many of the “primitive elements,” or building blocks, used in the drawing of the characters also serve to indicate the “Chinese reading” that particular kanji use, chiefly in compound terms. By learning one of the kanji that uses such a “signal primitive,” one can learn the entire group at the same time. In this way, Remembering the Kanji 2 lays out the varieties of phonetic pattern and offers helpful hints for learning readings, that might otherwise appear completely random, in an efficient and rational way. Individual frames cross-reference the kanji to alternate readings and to the frame in volume 1 in which the meaning and writing of the kanji was first introduced. A parallel system of pronouncing the kanji, their “Japanese readings,” uses native Japanese words assigned to particular Chinese characters. Although these are more easily learned because of the association of the meaning to a single word, the author creates a kind of phonetic alphabet of single syllable words, each connected to a simple Japanese word, and shows how they can be combined to help memorize particularly troublesome vocabulary. The 4th edition has been updated to include the 196 new kanji approved by the government in 2010 as “general-use” kanji. |
| duolingo english test technical manual: Automated Speaking Assessment Klaus Zechner, Keelan Evanini, 2019-11-28 Automated Speaking Assessment: Using Language Technologies to Score Spontaneous Speech provides a thorough overview of state-of-the-art automated speech scoring technology as it is currently used at Educational Testing Service (ETS). Its main focus is related to the automated scoring of spontaneous speech elicited by TOEFL iBT Speaking section items, but other applications of speech scoring, such as for more predictable spoken responses or responses provided in a dialogic setting, are also discussed. The book begins with an in-depth overview of the nascent field of automated speech scoring—its history, applications, and challenges—followed by a discussion of psychometric considerations for automated speech scoring. The second and third parts discuss the integral main components of an automated speech scoring system as well as the different types of automatically generated measures extracted by the system features related to evaluate the speaking construct of communicative competence as measured defined by the TOEFL iBT Speaking assessment. Finally, the last part of the book touches on more recent developments, such as providing more detailed feedback on test takers’ spoken responses using speech features and scoring of dialogic speech. It concludes with a discussion, summary, and outlook on future developments in this area. Written with minimal technical details for the benefit of non-experts, this book is an ideal resource for graduate students in courses on Language Testing and Assessment as well as teachers and researchers in applied linguistics. |
| duolingo english test technical manual: Fluent Forever Gabriel Wyner, 2014-08-05 NATIONAL BESTSELLER • For anyone who wants to learn a foreign language, this is the method that will finally make the words stick. “A brilliant and thoroughly modern guide to learning new languages.”—Gary Marcus, cognitive psychologist and author of the New York Times bestseller Guitar Zero At thirty years old, Gabriel Wyner speaks six languages fluently. He didn’t learn them in school—who does? Rather, he learned them in the past few years, working on his own and practicing on the subway, using simple techniques and free online resources—and here he wants to show others what he’s discovered. Starting with pronunciation, you’ll learn how to rewire your ears and turn foreign sounds into familiar sounds. You’ll retrain your tongue to produce those sounds accurately, using tricks from opera singers and actors. Next, you’ll begin to tackle words, and connect sounds and spellings to imagery rather than translations, which will enable you to think in a foreign language. And with the help of sophisticated spaced-repetition techniques, you’ll be able to memorize hundreds of words a month in minutes every day. This is brain hacking at its most exciting, taking what we know about neuroscience and linguistics and using it to create the most efficient and enjoyable way to learn a foreign language in the spare minutes of your day. |
| duolingo english test technical manual: Second Language Educational Experiences for Adult Learners John M. Norris, John McE. Davis, Veronika Timpe, Veronika Timpe-Laughlin, 2017-04-21 Second Language Educational Experiences for Adult Learners explains the latest research on adult learning and then applies that work to specifically address second language learning. In the foundational chapters, this book introduces some of the differences between language learning for adults. In the second half of the volume, the authors move to consider educational design in chapters on curriculum, materials, assessment, and technology. This is an essential book for researchers and students interested in the science of language learning or anyone looking to better understand the science of adult education. |
| duolingo english test technical manual: The Nonprofit Marketing Guide Kivi Leroux Miller, 2010-05-13 A nonprofit's real-world survival guide and nitty-gritty how-to handbook This down-to-earth book shows how to hack through the bewildering jungle of marketing options and miles-long to-do lists to clear a marketing path that's right for your organization, no matter how understaffed or underfunded. You'll see how to shape a marketing program that starts from where you are now and grows with your organization, using smart and savvy communications techniques, both offline and online. Combining big-picture management and strategic decision-making with reader-friendly tips for implementing a marketing program day in and day out, this book provides a simple yet powerful framework for building support for your organization's mission and programs. Includes cost-effective strategies and proven tactics for nonprofits An ideal resource for thriving during challenging times Fast, friendly, and realistic advice to help you navigate the day-by-day demands of any nonprofit Written by one of the leading sources of how-to info and can-do inspiration for small and medium-sized nonprofit organizations, Kivi Leroux Miller is,among other things, a communication consultant and trainer, and president of EcoScribe Communications and Nonprofit Marketing Guide.com. |
| duolingo english test technical manual: Assessing Speaking Sari Luoma, 2004-06-17 This book takes teachers and language testers through the research on the assessment of speaking. |
| duolingo english test technical manual: Human-Centered Design, Operation and Evaluation of Mobile Communications June Wei, |
| duolingo english test technical manual: Essential Japanese Grammar Masahiro Tanimori, Eriko Sato, 2013-02-08 Essential Japanese Grammar is an indispensable study guide for students of the Japanese language at all levels. Long the standard in Japanese language education, it provides clear, jargon-free explanations of how Japanese grammar works and offers hundreds of example sentences. An essential handbook for self-study or the classroom, students will find that a strong foundation in grammar is vital to those wishing to learn Japanese. Essential Japanese Grammar presents many unique features. First, grammatical terminology has been kept to a minimum so that extensive prior knowledge of grammar is not required. Second, abundant example sentences are written in Japanese characters (kana and kanji) followed by romanji and English translations. Third, the authors have tried to reveal aspects of grammar that may not be found in comparable grammar books--such as rare Japanese verbs, adjectival nouns, clauses, adverbs, etc. This Japanese grammar book contains: Parts of speech. Sentence constructions. Conjugations forms. Speech styles and tones. Accentuation rules. Essential words and functional elements. An appendix for referencing and cross-referencing Japanese words. |
| duolingo english test technical manual: Working Effectively with Legacy Code Michael Feathers, 2004-09-22 Get more out of your legacy systems: more performance, functionality, reliability, and manageability Is your code easy to change? Can you get nearly instantaneous feedback when you do change it? Do you understand it? If the answer to any of these questions is no, you have legacy code, and it is draining time and money away from your development efforts. In this book, Michael Feathers offers start-to-finish strategies for working more effectively with large, untested legacy code bases. This book draws on material Michael created for his renowned Object Mentor seminars: techniques Michael has used in mentoring to help hundreds of developers, technical managers, and testers bring their legacy systems under control. The topics covered include Understanding the mechanics of software change: adding features, fixing bugs, improving design, optimizing performance Getting legacy code into a test harness Writing tests that protect you against introducing new problems Techniques that can be used with any language or platform—with examples in Java, C++, C, and C# Accurately identifying where code changes need to be made Coping with legacy systems that aren't object-oriented Handling applications that don't seem to have any structure This book also includes a catalog of twenty-four dependency-breaking techniques that help you work with program elements in isolation and make safer changes. |
| duolingo english test technical manual: The Way of the Linguist Steve Kaufmann, 2005-11 The Way of The Linguist, A language learning odyssey. It is now a cliché that the world is a smaller place. We think nothing of jumping on a plane to travel to another country or continent. The most exotic locations are now destinations for mass tourism. Small business people are dealing across frontiers and language barriers like never before. The Internet brings different languages and cultures to our finger-tips. English, the hybrid language of an island at the western extremity of Europe seems to have an unrivalled position as an international medium of communication. But historically periods of cultural and economic domination have never lasted forever. Do we not lose something by relying on the wide spread use of English rather than discovering other languages and cultures? As citizens of this shrunken world, would we not be better off if we were able to speak a few languages other than our own? The answer is obviously yes. Certainly Steve Kaufmann thinks so, and in his busy life as a diplomat and businessman he managed to learn to speak nine languages fluently and observe first hand some of the dominant cultures of Europe and Asia. Why do not more people do the same? In his book The Way of The Linguist, A language learning odyssey, Steve offers some answers. Steve feels anyone can learn a language if they want to. He points out some of the obstacles that hold people back. Drawing on his adventures in Europe and Asia, as a student and businessman, he describes the rewards that come from knowing languages. He relates his evolution as a language learner, abroad and back in his native Canada and explains the kind of attitude that will enable others to achieve second language fluency. Many people have taken on the challenge of language learning but have been frustrated by their lack of success. This book offers detailed advice on the kind of study practices that will achieve language breakthroughs. Steve has developed a language learning system available online at: www.thelinguist.com. |
| duolingo english test technical manual: Promoting the Educational Success of Children and Youth Learning English National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Health and Medicine Division, Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, Board on Science Education, Board on Children, Youth, and Families, Committee on Fostering School Success for English Learners: Toward New Directions in Policy, Practice, and Research, 2017-08-25 Educating dual language learners (DLLs) and English learners (ELs) effectively is a national challenge with consequences both for individuals and for American society. Despite their linguistic, cognitive, and social potential, many ELsâ€who account for more than 9 percent of enrollment in grades K-12 in U.S. schoolsâ€are struggling to meet the requirements for academic success, and their prospects for success in postsecondary education and in the workforce are jeopardized as a result. Promoting the Educational Success of Children and Youth Learning English: Promising Futures examines how evidence based on research relevant to the development of DLLs/ELs from birth to age 21 can inform education and health policies and related practices that can result in better educational outcomes. This report makes recommendations for policy, practice, and research and data collection focused on addressing the challenges in caring for and educating DLLs/ELs from birth to grade 12. |
| duolingo english test technical manual: Kid's Box 3 Activity Book Caroline Nixon, Michael Tomlinson, 2008-09-04 Kid's Box is a six-level course for young learners. Bursting with bright ideas to inspire both teachers and students, Kid's Box gives children a confident start to learning English. It also fully covers the syllabus for the Cambridge Young Learners English (YLE) tests. This Activity Book covers all of the target language from Pupil's Book 3, providing further practice in a fun context. Level 3 begins the Movers cycle (CEF level A1). |
| duolingo english test technical manual: ACT Prep Plus 2021 Kaplan Test Prep, 2020-06-02 Always study with the most up-to-date prep! Look for ACT Prep Plus 2022, ISBN 9781506277288, on sale June 01, 2021. Publisher's Note: Products purchased from third-party sellers are not guaranteed by the publisher for quality, authenticity, or access to any online entitles included with the product. |
| duolingo english test technical manual: Handbook of Second Language Assessment Dina Tsagari, Jayanti Banerjee, 2016-03-07 Second language assessment is ubiquitous. It has found its way from education into questions about access to professions and migration. This volume focuses on the main debates and research advances in second language assessment in the last fifty years or so, showing the influence of linguistics, politics, philosophy, psychology, sociology, and psychometrics. There are four parts which, when taken together, address the principles and practices of second language assessment while considering its impact on society. Read separately, each part addresses a different aspect of the field. Part I deals with the conceptual foundations of second language assessment with chapters on the purposes of assessment, and standards and frameworks, as well as matters of scoring, quality assurance, and test validation. Part II addresses the theory and practice of assessing different second language skills including aspects like intercultural competence and fluency. Part III examines the challenges and opportunities of second language assessment in a range of contexts. In addition to chapters on second language assessment on a national scale, there are chapters on learning-oriented assessment, as well as the uses of second language assessment in the workplace and for migration. Part IV examines a selection of important issues in the field that deserve attention. These include the alignment of language examinations to external frameworks, the increasing use of technology to both deliver and score second language tests, the responsibilities associated with assessing test takers with special needs, the concept of 'voice' in second language assessment, and assessment literacy for teachers and other test and score users. |
| duolingo english test technical manual: English Grammar for Students of French Jacqueline Morton, 1997 |
| duolingo english test technical manual: The Delights of Learning Turkish Yasar Esendal Kuzucu, 2014-05-29 Includes an answer key, a Turkish-English glossary, and an English-Turkish glossary. |
| duolingo english test technical manual: ACT Prep Plus 2022 Kaplan Test Prep, 2021-09-07 Always study with the most up-to-date prep! Look for ACT Prep Plus 2023, ISBN 9781506282107, on sale June 7, 2022. Publisher’s Note: Products purchased from third-party sellers are not guaranteed by the publisher for quality, authenticity, or access to any online entitles included with the product. |
| duolingo english test technical manual: Gone Fishin' Jay Rubin, 1992 |
| duolingo english test technical manual: Assessing Writing Sara Cushing Weigle, 2002-05-27 Writing is one of the central skills a student must master. Why should they be tested? How should they be tested? What tasks should be used? The answers to these questions are provided by this book, which examines the theory behind the practice of assessing a student's writing abilities. |
| duolingo english test technical manual: Manual on the Implementation of ICAO Language Proficiency Requirements , 2010 |
| duolingo english test technical manual: The New Penguin Russian Course Nicholas J. Brown, 1996-12 This updated version of the Penguin Russian Course introduces the learner, through translation extracts, to the culture and life of the modern (post Glasnost) Soviet Union that was, as well as to the Russian language. |
"Είμαι μισός Έλληνας μισός Αιγύπτιος." - Duolingo
Jan 9, 2022 · Learn how to use the Greek sentence ""Είμαι μισός Έλληνας μισός Αιγύπτιος."" (I am half Greek half Egyptian.) by discussing it with the …
"Είμαι μισός Έλληνας μισός Αιγύπτιος." - Duolingo
Jan 9, 2022 · Learn how to use the Greek sentence ""Είμαι μισός Έλληνας μισός Αιγύπτιος."" (I am half Greek half Egyptian.) by discussing it with the Duolingo community.
