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| foliation definition earth science: Physical Geology Steven Earle, 2016-08-12 This is a discount Black and white version. Some images may be unclear, please see BCCampus website for the digital version.This book was born out of a 2014 meeting of earth science educators representing most of the universities and colleges in British Columbia, and nurtured by a widely shared frustration that many students are not thriving in courses because textbooks have become too expensive for them to buy. But the real inspiration comes from a fascination for the spectacular geology of western Canada and the many decades that the author spent exploring this region along with colleagues, students, family, and friends. My goal has been to provide an accessible and comprehensive guide to the important topics of geology, richly illustrated with examples from western Canada. Although this text is intended to complement a typical first-year course in physical geology, its contents could be applied to numerous other related courses. |
| foliation definition earth science: Metamorphic Textures Alan Spry, 2013-10-22 Metamorphic Textures provides definitions, descriptions and illustrations of metamorphic textures, as well as the fundamental processes involved in textural development. This book is composed of 11 chapters and begins with a presentation of the metamorphic processes and the production of metamorphic minerals. The subsequent chapters describe the structural classification of grain boundaries, the metamorphic reactions, mineral transformations, and the crystallization and recrystallization of metamorphic rocks. These topics are followed by the texture examination of thermal metamorphic rocks and minerals and the preferred orientations of these rocks, particularly the dimensional and lattice preferred orientation. Other chapters survey the textures of rocks under dynamic and shock metamorphism. The final chapters describe the textures of regional and polymetamorphism. This book will be of great use to petrologists, physicists, and graduate and undergraduate petrology students. |
| foliation definition earth science: Atlas of Migmatites E. W. Sawyer, 2008 Migmatites are highly heterogeneous rocks found in high-grade metamorphic environments; they are commonly encountered in the continental crust. Until now, many geologists have been deterred from working with migmatites because of their complex appearance and an unhelpful non-genetic nomenclature. In his Atlas of Migmatites, Dr. Edward Sawyer provides genetically based definitions and a system of nomenclature with which it will be possible to describe and map migmatites effectively and to understand how combinations of factors and processes produce a bewildering morphological diversity. Migmatites are produced by partial melting; to aid the reader in the identification of migmatites, the author describes and illustrates microstructures that can be used to infer the presence of melt or a melt-producing reaction. He also describes how geochemical data can be used to infer petrological processes involved in migmatite development. This book includes the results from two decades of research in whole-rock geochemistry, partial melting, microstructural analysis and experimental deformation of partially molten rocks. It contains information from an outcrop through to a grain scale. Exceptionally well illustrated, with 272 colour plates and accompanying detailed captions, the Atlas provides descriptions and analyses of migmatites not previously available. |
| foliation definition earth science: The Encyclopedia of Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology Donald Bowes, 1990-02-28 Featuring over 250 contributions from more than 100 earth scientists from 18 countries, The Encyclopedia of Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology deals with the nature and genesis of igneous rocks that have crystallized from molten magma, and of metamorphic rocks that are the products of re-crystallization associated with increases in temperature and pressure, mainly at considerable depths in the Earth's crust. Entries range from alkaline rocks to zeolite facies - providing information on the mineralogical, chemical and textural characters of rock types, the development of concepts and the present state of knowledge across the spectrum of igneous and metamorphic petrology, together with extensive lists of both commonly used and little used terms and bibliographies. |
| foliation definition earth science: Laboratory Manual for Introductory Geology Bradley Deline, Randa Harris, Karen Tefend, 2016-01-05 Developed by three experts to coincide with geology lab kits, this laboratory manual provides a clear and cohesive introduction to the field of geology. Introductory Geology is designed to ease new students into the often complex topics of physical geology and the study of our planet and its makeup. This text introduces readers to the various uses of the scientific method in geological terms. Readers will encounter a comprehensive yet straightforward style and flow as they journey through this text. They will understand the various spheres of geology and begin to master geological outcomes which derive from a growing knowledge of the tools and subjects which this text covers in great detail. |
| foliation definition earth science: Glossary of Geology Klaus K. E. Neuendorf, American Geological Institute, 2005 The fifth edition of the Glossary of Geology contains nearly 40,000 entries, including 3.600 new terms and nearly 13,000 entries with revised definitions from the previous edition. In addition to definitions, many entries include background information and aids to syllabication. The Glossary draws its authority from the expertise of more than 100 geoscientists in many specialties who reviewed definitions and added new terms. |
| foliation definition earth science: Low-Grade Metamorphism M. Frey, Douglas Robinson, 2009-07-15 Low-Grade Metamorphism explores processes and transformations in rocks during the early stages of metamorphic recrystallization. There has been little analysis and documentation of this widespread phenomenon, especially of the substantial and exciting advances that have taken place in the subject over the last decade. This book rectifies that shortfall, building on the foundations of Low-Temperature Metamorphism by Martin Frey (1987). The editors have invited contributions from an internationally acknowledged team of experts, who have aimed the book at advanced undergraduate and graduate students as well as researchers in the field. Contributions from internationally acknowledged experts. Documents the substantial and exciting advances that have taken place in the subject over the last decade. |
| foliation definition earth science: Dictionary of Geological Terms American Geological Institute, 1984-04-11 From Aa toZweikanter, this popular dictionary has now been revised and updated. This edition includes over 1,000 new terms plus: -accurate definitions without technical jargon -many word origins -hyphenation and pronunciation guide -commonly used abbreviations -a geologic time and life chart The definitions in this book are drawn largely from the autoritative 36,000-term Glossary Of Geology, to which nearly 150 specialists from all fields of the geosciences contributed. Both the Glossary and this Dictionary were prepared as a service of the American Geological Institute, a federation of geoscience societies united to provide information to the science community and the public. |
| foliation definition earth science: Metasomatism and the Chemical Transformation of Rock Daniel Harlov, Hakon Austrheim, 2012-08-14 Fluid-aided mass transfer and subsequent mineral re-equilibration are the two defining features of metasomatism and must be present in order for metamorphism to occur. Coupled with igneous and tectonic processes, metasomatism has played a major role in the formation of the Earth’s continental and oceanic crust and lithospheric mantle as well as in their evolution and subsequent stabilization. Metasomatic processes can include ore mineralization, metasomatically induced alteration of oceanic lithosphere, mass transport in and alteration of subducted oceanic crust and overlying mantle wedge, which has subsequent implications regarding mass transport, fluid flow, and volatile storage in the lithospheric mantle overall, as well as both regional and localized crustal metamorphism. Metasomatic alteration of accessory minerals such as zircon or monazite can allow for the dating of metasomatic events as well as give additional information regarding the chemistry of the fluids responsible. Lastly present day movement of fluids in both the lithospheric mantle and deep to mid crust can be observed utilizing geophysical resources such as electrical resistivity and seismic data. Such observations help to further clarify the picture of actual metasomatic processes as inferred from basic petrographic, mineralogical, and geochemical data. The goal of this volume is to bring together a diverse group of geologists, each of whose specialities and long range experience regarding one or more aspects of metasomatism during geologic processes, should allow them to contribute to a series of review chapters, which outline the basis of our current understanding of how metasomatism influences and helps to control both the evolution and stability of the crust and lithospheric mantle. |
| foliation definition earth science: Field Geology of High-Grade Gneiss Terrains Cees W. Passchier, John S. Myers, Alfred Kröner, 2012-12-06 Although there are numerous publications on the geology of high-grade gneiss terrains, few descriptions exist of how to map and carry out structural analysis in these terrains. Textbooks on structural geology concentrate on technIques appli cable to low-grade terrains. Geologists who have no experience of mapping high-grade gneisses are often at a loss as to how to apply techniques to high grade rocks that were developed for low to medium grade metamorphic terrains. Any study of deep crustal processes and their development through time should begin with examination of the primary data source - outcrops of high grade metamorphic terrains. We feel that the urge to apply advanced techniques of fabric analysis, petrology, geochemistry, isotope geochemistry and age deter mination to these rocks often results in brief sampling trips in which there is little, if any analysis of the structural and metamorphic history revealed by outcrop patterns. Many studies of the metamorphic petrology and geochemistry of high-grade gneiss terrains make ineffective use of available field data, often because the authors are unaware of structural complexities and of the ways to recognise and use them. This is unfortunate, because much data can be collected in the field at minimal cost that cannot easily, if at all, be obtained from material in the laboratory. The primary igneous or sedimentary nature of a rock, the relative age of intrusive veins, and the sequence of deformation that they under went, can usually best be determined by straightforward observation in the field. |
| foliation definition earth science: Earth Science Bulletin , 1969 |
| foliation definition earth science: Mountain Building Processes Kenneth Jinghwa Hsü, 1982 |
| foliation definition earth science: Rock Fractures and Fluid Flow Committee on Fracture Characterization and Fluid Flow, Commission on Geosciences, Environment and Resources, Division on Earth and Life Studies, National Research Council, 1996-09-10 Scientific understanding of fluid flow in rock fractures--a process underlying contemporary earth science problems from the search for petroleum to the controversy over nuclear waste storage--has grown significantly in the past 20 years. This volume presents a comprehensive report on the state of the field, with an interdisciplinary viewpoint, case studies of fracture sites, illustrations, conclusions, and research recommendations. The book addresses these questions: How can fractures that are significant hydraulic conductors be identified, located, and characterized? How do flow and transport occur in fracture systems? How can changes in fracture systems be predicted and controlled? Among other topics, the committee provides a geomechanical understanding of fracture formation, reviews methods for detecting subsurface fractures, and looks at the use of hydraulic and tracer tests to investigate fluid flow. The volume examines the state of conceptual and mathematical modeling, and it provides a useful framework for understanding the complexity of fracture changes that occur during fluid pumping and other engineering practices. With a practical and multidisciplinary outlook, this volume will be welcomed by geologists, petroleum geologists, geoengineers, geophysicists, hydrologists, researchers, educators and students in these fields, and public officials involved in geological projects. |
| foliation definition earth science: Structural Geology Haakon Fossen, 2010-07-15 Lavishly illustrated in color, this textbook takes an applied approach to introduce undergraduate students to the basic principles of structural geology. The book provides unique links to industry applications in the upper crust, including petroleum and groundwater geology, which highlight the importance of structural geology in exploration and exploitation of petroleum and water resources. Topics range from faults and fractures forming near the surface to shear zones and folds of the deep crust. Students are engaged through examples and parallels drawn from practical everyday situations, enabling them to connect theory with practice. Containing numerous end-of-chapter problems, e-learning modules, and with stunning field photos and illustrations, this book provides the ultimate learning experience for all students of structural geology. |
| foliation definition earth science: Tectonic Geomorphology Douglas W. Burbank, Robert S. Anderson, 2011-11-02 Tectonic geomorphology is the study of the interplay between tectonic and surface processes that shape the landscape in regions of active deformation and at time scales ranging from days to millions of years. Over the past decade, recent advances in the quantification of both rates and the physical basis of tectonic and surface processes have underpinned an explosion of new research in the field of tectonic geomorphology. Modern tectonic geomorphology is an exceptionally integrative field that utilizes techniques and data derived from studies of geomorphology, seismology, geochronology, structure, geodesy, stratigraphy, meteorology and Quaternary science. While integrating new insights and highlighting controversies from the ten years of research since the 1st edition, this 2nd edition of Tectonic Geomorphology reviews the fundamentals of the subject, including the nature of faulting and folding, the creation and use of geomorphic markers for tracing deformation, chronological techniques that are used to date events and quantify rates, geodetic techniques for defining recent deformation, and paleoseismologic approaches to calibrate past deformation. Overall, this book focuses on the current understanding of the dynamic interplay between surface processes and active tectonics. As it ranges from the timescales of individual earthquakes to the growth and decay of mountain belts, this book provides a timely synthesis of modern research for upper-level undergraduate and graduate earth science students and for practicing geologists. Additional resources for this book can be found at: www.wiley.com/go/burbank/geomorphology. |
| foliation definition earth science: Introduction to Mineralogy and Petrology Swapan Kumar Haldar, 2020-07-29 Introduction to Mineralogy and Petrology, second edition, presents the essentials of both disciplines through an approach accessible to industry professionals, academic researchers, and students alike. This new edition emphasizes the relationship between rocks and minerals, right from the structures created during rock formation through the economics of mineral deposits. While petrology is classified on the lines of geological evolution and rock formation, mineralogy speaks to the physical and chemical properties, uses, and global occurrences for each mineral, emphasizing the need for the growth of human development. The primary goal is for the reader to identify minerals in all respects, including host-rocks, and mineral deposits, with additional knowledge of mineral-exploration, resource, extraction, process, and ultimate use. To help provide a comprehensive analysis across ethical and socio-economic dimensions, a separate chapter describes the hazards associated with minerals, rocks, and mineral industries, and the consequences to humanity along with remedies and case studies. New to the second edition: includes coverage of minerals and petrology in extra-terrestrial environments as well as case studies on the hazards of the mining industry. Addresses the full scope of core concepts of mineralogy and petrology, including crystal structure, formation and grouping of minerals and soils, definition, origin, structure and classification of igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks Features more than 250 figures, illustrations and color photographs to vividly explore the fundamental principles of mineralogy and petrology Offers a holistic approach to both subjects, beginning with the formation of geologic structures that is followed by the hosting of mineral deposits and the exploration and extraction of lucrative, usable products that improve the health of global economies Includes new content on minerals and petrology in extraterrestrial environments and case studies on hazards in the mining industry |
| foliation definition earth science: Earth Science for Civil and Environmental Engineers Richard E. Jackson, 2019-01-24 This carefully targeted and rigorous new textbook introduces engineering students to the fundamental principles of applied Earth science, highlighting how modern soil and rock mechanics, geomorphology, hydrogeology, seismology and environmental geochemistry affect geotechnical and environmental practice. Key geological topics of engineering relevance including soils and sediments, rocks, groundwater, and geologic hazards are presented in an accessible and engaging way. A broad range of international case studies add real-world context, and demonstrate practical applications in field and laboratory settings to guide site characterization. End-of-chapter problems are included for self-study and evaluation, and supplementary online materials include electronic figures, additional examples, solutions, and guidance on useful software. Featuring a detailed glossary introducing key terminology, this text requires no prior geological training and is essential reading for senior undergraduate or graduate students in civil, geological, geotechnical and geoenvironmental engineering. It is also a useful reference and bridge for Earth science graduates embarking on engineering geology courses. |
| foliation definition earth science: Proterozoic Orogens of India T.R.K. Chetty, 2017-07-12 Proterozoic Orogens of India: A Critical Window to Gondwana provides a unique opportunity to understand a cross-section of the well-exposed and best-studied part of Earth's crust and the processes of continental collision. It covers pulses of reworking processes and their impact on magmatism, metamorphism and deformational history of Proterozoic orogens vis-à-vis the supercontinental formation. The details of structural architecture, crustal blocks, shear zone systems, magmatism, metamorphism, geochemical and isotopic signatures, mineralization and tectonic models of all the Proterozoic orogens of India are discussed along with excellent illustrations reflecting the field-based, multi-scale structural and geological data sets.The spatial distribution, geometry, kinematics and transpressional strain of the shear zone systems (mostly suture zones), which are critical to all conceptual models dealing with tectono-metamorphic history of Proterozoic orogens of India, are also covered. The book summarizes and integrates the state-of -the art understanding of the structural architecture, lithological assemblages, petrological, geochemical, geochronological and geophysical aspects of the Proterozoic orogens of India. - Includes a much needed state-of-the-art tectonic summary of the voluminous data that has emerged from the Protrozoic orogens of India in the last 2-3 decades - Authored by a well-established expert with more than 30 years of experience in the field based, multi-scale structural geological studies of the ancient orogens of India - Covers up-to-date reviews and models of Proterozoic orogens developed in the Indian shield over the past 2.5 billion years of Earth history |
| foliation definition earth science: Earth Structures Stephen Marshak, Ben A. Van der Pluijm, 2010-06-04 The Second Edition also benefits from new artwork that clearly illustrates complex concepts. New to the Second Edition: New Chapter: 15, Geophysical Imaging, by Frederick Cook Within Chapters 21 and 22, four new essays on Regional Perspectives discuss the European Alps, the Altaids, the Appalachians, and the Cascadia Wedge. New and updated art for more informative illustration of concepts. The Second Edition now has 570 black & white figures. |
| foliation definition earth science: Essentials of Paleomagnetism Lisa Tauxe, 2010-03-19 This book by Lisa Tauxe and others is a marvelous tool for education and research in Paleomagnetism. Many students in the U.S. and around the world will welcome this publication, which was previously only available via the Internet. Professor Tauxe has performed a service for teaching and research that is utterly unique.—Neil D. Opdyke, University of Florida |
| foliation definition earth science: Metamorphic Petrology Akiho Miyashiro, 1994-01-21 A major international text for intermediate and advanced students of metamorphic petrology. |
| foliation definition earth science: Petrogenesis of Metamorphic Rocks Kurt Bucher, Martin Frey, 2013-04-17 Metamorphic rocks are one of the three classes of rocks. Seen on a global scale they constitute the dominant material of the Earth. The understanding of the petrogenesis and significance of metamorphic of geological education. rocks is, therefore, a fundamental topic There are, of course, many different possible ways to lecture on this theme. This book addresses rock metamorphism from a relatively pragmatic view point. It has been written for the senior undergrad uate or graduate student who needs practical knowledge of how to interpret various groups of minerals found in metamorphic rocks. The book is also of interest for the non-specialist and non-petrolo gist professional who is interested in learning more about the geolo gical messages that metamorphic mineral assemblages are sending, as well as pressure and temperature conditions of formation. The book is organized into two parts. The first part introduces the different types of metamorphism, defines some names, terms and graphs used to describe metamorphic rocks, and discusses principal aspects of metamorphic processes. Part I introduces the causes of metamorphism on various scales in time and space, and some principles of chemical reactions in rocks that accompany metamorphism, but without treating these principles in detail, and presenting the thermodynamic basis for quantitative analysis of reactions and their equilibria in metamorphism. Part I also presents concepts of metamorphic grade or intensity of metamorphism, such as the metamorphic-facies concept. |
| foliation definition earth science: Building Stones of Our Nation's Capital Geological Survey (U.S.), 1975 |
| foliation definition earth science: Fundamentals of Earth Science Henry Dewey Thompson, 1947 |
| foliation definition earth science: Geology of the Himalayan Belt B.K. Chakrabarti, 2016-03-04 Geology of the Himalayan Belt: Deformation, Metamorphism, Stratigraphy presents sophisticated metamorphic and igneous rock data across various Himalayan geographic sectors, capturing their petrography, metamorphism, structure, mineralization, and regional tectonic research. With an east-west extension of about 3000 kilometers and numerous 8000 meter peaks, the Himalayas are the most spectacular mountain ranges on earth. Since the 19th century, they have provided a testing ground of global importance for the development of geodynamic concepts, from isostasy over continental collision, to more recently, feedback mechanisms between tectonics and climate. This book collects the broad range of data that's been gathered on the Himalayas over the past 50 years, providing a comprehensive analysis and interpretation on the available data that brings the scientific community a better understanding of the geological diversity and structure of the Himalayan belt, along with new techniques that have applications in a host of global geological settings. - Features a vast amount of geological research data collected in the Himalayas over the past half century - Authored by a recognized global expert on the geology of the Himalayan belt - Presents analysis and interpretation techniques to aid scientists in conducting fieldwork and research - Provides the latest information on geodynamic concepts, from isostasy over continental collision, to more recently, feedback mechanisms between tectonics and climate |
| foliation definition earth science: Let's Review Regents: Earth Science--Physical Setting Revised Edition Edward J. Denecke, 2021-01-05 Barron's Let's Review Regents: Earth Science--Physical Setting gives students the step-by-step review and practice they need to prepare for the Regents exam. This updated edition is an ideal companion to high school textbooks and covers all Physical Setting/Earth Science topics prescribed by the New York State Board of Regents. This book features: Comprehensive topic review covering fundamentals such as astronomy, geology, and meteorology Reference Tables for Physical Setting/Earth Science More than 1,100 practice questions with answers covering all exam topics drawn from recent Regents exams One recent full-length Regents exam with answers Looking for additional practice and review? Check out Barron’s Regents Earth Science--Physical Setting Power Pack two-volume set, which includes Regents Exams and Answers: Earth Science--Physical Setting in addition to Let’s Review Regents: Earth Science--Physical Setting. |
| foliation definition earth science: Statistics of Earth Science Data Graham J. Borradaile, 2013-11-11 From the reviews: All in all, Graham Borradaile has written and interesting and idiosyncratic book on statistics for geoscientists that will be welcome among students, researchers, and practitioners dealing with orientation data. That should include engineering geologists who work with things like rock fracture orientation measurements or clast alignment in paleoseismic trenches. It won’t replace the collection of statistics and geostatistics texts in my library, but it will have a place among them and will likely be one of several references to which I turn when working with orientation data.... The text is easy to follow and illustrations are generally clear and easy to read...(William C. Haneberg, Haneberg Geoscience) |
| foliation definition earth science: Theory and Technology of Rock Excavation for Civil Engineering Dingxiang Zou, 2016-11-21 This book summarizes the technical advances in recent decades and the various theories on rock excavation raised by scholars from different countries, including China and Russia. It not only focuses on rock blasting but also illustrates a number of non-blasting methods, such as mechanical excavation in detail. The book consists of 3 parts: Basic Knowledge, Surface Excavation and Underground Excavation. It presents a variety of technical methods and data from diverse sources in the book, making it a valuable theoretical and practical reference resource for engineers, researchers and postgraduates alike. |
| foliation definition earth science: Earth Science Steven I. Dutch, James Stewart Monroe, Joseph M. Moran, 1998 One of the few texts to integrate earth systems approach with impact of humans on the planet, this volume focuses on modern science and how it works. This approach gives students the tools they need for critical thinking, problem solving, and inquiry into the study of geology, oceanography, and astronomy. With everyday observations and examples, this text is highly readable and engaging. |
| foliation definition earth science: Antarctic Earth Science R. L. Oliver, P. R. James, J. B. Jago, 1983 The fourth international symposium on Antarctic Earth Sciences took place in Adelaide, South Australia during the week 16-20 August 1982. This volume contains a record of the centenary activities celebrating Sir Douglas Mawson and the one hundred and seventy-four papers that were presented by delegates for discussion over the five days. Sir Douglas Mawson was part of the first team to reach the magnetic South Pole, a leading geologist and scientific figure during the heroic age of of antarctic exploration. The papers presented during the symposium were divided into fifteen categories covering east and west Antarctica, marine, land and glacial geology, plate tectonics, islands, peninsulas, climatic change and Precambrian and Cenozoic era activity. The two hundred persons from sixteen countries who attended the symposium brought together a wide range of the most current expertise and research to share, of which this volume provides a record. |
| foliation definition earth science: Microtectonics C.W. Passchier, R.A.J. Trouw, 2013-06-29 Microtectonics is the interpretation of small-scale deformation structures in rocks. They are studied by optical microscope and contain abundant information on the history and type of deformation and metamorphism in a rock and are therefore used by most geologists to obtain data for large-scale geological interpretations. This advanced textbook contains a large number of photographs and explanatory drawings, special chapters on related techniques, a chapter on microgauges and a simple, non-mathematical treatment of continuum mechanics with practical examples. Special terms are explained in boxes. This textbook is suited for independent use during optical studies on microstructures as a reference manual and as a manual for short courses. |
| foliation definition earth science: Magnetic Anisotropy of Rocks D. Tarling, F. Hrouda, 1993-05-31 This book provides the background, physical instrumentation and geological aspects behind any study of the magnetic anisotropy of a rock in a comprehensive and practical way. After studying this book, readers in the geosciences will be encouraged to use this simple, rapid and inexpensive technique in their studies of rocks. |
| foliation definition earth science: Fundamentals of Geomorphology Richard John Huggett, 2011-03-15 This extensively revised, restructured, and updated edition continues to present an engaging and comprehensive introduction to the subject, exploring the world’s landforms from a broad systems perspective. It covers the basics of Earth surface forms and processes, while reflecting on the latest developments in the field. Fundamentals of Geomorphology begins with a consideration of the nature of geomorphology, process and form, history, and geomorphic systems, and moves on to discuss: structure: structural landforms associated with plate tectonics and those associated with volcanoes, impact craters, and folds, faults, and joints process and form: landforms resulting from, or influenced by, the exogenic agencies of weathering, running water, flowing ice and meltwater, ground ice and frost, the wind, and the sea; landforms developed on limestone; and landscape evolution, a discussion of ancient landforms, including palaeosurfaces, stagnant landscape features, and evolutionary aspects of landscape change. This third edition has been fully updated to include a clearer initial explanation of the nature of geomorphology, of land surface process and form, and of land-surface change over different timescales. The text has been restructured to incorporate information on geomorphic materials and processes at more suitable points in the book. Finally, historical geomorphology has been integrated throughout the text to reflect the importance of history in all aspects of geomorphology. Fundamentals of Geomorphology provides a stimulating and innovative perspective on the key topics and debates within the field of geomorphology. Written in an accessible and lively manner, it includes guides to further reading, chapter summaries, and an extensive glossary of key terms. The book is also illustrated throughout with over 200 informative diagrams and attractive photographs, all in colour. |
| foliation definition earth science: Encyclopedia of Geology , 2020-12-16 Encyclopedia of Geology, Second Edition presents in six volumes state-of-the-art reviews on the various aspects of geologic research, all of which have moved on considerably since the writing of the first edition. New areas of discussion include extinctions, origins of life, plate tectonics and its influence on faunal provinces, new types of mineral and hydrocarbon deposits, new methods of dating rocks, and geological processes. Users will find this to be a fundamental resource for teachers and students of geology, as well as researchers and non-geology professionals seeking up-to-date reviews of geologic research. Provides a comprehensive and accessible one-stop shop for information on the subject of geology, explaining methodologies and technical jargon used in the field Highlights connections between geology and other physical and biological sciences, tackling research problems that span multiple fields Fills a critical gap of information in a field that has seen significant progress in past years Presents an ideal reference for a wide range of scientists in earth and environmental areas of study |
| foliation definition earth science: Southern and Central Mexico: Basement Framework, Tectonic Evolution, and Provenance of Mesozoic–Cenozoic Basins Uwe C. Martens, Roberto S. Molina Garza, 2021-12-23 |
| foliation definition earth science: Atlas of Deformed and Metamorphosed Rocks from Proterozoic Orogens T.R.K. Chetty, Wilbert Kehelpannala, 2021-08-20 Atlas of Deformed and Metamorphosed Rocks from Proterozoic Orogens is a richly illustrated reference book featuring over 660 full-color field images of a range of lithologies from some Proterozoic terrains that were subjected to multiple events of magmatism, deformation, metamorphism, and metasomatism. The Atlas focuses on amphibolite to granulite facies lithologies and associated ma?c-ultrama?c rocks from Proterozoic orogens of India, Sri Lanka, Botswana, South Africa, East Antarctica, and Western Australia. Each chapter in the book begins with a brief review of geology, including deformation and metamorphic history, along with a regional geological map to help readers to visualize the ?eld observations in the relevant geological context. Each image is accompanied by a concise description providing location, lithology, structural fabric, possible deformational history, metamorphic features, partial melting, metasomatism, and other important crustal processes. This Atlas is an important source of information for a broad range of earth scientists, graduate and undergraduate students, researchers, academicians, and other professionals. This book will form a great treasure to those geoscientists who never had an opportunity to visit any of the Proterozoic orogenic belts. - Features over 660 full-color photographs representing typical lithologies and associated structural, metamorphic features, and other crustal processes from different Proterozoic orogens - Highlights the significance of field photographs in advancing new knowledge which may provide pathways for new research - Covers many important Proterozoic terranes of East Gondwana - Presents regional geologic maps from each Proterozoic orogen |
| foliation definition earth science: Earth Science: Earth materials and earth resources James A. Woodhead, 2001 Presents cross-referenced essays on basic topics related to planetology and Earth from space; each essay includes an annotated bibliography. |
| foliation definition earth science: Earth's Oldest Rocks Martin J. Van Kranendonk, Vickie Bennett, Hugh R.H. Smithies, 2007-10-26 Earth's Oldest Rocks provides a comprehensive overview of all aspects of early Earth, from planetary accretion through to development of protocratons with depleted lithospheric keels by c. 3.2 Ga, in a series of papers written by over 50 of the world's leading experts. The book is divided into two chapters on early Earth history, ten chapters on the geology of specific cratons, and two chapters on early Earth analogues and the tectonic framework of early Earth. Individual contributions address topics that range from planetary accretion, a review of Earth meteorites, significance and composition of Hadean protocrust, composition of Archaean mantle and deep crust, all aspects of the geology of Paleoarchean cratons, composition of Archean oceans and hydrothermal environments, evidence and geological settings of early life, early Earth analogues from Venus and New Zealand, and a tectonic framework for early Earth.* Contains comprehensive reviews of areas of ancient lithosphere on Earth, of planetary accretion processes, and of meteorites* Focuses on specific aspects of early Earth, including oldest putative life forms, evidence of the composition of the ancient atmosphere-hydrosphere, and the oldest evidence for subduction-accretion* Presents an overview of geological processes and model of the tectonic framework on early Earth |
| foliation definition earth science: Stereographic Projection Techniques for Geologists and Civil Engineers Richard J. Lisle, Peter R. Leyshon, 2004-04 The stereographic projection is an essential tool in the fields of structural geology and geotechnics, which allows three-dimensional orientation data to be represented and manipulated. This book has been designed to make the subject as accessible as possible. It gives a straightforward and simple introduction to the subject and, by means of examples, illustrations and exercises, encourages the student to visualise the problems in three dimensions. Students of all levels will be able to work through the book and come away with a clear understanding of how to apply these vital techniques. This revised edition contains additional material on geotechnical applications, improved illustrations and links to useful web resources and software programs. It will provide students of geology, rock mechanics, geotechnical and civil engineering with an indispensable guide to the analysis and interpretation of field orientation data. |
| foliation definition earth science: Meeting Challenges with Geologic Maps William Andrew Thomas, 2004 |
Foliation (geology) - Wikipedia
Foliation is usually formed by the preferred orientation of minerals within a rock. Usually, this is the result of some physical force and its effect on …
Foliation - Wikipedia
In mathematics (differential geometry), a foliation is an equivalence relation on an n-manifold, the equivalence classes being connected, injectively …
Foliation | Types, Causes, & Facts | Britannica
Foliation, planar arrangement of structural or textural features in any rock type but particularly that resulting from the alignment of constituent …
10.2: Foliation and Rock Cleavage - Geosciences LibreT…
Aug 22, 2024 · The pattern of aligned crystals that results is called foliation. Foliation can develop in a number of ways. Minerals can deform when …
Foliation in Metamorphic Rocks | Definition, Causes & T…
Nov 21, 2023 · Discover the causes of foliation in metamorphic rocks. Understand foliation differences, and investigate examples of slate, schist, …
Foliation (geology) - Wikipedia
Foliation is usually formed by the preferred orientation of minerals within a rock. Usually, this is the result of some physical force and its effect on the growth of minerals. The planar fabric of a …
Foliation - Wikipedia
In mathematics (differential geometry), a foliation is an equivalence relation on an n-manifold, the equivalence classes being connected, injectively immersed submanifolds, all of the same …
Foliation | Types, Causes, & Facts | Britannica
Foliation, planar arrangement of structural or textural features in any rock type but particularly that resulting from the alignment of constituent mineral grains of a metamorphic rock of the regional …
10.2: Foliation and Rock Cleavage - Geosciences LibreTexts
Aug 22, 2024 · The pattern of aligned crystals that results is called foliation. Foliation can develop in a number of ways. Minerals can deform when they are squeezed (Figure 10.5), becoming …
Foliation in Metamorphic Rocks | Definition, Causes & Types
Nov 21, 2023 · Discover the causes of foliation in metamorphic rocks. Understand foliation differences, and investigate examples of slate, schist, and gneiss...
8.3.2: Lineations and Foliations - Geosciences LibreTexts
Aug 28, 2022 · Alignment of clays, micas, graphite, or other platy minerals, the separation of a rock into light and dark layers, or parallel fracturing leads to planar fabrics called foliation. The …
Foliation - SpringerLink
Sep 2, 2022 · Foliation is a planar structure showing preferred orientation of minerals with a platy or tabular habit. The preferred orientation is produced by deformation and is uniformly …
Foliation - Geology is the Way
The terms ‘foliation’, ‘cleavage’, and ‘schistosity’ have all been used to define sets of penetrative planar elements in deformed rocks. However, they are not synonyms and have been used …
Foliated Metamorphic Rocks - Geology In
The pattern of aligned crystals that results is called foliation. Foliation can develop in a number of ways. Minerals can deform when they are squeezed, becoming narrower in one direction and …
Lecture 12 Rock Fabric: Foliation and Lineation - Impact …
Foliation - fabric elements are planar and essentially parallel to one another, creating a 2-dimensional fabric. S0, S 1, S 2 … multiple planar fabrics ordered by number of relative age …
