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| economic performance unit test: The Economic Performance Index (EPI) Mr.Vadim Khramov, Mr.John Ridings Lee, 2013-10-23 Existing economic indicators and indexes assess economic activity but no single indicator measures the general macro-economic performance of a nation, state, or region in a methodologically simple and intuitive way. This paper proposes a simple, yet informative metric called the Economic Performance Index (EPI). The EPI represents a step toward clarity, by combining data on inflation, unemployment, government deficit, and GDP growth into a single indicator. In contrast to other indexes, the EPI does not use complicated mathematical procedures but was designed for simplicity, making it easier for professionals and laypeople alike to understand and apply to the economy. To maximize ease of understanding, we adopt a descriptive grading system. In addition to a Raw EPI that gives equal weights to its components, we construct a Weighted EPI and show that both indexes perform similarly for U.S. data. To demonstrate the validity of the EPI, we conduct a review of U.S. history from 1790 to 2012. We show that the EPI reflects the major events in U.S. history, including wars, periods of economic prosperity and booms, along with economic depressions, recessions, and even panics. Furthermore, the EPI not only captures official recessions over the past century but also allows for measuring and comparing their relative severity. Even though the EPI is simple by its construction, we show that its dynamics are similar to those of the Chicago Fed National Activity Index (CFNAI) and The Conference Board Coincident Economic Index® (CEI). |
| economic performance unit test: The Stiglitz Report Joseph E. Stiglitz, 2010 The fact that the global economy is broken may be widely accepted, but what precisely needs to be fixed has become the subject of enormous controversy. In 2008, the President of the United Nations General Assembly convened an international panel, chaired by Nobel Prize-winning economist Joseph Stiglitz and including 20 leading experts on the international monetary system, to address this crucial issue. This report controversially establishes a bold agenda for policy change, both broad in scope and profound in its ambitions. |
| economic performance unit test: The Performance Economy W. Stahel, 2010-02-24 This updated and revised edition outlines strategies and models for how to use technology and knowledge to improve performance, create jobs and increase income. It shows what skills will be required to produce, sell and manage performance over time, and how manual jobs can contribute to reduce the consumption of non-renewable resources. |
| economic performance unit test: Social Sector Spending, Governance and Economic Development Ramesh Chandra Das, 2023-02-20 Economic development depends heavily on the growth of social sectors like education, healthcare, gender equality, as well as factors like income, consumption, investment and trade. This book examines the interlinkages between development, good governance and spending on social growth. The book focuses on different areas of social growth, public welfare and poverty reduction including managing human resources, corruption in public institutions and public spaces as well as health and welfare measures. The chapters in the volume highlight the role of government interventions in boosting human development – particularly in developing countries in Asia and Africa and many developed countries in the post-COVID scenario. The book also examines the foundations of government spending on development and effective governance while underlining the impact which social growth has on the economy. Rich in theoretical and empirical perspectives, this book will be useful for students and researchers of economics, sociology, political studies, public finance, development studies as well as for policymakers and think tanks working in the areas of human development. |
| economic performance unit test: Understanding the Evolution of Regional Economic Development and Tourism Efficiency in China Tsung Pao Wu, 2024-07-16 This insightful volume delves into the intricate relationship between economic growth and tourism effectiveness in China’s diverse regions. With a focus on practical insights and accessible language, this book is essential reading for policymakers, economists, and tourism professionals seeking to understand the dynamics of regional development. By emphasizing China’s unique experiences, the text offers valuable lessons applicable to regions worldwide. Engaging and concise, it navigates complex concepts with clarity, making it accessible to a global audience. Highlighting key trends and emerging theories, this work serves as a vital resource for anyone interested in the intersection of economic development and tourism efficiency. |
| economic performance unit test: Labour Relations and Economic Performance Carlo Dell'Aringad, 2016-07-27 This volume contains the proceedings of a conference held to assess the current state of the analysis of the labour market and of industrial relations and their relationship to economic performance. |
| economic performance unit test: Economic Growth David Mwiti Mukiri, Charles Gachoki, Oyugi George Otieno, Josephat Mongare Okemwa, 2022-12-30 TOPICS IN THE BOOK Effects of Institutional Reforms on Financial Sector Development in Selected East Africa Community Member States Determinants of Equilibrium Real Exchange Rate and It’s Misalignment in Kenya 2000-2016: An Autoregressive Distributed Lag Approach Effect of Macroeconomic Factors on Economic Growth in Kenya Wage Determination in the Domestic Services Sector in Kahawa and Githurai Estates in Kiambu County, Kenya |
| economic performance unit test: Financial Markets and Economic Performance John E. Silvia, 2021-07-31 Effective decision making requires understanding of the underlying principles of financial markets and economics. Intellectually, economics and financial markets are genetically intertwined although when it comes to popular commentary they are treated separately. In fact, academic economic thinking appears separate from financial market equity strategy in most financial market commentary. Historically, macroeconomics tended to assume away financial frictions and financial intermediation whereas financial economists did not necessarily consider the negative macroeconomic spill overs from financial market outcomes. In more recent years, the economic discipline has gone through a serious self-reflection after the global crisis. This book explores the interplay between financial markets and macroeconomic outcomes with a conceptual framework that combines the actions of investors and individuals. Of interest to graduate students and those professionals working in the financial markets, it provides insight into why market prices move and credit markets interact and what factors participants and policy makers can monitor to anticipate market change and future price paths. |
| economic performance unit test: Financial Liberalization and Economic Performance Luiz Fernando de Paula, 2011 Since the beginning of the 1990s, Brazil has followed a pattern of economic development inspired by Washington Consensus. This framework includes a set of liberalising and market friendly policies such as privatisation, trade liberalization, stimulus to foreign direct investment, tax reform, and social security reforms. This book assesses the determinants and impacts of financial liberalisation in Brazil considering its two dimensions: the opening up of the balance of payments capital account, and the penetration by foreign bank of the domestic banking sector. The author combines theoretical and empirical analyses. Some make use of mathematical models and/or statistical techniques; however, they are only used when they are strictly necessary to the analysis. |
| economic performance unit test: Liberalization and Economic Performance of the Informal Sector Indrajit Bairagya, 2014-10-03 Impact of liberalization on informality has been a subject of intense debate for many years and the major issue that has come up is whether liberalization helps to grow informal sector and informality in the economy or it is an obstruction for informal sector’s growth. Thus, in the light of the recent liberalization measure, this book sets to examine general presumptions of the development of informal sector in the context of the Indian economy. The book begins with a broad framework for analysis of output contribution and growth of the informal sector. Liberalization is measured by openness indices and inter-sectoral linkages. Impact of liberalization on growth contributions of informal sector is captured by openness indices (i.e. degree of openness to trade and principal component scores), technical efficiency (measured by Data Envelope Analysis and estimated by Tobit Censored Regression model) and components of productivity (computed by Malmquist total factor productivity index) of the informal enterprises by inter-sectoral linkages. The linkages are modeled theoretically in a neo-classical growth theory and empirically measured by sub-contracting arrangements between formal and informal enterprises. In addition, the book also provides implications on promotion of informal sector from the viewpoint of employment generation. The description and analyses of the book will help with policy implications and enlighten the readers on the development of informal sector. |
| economic performance unit test: Business Cycle Indicators Karl Heinrich Oppenländer, 1997 The pressure to produce explanations and forecasts and the economic dichotomies which insist on appearing, lead to a desire to deal with the description, analysis and forecast of the phenomenon of business cycles using economic indicators. This text provides an introduction to business cycles and their theoretical and historical basis. It also includes work on early indicator research and provides examples of business cycle indicators. |
| economic performance unit test: Introduction to Business Lawrence J. Gitman, Carl McDaniel, Amit Shah, Monique Reece, Linda Koffel, Bethann Talsma, James C. Hyatt, 2024-09-16 Introduction to Business covers the scope and sequence of most introductory business courses. The book provides detailed explanations in the context of core themes such as customer satisfaction, ethics, entrepreneurship, global business, and managing change. Introduction to Business includes hundreds of current business examples from a range of industries and geographic locations, which feature a variety of individuals. The outcome is a balanced approach to the theory and application of business concepts, with attention to the knowledge and skills necessary for student success in this course and beyond. This is an adaptation of Introduction to Business by OpenStax. You can access the textbook as pdf for free at openstax.org. Minor editorial changes were made to ensure a better ebook reading experience. Textbook content produced by OpenStax is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. |
| economic performance unit test: Basic Economics Test William B. Walstad, Denise Robson, 1981-01-01 Elementary school assessment for grades 56, nationally normed. |
| economic performance unit test: Measurement of Business Economic Performance N Venkatraman, Vasudevan Ramanujam, 2023-07-18 This book provides a comprehensive overview of the latest approaches to measuring business performance and the methods used to achieve convergence across different analytic techniques. A vital resource for business professionals and academics seeking to expand their understanding of measurement and evaluation strategies in the modern business ecosystem. This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant. |
| economic performance unit test: Economic Growth and Stationarity of Real Exchange Rates Yin-Wong Cheung, 1998 |
| economic performance unit test: Introductory Econometrics for Finance Chris Brooks, 2019-03-28 Offers econometrics for finance students with no prior knowledge of the field. Includes case studies, examples and extensive online support. |
| economic performance unit test: Macroeconomic and Monetary Policy Issues in Indonesia Akhand Akhtar Hossain, 2013-08-15 Following the acquisition of its sovereignty from the Netherlands in 1949, Indonesia experienced serious economic and political problems during the 1950s and 1960s, before entering a three-decade-long period of rapid economic growth. Hard-hit by the financial crisis of the late 1990s, Indonesia undertook a wide range of economic and financial reforms. These reforms served to prepare it well for the 2007-08 global financial crisis, through which Indonesia passed relatively unscathed. Drawing on empirical research, this book presents a comprehensive empirical study on the key macroeconomic relations and monetary policy issues in Indonesia. The book analyses monetary, fiscal and exchange-rate policies, looking at their interactions and impacts on the economy. It demonstrates how important macroeconomic management for monetary and financial stability is to sustained national economic growth and development. Data from the 1970s is compared and contrasted with 1950s data to analyse macroeconomic policies and issues in an historical context. Statistical and econometric techniques are juxtaposed with general empirical results to supplement informative discussion of macroeconomic and monetary developments. This book is a useful contribution to studies on macroeconomics and international development, as well as Southeast Asian studies. |
| economic performance unit test: Economic Growth, second edition Robert J. Barro, Xavier I. Sala-I-Martin, 2003-10-10 The long-awaited second edition of an important textbook on economic growth—a major revision incorporating the most recent work on the subject. This graduate level text on economic growth surveys neoclassical and more recent growth theories, stressing their empirical implications and the relation of theory to data and evidence. The authors have undertaken a major revision for the long-awaited second edition of this widely used text, the first modern textbook devoted to growth theory. The book has been expanded in many areas and incorporates the latest research. After an introductory discussion of economic growth, the book examines neoclassical growth theories, from Solow-Swan in the 1950s and Cass-Koopmans in the 1960s to more recent refinements; this is followed by a discussion of extensions to the model, with expanded treatment in this edition of heterogenity of households. The book then turns to endogenous growth theory, discussing, among other topics, models of endogenous technological progress (with an expanded discussion in this edition of the role of outside competition in the growth process), technological diffusion, and an endogenous determination of labor supply and population. The authors then explain the essentials of growth accounting and apply this framework to endogenous growth models. The final chapters cover empirical analysis of regions and empirical evidence on economic growth for a broad panel of countries from 1960 to 2000. The updated treatment of cross-country growth regressions for this edition uses the new Summers-Heston data set on world income distribution compiled through 2000. |
| economic performance unit test: Greece's Economic Performance and Prospects Ralph C. Bryant, 2001 Careful analysis of an individual nation's economy is difficult even for insiders who know aspects of their own economy well. Good analysis is that much more difficult for outside economists who lack detailed knowledge of the economy. Yet outsiders can bring a fresh perspective that raises interesting questions and sometimes contributes new insights. When insiders and outsiders cooperate together, the resulting analysis may be a significant improvement over what each group could achieve by themselves. This book results from a collaboration among Greek and non-Greek economists, sponsored by the Bank of Greece and the Brookings Institution. By combining the expertise of Greek and non-Greek economists, the project has sought to achieve two broad goals. The first is to facilitate understanding of Greek observers about their economy and to stimulate a constructive policy debate within Greece. The second complementary goal is to provide an analysis of the Greek economy useful to observers of other nations whose economic situations and problems have similarities with those of Greece. |
| economic performance unit test: Monetary Policy, Capital Flows and Exchange Rates William Allen, David Dickinson, 2002-02-21 Maxwell Fry was known internationally for his research into international and domestic financial issues. This book constitutes a tribute to his pioneering work in so many areas, and draws together contributions from a range of academic and policy-making colleagues who were fortunate enough to experience the depth of knowledge and insights which Max |
| economic performance unit test: Income Distribution and Economic Growth of Japan Under the Deflationary Economy Osamu Nakamura, 2013 This book examines the causes of the Japanese deflationary economy, characterized as a structural deflation, and discusses how to alleviate the prolonged slowdown in order to restore Japan to a trajectory of high economic growth, with a special focus on the function of income distribution. |
| economic performance unit test: Economic Growth in an Open Developing Economy A. P. Thirlwall, 2013-01-01 This concise yet insightful sequel to the highly acclaimed The Nature of Economic Growth provides a comprehensive critique of both old and new growth theory, highlighting the importance of economic growth for reducing poverty. A.P. Thirlwall illustrates that orthodox growth theory continues to work with Ôone-goodÕ models and to treat factor supplies as exogenously given, independent of demand. Orthodox trade theory still ignores the balance of payments consequences of different patterns of trade specialisation when assessing the welfare effects of trade. The author goes on to present theory underpinned by up-to-date empirical evidence that factors of production and productivity growth are endogenous to demand, and that the structure of production and trade matter for the long-run growth performance of countries because of their impact on the balance of payments. He concludes that trade liberalisation has proved disappointing in improving the trade-off between growth and the balance of payments. This book will provide a challenging read for students and academics in the fields of economics, heterodox economics, and development. Policymakers focussing on the relationship between growth, trade and the balance of payments will also find the book to be of great interest. |
| economic performance unit test: Proceedings of the International Conference on Business and Management Dynamics 2016: Sustainable economies in the information economy Joy E. Akahome, Michael Twum-Darko, Cyril Ogbokor, Nyaniso Mfusi Zonke, T. Sethibe, R. Steyn, Esme Mohammed, Renier Steyn, L.B. Nguenang, Mamorena Lucia Matsoso, Henry N. Ozuru, Julius Akaba, Patient Rambe, Edem Korku Agbobli, Henri-Vincent Ndjave-Ndjoy, Regis Muchemwa, Andre de la Harpe, Konosoang Mpiti, Ayodeji Afolayan, 2016-12-31 Cape Town, South Africa, 7 Sept. 2016 – 8 Sept. 2016. Theme: Sustainable economies in the information economy. Purpose: To share the quality academic papers presented at the International Conference on Business and Management Dynamics (ICBMD) held from 7 to 8 September 2016 at African Pride Crystal Hotel and Spa in Cape Town. As grey literature, the proceedings are the contributions made by researchers at the conference and are considered the written record of the work that was presented to fellow conference delegates. Methodology: The methodology used varies from researcher to researcher but are suitable for the studies conducted. Thus, on the one hand, studies that were subjective in nature used the interpretive paradigm, where the qualitative approach adopted made used of the interview method to collect data. On the other hand, studies that were objectively inclined adopted the positivist philosophy and used survey questionnaires to collect data. However, there were some academic papers which used mixed methodology because of the nature of the study. Whatever methodology used adhered to the ethos of the philosophies underpinning the methodology. Contribution made to scholarship: The articles come from individual researchers and each article in the proceedings is unique. Mostly, there is no general argument leading from one contribution to the next. However, it is interesting to note that in the area of economic performance it was evident that real exchange rate and net foreign direct investment contribute more towards innovations in economic growth. With regard to human capital development, papers presented evidence that there exists a definite need to explore the phenomenon of personal branding as limited scientific academic research has been done within the field of personal branding or on elements of the topic. Thus, the outcome argues that personal branding has an influence on leadership style which in turn impacts on organisational performance and related hygiene factors. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that current methods or strategies for enforcing institutionalisation of knowledge sharing within an organisation have not been successful, and, as such, new strategies are needed to reinforce efforts to nurture and invigorate the institutionalisation of knowledge sharing within an organisation. With regard to technology and big data impact on organisational performance, it was evident that system performance, memory consumption and CPU utilisation can be used as criteria to compare and evaluate big data technologies to improve organisational performance. Most of the articles’ contribution reemphasised technology education and training as a means of digitising business and improving effectiveness. Target audience: The target readership is academic researchers and business leaders who require access to the latest developments in the fields of economics, information management, business, education, development studies, social sciences and technology. It is also for policymakers and other stakeholders who need a better understanding of the impact of new developments on existing policies and regulations for their review or amendment. |
| economic performance unit test: Comparing Post War Japanese and Finnish Economies and Societies Yasushi Tanaka, Toshiaki Tamaki, Jari Ojala, Jari Eloranta, 2014-11-13 This book compares two countries with striking parallels in economic and political outcomes, yet with some distinct features in terms of institutional structures, relative size, and culture. Therefore, this book forms a fruitful platform for the study of the similarities and differences in the economic and societal development of Japan and Finland. Despite their geographic distance from one another and the aforementioned differences, both countries experienced rather similar economic and societal development patterns after the Second World War. The study of these societies both individually and through commonalities will provide a unique perspective on the emergence of modern economies and institutions. The book provides comprehensive coverage on issues such as welfare state formation and society, security and military spending, education system, industrial development, international trade, governmental economic policies, energy solutions, and bubbles and their collapse; thus, issues typical for these countries, as well as most modern states, studied from a longitudinal perspective. The book aims to answer a fundamental question in social science: Why do there seem to be common trends and developmental paths among countries differing in size, culture, and economic structure? This book will provide insights for those seeking to decipher how the developments in their own countries came about and where they may be headed to. |
| economic performance unit test: State Capacity and Economic Development Mark Dincecco, 2017-10-26 State capacity - the government's ability to accomplish its intended policy goals - plays an important role in market-oriented economic development today. Yet state capacity improvements are often difficult to achieve. This Element analyzes the historical origins of state capacity. It evaluates long-run state development in Western Europe - the birthplace of both the modern state and modern economic growth - with a focus on three key inflection points: the rise of the city-state, the nation-state, and the welfare state. This Element develops a conceptual framework regarding the basic political conditions that enable the state to take effective policy actions. This framework highlights the government's challenge to exert proper authority over both its citizenry and itself. It concludes by analyzing the European state development process relative to other world regions. This analysis characterizes the basic historical features that helped make Western Europe different. By taking a long-run approach, it provides a new perspective on the deep-rooted relationship between state capacity and economic development. |
| economic performance unit test: Export Dynamics and Economic Growth in Latin America Sheila A Gutierrez de Pineres, Michael J Ferrantino, 2018-02-05 This title was first published in 2000: This text aims to be essential reading for anyone who wishes to understand the microeconomic foundations behind the Latin American export boom, the ways in which government policies affecting exports may retard or promote economic growth, and the future prospects of the proposed Free Trade Association of the Americas. The authors conduct an econometric analysis which uses measures of export diversification, structural change in exports, and exports similarity which provide a basis for region-wide comparisons. The cases of Chile, Colombia, Mexico and Venezuela are analyzed in particular detail. Cross-country analysis focuses on the potential role of export diversification in promoting economic growth, in the context of other important determinants of growth. |
| economic performance unit test: Regional Competitiveness Ron L. Martin, Michael Kitson, Peter Tyler, 2006 There is now a wide spread interest in regions as a key focus in the organization and governance of economic growth and wealth creation. This important book considers the factors that influence and shape the competitive performance of regions. This is not just an issue of academic interest and debate, but also of increasing policy deliberation and action. However, as the readings in this book make clear, the very idea of regional competitiveness is itself complex and contentious. Many academics and policy makers have used the concept without fully considering what is meant by the term and how it can be measured. Policy formulation has tended to rush ahead of understanding and analysis, and the purpose of this book is to close this important gap in understanding. This book was previously published as a special issue of Regional Studies. |
| economic performance unit test: Management Strategies to Survive in a Competitive Environment Hasan Dincer, Serhat Yüksel, 2021-04-27 Competition is present for almost every sector nowadays. Therefore, it is vital for companies to develop a set of strategies in order to survive in the competitive environment of a globalized world. This book discusses how and why not every strategy is appropriate for every sector. The volume offers a qualified and comprehensive analysis to determine effective competitive strategies taking into account the many different factors that affect company performance. |
| economic performance unit test: Congressional Budget Request United States. Department of Energy, 1979 |
| economic performance unit test: Human Resource Development , |
| economic performance unit test: Handbook of Research on Strategic Developments and Regulatory Practice in Global Finance Olgu, Özlem, 2014-11-30 The global financial crisis has called to attention the importance of financial development to economic growth as modern countries continue to struggle with debt, unemployment, and slow growth. However, a lack of agreement on how to define and measure financial development slows the development of global financial systems and markets. The Handbook of Research on Strategic Developments and Regulatory Practice in Global Finance creates a common framework for not only identifying but discussing the key factors in establishing a strong global market and financial system. This book will be a valuable reference for those interested in an in-depth understanding of the financial markets and global finance, including academics, professionals, and government agencies and institutions. |
| economic performance unit test: Improving Investment Climates Kristin Hallberg, 2006-01-01 This evaluation assesses the effectiveness of the World Bank Group in helping its member countries improve their investment climates, within the context of the World Bank Group's overall mission of poverty reduction and sustainable development. |
| economic performance unit test: Politics, Institutions, and the Economic Performance of Nations Clemens L. J. Siermann, 1998 This text explores the issues of politics, institutions and the economic performance of nations from an in-depth perspective, challenging conventional theory which claims that democracy promotes economic growth. |
| economic performance unit test: Coalition Politics and Economic Development Irfan Nooruddin, 2010-12-02 Coalition Politics and Economic Development challenges the conventional wisdom that coalition government hinders necessary policy reform in developing countries. Irfan Nooruddin presents a fresh theory that institutionalized gridlock, by reducing policy volatility and stabilizing investor expectations, is actually good for economic growth. Successful national economic performance, he argues, is the consequence of having the right configuration of national political institutions. Countries in which leaders must compromise to form policy are better able to commit credibly to investors and therefore enjoy higher and more stable rates of economic development. Quantitative analysis of business surveys and national economic data together with historical case studies of five countries provide evidence for these claims. This is an original analysis of the relationship between political institutions and national economic performance in the developing world and will appeal to scholars and advanced students of political economy, economic development and comparative politics. |
| economic performance unit test: Paul A. Samuelson John Cunningham Wood, Michael McLure, 2005 Samuelson is a key figure in economic thinking. This gathers the essential assessments of this important economist, and provides an unparalleled insight into his lasting impact on economics. |
| economic performance unit test: Space Fostering Latin American Societies Annette Froehlich, 2020-05-04 This book presents a comprehensive overview of the role space is playing in unlocking Latin America’s developmental aspirations. It explains how space and its applications can be used to support the development of the full range and diversity of Latin American societies, while being driven by Latin American goals. The Latin American space sector is currently undergoing a phase of rapid and dynamic expansion, with new actors entering the field and with space applications increasingly used to support the continent’s social, economic, and political development. All across Latin America, attention is shifting to space as a fundamental part of the continental development agenda, and the creation of a Latin American space agency is evidence of this. Additionally, while in recent years, great advances in economic and social development have lifted many of Latin America’s people out of poverty, there is still much that needs to be done to fulfill the basic needs of the population and to afford them the dignity they deserve. To this end, space is already being employed in diverse fields of human endeavor to serve Latin America’s goals for its future, but there is still a need for further incorporation of space systems and data. The book is of great interest to researchers, professionals and students in fields such as Space Studies, International Relations, Governance, Social and Rural Development, and many others. |
| economic performance unit test: Energy Research Abstracts , 1994-06 |
| economic performance unit test: Political Competition, Economic Reform and Growth Ivan Pavletic, 2010 Which political and institutional factors trigger reforms that enable the poor to benefit from the process of economic growth? How can the incentives of policy makers be influenced in order to achieve such a dynamic? These are the questions this study seeks to address by examining the transition process in post-communist countries. The author argues that political competition within an accepted and respected institutional environment has been a driving force in shaping the direction and success of transition reforms. Evidence shows that in countries with a sufficient degree of political competition, citizens responded to economic crises by calling for economic liberalization. Economic liberalization removed existing distortions, increased economic efficiency and raised public welfare. This activated a dynamic, self-enforcing reform process that also strengthened the political and economic power of the poor. In the absence of political competition, such a process failed to emerge, thereby contributing to the persistence of poverty. Based on these findings, there is good reason to postulate that some level of political competition is essential for transition reforms to improve economic efficiency and public welfare in a sustainable manner. |
| economic performance unit test: EU Crisis and the Role of the Periphery Anastasios Karasavvoglou, Serdar Ongan, Persefoni Polychronidou, 2014-10-10 The European economy is still in recession, even though there are some weak indications of stabilization. This book examines important aspects of the crisis in selected countries of Southern Europe, the Balkans and Eastern Europe. The intensity of the crisis and its economic and social repercussions have varied from country to country, generally impacting the core countries less than those on the periphery. The countries in the latter group currently face significant structural challenges with regard to improving productivity and competitiveness, including the areas of investment, climate, the labour market, and the public sector. The book not only illustrates the scope of the problem, but also informs readers on the policies implemented to address it, and discusses the progress some of the economies have already made. Special topics include the convergence hypothesis, agriculture and growth, Public-Private Partnership in Infrastructure (PPPI), and the labour market. |
| economic performance unit test: Krugman's Economics for AP® Margaret Ray, David A. Anderson, 2019-05-14 Krugman’s Economics for AP® second edition is designed to be easy to read and easy to use. This book is your ultimate tool for success in the AP® Economics course and Exam. The text combines the successful storytelling, vivid examples, and clear explanations of Paul Krugman and Robin Wells with the AP® expertise of Margaret Ray and David Anderson. In this exciting new edition of the AP® text, Ray and Anderson successfully marry Krugman’s engaging approach and captivating writing with content based on The College Board’s AP® Economics Course outline, all while focusing on the specific needs and interests of high school teachers and students. |
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