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| ecological cross sectional study: Oxford Textbook of Global Public Health Roger Detels, Martin Gulliford, Quarraisha Abdool Karim, Chorh Chuan Tan, 2017 Sixth edition of the hugely successful, internationally recognised textbook on global public health and epidemiology, with 3 volumes comprehensively covering the scope, methods, and practice of the discipline |
| ecological cross sectional study: How to Practice Academic Medicine and Publish from Developing Countries? Samiran Nundy, Atul Kakar, Zulfiqar A. Bhutta, 2021-10-23 This is an open access book. The book provides an overview of the state of research in developing countries – Africa, Latin America, and Asia (especially India) and why research and publications are important in these regions. It addresses budding but struggling academics in low and middle-income countries. It is written mainly by senior colleagues who have experienced and recognized the challenges with design, documentation, and publication of health research in the developing world. The book includes short chapters providing insight into planning research at the undergraduate or postgraduate level, issues related to research ethics, and conduct of clinical trials. It also serves as a guide towards establishing a research question and research methodology. It covers important concepts such as writing a paper, the submission process, dealing with rejection and revisions, and covers additional topics such as planning lectures and presentations. The book will be useful for graduates, postgraduates, teachers as well as physicians and practitioners all over the developing world who are interested in academic medicine and wish to do medical research. |
| ecological cross sectional study: Foundations of Epidemiology Marit L. Bovbjerg, 2020-10 Foundations of Epidemiology is an open access, introductory epidemiology text intended for students and practitioners in public or allied health fields. It covers epidemiologic thinking, causality, incidence and prevalence, public health surveillance, epidemiologic study designs and why we care about which one is used, measures of association, random error and bias, confounding and effect modification, and screening. Concepts are illustrated with numerous examples drawn from contemporary and historical public health issues. |
| ecological cross sectional study: Epidemiology for Public Health Practice Robert H. Friis, Thomas A. Sellers, 2009 Review: Now in its Fourth Edition, this best-selling text offers comprehensive coverage of all the major topics in introductory epidemiology. With extensive treatment of the heart of epidemiology - from study designs to descriptive epidemiology to quantitative measures - this reader-friendly text is accessible and interesting to a wide range of beginning students in all health-related disciplines. A unique focus is given to real-world applications of epidemiology and the development of skills that students can apply in subsequent course work and in the field. The text is also accompanied by a complete package of instructor and student resources available through a companion Web site.--Jacket |
| ecological cross sectional study: Modern Epidemiology Kenneth J. Rothman, Sander Greenland, Timothy L. Lash, 2008 The thoroughly revised and updated Third Edition of the acclaimed Modern Epidemiology reflects both the conceptual development of this evolving science and the increasingly focal role that epidemiology plays in dealing with public health and medical problems. Coauthored by three leading epidemiologists, with sixteen additional contributors, this Third Edition is the most comprehensive and cohesive text on the principles and methods of epidemiologic research. The book covers a broad range of concepts and methods, such as basic measures of disease frequency and associations, study design, field methods, threats to validity, and assessing precision. It also covers advanced topics in data analysis such as Bayesian analysis, bias analysis, and hierarchical regression. Chapters examine specific areas of research such as disease surveillance, ecologic studies, social epidemiology, infectious disease epidemiology, genetic and molecular epidemiology, nutritional epidemiology, environmental epidemiology, reproductive epidemiology, and clinical epidemiology. |
| ecological cross sectional study: Concepts of Epidemiology Raj S. Bhopal, 2016 First edition published in 2002. Second edition published in 2008. |
| ecological cross sectional study: Handbook of Life Course Health Development Neal Halfon, Christopher B. Forrest, Richard M. Lerner, Elaine M. Faustman, 2017-11-20 This book is open access under a CC BY 4.0 license. This handbook synthesizes and analyzes the growing knowledge base on life course health development (LCHD) from the prenatal period through emerging adulthood, with implications for clinical practice and public health. It presents LCHD as an innovative field with a sound theoretical framework for understanding wellness and disease from a lifespan perspective, replacing previous medical, biopsychosocial, and early genomic models of health. Interdisciplinary chapters discuss major health concerns (diabetes, obesity), important less-studied conditions (hearing, kidney health), and large-scale issues (nutrition, adversity) from a lifespan viewpoint. In addition, chapters address methodological approaches and challenges by analyzing existing measures, studies, and surveys. The book concludes with the editors’ research agenda that proposes priorities for future LCHD research and its application to health care practice and health policy. Topics featured in the Handbook include: The prenatal period and its effect on child obesity and metabolic outcomes. Pregnancy complications and their effect on women’s cardiovascular health. A multi-level approach for obesity prevention in children. Application of the LCHD framework to autism spectrum disorder. Socioeconomic disadvantage and its influence on health development across the lifespan. The importance of nutrition to optimal health development across the lifespan. The Handbook of Life Course Health Development is a must-have resource for researchers, clinicians/professionals, and graduate students in developmental psychology/science; maternal and child health; social work; health economics; educational policy and politics; and medical law as well as many interrelated subdisciplines in psychology, medicine, public health, mental health, education, social welfare, economics, sociology, and law. |
| ecological cross sectional study: Ecological Inference Gary King, Martin A. Tanner, Ori Rosen, 2004-09-13 Drawing upon the recent explosion of research in the field, a diverse group of scholars surveys the latest strategies for solving ecological inference problems, the process of trying to infer individual behavior from aggregate data. The uncertainties and information lost in aggregation make ecological inference one of the most difficult areas of statistical inference, but these inferences are required in many academic fields, as well as by legislatures and the Courts in redistricting, marketing research by business, and policy analysis by governments. This wide-ranging collection of essays offers many fresh and important contributions to the study of ecological inference. |
| ecological cross sectional study: Critical Appraisal of Epidemiological Studies and Clinical Trials Mark Elwood, 2007-02-22 This book presents a logical system of critical appraisal, to allow readers to evaluate studies and to carry out their own studies more effectively. This system emphasizes the central importance of cause and effect relationships. Its great strength is that it is applicable to a wide range of issues, and both to intervention trials and observational studies. This system unifies the often different approaches used in epidemiology, health services research, clinical trials, and evidence-based medicine, starting from a logical consideration of cause and effect. The author's approach to the issues of study design, selection of subjects, bias, confounding, and the place of statistical methods has been praised for its clarity and interest. Systematic reviews, meta-analysis, and the applications of this logic to evidence-based medicine, knowledge-based health care, and health practice and policy are discussed. Current and often controversial examples are used, including screening for prostate cancer, publication bias in psychiatry, public health issues in developing countries, and conflicts between observational studies and randomized trials. Statistical issues are explained clearly without complex mathematics, and the most useful methods are summarized in the appendix. The final chapters give six applications of the critical appraisal of major studies: randomized trials of medical treatment and prevention, a prospective and a retrospective cohort study, a small matched case-control study, and a large case-control study. In these chapters, sections of the original papers are reproduced and the original studies placed in context by a summary of current developments. |
| ecological cross sectional study: Analysis of Cancer Risks in Populations Near Nuclear Facilities National Research Council, Division on Earth and Life Studies, Nuclear and Radiation Studies Board, Committee on the Analysis of Cancer Risks in Populations near Nuclear Facilitiesâ¬"Phase I, 2012-06-29 In the late 1980s, the National Cancer Institute initiated an investigation of cancer risks in populations near 52 commercial nuclear power plants and 10 Department of Energy nuclear facilities (including research and nuclear weapons production facilities and one reprocessing plant) in the United States. The results of the NCI investigation were used a primary resource for communicating with the public about the cancer risks near the nuclear facilities. However, this study is now over 20 years old. The U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission requested that the National Academy of Sciences provide an updated assessment of cancer risks in populations near USNRC-licensed nuclear facilities that utilize or process uranium for the production of electricity. Analysis of Cancer Risks in Populations near Nuclear Facilities: Phase 1 focuses on identifying scientifically sound approaches for carrying out an assessment of cancer risks associated with living near a nuclear facility, judgments about the strengths and weaknesses of various statistical power, ability to assess potential confounding factors, possible biases, and required effort. The results from this Phase 1 study will be used to inform the design of cancer risk assessment, which will be carried out in Phase 2. This report is beneficial for the general public, communities near nuclear facilities, stakeholders, healthcare providers, policy makers, state and local officials, community leaders, and the media. |
| ecological cross sectional study: The Future of the Public's Health in the 21st Century Institute of Medicine, Board on Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, Committee on Assuring the Health of the Public in the 21st Century, 2003-02-01 The anthrax incidents following the 9/11 terrorist attacks put the spotlight on the nation's public health agencies, placing it under an unprecedented scrutiny that added new dimensions to the complex issues considered in this report. The Future of the Public's Health in the 21st Century reaffirms the vision of Healthy People 2010, and outlines a systems approach to assuring the nation's health in practice, research, and policy. This approach focuses on joining the unique resources and perspectives of diverse sectors and entities and challenges these groups to work in a concerted, strategic way to promote and protect the public's health. Focusing on diverse partnerships as the framework for public health, the book discusses: The need for a shift from an individual to a population-based approach in practice, research, policy, and community engagement. The status of the governmental public health infrastructure and what needs to be improved, including its interface with the health care delivery system. The roles nongovernment actors, such as academia, business, local communities and the media can play in creating a healthy nation. Providing an accessible analysis, this book will be important to public health policy-makers and practitioners, business and community leaders, health advocates, educators and journalists. |
| ecological cross sectional study: A Solution to the Ecological Inference Problem Gary King, 2013-09-20 This book provides a solution to the ecological inference problem, which has plagued users of statistical methods for over seventy-five years: How can researchers reliably infer individual-level behavior from aggregate (ecological) data? In political science, this question arises when individual-level surveys are unavailable (for instance, local or comparative electoral politics), unreliable (racial politics), insufficient (political geography), or infeasible (political history). This ecological inference problem also confronts researchers in numerous areas of major significance in public policy, and other academic disciplines, ranging from epidemiology and marketing to sociology and quantitative history. Although many have attempted to make such cross-level inferences, scholars agree that all existing methods yield very inaccurate conclusions about the world. In this volume, Gary King lays out a unique--and reliable--solution to this venerable problem. King begins with a qualitative overview, readable even by those without a statistical background. He then unifies the apparently diverse findings in the methodological literature, so that only one aggregation problem remains to be solved. He then presents his solution, as well as empirical evaluations of the solution that include over 16,000 comparisons of his estimates from real aggregate data to the known individual-level answer. The method works in practice. King's solution to the ecological inference problem will enable empirical researchers to investigate substantive questions that have heretofore proved unanswerable, and move forward fields of inquiry in which progress has been stifled by this problem. |
| ecological cross sectional study: Basic Epidemiology R. Bonita, R. Beaglehole, Tord Kjellström, World Health Organization, 2006 Basic epidemiology provides an introduction to the core principles and methods of epidemiology, with a special emphasis on public health applications in developing countries. This edition includes chapters on the nature and uses of epidemiology; the epidemiological approach to defining and measuring the occurrence of health-related states in populations; the strengths and limitations of epidemiological study designs; and the role of epidemiology in evaluating the effectiveness and efficiency of health care. The book has a particular emphasis on modifiable environmental factors and encourages the application of epidemiology to the prevention of disease and the promotion of health, including environmental and occupational health. |
| ecological cross sectional study: Environmental Epidemiology, Volume 2 National Research Council, Committee on Environmental Epidemiology, 1997-07-26 Determining the health risks to humans of exposure to toxic substances in the environment is made difficult by problems such as measuring the degree to which people have been exposed and determining causationâ€whether observed health effects are due to exposure to a suspected toxicant. Building on the well-received first volume, Environmental Epidemiology: Hazardous Wastes and Public Health, this second volume continues the examination of ways to address these difficulties. It describes effective epidemiological methods for analyzing data and focuses on errors that may occur in the course of analyses. The book also investigates the utility of the gray literature in helping to identify the often elusive causative agent behind reported health effects. Although gray literature studies are often based on a study group that is quite small, use inadequate measures of exposure, and are not published, many of the reports from about 20 states that were examined by the committee were judged to be publishable with some additional work. The committee makes recommendations to improve the utility of the gray literature by enhancing quality and availability. |
| ecological cross sectional study: Communities in Action National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Health and Medicine Division, Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice, Committee on Community-Based Solutions to Promote Health Equity in the United States, 2017-04-27 In the United States, some populations suffer from far greater disparities in health than others. Those disparities are caused not only by fundamental differences in health status across segments of the population, but also because of inequities in factors that impact health status, so-called determinants of health. Only part of an individual's health status depends on his or her behavior and choice; community-wide problems like poverty, unemployment, poor education, inadequate housing, poor public transportation, interpersonal violence, and decaying neighborhoods also contribute to health inequities, as well as the historic and ongoing interplay of structures, policies, and norms that shape lives. When these factors are not optimal in a community, it does not mean they are intractable: such inequities can be mitigated by social policies that can shape health in powerful ways. Communities in Action: Pathways to Health Equity seeks to delineate the causes of and the solutions to health inequities in the United States. This report focuses on what communities can do to promote health equity, what actions are needed by the many and varied stakeholders that are part of communities or support them, as well as the root causes and structural barriers that need to be overcome. |
| ecological cross sectional study: Epidemiology for the Uninitiated David Coggon, David Barker, Geoffrey Rose, 2009-02-05 This perennial bestseller is an ideal introductions to epidemiology in health care. The fifith editon retains the book's simplicity and brevity, at the same time providing the reader with the core elements of epidemiology needed in health care practice and research. The text has been revised throughout, with new examples introduced to bring the book right up to date. |
| ecological cross sectional study: Environmental Epidemiology Dean Baker, Mark J Nieuwenhuijsen, 2008-06-05 Environmental epidemiology is the study of disease and environmental determinants of disease in humans, for example air pollution, water contamination, pesticides and telephone masts. This book describes the methods of environmental epidemiology and provides practical guidance on how to conduct studies on environmental problems and health effects. |
| ecological cross sectional study: Handbook of Environmental and Ecological Statistics Alan E. Gelfand, Montserrat Fuentes, Jennifer A. Hoeting, Richard Lyttleton Smith, 2019-01-15 This handbook focuses on the enormous literature applying statistical methodology and modelling to environmental and ecological processes. The 21st century statistics community has become increasingly interdisciplinary, bringing a large collection of modern tools to all areas of application in environmental processes. In addition, the environmental community has substantially increased its scope of data collection including observational data, satellite-derived data, and computer model output. The resultant impact in this latter community has been substantial; no longer are simple regression and analysis of variance methods adequate. The contribution of this handbook is to assemble a state-of-the-art view of this interface. Features: An internationally regarded editorial team. A distinguished collection of contributors. A thoroughly contemporary treatment of a substantial interdisciplinary interface. Written to engage both statisticians as well as quantitative environmental researchers. 34 chapters covering methodology, ecological processes, environmental exposure, and statistical methods in climate science. |
| ecological cross sectional study: Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Preventive Medicine James F. Jekel, 2007-01-01 You'll find the latest on healthcare policy and financing, infectious diseases, chronic disease, and disease prevention technology. |
| ecological cross sectional study: Handbook for Clinical Research Flora Hammond, MD, James F. Malec, Todd Nick, Ralph Buschbacher, MD, 2014-08-26 With over 80 information-packed chapters, Handbook for Clinical Research delivers the practical insights and expert tips necessary for successful research design, analysis, and implementation. Using clear language and an accessible bullet point format, the authors present the knowledge and expertise developed over time and traditionally shared from mentor to mentee and colleague to colleague. Organized for quick access to key topics and replete with practical examples, the book describes a variety of research designs and statistical methods and explains how to choose the best design for a particular project. Research implementation, including regulatory issues and grant writing, is also covered. The book opens with a section on the basics of research design, discussing the many ways in which studies can be organized, executed, and evaluated. The second section is devoted to statistics and explains how to choose the correct statistical approach and reviews the varieties of data types, descriptive and inferential statistics, methods for demonstrating associations, hypothesis testing and prediction, specialized methods, and considerations in epidemiological studies and measure construction. The third section covers implementation, including how to develop a grant application step by step, the project budget, and the nuts and bolts of the timely and successful completion of a research project and documentation of findings: procedural manuals and case report forms collecting, managing and securing data operational structure and ongoing monitoring and evaluation and ethical and regulatory concerns in research with human subjects. With a concise presentation of the essentials for successful research, the Handbook for Clinical Research is a valuable addition to the library of any student, research professional, or clinician interested in expanding the knowledge base of his or her field. Key Features: Delivers the essential elements, practical insights, and trade secrets for ensuring successful research design, analysis, and implementation Presents the nuts and bolts of statistical analysis Organized for quick access to a wealth of information Replete with practical examples of successful research designs Û from single case designs to meta-analysis - and how to achieve them Addresses research implementation including regulatory issues and grant writing |
| ecological cross sectional study: Ecological Research Series , 1981 |
| ecological cross sectional study: Epidemiology William A. Oleckno, 2008-01-18 Comprehensive in its coverage and suitable for graduate or upper-division undergraduate students in a wide range of health-related disciplines, this latest offering by William A. Oleckno is a full-scale, pedagogically rich introduction to fundamental ideas and procedures in epidemiology. The text covers the major concepts, principles, methods, and applications of both conventional and modern epidemiology using clear language and frequent examples to illustrate important points and facilitate understanding. While Oleckno provides thorough treatment of the more customary aspects of conventional and modern epidemiology, he also introduces several important design and analytical issues that are only rarely approached in fundamental epidemiology textbooks. Concepts as diverse as competing risks, maturation, futility, and the prevalence and bias effects in the context of screening are just a few examples of the broad range of concepts covered in this text. A comprehensive glossary contains detailed definitions of over 700 terms used throughout the 14 chapters comprising the textbook. Aspiring public health professionals will appreciate the solid basis they gain from Epidemiology: Concepts and Methods and will want to keep a copy close by as a valuable reference throughout their careers. |
| ecological cross sectional study: Environmental Epidemiology, Volume 1 National Research Council, Division on Earth and Life Studies, Commission on Life Sciences, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, Committee on Environmental Epidemiology, 1991-01-01 The amount of hazardous waste in the United States has been estimated at 275 million metric tons in licensed sites alone. Is the health of Americans at risk from exposure to this toxic material? This volume, the first of several on environmental epidemiology, reviews the available evidence and makes recommendations for filling gaps in data and improving health assessments. The book explores: Whether researchers can infer health hazards from available data. The results of substantial state and federal programs on hazardous waste dangers. The book presents the results of studies of hazardous wastes in the air, water, soil, and food and examines the potential of biological markers in health risk assessment. The data and recommendations in this volume will be of immediate use to toxicologists, environmental health professionals, epidemiologists, and other biologists. |
| ecological cross sectional study: Joint Species Distribution Modelling Otso Ovaskainen, Nerea Abrego, 2020-06-11 A comprehensive account of joint species distribution modelling, covering statistical analyses in light of modern community ecology theory. |
| ecological cross sectional study: Epidemiologic Studies of Veterans Exposed to Depleted Uranium Institute of Medicine, Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice, Committee on Gulf War and Health: Updated Literature Review of Depleted Uranium, 2008-09-11 Depleted uranium, a component of some weapons systems, has been in use by the U.S. military since the 1991 Gulf War. Military personnel have been exposed to depleted uranium as the result of friendly fire incidents, cleanup and salvage operations, and proximity to burning depleted uranium-containing tanks and ammunition. Under a Congressional mandate, the Department of Defense sought guidance from the Institute of Medicine in evaluating the feasibility and design of an epidemiologic study that would assess health outcomes of exposure to depleted uranium. The study committee examined several options to study health outcomes of depleted uranium exposure in military and veteran populations and concluded that it would be difficult to design a study to comprehensively assess depleted uranium-related health outcomes with currently available data. The committee further concluded that the option most likely to obtain useful information about depleted uranium-related health outcomes would be a prospective cohort study if future military operations involve exposure to depleted uranium. The book contains recommendations aimed at improving future epidemiologic studies and identifying current active-duty military personnel and veterans with potential DU exposure. |
| ecological cross sectional study: Advanced Trace Analysis Susanta Lahiri, 2009-12-03 Advanced Trace Analysis in six chapters, by eminent scientists, discusses statistical approaches to verify trace element analysis data, trace analysis techniques like ICPMS and XRF, ion beam analysis techniques, speciation analysis of uranium relevant to waste disposal and management along with the use of greener techniques for trace elemental speciation analysis. |
| ecological cross sectional study: Biodiversity and Health in the Face of Climate Change Melissa R. Marselle, Jutta Stadler, Horst Korn, Katherine N. Irvine, Aletta Bonn, 2019-06-11 This open access book identifies and discusses biodiversity’s contribution to physical, mental and spiritual health and wellbeing. Furthermore, the book identifies the implications of this relationship for nature conservation, public health, landscape architecture and urban planning – and considers the opportunities of nature-based solutions for climate change adaptation. This transdisciplinary book will attract a wide audience interested in biodiversity, ecology, resource management, public health, psychology, urban planning, and landscape architecture. The emphasis is on multiple human health benefits from biodiversity - in particular with respect to the increasing challenge of climate change. This makes the book unique to other books that focus either on biodiversity and physical health or natural environments and mental wellbeing. The book is written as a definitive ‘go-to’ book for those who are new to the field of biodiversity and health. |
| ecological cross sectional study: Encyclopedia of Survey Research Methods Paul J. Lavrakas, 2008-09-12 To the uninformed, surveys appear to be an easy type of research to design and conduct, but when students and professionals delve deeper, they encounter the vast complexities that the range and practice of survey methods present. To complicate matters, technology has rapidly affected the way surveys can be conducted; today, surveys are conducted via cell phone, the Internet, email, interactive voice response, and other technology-based modes. Thus, students, researchers, and professionals need both a comprehensive understanding of these complexities and a revised set of tools to meet the challenges. In conjunction with top survey researchers around the world and with Nielsen Media Research serving as the corporate sponsor, the Encyclopedia of Survey Research Methods presents state-of-the-art information and methodological examples from the field of survey research. Although there are other how-to guides and references texts on survey research, none is as comprehensive as this Encyclopedia, and none presents the material in such a focused and approachable manner. With more than 600 entries, this resource uses a Total Survey Error perspective that considers all aspects of possible survey error from a cost-benefit standpoint. Key Features Covers all major facets of survey research methodology, from selecting the sample design and the sampling frame, designing and pretesting the questionnaire, data collection, and data coding, to the thorny issues surrounding diminishing response rates, confidentiality, privacy, informed consent and other ethical issues, data weighting, and data analyses Presents a Reader′s Guide to organize entries around themes or specific topics and easily guide users to areas of interest Offers cross-referenced terms, a brief listing of Further Readings, and stable Web site URLs following most entries The Encyclopedia of Survey Research Methods is specifically written to appeal to beginning, intermediate, and advanced students, practitioners, researchers, consultants, and consumers of survey-based information. |
| ecological cross sectional study: Environmental Epidemiology Ray M. Merrill, 2008 Environmental epidemiology plays a critical role in public health, providing a scientific approach to understanding and describing the relationship between human health and the physical, chemical, biological, and psychosocial factors in the environment- information that is vitally important to public health planning, policy, and prevention strategies. |
| ecological cross sectional study: Environmental Epigenetics L. Joseph Su, Tung-chin Chiang, 2015-05-18 This book examines the toxicological and health implications of environmental epigenetics and provides knowledge through an interdisciplinary approach. Included in this volume are chapters outlining various environmental risk factors such as phthalates and dietary components, life states such as pregnancy and ageing, hormonal and metabolic considerations and specific disease risks such as cancer cardiovascular diseases and other non-communicable diseases. Environmental Epigenetics imparts integrative knowledge of the science of epigenetics and the issues raised in environmental epidemiology. This book is intended to serve both as a reference compendium on environmental epigenetics for scientists in academia, industry and laboratories and as a textbook for graduate level environmental health courses. Environmental Epigenetics imparts integrative knowledge of the science of epigenetics and the issues raised in environmental epidemiology. This book is intended to serve both as a reference compendium on environmental epigenetics for scientists in academia, industry and laboratories and as a textbook for graduate level environmental health courses. |
| ecological cross sectional study: Handbook of Environmental Risk Assessment and Management Peter P. Calow, 2009-07-08 At the heart of environmental protection is risk assessment: thelikelihood of pollution from accidents; the likelihood of problemsfrom normal and abnormal operation of industrial processes; thelikely impacts associated with new synthetic chemicals; and so on.Currently, risk assessment has been very much in the news--therisks from BSE and E. coli, and the public perception of risks fromnuclear waste, etc. This new publication explains how scientificmethodologies are used to assess risk from human activities and theresultant objects and wastes, on people and the environment.Understanding such risks supplies crucial information--to framelegislation, manage major habitats, businesses and industries, andcreate development programmes. Unique in combining the science of risk assessment with thedevelopment of management strategies. Covers science and social science (politics, economics,psychology) aspects. Very timely - risk assessment lies at the heart of decisionmaking in various topical environmental questions (BSE, Brent Spar,nuclear waste). |
| ecological cross sectional study: Health Behavior Karen Glanz, Barbara K. Rimer, K. Viswanath, 2015-07-27 The essential health behavior text, updated with the latest theories, research, and issues Health Behavior: Theory, Research and Practice provides a thorough introduction to understanding and changing health behavior, core tenets of the public health role. Covering theory, applications, and research, this comprehensive book has become the gold standard of health behavior texts. This new fifth edition has been updated to reflect the most recent changes in the public health field with a focus on health behavior, including coverage of the intersection of health and community, culture, and communication, with detailed explanations of both established and emerging theories. Offering perspective applicable at the individual, interpersonal, group, and community levels, this essential guide provides the most complete coverage of the field to give public health students and practitioners an authoritative reference for both the theoretical and practical aspects of health behavior. A deep understanding of human behaviors is essential for effective public health and health care management. This guide provides the most complete, up-to-date information in the field, to give you a real-world understanding and the background knowledge to apply it successfully. Learn how e-health and social media factor into health communication Explore the link between culture and health, and the importance of community Get up to date on emerging theories of health behavior and their applications Examine the push toward evidence-based interventions, and global applications Written and edited by the leading health and social behavior theorists and researchers, Health Behavior: Theory, Research and Practice provides the information and real-world perspective that builds a solid understanding of how to analyze and improve health behaviors and health. |
| ecological cross sectional study: The Environmentalism of the Poor Joan Martínez-Alier, 2003-01-01 This is a wonderful book rich in empirical detail, full of theoretical insights, offering hope in a bleak world, altogether inspiring. . . a tremendous achievement of having helped to create the disciplines of ecological economics and political ecology, bringing them alive in this book, and making their insights available to the developing worldwide movement for environmental justice. Pat Devine, Environmental Values Any book by the ecological economist Joan Martinez-Alier is a Big Publishing Event. . . this is a book by a writer who loves his subject, knows it well, respects its history, and is driven by the desire to do justice. These are qualities enough to send you to the bookshop or the library in search of The Environmentalism of the Poor. Andrew Dobson, Environment Politics The book is a worthy and in-depth contribution to debates about political ecology and ecological economics. It should be read by all environmental and ecological economists who wish to make their analysis more relevant. Tim Forsyth, Progress in Development Studies A marvellous combination of insight, research and activism. . . A must-read for policymakers, practitioners and academics alike, and for anyone concerned with sustainable development, environmentalism or poverty alleviation. Human Ecology Journal . . . one of the most important environmental books to have been published recently. Martinez-Alier integrates two of the most significant areas of environmental theory political ecology and ecological economics. Eurig Scandrett, Friends of the Earth Scotland The book has three main strengths: its bibliography, which is extensive; the global perspective on the environmental movement and the relationship with poverty; and the general theme of this interdisciplinary work, which is not so much to provide new information, but to consider the existing information in a new light. Martinez-Alier is to be commended for taking such a step in the literature . . . the writing style is extremely approachable . . . Recommended. B.J. Peterson, Choice [Joan] Martinez-Alier combines the honest discipline of a scholar with the passionate energy of an activist. The result, The Environmentalism of the Poor, is highly recommended! Herman E. Daly, University of Maryland, College Park, US The Environmentalism of the Poor has the explicit intention of helping to establish two emerging fields of study political ecology and ecological economics whilst also investigating the relations between them. The book analyses several manifestations of the growing environmental justice movement , and also of popular environmentalism and the environmentalism of the poor , which will be seen in the coming decades as driving forces in the process to achieve an ecologically sustainable society. The author studies, in detail, many ecological distribution conflicts in history and at present, in urban and rural settings, showing how poor people often favour resource conservation. The environment is thus not so much a luxury of the rich as a necessity of the poor. It concludes with the fundamental questions: who has the right to impose a language of valuation and who has the power to simplify complexity? Joan Martinez-Alier combines the study of ecological conflicts and the study of environmental valuation in a totally original approach that will appeal to a wide cross-section of academics, ecologists and environmentalists. |
| ecological cross sectional study: Veterinary Epidemiology S. Wayne Martin, Alan H. Meek, Preben Willeberg, 1987 Basic principles. Epidemiologic concepts. Sampling methods. Measurement of disease frequency and production. Studying disease in animal populations. Descriptive epidemiology. Disease causation. Surveys and analytic observational studies. Design of field trials. Theoretical epidemiology: systems analysis and modeling. Animal health economics. Applied epidemiology. Rationale, strategies, and concepts of animal disease control. Monitoring disease and production. Field investigations. |
| ecological cross sectional study: DHHS Publication No. (PHS). , 1989 |
| ecological cross sectional study: Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) Burcu Özcan, Ilhan Öztürk, 2019-05-13 Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC): A Manual provides a comprehensive summary of the EKC, summarizing work on this economic tool that can analyze environmental pollution problems. By enabling users to reconcile environmental and economic development policies, Environmental Kuznets Curve studies lend themselves to the investigation of the energy-growth and finance-energy nexus. The book obviates a dependence on outmoded tools, such as carrying capacity, externalities, ecosystem valuation and cost benefit analysis, while also encouraging flexible approaches to a variety of challenges. - Provides a comprehensive summary of EKC studies, including advances in econometrics, literature reviews and historical perspectives - Outlines solutions to common problems in applying EKC techniques by reviewing major case studies - Explores frequently-utilized proxies for environmental quality |
| ecological cross sectional study: Environmental Toxicants Morton Lippmann, 2009-03-26 Provides the most current information and research available for performing risk assessments on exposed individuals and populations, giving guidance to public health authorities, primary care physicians, and industrial managers Reviews current knowledge on human exposure to selected chemical agents and physical factors in the ambient environment Updates and revises the previous edition, in light of current scientific literature and its significance to public health concerns Includes new chapters on: airline cabin exposures, arsenic, endocrine disruptors, and nanoparticles |
| ecological cross sectional study: Exposure Assessment in Environmental Epidemiology Mark J. Nieuwenhuijsen, 2015 This completely updated edition of Exposure Assessment in Environmental Epidemiology offers a practical introduction to exposure assessment methodologies in environmental epidemiologic studies. In addition to methods for traditional methods -- questionnaires, biomonitoring -- this new edition is expanded to include geographic information systems, modeling, personal sensoring, remote sensing, and OMICs technologies. In addition, each of these methods is contextualized within a recent epidemiology study, maximizing illustration for students and those new to these to these techniques. With clear writing and extensive illustration, this book will be useful to anyone interested in exposure assessment, regardless of background. |
| ecological cross sectional study: Environmental Health Perspectives , 1993 |
| ecological cross sectional study: Implementation of the Clean Air Act National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) Revisions for Ozone and Particulate Matter United States. Congress. House. Committee on Commerce. Subcommittee on Health and the Environment, 1998 |
ECOLOGICAL Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster
The meaning of ECOLOGICAL is of or relating to the science of ecology. How to use ecological in a sentence.
ECOLOGICAL | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary
Ecological theory is already very close in spirit to economics. An ecological law and its macroecological consequences as revealed by studies of relationships between host densities …
Ecology - Wikipedia
Ecology (from Ancient Greek οἶκος (oîkos) 'house' and -λογία (-logía) 'study of') [A] is the natural science of the relationships among living organisms and their environment. Ecology considers …
ECOLOGICAL Definition & Meaning | Dictionary.com
Ecological definition: of or relating to ecology. See examples of ECOLOGICAL used in a sentence.
Ecological - Definition, Meaning & Synonyms - Vocabulary.com
Ecological things have to do with how plants and animals relate to each other, in good and bad ways, in specific environments — from the impact of floods on river insects to how smog …
Ecological - definition of ecological by The Free Dictionary
ecological - characterized by the interdependence of living organisms in an environment; "an ecological disaster"
ecological adjective - Definition, pictures, pronunciation ...
Definition of ecological adjective in Oxford Advanced American Dictionary. Meaning, pronunciation, picture, example sentences, grammar, usage notes, synonyms and more.
Ecological Definition & Meaning - YourDictionary
Ecological definition: Of or having to do with ecology or an ecology; often, specif., of or promoting environmentalist concerns.
ECOLOGICAL - Learn the Meaning, Synonyms & Translations ...
Ecological groups, movements, and people are concerned with preserving the environment and natural resources, so that they can be used in a sensible way, rather than being wasted.
What does Ecological mean? - Definitions.net
Ecology (from Ancient Greek οἶκος (oîkos) 'house', and -λογία (-logía) 'study of') is the study of the relationships between living organisms, including humans, and their physical environment. …
Knowledge, attitude, and perspective of Corresponding …
A Cross-Sectional Study. Zeeshan Ahsan1, Asma Bashir2, Tatheer Imran2, ... pivotal approach, intertwining oral health with ecological responsibility. This study aims to explore the
Investigating geographical variation in the use of mental …
The study used a cross sectional ecological study design with the resident population served by each CCG as the unit of analysis. CCGs are NHS bodies with responsibil-ity for planning and …
Study designs: Part 2 – Descriptive studies - ResearchGate
reports, case series, cross-sectional studies, and ecological studies. In the first three of these, data are collected on ... cross- sectional study. These data would be helpful to a health
Introduction to study designs - gfmer.ch
Cross Sectional / Prevalence study •It is also called snap-shot study, as it captures a moment in time. •Choose sampling frame for selecting study participants •Measure exposure and health …
Local-level Association of Social Deprivation and Serious …
An Ecological Cross-sectional Study Helena I. Archer Chair of the Supervisory Committee: Ali Rowhani-Rahbar Department of Epidemiology Background Injuries, a major source of …
Contextual factors associated with country-level suicide …
A cross-sectional ecological study design was used to evaluate the population-level contextual factors associ-ated with country-level sex-specific suicide mortality rates in the Region of the …
High school rugby coaches’ knowledge and opinions of …
Study design and setting is cross-sectional design study was conducted in regis - tered rugby-playing schools in the KwaZulu-Natal (KZN) province in the eastern coastal region of South …
Original article The BokSmart intervention programme is …
of rugby union players: an ecological cross-sectional study James C Brown,1,2 Sugnet Gardner-Lubbe,3 Michael Ian Lambert,1 Willem Van Mechelen,1,2 Evert Verhagen2 Additional material …
A cross-sectional study on socio-ecological and socio …
ecological domains remains speculative and infectious diseases have been less looked into in the areas of anthropological dynamics. Methodology: This study used a cross-sectional design to …
Antibiotic prescribing intensity and community UTI …
This was a cross-sectional, ecological database study in South London’s Lambeth area, comprising 178 Lower layer Super Output Areas (LSOAs), which was undertaken following …
RESEARCH SERIES Observational research methods. …
cohort, cross sectional, and case-control studies C J Mann..... Emerg Med J2003;20:54–60 Cohort, cross sectional, and case-control studies are collectively referred to as observational …
Case Series, Descriptive, and Cross-Sectional Studies
Case Study Case Series Cross-Sectional Analytic Cross-Sectional Cohort Case-Control Hybrid Studies (Nested CC, Case-Cohort) Experimental Studies Randomized Controlled Trials …
Research study design Cross-sectional - KSUMSC
Conducting a cross sectional study Cont. Cross-sectional study Descriptive 1- Prevalence of an outcome 2- Simply characterize the prevalence of a health outcome in a specified population 3 …
Socioeconomic and environmental determinants of Foot and …
1 1 Socioeconomic and environmental determinants of Foot and Mouth Disease Incidence: An 2 ecological, cross-sectional study across Iran using spatial modeling 3 4 Mahdi Nazari Ashani1, …
Social ecological factors associated with experiencing …
Social ecological factors associated with ... Uganda: a cross-sectional study Carmen H. Logie1,2*, Moses Okumu 1,3,4, Simon ... We conducted a cross-sectional survey with forcibly displaced …
Special issue: Responsible writing in science Lessons in …
Observational study designs include ecological designs, cross sectional, case-control, case-crossover, retrospective and prospective cohorts. An important subset of observational studies …
รูปแบบการวิจัยและการออกแบบการวิจัย
1.3 การศึกษาเชิงพรรณนาแบบตัดขวาง (Cross-sectional Descriptive Study) การศึกษาแบบตัดขวาง (cross-sectional study) เป็นการศึกษา ณ จุดเวลาหรือช่วงเวลาใดเวลาหนึ่ง ท า ...
Spatio-temporal patterns of health service delivery and …
Methods: The repeated cross-sectional ecological spatio-temporal analysis used routine health management information systems data from 2016 to 2022, and geospatial data to ... The …
Int J Epidemiol Health Sci 2024;5: e71 doi: …
Methods: An ecological cross-sectional observational study was carried out utilizing anonymized and aggregated data from the National Health Survey. The data used are from 1993, 1995, …
Association of deprivation with overweight and obesity …
among primary school children in England: an ecological cross-sectional study Emma Little, Penelope Nestel Abstract Background In England, levels of childhood overweight–obesity …
Cross–sectional ecological study of the - GOV.UK
Cross–sectional ecological study of the impact of water fluoridation on dental health . Dental health impact of water fluoridation in children living in Bedford Borough Council in 2008, 2009 …
AIMS - มหาวิทยาลัยมหิดล คณะ ...
Cross-sectional Ecological Longitudinal Cross-sectional Case series Case report 6. 24/06/56 4 ... • A cross-sectional study of an entire population is National census Cross-sectional study 20. …
Why do researchers do different kinds of clinical studies?
Ecological Study. Compares the rate of a disease or condition for groups of people, such as towns in different climates or with different average incomes. Cross-Sectional Study. A snapshot of …
Original Article Selecting the appropriate study design for …
a hypothesis showing a relationship between a risk factor and disease. The analytical study designs will be discussed in the next article in this series. Keywords: Case report, case series, …
Registry Data in Injury Research: Study Designs and …
be collapsed into analytic data sets that capture variation by space alone (i.e., an ecological cross sectional dataset) or time alone (i.e., an ecological time series dataset); or datasets that …
The Association Between Personal, Relational, …
Based on Ungar ecological model of resilience, this study aims to understand the multi‐level resilience resources that help dietitians maintain their well‐being in the context of protracted …
Multiple choice questions in EBP
B- Cross-sectional study C- Case- control study D- Cohort study E- RCT . McGovern D, Summerskill W, Valori R, Levi M. Key topics in EBM. stBIOS Scientific Publishers, 1 Edition, …
Physical Activity Level and Social‐Ecological Influence …
Physical Activity Level and Social-Ecological Influence Factors in Chinese Information Technology Professionals: A Cross-Sectional Study Lejun Wang ,1 Hua Yang,1,2 Xiaoqian Song,1 Ce …
High school rugby coaches’ knowledge and opinions of
Study design and setting is cross-sectional design study was conducted in regis - tered rugby-playing schools in the KwaZulu-Natal (KZN) province in the eastern coastal region of South …
Clinical research study designs: The essentials - Wiley …
Ecologic study Ecological studies are observational studies that provide a description of population group characteristics. That ... of cross-sectional study design is that temporal …
Changes in government spending on healthcare and …
1995–2010: a cross-sectional ecological study Sanjay Budhdeo1,2, Johnathan Watkins3, Rifat Atun4, Callum Williams5,6, Thomas Zeltner7,8 and Mahiben Maruthappu9 ... for cross-country …
Socioeconomic and environmental determinants of Foot and …
2 ecological, cross-sectional study across Iran using spatial modeling 3 4 Mahdi Nazari Ashani 1 , Ali Asghar Alesheikh 1 , Zeinab Neisani Samani 1 , Aynaz Lotfata 2 , Sayeh Bayat 3, 4 , Siamak
IN BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH - School of Public Health
The major weakness of cross-sectional studies is the difficulty of establishing causal relationships from “observational” data collected in a cross-sectional time frame. Cross-sectional studies are …
DATA QUALITY AND STUDY RELIABILITY: Key Elements …
• Ecological • Cross-Sectional • Cohort Study • Case Control • Occupational • Case Reports In Vivo . Lab Animal Studies • Test Guideline ... • adequate selection of study subjects. • …
Socio-ecological factors associated with probable depression …
with depressive symptoms among pregnant and parenting girls in Africa. Our study contributes to addressing this gap by examining the socio-ecological factors associated with depression …
Open Access Research Do adult obesity rates in England …
An ecological cross-sectional study Stanley J Ulijaszek To cite: Ulijaszek SJ. Do adult obesity rates in England vary by insecurity as well as by inequality? An ecological
Evidence Pyramid - Levels of Evidence - University of New …
Level 4: Case-control or Cohort study Level 5: Systematic Review of Descriptive and Qualitative studies Level 6: Single Descriptive or Qualitative Study Level 7: Expert Opinion Level I …
Ethical Issues in Cross-Sectional, Observational Studies and …
Cross-sectional Study Designs A cross-sectional study (survey) is commonly done on a random sample of population. Study subjects are asked questions, medically examined, or asked to …
Critical Appraisal of a Cross-Sectional Study on …
Advantages of using a cross-sectional design: • Generally takes less time and is less expensive than other study designs • Prevalence of an outcome of interest can be determined for a …
DISEASE DETECTIVES PART TWO OUTBREAK …
o Cross Sectional Study-a sample of persons from a population is enrolled and their exposures and health outcomes are measured simultaneously-it tends to assess the presence …
How to analyze an observational study
the results of these studies. Confounding and the ecological fal-lacy are key potential weaknesses that need to be considered when analyzing data or critically appraising an ecological study. …
Variation in Antiosteoporotic Drug Prescribing and Spending …
The aims of this study are to describe variations in pharmaceutical utilization and spending on osteoporotic drugs between Health Areas (HA) in Spain in 2009 and to analyze the observed …
Incidence of lung cancer and air pollution in boroughs of …
Jun 10, 2021 · An ecological cross-sectional study to evaluate the association between annualised incidence of lung cancer in the period 2015–2019 and the average annual concentration of six …
Factors affecting acceptance of organ donation in mainland …
The Ecological Model was chosen as the theoretical basis of this ... cross-sectional study, influencing factors, organ donation, public acceptance What does this paper contribute to the …
Open Access Research Do adult obesity rates in England …
An ecological cross-sectional study Stanley J Ulijaszek To cite: Ulijaszek SJ. Do adult obesity rates in England vary by insecurity as well as by inequality? An ecological
Epidemiological study of morbidity and mortality from …
Oct 29, 2024 · An ecological, quantitative, descriptive and cross-sectional epidemiological study was carried out using secondary data from the Brazilian Ministry of Health’s Unified Health …
Conflict-climate-displacement: a cross-sectional ecological …
A cross-sectional ecological study design was used to examine and compare the NTD, population and internal displacement factors and outcomes across different coun-tries for the 2020–2021 …
Electoral outcomes and health inequality – association …
Jun 4, 2025 · Ecological cross-sectional study with linear regression Setting England Participants 543 constituencies in England Main outcome measures Estimated prevalence of 20 common …
