Advertisement
| economic impact of deepwater horizon: Deep Oil Spills Steven A. Murawski, Cameron H. Ainsworth, Sherryl Gilbert, David J. Hollander, Claire B. Paris, Michael Schlüter, Dana L. Wetzel, 2019-07-16 The demand for oil and gas has brought exploration and production to unprecedented depths of the world’s oceans. Currently, over 50% of the oil from the Gulf of Mexico now comes from waters in excess of 1,500 meters (one mile) deep, where no oil was produced just 20 years ago. The Deepwater Horizon oil spill blowout did much to change the perception of oil spills as coming just from tanker accidents, train derailments, and pipeline ruptures. In fact, beginning with the Ixtoc 1 spill off Campeche, Mexico in 1979-1980, there have been a series of large spill events originating at the sea bottom and creating a myriad of new environmental and well control challenges. This volume explores the physics, chemistry, sub-surface oil deposition and environmental impacts of deep oil spills. Key lessons learned from the responses to previous deep spills, as well as unresolved scientific questions for additional research are highlighted, all of which are appropriate for governmental regulators, politicians, industry decision-makers, first responders, researchers and students wanting an incisive overview of issues surrounding deep-water oil and gas production. |
| economic impact of deepwater horizon: In Deep Water Peter Lehner, Bob Deans, 2010 First published by OR Books LLC, New York--T.p. verso. |
| economic impact of deepwater horizon: Macondo Well Deepwater Horizon Blowout National Research Council, National Academy of Engineering, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, Marine Board, Committee on the Analysis of Causes of the Deepwater Horizon Explosion, Fire, and Oil Spill to Identify Measures to Prevent Similar Accidents to the Future, 2012-03-02 The blowout of the Macondo well on April 20, 2010, led to enormous consequences for the individuals involved in the drilling operations, and for their families. Eleven workers on the Deepwater Horizon drilling rig lost their lives and 16 others were seriously injured. There were also enormous consequences for the companies involved in the drilling operations, to the Gulf of Mexico environment, and to the economy of the region and beyond. The flow continued for nearly 3 months before the well could be completely killed, during which time, nearly 5 million barrels of oil spilled into the gulf. Macondo Well-Deepwater Horizon Blowout examines the causes of the blowout and provides a series of recommendations, for both the oil and gas industry and government regulators, intended to reduce the likelihood and impact of any future losses of well control during offshore drilling. According to this report, companies involved in offshore drilling should take a system safety approach to anticipating and managing possible dangers at every level of operation-from ensuring the integrity of wells to designing blowout preventers that function under all foreseeable conditions-in order to reduce the risk of another accident as catastrophic as the Deepwater Horizon explosion and oil spill. In addition, an enhanced regulatory approach should combine strong industry safety goals with mandatory oversight at critical points during drilling operations. Macondo Well-Deepwater Horizon Blowout discusses ultimate responsibility and accountability for well integrity and safety of offshore equipment, formal system safety education and training of personnel engaged in offshore drilling, and guidelines that should be established so that well designs incorporate protection against the various credible risks associated with the drilling and abandonment process. This book will be of interest to professionals in the oil and gas industry, government decision makers, environmental advocacy groups, and others who seek an understanding of the processes involved in order to ensure safety in undertakings of this nature. |
| economic impact of deepwater horizon: Assessing the Effects of the Gulf of Mexico Oil Spill on Human Health Institute of Medicine, 2010-09-01 From the origin of the leak, to the amount of oil released into the environment, to the spill's duration, the 2010 Gulf of Mexico oil spill poses unique challenges to human health. The risks associated with extensive, prolonged use of dispersants, with oil fumes, and with particulate matter from controlled burns are also uncertain. There have been concerns about the extent to which hazards, such as physical and chemical exposures and social and economic disruptions, will impact the overall health of people who live and work near the area of the oil spill. Although studies of previous oil spills provide some basis for identifying and mitigating the human health effects of these exposures, the existing data are insufficient to fully understand and predict the overall impact of hazards from the Deepwater Horizon oil spill on the health of workers, volunteers, residents, visitors, and special populations. Assessing the Effects of the Gulf of Mexico Oil Spill on Human Health identifies populations at increased risks for adverse health effects and explores effective communication strategies to convey health information to these at-risk populations. The book also discusses the need for appropriate surveillance systems to monitor the spill's potential short- and long-term health effects on affected communities and individuals. Assessing the Effects of the Gulf of Mexico Oil Spill on Human Health is a useful resource that can help policy makers, public health officials, academics, community advocates, scientists, and members of the public collaborate to create a monitoring and surveillance system that results in actionable information and that identifies emerging health risks in specific populations. |
| economic impact of deepwater horizon: Deep Water: The Gulf Oil Disaster and the Future of Offshore Drilling: Report to the President, January 2011 National Commission on the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill and Offshore Dril, 2011-05-24 On April 20, 2010, the Macondo well blew out, costing the lives of 11 men, and beginning a catastrophe that sank the Deepwater Horizon drilling rig and spilled nearly 5 million barrels of crude oil into the Gulf of Mexico. The spill disrupted an entire region’s economy, damaged fisheries and critical habitats, and brought vividly to light the risks of deepwater drilling for oil and gas—the latest frontier in the national energy supply. Soon after, President Barack Obama appointed a seven-member Commission to investigate the disaster, analyze its causes and effects, and recommend the actions necessary to minimize such risks in the future. The Commission’s report offers the American public and policymakers alike the fullest account available of what happened in the Gulf and why, and proposes actions—changes in company behavior, reform of government oversight, and investments in research and technology—required as industry moves forward to meet the nation’s energy needs. |
| economic impact of deepwater horizon: Framing Environmental Disaster Melissa K. Merry, 2013-12-04 The blowout of the Deepwater Horizon and subsequent underground oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico in 2010 is considered by many to be the worst environmental disaster in U.S. history. Interest groups, public officials, and media organizations have spent considerable time documenting the economic and ecological impacts of this spill as well as the causes of the spill, ostensibly to prevent future disasters of this magnitude. However, rather than an unbiased search for answers, such investigations involve strategic efforts by a variety of political actors to define the spill and its causes in ways that lead to their preferred policy solutions. Framing Environmental Disaster evaluates the causal stories that environmental groups tell about the spill and develops theoretical propositions about the role of such stories in the policy process. Which actors do groups hold responsible, and how do groups use blame attributions to advance their policy agendas? Constructing a creative methodological approach which includes content analysis drawn from blog posts, emails, press releases, and testimony before Congress and insights and quotations drawn from interviews with environmental group representatives, Melissa K. Merry argues that interest groups construct causal explanations long before investigations of policy problems are complete and use focusing events to cast blame for a wide range of harms not directly tied to the events themselves. In doing so, groups seek to take full advantage of “windows of opportunity” resulting from crises. An indispensable resource for scholars of public policy and environmental politics and policy, this book sheds new light on the implications of the gulf disaster for energy politics and policies while advancing scholarly understandings of the role of framing and causal attribution in the policy process. |
| economic impact of deepwater horizon: Building Community Resilience to Large Oil Spills Melissa L. Finucane, Aaron Clark-Ginsberg, Andrew M. Parker, Noreen Clancy, Alejandro U. Becerra-Ornelas, Rajeev Ramchand, Tim Slack, Vanessa Parks, Lynsay Ayer, Amanda F. Edelman, Elizabeth L. Petrun Sayers, Shanthi Nataraj, Craig A. Bond, Amy E. Lesen, Regardt J. Ferreira, Leah Drakeford, Jacqueline Fiore, Margaret M. Weden, K. Brent Venable, A. Barrie Black, 2020-09-15 The 2010 Deepwater Horizon (DWH) oil spill was the largest in U.S. history, releasing an estimated 4.9 million barrels of oil into the Gulf of Mexico. The scale of the disaster motivated diverse stakeholders to examine the human dimensions of the spill and how communities' resilience to similar threats could be improved. This examination is needed because, as long as humans depend on extracting oil and gas for energy, coastal regions are at risk for spills. In this report, the authors explore how communities, government officials, nongovernmental organizations, businesses, and scientists can build community resilience to large oil spills. Researchers found mixed evidence of distress associated with the DWH disaster and a variety of factors that affected the nature and severity of people's experiences. |
| economic impact of deepwater horizon: Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill Curry L. Hagerty, 2010-10 On April 20, 2010, an explosion and fire occurred on the Deepwater Horizon drilling rig in the Gulf of Mexico (GoM). This resulted in 11 worker fatalities, a massive oil release, and a national response effort in the GoM region by the federal and state governments as well as BP. Contents of this report: (1) Intro.; (2) Setting in the GoM: Oil and Gas Recovery; Weather and Ocean Currents; Biological Resources; (3) Offshore Oil and Gas Drilling Technology; (4) Fed. Statutory Framework; (5) Fed. Regulatory Framework; (6) Environmental and Economic Impacts; (7) Labor Issues; (8) Reorganization of Minerals Mgmt. Service; (9) FEMA Issues; Exxon Valdez; Recent Regional Disaster History; (10) Conclusion. Charts and tables. |
| economic impact of deepwater horizon: Blowout in the Gulf William R. Freudenburg, Robert Gramling, 2012 Freudenburg and Gramling argue that it is time for a new approach. BP's Oil Spill Response Plan was pure fantasy, claiming the company could handle the equivalent of an Exxon Valdez spill every day, even though cleaning up an oil spill is essentially impossible. For the future, our emphasis needs to be on true prevention, and our risk-management policies need to be based on better understandings of humans as well as hardware.--Pub. desc. |
| economic impact of deepwater horizon: Approaches for Ecosystem Services Valuation for the Gulf of Mexico After the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill National Research Council, Division on Earth and Life Studies, Ocean Studies Board, Committee on the Effects of the Deepwater Horizon Mississippi Canyon-252 Oil Spill on Ecosystem Services in the Gulf of Mexico, 2012-03-17 On April 20, 2010, the Deepwater Horizon platform drilling the Macondo well in Mississippi Canyon Block 252 (DWH) exploded, killing 11 workers and injuring another 17. The DWH oil spill resulted in nearly 5 million barrels (approximately 200 million gallons) of crude oil spilling into the Gulf of Mexico (GoM). The full impacts of the spill on the GoM and the people who live and work there are unknown but expected to be considerable, and will be expressed over years to decades. In the short term, up to 80,000 square miles of the U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) were closed to fishing, resulting in loss of food, jobs and recreation. The DWH oil spill immediately triggered a process under the U.S. Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA) to determine the extent and severity of the injury (defined as an observable or measurable adverse change in a natural resource or impairment of a natural resource service) to the public trust, known as the Natural Resources Damage Assessment (NRDA). The assessment, undertaken by the trustees (designated technical experts who act on behalf of the public and who are tasked with assessing the nature and extent of site-related contamination and impacts), requires: (1) quantifying the extent of damage; (2) developing, implementing, and monitoring restoration plans; and (3) seeking compensation for the costs of assessment and restoration from those deemed responsible for the injury. This interim report provides options for expanding the current effort to include the analysis of ecosystem services to help address the unprecedented scale of this spill in U.S. waters and the challenges it presents to those charged with undertaking the damage assessment. |
| economic impact of deepwater horizon: Gulf of Mexico Origin, Waters, and Biota Darryl L. Felder, David K. Camp, 2009 This landmark scientific reference for scientists, researchers, and students of marine biology tackles the monumental task of taking a complete biodiversity inventory of the Gulf of Mexico with full biotic and biogeographic information. Presenting a comprehensive summary of knowledge of Gulf biota through 2004, the book includes seventy-seven chapters, which list more than fifteen thousand species in thirty-eight phyla or divisions and were written by 138 authors from seventy-one institutions in fourteen countries.This first volume of Gulf of Mexico Origin, Waters, and Biota, a multivolumed set edited by John W. Tunnell Jr., Darryl L. Felder, and Sylvia A. Earle, provides information on each species' habitat, biology, and geographic range, along with full references and a narrative introduction to the group, which opens each chapter. |
| economic impact of deepwater horizon: Disaster on the Horizon Bob Cavnar, 2010-10-22 Disaster on the Horizon is a behind-the-scenes investigative look at the worst oil well accident in US history, which led to the current environmental and economic catastrophe on the Gulf Coast. Cavnar uses his 30 years in the business to take readers inside the disaster, exposing the decisions leading up to the blowout and the immediate aftermath. It includes personal accounts of the survivors, assembled from testimony during various investigations, as well as personal interviews with survivors, witnesses, and family. It also provides a layman's look at the industry, its technology, people, and risks. It deconstructs events and decisions made by BP, Transocean, and the US Government before and after the disaster, and the effects of those decisions, both good and bad. Cavnar explains what happened in the Gulf, explores how we arrived at deep water drilling in the first place and then charts a course for how to avoid these disasters in the future. |
| economic impact of deepwater horizon: The Measurement of Environmental and Resource Values A. Myrick Freeman, 2003 Non-market valuation is becoming increasingly accepted as an evaluative tool of economics related to environmental and resource protection. Freeman (economics, Bowdoin College) presents an overview of the literature, introducing the principal methods and techniques of resource valuation. Chapters cover the measurement of welfare changes, revealed and stated preference models, nonuse models, aggregation of values across time, environmental quality as factor input, longevity and health valuation, property value models, hedonic wage models, and recreational uses of natural resource systems. Annotation (c)2003 Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com). |
| economic impact of deepwater horizon: Politics and the English Language George Orwell, 2021-01-01 George Orwell set out ‘to make political writing into an art’, and to a wide extent this aim shaped the future of English literature – his descriptions of authoritarian regimes helped to form a new vocabulary that is fundamental to understanding totalitarianism. While 1984 and Animal Farm are amongst the most popular classic novels in the English language, this new series of Orwell’s essays seeks to bring a wider selection of his writing on politics and literature to a new readership. In Politics and the English Language, the second in the Orwell’s Essays series, Orwell takes aim at the language used in politics, which, he says, ‘is designed to make lies sound truthful and murder respectable, and to give an appearance of solidity to pure wind’. In an age where the language used in politics is constantly under the microscope, Orwell’s Politics and the English Language is just as relevant today, and gives the reader a vital understanding of the tactics at play. 'A writer who can – and must – be rediscovered with every age.' — Irish Times |
| economic impact of deepwater horizon: BP Blowout Daniel Jacobs, 2016-09-30 The story of the worst environmental disaster in American history and its enduring consequences BP Blowout is the first comprehensive account of the legal, economic, and environmental consequences of the disaster that resulted from the April 2010 blowout at a BP well in the Gulf of Mexico. The accident, which destroyed the Deepwater Horizon oil rig, killed 11 people. The ensuing oil discharge–the largest ever in U.S. waters—polluted much of the Gulf for months, wreaking havoc on its inhabitants and the environment. A management professor and former award-winning Justice Department lawyer responsible for enforcing environmental laws, Daniel Jacobs tells the story that neither BP nor the federal government wants heard: how the company and the government fell short, both in terms of preventing and responding to the disaster. Critical details about the cause and aftermath of the disaster have emerged through court proceedings and with time. The key finding of the federal judge who presided over the civil litigation was that the blowout resulted from BP’s gross negligence. BP has paid tens of billions of dollars to settle claims and lawsuits. The company also has pled guilty to manslaughter in a separate criminal case, but no one responsible for the tragedy is going to prison. BP Blowout provides new and disturbing details in a definitive narrative that takes the reader inside BP, the White House, Congress and the courthouse. This is an important book for readers interested in the environment, sustainability, public policy, leadership, and risk management. |
| economic impact of deepwater horizon: Estimating the Economic Effects of the Deepwater Drilling Moratorium on the Gulf Coast Economy Barry Leonard, 2011-08 The BP Deepwater Horizon drilling rig, situated about 50 miles off the coast of southern Louisiana, exploded on April 20, 2010, resulting in 11 deaths, 17 injuries, and one of the worst environmental disasters in U.S. history. In response, the Secretary of the Interior exercised his authority to suspend certain deepwater drilling activities. Given uncertainty about the adequacy of existing safety regulations, the moratorium provided time to determine whether and how deepwater drilling could continue in a safe and environmentally-sound manner. The moratorium was in effect until November 30, 2010. This report estimates the economic consequences of this moratorium in the 5 Gulf Coast states. Illustrations. This is a print on demand report. |
| economic impact of deepwater horizon: A Hole at the Bottom of the Sea Joel Achenbach, 2012-04-03 With a new introduction by the author--Cover. |
| economic impact of deepwater horizon: Outer Continental Shelf Oil and Gas Leasing Program, 2012-2017 , 2011 |
| economic impact of deepwater horizon: Offshore Safety Management Ian Sutton, 2011-10-11 2010 was a defining year for the offshore oil and gas industry in the United States. On April 20, 2010, the Deepwater Horizon (DWH) floating drilling rig suffered a catastrophic explosion and fire. Eleven men died in the explosion — 17 others were injured. The fire, which burned for a day and a half, eventually sent the entire rig to the bottom of the sea. The extent of the spill was enormous, and the environmental damage is still being evaluated. Following DWH the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulations and Enforcement (BOEMRE) issued many new regulations. One of them is the Safety and Environmental System (SEMS) rule, which is based on the American Petroleum Institute's SEMP recommended practice. Companies have to be in full compliance with its extensive requirements by November 15, 2011. |
| economic impact of deepwater horizon: Case Studies in Organizational Communication Steve May, 2012-01-20 The Second Edition of Case Studies in Organizational Communication: Ethical Perspectives and Practices, by Dr. Steve May, integrates ethical theory and practice to help strengthen readers' awareness, judgment, and action in organizations by exploring ethical dilemmas in a diverse range of well-known business cases. |
| economic impact of deepwater horizon: Drowning in Oil: BP & the Reckless Pursuit of Profit Loren C. Steffy, 2010-11-26 The definitive account of how BP's win-at-all-costs culture led to this era's greatest industrial catastrophe A carefully and powerfully written story. Financial Times When an author uses a loaded word like 'reckless' in a book's title, the burden of proof is high. . . . Steffy meets the burden by demonstrating that corporate behemoth BP (formerly British Petroleum) could have prevented the 11 deaths on April 20, 2010, aboard the Deepwater Horizon. . . . The deaths and the gigantic oil spill following the sinking of Deepwater Horizon will surely become a landmark of corporate ineptness and greed for the remainder of human history, thanks in part to Steffy's remarkable account. San Antonio Express-News Steffy has produced a fascinating, gripping, revealing account. . . . The book details events aboard the Deepwater Horizon in April of 2010 to start, but it digs deeper into what is revealed as a culture of cost-cutting boiling over within BP. Steffy documents years of incidents and poor management decisions, detailing the rise of key characters like John Browne and Tony Hayward alongside riveting outlines of horrifying events in Texas City and at other BP locations. . . . The book reads like fiction at times, with the author's heavily-detailed accounts of explosions and conversations creating vivid, nearly fantastical images. The tragic history of BP is all-too-real, though, as the lost lives and environmental damage certainly attest to.. . . Steffy is a thorough, straightforward author. His concerns largely lie with the loss of life and the general culture of cost-cutting of BP, painting an apt and terrifying picture of rampant, steady, costly neglect. Seattle Post Intelligencer Steffy provides valuable insight and crucial corporate context in explaining how so much oil ended up in the Gulf of Mexico. BusinessWeek [Steffy's] investigations reveal a corporate culture of cost-cutting initiatives that put profits ahead of workers' lives and the environment, with repeated safety violations and an abysmal accident history. . . . Steffy details how, in the context of BP's record, the disaster was just part of a pattern of poor decision making in the relentless pursuit by BP to become the largest and most profitable oil company in the world. Booklist About the Book As night settled on April 20, 2010, a series of explosions rocked Deepwater Horizon, the immense semisubmersible drilling platform leased by British Petroleum, located 40 miles off the Louisiana coast. The ensuing inferno claimed 11 lives, and it would rage uncontained for two days, until its wreckage sank to a final resting place nearly a mile beneath the waves. On the ocean floor, the unit's wellhead erupted. Over the next ten weeks, as repeated attempts to cap the geyser failed, an estimated 200 million gallons of oil—the equivalent of 20 Exxon Valdez spills—spewed into the Gulf of Mexico, eventually lapping up on beaches as far away as Florida. Drowning in Oil, by award-winning Houston Chronicle business reporter and columnist Loren Steffy—considered by many to be the writer with the best access to the story—is an unprecedented and gripping narrative of this catastrophe and how BP's winner-take-all business culture made it all but inevitable. Through never-before-published interviews with BP executives and employees, environmental experts, and oil industry insiders, Steffy takes us behind the scenes of 100 years of BP corporate history. Beginning with the conglomerate's early gambits in the Middle East to its recent ascent among energy titans, Steff unearths the roots of the Gulf oil spill in the unwritten bargain between oil producers and consumers, whose insatiable appetites drive the search for new supplies faster, farther, and deeper. Beyond this, the Deepwater Horizon disaster took place after a history of cost cutting in pursuit of profits, particularly under the guidance of its two most recent ex-CEOs, John Browne and Anthony Hayward. Exhaustively researched and documented, Drowning in Oil is the first in-depth examination of how a lack of corporate responsibility and government oversight led to the biggest offshore oil spill in U.S. history. It is an objective, no-punches-pulled account of the energy industry: its environmental impact and the intense competition among stakeholders in today's oil markets. This book puts all the pieces together, offering a definitive account of BP's pursuit of outsized profits as the industrial world awakens to the grim realities of Peak Oil. They fumbled around the darkened room and found an instruction manual. By flashlight, they read the starting procedures. They were doing everything right. After five or six futile tries, they gave up and headed back toward the bridge. Back on the bridge, alarms were shrieking and the captain knew they were running out of time. The subsea engineer had hit the emergency disconnect for the well, and although the control panel showed the rig should be free, it wasn't. The hydraulics were dead. Fire continued to shoot from the top of the derrick. The rig had no power, and without power, it had no pumps for the firefighting equipment, no way to shut off the flow of gas from the well, and no way to disconnect the rig from the flaming umbilical that had it tethered to the wellhead. —from Drowning in Oil |
| economic impact of deepwater horizon: The Economic Impacts of Natural Disasters Debarati Guha-Sapir, Indhira Santos, Alexandre Borde, 2013-05-23 This work combines research and empirical evidence on the economic costs of disasters with theoretical approaches. It provides new insights on how to assess and manage the costs and impacts of disaster prevention, mitigation, recovery and adaption, and much more. |
| economic impact of deepwater horizon: Applied Risk Analysis for Guiding Homeland Security Policy and Decisions Samrat Chatterjee, Robert T. Brigantic, Angela M. Waterworth, 2021-02-24 Presents various challenges faced by security policy makers and risk analysts, and mathematical approaches that inform homeland security policy development and decision support Compiled by a group of highly qualified editors, this book provides a clear connection between risk science and homeland security policy making and includes top-notch contributions that uniquely highlight the role of risk analysis for informing homeland security policy decisions. Featuring discussions on various challenges faced in homeland security risk analysis, the book seamlessly divides the subject of risk analysis for homeland security into manageable chapters, which are organized by the concept of risk-informed decisions, methodology for applying risk analysis, and relevant examples and case studies. Applied Risk Analysis for Guiding Homeland Security Policy and Decisions offers an enlightening overview of risk analysis methods for homeland security. For instance, it presents readers with an exploration of radiological and nuclear risk assessment, along with analysis of uncertainties in radiological and nuclear pathways. It covers the advances in risk analysis for border security, as well as for cyber security. Other topics covered include: strengthening points of entry; systems modeling for rapid containment and casualty mitigation; and disaster preparedness and critical infrastructure resilience. Highlights how risk analysis helps in the decision-making process for homeland security policy Presents specific examples that detail how various risk analysis methods provide decision support for homeland security policy makers and risk analysts Describes numerous case studies from academic, government, and industrial perspectives that apply risk analysis methods for addressing challenges within the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Offers detailed information regarding each of the five DHS missions: prevent terrorism and enhance security; secure and manage our borders; enforce and administer our immigration laws; safeguard and secure cyberspace; and strengthen national preparedness and resilience Discusses the various approaches and challenges faced in homeland risk analysis and identifies improvements and methodological advances that influenced DHS to adopt an increasingly risk-informed basis for decision-making Written by top educators and professionals who clearly illustrate the link between risk science and homeland security policy making Applied Risk Analysis for Guiding Homeland Security Policy and Decisions is an excellent textbook and/or supplement for upper-undergraduate and graduate-level courses related to homeland security risk analysis. It will also be an extremely beneficial resource and reference for homeland security policy analysts, risk analysts, and policymakers from private and public sectors, as well as researchers, academics, and practitioners who utilize security risk analysis methods. |
| economic impact of deepwater horizon: Tcl/Tk in a Nutshell Paul Raines, Jeff Tranter, 1999-03-25 The Tcl language and Tk graphical toolkit are simple and powerful building blocks for custom applications. The Tcl/Tk combination is increasingly popular because it lets you produce sophisticated graphical interfaces with a few easy commands, develop and change scripts quickly, and conveniently tie together existing utilities or programming libraries.One of the attractive features of Tcl/Tk is the wide variety of commands, many offering a wealth of options. Most of the things you'd like to do have been anticipated by the language's creator, John Ousterhout, or one of the developers of Tcl/Tk's many powerful extensions. Thus, you'll find that a command or option probably exists to provide just what you need.And that's why it's valuable to have a quick reference that briefly describes every command and option in the core Tcl/Tk distribution as well as the most popular extensions. Keep this book on your desk as you write scripts, and you'll be able to find almost instantly the particular option you need.Most chapters consist of alphabetical listings. Since Tk and mega-widget packages break down commands by widget, the chapters on these topics are organized by widget along with a section of core commands where appropriate. Contents include: Core Tcl and Tk commands and Tk widgets C interface (prototypes) Expect [incr Tcl] and [incr Tk] Tix TclX BLT Oratcl, SybTcl, and Tclodbc |
| economic impact of deepwater horizon: Macondo United States. National Commission on the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill and Offshore Drilling, 2011 NOTE: NO FURTHER DISCOUNT FOR THIS PRINT PRODUCT- OVERSTOCK SALE - Significantly reduced list price Examines the relevant facts and circumstances concerning the root causes of the Deepwater Horizon oil disaster. Focuses on the technical, managerial, and regulatory causes of the blowout Related products: Unlimited Impossibilities: Intelligence Support to the Deepwater Horizon Response can be found here: https: //bookstore.gpo.gov/products/sku/008-020-01634-9 Deep Water: The Gulf Oil Disaster and the Future of Offshore Drilling, Report to the President, January 2011 --print format can be found at this link: https: //bookstore.gpo.gov/products/sku/040-000-00784-9 --ePub format can be found at this link: https: //bookstore.gpo.gov/products/sku/040-300-00001-5 NOAA Strategic Plan for Deep-Sea Coral and Sponge Ecosystems: Research, Management, and International Cooperation can be found here: https: //bookstore.gpo.gov/products/sku/003-017-00560-7 |
| economic impact of deepwater horizon: The Human Factors of Process Safety and Worker Empowerment in the Offshore Oil Industry National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, Board on Human-Systems Integration, Steering Committee on the Human Factors of Process Safety and Worker Empowerment in the Offshore Oil Industry: A Workshop, 2018-07-20 Since the 2010 Deepwater Horizon blowout and oil spill, efforts to improve safety in the offshore oil industry have resulted in the adoption of new technological controls, increased promotion of safety culture, and the adoption of new data collection systems to improve both safety and performance. As an essential element of a positive safety culture, operators and regulators are increasingly integrating strategies that empower workers to participate in process safety decisions that reduce hazards and improve safety. While the human factors of personal safety have been widely studied and widely adopted in many high-risk industries, process safety †the application of engineering, design, and operative practices to address major hazard concerns †is less well understood from a human factors perspective, particularly in the offshore oil industry. The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine organized a workshop in January 2018 to explore best practices and lessons learned from other high-risk, high-reliability industries for the benefit of the research community and of citizens, industry practitioners, decision makers, and officials addressing safety in the offshore oil industry. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. |
| economic impact of deepwater horizon: This Is an Uprising Mark Engler, Paul Engler, 2016-02-09 There is a craft to uprising -- and this craft can change the world From protests around climate change and immigrant rights, to Occupy, the Arab Spring, and #BlackLivesMatter, a new generation is unleashing strategic nonviolent action to shape public debate and force political change. When mass movements erupt onto our television screens, the media consistently portrays them as being spontaneous and unpredictable. Yet, in this book, Mark and Paul Engler look at the hidden art behind such outbursts of protest, examining core principles that have been used to spark and guide moments of transformative unrest. With incisive insights from contemporary activists, as well as fresh revelations about the work of groundbreaking figures such as Gandhi, Martin Luther King Jr., Gene Sharp, and Frances Fox Piven, the Englers show how people with few resources and little conventional influence are engineering the upheavals that are reshaping contemporary politics. Nonviolence is usually seen simply as a philosophy or moral code. This Is an Uprising shows how it can instead be deployed as a method of political conflict, disruption, and escalation. It argues that if we are always taken by surprise by dramatic outbreaks of revolt, we pass up the chance to truly understand how social transformation happens. |
| economic impact of deepwater horizon: Responding to Oil Spills in the U.S. Arctic Marine Environment National Research Council, Transportation Research Board, Marine Board, Division on Earth and Life Studies, Polar Research Board, Ocean Studies Board, Committee on Responding to Oil Spills in the U.S. Arctic Marine Environment, 2014-08-01 U.S. Arctic waters north of the Bering Strait and west of the Canadian border encompass a vast area that is usually ice covered for much of the year, but is increasingly experiencing longer periods and larger areas of open water due to climate change. Sparsely inhabited with a wide variety of ecosystems found nowhere else, this region is vulnerable to damage from human activities. As oil and gas, shipping, and tourism activities increase, the possibilities of an oil spill also increase. How can we best prepare to respond to such an event in this challenging environment? Responding to Oil Spills in the U.S. Arctic Marine Environment reviews the current state of the science regarding oil spill response and environmental assessment in the Arctic region north of the Bering Strait, with emphasis on the potential impacts in U.S. waters. This report describes the unique ecosystems and environment of the Arctic and makes recommendations to provide an effective response effort in these challenging conditions. According to Responding to Oil Spills in the U.S. Arctic Marine Environment, a full range of proven oil spill response technologies is needed in order to minimize the impacts on people and sensitive ecosystems. This report identifies key oil spill research priorities, critical data and monitoring needs, mitigation strategies, and important operational and logistical issues. The Arctic acts as an integrating, regulating, and mediating component of the physical, atmospheric and cryospheric systems that govern life on Earth. Not only does the Arctic serve as regulator of many of the Earth's large-scale systems and processes, but it is also an area where choices made have substantial impact on life and choices everywhere on planet Earth. This report's recommendations will assist environmentalists, industry, state and local policymakers, and anyone interested in the future of this special region to preserve and protect it from damaging oil spills. |
| economic impact of deepwater horizon: Deepwater Horizon Accident Investigation Report Mark Bly, 2011 This is a print on demand edition of a hard to find publication. On April 20, 2010, a well control event allowed hydrocarbons to escape from the Macondo well onto Transocean¿s ¿Deepwater Horizon,¿ resulting in explosions and fire on the rig. This is the report of an internal BP incident invest. team. It presents an analysis of the events leading up to the accident, 8 key findings related to the causal chain of events, and recommend. to enable the prevention of a similar accident. The invest. team worked separately from any invest. conducted by other co. involved in the accident, and it did not review its analyses, conclusions or recommend. with any other co. or invest. team. Other invest., such as the U.S. Coast Guard, U.S. Justice Dept., and Bur. of Ocean Energy Mgmt., and the Pres. Nat. Comm. are ongoing. |
| economic impact of deepwater horizon: On Scene Coordinator Report , 2011 The purpose of this report is to document the response to the oil spill that resulted from the explosion on the Deepwater Horizon mobile offshore drilling unit on April 20, 2010. On scene coordinator report, Deepwater Horizon oil spill, submitted to the National Response Team, September 2010. On November 18, 2010, the National Response Team (NRT) requested submission of an On-Scene Coordinator (OSC) report for the Deepwater Horizon spill to the NRT Response Committee, pursuant to the National Contingency Plan (NCP). The NART's request listed 33 specific topics be addressed in the report. The list of specific topics addressed in the report expanded to 56 to cover additional focus areas of the Federal On-Scene Coordinators (FOSCs)--Executive summary. |
| economic impact of deepwater horizon: Natural Resource Damages Preston, Thorgrimson, Shidler, Gates & Ellis, 1993 This manual outlines the legal and regulatory framework surrounding natural resource damages claims. It provides comprehensive chapters on the common law origins of natural resource damage claims, statutory natural resource damage claims under federal law, CERCLA damage assessment regulations, and economic methodologies for valuing natural resource damages. |
| economic impact of deepwater horizon: The Stars My Destination Alfred Bester, 2010 One of the very best must-read SF novels of all time. |
| economic impact of deepwater horizon: The Gulf of Mexico at a Glance , 2008 |
| economic impact of deepwater horizon: Inquiry Into the Deepwater Horizon Gulf Coast Oil Spill United States. Congress. House. Committee on Energy and Commerce. Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations, 2013 |
| economic impact of deepwater horizon: Small Things Like These Claire Keegan, 2021-11-30 A New York Times Bestseller • Shortlisted for the 2022 Booker Prize One of the New York Times's 100 Best Books of the 21st Century A hypnotic and electrifying Irish tale that transcends country, transcends time. —Lily King, New York Times bestselling author of Writers & Lovers Small Things Like These is award-winning author Claire Keegan's landmark new novel, a tale of one man's courage and a remarkable portrait of love and family It is 1985 in a small Irish town. During the weeks leading up to Christmas, Bill Furlong, a coal merchant and family man faces into his busiest season. Early one morning, while delivering an order to the local convent, Bill makes a discovery which forces him to confront both his past and the complicit silences of a town controlled by the church. An international bestseller, Small Things Like These is a deeply affecting story of hope, quiet heroism, and empathy from one of our most critically lauded and iconic writers. |
| economic impact of deepwater horizon: The Management of Natural Coastal Carbon Sinks Dan Laffoley, Gabriel D. Grimsditch, 2009 |
| economic impact of deepwater horizon: The Environmental and Economic Impacts of Ocean Acidification United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation. Subcommittee on Oceans, Atmosphere, Fisheries, and Coast Guard, 2011 |
| economic impact of deepwater horizon: Local Impact of the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill United States. Congress. House. Committee on Energy and Commerce. Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations, 2013 |
| economic impact of deepwater horizon: Input-output analysis , 1955 |
| economic impact of deepwater horizon: The Role of BP in the Deepwater Horizon Explosion and Oil Spill United States. Congress. House. Committee on Energy and Commerce. Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations, 2013 |
Publications | World Economic Forum
4 days ago · The World Economic Forum publishes a comprehensive series of reports which examine in detail the broad range of global issues it seeks to address with stakeholders as part …
The Future of Jobs Report 2025 | World Economic Forum
Jan 7, 2025 · General economic slowdown, to a lesser extent, also remains top of mind and is expected to transform 42% of businesses. Inflation is predicted to have a mixed outlook for net …
Chief Economists Outlook: May 2025 | World Economic Forum
May 28, 2025 · The May 2025 Chief Economists Outlook explores key trends in the global economy, including the latest outlook for growth, inflation, monetary and fiscal policy. It …
Davos 2025: What to expect and who's coming? | World Economic …
Dec 9, 2024 · The 2025 Annual Meeting of the World Economic Forum takes place from 20-24 January in Davos, Switzerland. The meeting convenes under the title Collaboration for the …
US trade policy turmoil shakes the global economy, and other key ...
Apr 15, 2025 · A new UN report warned that many countries in the Asia-Pacific region remain ill-prepared for climate-related economic shocks. The IMF-World Bank Spring Meetings are fast …
The World Economic Forum
5 days ago · Learn about World Economic Forum's latest work and impact through the latest key messages on our Homepage.
5 economists on long-term economic trends | World Economic …
Apr 15, 2025 · The economic divisions have only been heightening in recent months as the US has implemented steep tariffs on major trading partners, kicking off a cycle of tit-for-tat trade …
Chief Economists Warn Global Growth Under Strain from Trade …
May 28, 2025 · Artificial intelligence (AI) is poised to drive the next wave of economic transformation, unlocking significant growth potential but also introducing serious risks. Nearly …
Global Risks Report 2025 | World Economic Forum
Jan 15, 2025 · The 20th edition of the Global Risks Report 2025 reveals an increasingly fractured global landscape, where escalating geopolitical, environmental, societal and technological …
World Economic Forum Announces Governance Transition
Apr 21, 2025 · The Board of Trustees of the World Economic Forum underlines the importance of remaining steadfast in its mission and values as a facilitator of progress. Building on its trusted …
Deepwater Horizon Activity Updates 2024 - NOAA Fisheries
May 15, 2024 · Deepwater Horizon Restoration Program. May 15, 2024. ... Currently analyzing environmental and economic data to understand project impact including restoration and the …
THE DEEPWATER HORIZON OIL SPILL’S IMPACT ON …
economic losses.23,27 BP also created the Vessels of Opportunity program to hire fishing crews to assist with cleanup efforts. These programs were created to ease stress by reducing or …
Economic Impacts of the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill
Benedict C. Posadas, Ph.D. A R/E P C R E C M S U Economic Impacts of the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill on Mississippi Seafood and Commercial and Saltwater Recreational Fishing Sectors …
Economic Impact Of Deepwater Horizon(2) (book)
Nov 30, 2023 · Economic Impact Of Deepwater Horizon(2) cours maths quatrième cours complet de mathématiques youtube - Aug 03 2022 web jun 23 2021 cours maths quatrième cours …
Estimating the Economic Effects of the Deepwater Drilling …
Estimating the Economic Effects of the Deepwater Drilling Moratorium on the Gulf Coast Economy 1. Introduction The BP Deepwater Horizon drilling rig, situated about 50 miles off the coast of …
Economic Impacts of the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill
Benedict C. Posadas, Ph.D. A R/E P C R E C M S U Economic Impacts of the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill on Mississippi Seafood and Commercial and Saltwater Recreational Fishing Sectors …
Lessons Unlearned: The Legal and Policy Legacy of the BP …
Deepwater Horizon. disaster). 12. See. N. AT ’ L . C. OMM ’ N . R. EPORT, supra. note 1, at 56, 243 (discussing how the oil and gas industry made massive investments in oil and gas, but …
THE FUTURE OF OFFSHORE OIL DRILLING – AN EVALUATION …
Keywords: Offshore Oil Drilling, Deepwater Horizon, Environmental Impact Management. 1. INTRODUCTION Earlier research on the sustainability of oil production envisioned a …
The 2010 Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill ...
impact of the Deepwater Horizon spill appears to have been blunted by the absence of major evidence-based risks for psychological distress and disorder, the exemplary response, and the …
Impact of the Deepwater Horizon well blowout on the …
of the depth of the April 2010 Deepwater Horizon well blowout, deeper parts of the Gulf of Mexico are likely impacted. ... wages, and economic impact of US$3.7, US$1.9, US$1.2, and US$8.7 …
Social Effects of the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill on Coastal ...
Effects on Gulf Coast Communities. Volume II: Key Economic Sectors, NGOs, and Ethnic Groups. OCS Study. BOEM 2014-618. U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Ocean Energy …
Economic Impact Assessment of the Deepwater Horizon …
Economic Impact Assessment of the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill Final Report December 2011. This page intentionally left blank 2. TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES 4 LIST OF …
Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill: Selected Issues for Congress
Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill: Selected Issues for Congress Congressional Research Service Summary On April 20, 2010, an explosion and fire occurred on the Deepwater Horizon drilling …
IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE EASTERN …
Apr 20, 2010 · drilling unit DEEPWATER HORIZON (sometimes referred to as “”) HORIZONand the well, known as Macondo,it had drilled in Block 252, Mississippi Canyon (“MC252”), on the …
Meta Leadership Lessons from the Response to the 2010 …
The Deepwater Horizon oil spill is many events. For the overall operation to succeed, each of these must be understood and supported for its unique contingencies, constituencies, …
UNDERSTANDING THE HUMAN HEALTH AND …
The Deepwater Horizon oil spill was the largest marine oil spill in the history of the United States. Though the impacts to the environment have been well documented and studied extensively, …
Economic Impact Of Deepwater Horizon (PDF)
Economic Impact Of Deepwater Horizon Economic Impact Of Deepwater Horizon Book Review: Unveiling the Magic of Language In an electronic era where connections and knowledge reign …
The Gulf of Mexico oil disaster: A case study on the projected …
A case study on the projected economic impact on tourism among the Gulf States of Louisiana, ... On April 20, 2010, an oilrig named the Deep Water Horizon, operated by the international …
2010 Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill - Dun & Bradstreet
Since the Deepwater Horizon oil rig explosion in the Gulf of Mexico on April 21, 2010, the emphasis has been on capping the oil well and protecting the shoreline. The immediate …
Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill: Recent Activities and Ongoing …
Apr 17, 2015 · Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill: Recent Activities and Ongoing Developments Congressional Research Service Summary In the wake of the explosion of the Deepwater …
Impacts of Major Offshore Oil Spill Incidents on
through a case study for recent incident in the Gulf of Mexico (GoM), the Deepwater Horizon oil spill (DWH) on April 20, 2010, the worst oil spill disaster in the history of the ... 2 Methodology ...
Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill: An Ethics Case Study in …
The April 20, 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil rig explosion in the Gulf of Mexico was a tragedy that led to the loss of 11 human lives. In 2015 the explosion continues to impact those 11 …
Real-Time Economic Analysis and Policy Development During …
Jun 3, 2016 · House National Economic Council and Office of Energy and Climate Change in 2009 and 2010. During the BP Deepwater Horizon oil spill, Aldy coordinated the Obama …
Studies of fishermen’s economic loss due to oil spills
during the Deepwater Horizon oil spill L Carassou, F J Hernandez and W M Graham- ... Studies of fishermen’s economic loss due to oil spills P Alvernia1*, S Utomo 1, T E B Soesilo , ...
America's Gulf Coast: A Long Term Recovery Plan after the …
Bythe time the well was capped, it is estimated that the Deepwater Horizon had released more than4.9 million barrels of oil into the Gulf, 7 resulting in significant impacts on the Gulf’s …
Environmental Pollution Liability and Insurance Law …
“Deepwater Horizon” in the Gulf of Mexico is estimated to overall eclipse the financial impact of the Exxon Valdez oil spill in 1989 - which resulted in a 3.5 billion ... In short, the combined …
Impact of the Deepwater Horizon well blowout on the …
of the depth of the April 2010 Deepwater Horizon well blowout, deeper parts of the Gulf of Mexico are likely impacted. ... wages, and economic impact of US$3.7, US$1.9, US$1.2, and US$8.7 …
2015 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE FREE-RESPONSE …
during the Deepwater Horizon (BP) incident. (b) Describe TWO environmental problems that can result from oil spills in coastal areas. (c) Identify one economic impact that results from oil …
Impacts of Deepwater Horizon on Fish and Fisheries: What …
Impacts of Deepwater Horizon on Fish and Fisheries: ... economic and anthropological information available for the LME and useful in the context of oil spill impact assessment. ...
Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill: Recent Activities and Ongoing …
Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill: Recent Activities and Ongoing Developments Congressional Research Service Summary In the wake of the explosion of the Deepwater Horizon offshore …
Analysis of Environmental and Economic Damages from
1 Analysis of Environmental and Economic Damages from British Petroleum’s Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill Introduction In the spring and summer of 2010 the British Petroleum Deepwater …
An Analysis of the Impacts of the Deepwater Horizon Oil …
A Chronological Summary of the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill and Response by ... Composition of Species Categories for the Economic Impact Model..... 12 Table 4. Vessel Permits of Shrimp …
An Economic Analysis of the Deepwater Horizon Economic …
An Economic Analysis of the Deepwater Horizon Economic Settlement by ... The Deepwater Horizon oil spill had profound impact on the livelihoods of people located along the Gulf Coast. …
[BP - Deepwater Horizon Tragedy] - ResearchGate
A further purpose of this work is to study the economic impact of such disaster in the industry. ... 7 – Figure 7: Deepwater horizon animals dying due to water contaminated. (Pag. 24) 8 ...
Deepwater Horizon disaster could have billion dollar impact: …
Deepwater Horizon disaster could have billion dollar impact: new study ... The Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico in April 2010 will have a large economic impact on the U.S. Gulf ...
Small Business Research Summary - impactassessment.com
of the April 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico. The study scope covered three ... • The economic impact on fishing-related sectors ... the Economic Effects of the Deepwater …
THE FINANCIAL IMPACTS OF BP’S RESPONSE TO THE …
the impact of (a) the Gulf of Mexico oil spill and (b) its ... he ecological and economic impacts of the Deepwa-ter Horizon oil spill will be very difficult to quantify ... he Deepwater Horizon ...
Impact of the Deepwater Horizon well blowout on the …
of the depth of the April 2010 Deepwater Horizon well blowout, deeper parts of the Gulf of Mexico are likely impacted. ... wages, and economic impact of US$3.7, US$1.9, US$1.2, and US$8.7 …
Fiscal Year 2015 Annual Report to Congress - restorethegulf.gov
Deepwater Horizon (DWH) oil spill and six Federal agencies, creating an independent Federal entity with an unmatched array of restoration expertise. The Gulf Coast Ecosystem …
Labor Market Impacts of the 2010 Oil Spill
%PDF-1.6 %âãÏÓ 76 0 obj > endobj 94 0 obj >/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[]/Index[76 45]/Info 75 0 R/Length 93/Prev 171431/Root 77 0 R/Size 121/Type/XRef/W[1 2 1]>>stream ...
The Regional, National, and International Importanee of …
were affected by Xht Deepwater Horizon (DWH) oil spill (DWH Trustees, 2015, Sections 4.2 and 4.6). Louisiana hosts significant proportions of bird populations whose geographic ranges ...
Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill: An Ethics Case Study in …
%PDF-1.4 %âãÏÓ 65 0 obj > endobj 75 0 obj >/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[208F5D945BB165A7D6F9A9C33E6A0365>092D9FF8F6CF9645AD3AFC04681DC02F>]/Index[65 …
Impact of the Deepwater Horizon well blowout on the …
of the depth of the April 2010 Deepwater Horizon well blowout, deeper parts of the Gulf of Mexico are likely impacted. ... wages, and economic impact of US$3.7, US$1.9, US$1.2, and US$8.7 …
The 2010 Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill ... - Springer
impact of the Deepwater Horizon spill appears to have been blunted by the absence of major evidence-based risks for psychological distress and disorder, the exemplary response, and the …
A review of modern technologies and best practices for oil …
dolphin population saw a 50% decline in reproduction rates following the Deepwater Horizon spill. 1.1.2. Economic and Social Consequences [7] The economic impact of oil spills extends …
ap15 environmental science q3 - College Board
world that have had significant ecological and economic impacts. (a) Using the data in the graph above, determine. the maximum volume of oil estimated to have been spilled during the …
Impact of the Deepwater Horizon well blowout on the …
of the depth of the April 2010 Deepwater Horizon well blowout, deeper parts of the Gulf of Mexico are likely impacted. ... wages, and economic impact of US$3.7, US$1.9, US$1.2, and US$8.7 …
Offshore Oil and Deepwater Horizon Social Effects on Gulf …
The Deepwater Horizon disaster officially began on April 20, 2010 with the blowout of the Macondo well in the U.S. Gulf of Mexico, though the circumstances that culminated in the ...
Tourism and Oil Spills Do Not Mix: Protect Healthy Coastal …
USA.OCEANA.ORG 1025 Connecticut Ave., NW, Suite 200, Washington, D.C. 20036 USA P +202.833.3900 F Tourism and Oil Spills Do Not Mix: Protect Healthy Coastal Economies The …
Ariane L. Rung HHS Public Access Wives of Clean-up Workers …
Mental Health Impact of the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill Among Wives of Clean-up Workers Ariane L. Rung, Epidemiology Program, Louisiana State University Health Sciences, Center …
