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| education segregation in new jersey: Jim Crow Moves North Davison Douglas, 2005-10-17 Most observers have assumed that school segregation in the United States was exclusively a southern phenomenon. In fact, many northern communities, until recently, engaged in explicit southern style school segregation whereby black children were assigned to colored schools and white children to white schools. Davison Douglas examines why so many northern communities did engage in school segregation (in violation of state laws that prohibited such segregation) and how northern blacks challenged this illegal activity. He analyzes the competing visions of black empowerment in the northern black community as reflected in the debate over school integration. |
| education segregation in new jersey: Making the Unequal Metropolis Ansley T. Erickson, 2016-04 List of Oral History and Interview Participants -- Notes -- Index |
| education segregation in new jersey: Afro-Americans in New Jersey Giles R. Wright, 1988 |
| education segregation in new jersey: All Deliberate Speed Charles J. Ogletree, 2004 A Harvard Law School professor examines the impact that Brown v. Board of Education has had on his family, citing historical figures, while revealing how the reforms promised by the case were systematically undermined. |
| education segregation in new jersey: School Resegregation John Charles Boger, Gary Orfield, 2009-11-13 Confronting a reality that many policy makers would prefer to ignore, contributors to this volume offer the latest information on the trend toward the racial and socioeconomic resegregation of southern schools. In the region that has achieved more widespread public school integration than any other since 1970, resegregation, combined with resource inequities and the current accountability movement, is now bringing public education in the South to a critical crossroads. In thirteen essays, leading thinkers in the field of race and public education present not only the latest data and statistics on the trend toward resegregation but also legal and policy analysis of why these trends are accelerating, how they are harmful, and what can be done to counter them. What's at stake is the quality of education available to both white and nonwhite students, they argue. This volume will help educators, policy makers, and concerned citizens begin a much-needed dialogue about how America can best educate its increasingly multiethnic student population in the twenty-first century. Contributors: Karen E. Banks, Wake County Public School System, Raleigh, N.C. John Charles Boger, University of North Carolina School of Law Erwin Chemerinsky, Duke Law School Charles T. Clotfelter, Duke University Susan Leigh Flinspach, University of California, Santa Cruz Erica Frankenberg, Harvard Graduate School of Education Catherine E. Freeman, U.S. Department of Education Jay P. Heubert, Teachers College, Columbia University Jennifer Jellison Holme, University of California, Los Angeles Michal Kurlaender, Harvard Graduate School of Education Helen F. Ladd, Duke University Luis M. Laosa, Kingston, N.J. Jacinta S. Ma, U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission Roslyn Arlin Mickelson, University of North Carolina at Charlotte Gary Orfield, Harvard Graduate School of Education Gregory J. Palardy, University of Georgia john a. powell, Ohio State University Sean F. Reardon, Stanford University Russell W. Rumberger, University of California, Santa Barbara Benjamin Scafidi, Georgia State University David L. Sjoquist, Georgia State University Jacob L. Vigdor, Duke University Amy Stuart Wells, Teachers College, Columbia University John T. Yun, University of California, Santa Barbara |
| education segregation in new jersey: Children of the Dream Rucker C. Johnson, 2019-04-16 An acclaimed economist reveals that school integration efforts in the 1970s and 1980s were overwhelmingly successful -- and argues that we must renew our commitment to integration for the sake of all Americans We are frequently told that school integration was a social experiment doomed from the start. But as Rucker C. Johnson demonstrates in Children of the Dream, it was, in fact, a spectacular achievement. Drawing on longitudinal studies going back to the 1960s, he shows that students who attended integrated and well-funded schools were more successful in life than those who did not -- and this held true for children of all races. Yet as a society we have given up on integration. Since the high point of integration in 1988, we have regressed and segregation again prevails. Contending that integrated, well-funded schools are the primary engine of social mobility, Children of the Dream offers a radical new take on social policy. It is essential reading in our divided times. |
| education segregation in new jersey: Savage Inequalities Jonathan Kozol, 2012-07-24 NEW YORK TIMES BESTSELLER • “An impassioned book, laced with anger and indignation, about how our public education system scorns so many of our children.”—The New York Times Book Review In 1988, Jonathan Kozol set off to spend time with children in the American public education system. For two years, he visited schools in neighborhoods across the country, from Illinois to Washington, D.C., and from New York to San Antonio. He spoke with teachers, principals, superintendents, and, most important, children. What he found was devastating. Not only were schools for rich and poor blatantly unequal, the gulf between the two extremes was widening—and it has widened since. The urban schools he visited were overcrowded and understaffed, and lacked the basic elements of learning—including books and, all too often, classrooms for the students. In Savage Inequalities, Kozol delivers a searing examination of the extremes of wealth and poverty and calls into question the reality of equal opportunity in our nation’s schools. Praise for Savage Inequalities “I was unprepared for the horror and shame I felt. . . . Savage Inequalities is a savage indictment. . . . Everyone should read this important book.”—Robert Wilson, USA Today “Kozol has written a book that must be read by anyone interested in education.”—Elizabeth Duff, Philadelphia Inquirer “The forces of equity have now been joined by a powerful voice. . . . Kozol has written a searing exposé of the extremes of wealth and poverty in America’s school system and the blighting effect on poor children, especially those in cities.”—Emily Mitchell, Time “Easily the most passionate, and certain to be the most passionately debated, book about American education in several years . . . A classic American muckraker with an eloquent prose style, Kozol offers . . . an old-fashioned brand of moral outrage that will affect every reader whose heart has not yet turned to stone.”—Entertainment Weekly |
| education segregation in new jersey: The Education of Negroes in New Jersey Marion Manola Thompson Wright, 1972 |
| education segregation in new jersey: Another Appalachia Neema Avashia, 2022 Examines both the roots and the resonance of Neema Avashia's identity as a queer desi Appalachian woman. With lyric and narrative explorations of foodways, religion, sports, standards of beauty, social media, and gun culture-- |
| education segregation in new jersey: Closing the Opportunity Gap Prudence L. Carter, Kevin G. Welner, 2013-04-26 While the achievement gap has dominated policy discussions over the past two decades, relatively little attention has been paid to a gap even more at odds with American ideals: the opportunity gap. Opportunity and achievement, while inextricably connected, are very different goals. Every American will not go to college, but every American should be given a fair chance to be prepared for college. In communities across the U.S., children lack the crucial resources and opportunities, inside and outside of schools that they need if they are to reach their potential. Closing the Opportunity Gap offers accessible, research-based essays written by top experts who highlight the discrepancies that exist in our public schools, focusing on how policy decisions and life circumstances conspire to create the opportunity gap that leads inexorably to stark achievement gaps. They also describe sensible policies grounded in evidence that can restore and enhance opportunities. Moving beyond conventional academic discourse, Closing the Opportunity Gap will spark vital new conversations about what schools, parents, educators, and policymakers can and should do to give all children a fair chance to thrive. |
| education segregation in new jersey: Integrations Lawrence Blum, Zoë Burkholder, 2021-05-12 Education plays a central part in the history of racial inequality in America, with people of color long advocating for equal educational rights and opportunities. Though school desegregation initially was a boon for educational equality, schools began to resegregate in the 1980s, and schools are now more segregated than ever. In Integrations, historian Zoë Burkholder and philosopher Lawrence Blum set out to shed needed light on the enduring problem of segregation in American schools. From a historical perspective, the authors analyze how ideas about race influenced the creation and development of American public schools. Importantly, the authors focus on multiple marginalized groups in American schooling: African Americans, Native Americans, Latinxs, and Asian Americans. In the second half of the book, the authors explore what equal education should and could look like. They argue for a conception of educational goods (including the development of moral and civic capacities) that should and can be provided to every child through schooling--including integration itself. Ultimately, the authors show that in order to grapple with integration in a meaningful way, we must think of integration in the plural, both in its multiple histories and the many possible meanings of and courses of action for integration-- |
| education segregation in new jersey: After Brown Charles T. Clotfelter, 2011-10-16 The United States Supreme Court's 1954 landmark decision, Brown v. Board of Education, set into motion a process of desegregation that would eventually transform American public schools. This book provides a comprehensive and up-to-date assessment of how Brown's most visible effect--contact between students of different racial groups--has changed over the fifty years since the decision. Using both published and unpublished data on school enrollments from across the country, Charles Clotfelter uses measures of interracial contact, racial isolation, and segregation to chronicle the changes. He goes beyond previous studies by drawing on heretofore unanalyzed enrollment data covering the first decade after Brown, calculating segregation for metropolitan areas rather than just school districts, accounting for private schools, presenting recent information on segregation within schools, and measuring segregation in college enrollment. Two main conclusions emerge. First, interracial contact in American schools and colleges increased markedly over the period, with the most dramatic changes occurring in the previously segregated South. Second, despite this change, four main factors prevented even larger increases: white reluctance to accept racially mixed schools, the multiplicity of options for avoiding such schools, the willingness of local officials to accommodate the wishes of reluctant whites, and the eventual loss of will on the part of those who had been the strongest protagonists in the push for desegregation. Thus decreases in segregation within districts were partially offset by growing disparities between districts and by selected increases in private school enrollment. |
| education segregation in new jersey: Whither Opportunity? Greg J. Duncan, Richard J. Murnane, 2011-09-01 As the incomes of affluent and poor families have diverged over the past three decades, so too has the educational performance of their children. But how exactly do the forces of rising inequality affect the educational attainment and life chances of low-income children? In Whither Opportunity? a distinguished team of economists, sociologists, and experts in social and education policy examines the corrosive effects of unequal family resources, disadvantaged neighborhoods, insecure labor markets, and worsening school conditions on K-12 education. This groundbreaking book illuminates the ways rising inequality is undermining one of the most important goals of public education—the ability of schools to provide children with an equal chance at academic and economic success. The most ambitious study of educational inequality to date, Whither Opportunity? analyzes how social and economic conditions surrounding schools affect school performance and children’s educational achievement. The book shows that from earliest childhood, parental investments in children’s learning affect reading, math, and other attainments later in life. Contributor Meredith Phillip finds that between birth and age six, wealthier children will have spent as many as 1,300 more hours than poor children on child enrichment activities such as music lessons, travel, and summer camp. Greg Duncan, George Farkas, and Katherine Magnuson demonstrate that a child from a poor family is two to four times as likely as a child from an affluent family to have classmates with low skills and behavior problems – attributes which have a negative effect on the learning of their fellow students. As a result of such disparities, contributor Sean Reardon finds that the gap between rich and poor children’s math and reading achievement scores is now much larger than it was fifty years ago. And such income-based gaps persist across the school years, as Martha Bailey and Sue Dynarski document in their chapter on the growing income-based gap in college completion. Whither Opportunity? also reveals the profound impact of environmental factors on children’s educational progress and schools’ functioning. Elizabeth Ananat, Anna Gassman-Pines, and Christina Gibson-Davis show that local job losses such as those caused by plant closings can lower the test scores of students with low socioeconomic status, even students whose parents have not lost their jobs. They find that community-wide stress is most likely the culprit. Analyzing the math achievement of elementary school children, Stephen Raudenbush, Marshall Jean, and Emily Art find that students learn less if they attend schools with high student turnover during the school year – a common occurrence in poor schools. And David Kirk and Robert Sampson show that teacher commitment, parental involvement, and student achievement in schools in high-crime neighborhoods all tend to be low. For generations of Americans, public education provided the springboard to upward mobility. This pioneering volume casts a stark light on the ways rising inequality may now be compromising schools’ functioning, and with it the promise of equal opportunity in America. |
| education segregation in new jersey: Self-Taught Heather Andrea Williams, 2009-11-20 In this previously untold story of African American self-education, Heather Andrea Williams moves across time to examine African Americans' relationship to literacy during slavery, during the Civil War, and in the first decades of freedom. Self-Taught traces the historical antecedents to freedpeople's intense desire to become literate and demonstrates how the visions of enslaved African Americans emerged into plans and action once slavery ended. Enslaved people, Williams contends, placed great value in the practical power of literacy, whether it was to enable them to read the Bible for themselves or to keep informed of the abolition movement and later the progress of the Civil War. Some slaves devised creative and subversive means to acquire literacy, and when slavery ended, they became the first teachers of other freedpeople. Soon overwhelmed by the demands for education, they called on northern missionaries to come to their aid. Williams argues that by teaching, building schools, supporting teachers, resisting violence, and claiming education as a civil right, African Americans transformed the face of education in the South to the great benefit of both black and white southerners. |
| education segregation in new jersey: Educational Delusions? Gary Orfield, Erica Frankenberg, 2013-01-25 The first major battle over school choice came out of struggles over equalizing and integrating schools in the civil rights era, when it became apparent that choice could be either a serious barrier or a significant tool for reaching these goals. The second large and continuing movement for choice was part of the very different anti-government, individualistic, market-based movement of a more conservative period in which many of the lessons of that earlier period were forgotten, though choice was once again presented as the answer to racial inequality. This book brings civil rights back into the center of the debate and tries to move from doctrine to empirical research in exploring the many forms of choice and their very different consequences for equity in U.S. schools. Leading researchers conclude that although helping minority children remains a central justification for choice proponents, ignoring the essential civil rights dimensions of choice plans risks compounding rather than remedying racial inequality. |
| education segregation in new jersey: Black New Jersey Graham Russell Hodges, 2018-10 Black New Jersey brings to life generations of courageous men and women who fought for freedom during slavery days and later battled racial discrimination. Extensively researched, it shines a light on New Jersey's unique African American history and reveals how the state's black citizens helped to shape the nation. |
| education segregation in new jersey: New Jersey's Multiple Municipal Madness Alan J. Karcher, 1998 Alan J. Karcher takes a critical look at how and why the boundary lines of New Jersey's 566 municipalities were drawn, pointing to the irrationality of these excessive divisions. |
| education segregation in new jersey: Segregation by Design Jessica Trounstine, 2018-11-15 Segregation by Design draws on more than 100 years of quantitative and qualitative data from thousands of American cities to explore how local governments generate race and class segregation. Starting in the early twentieth century, cities have used their power of land use control to determine the location and availability of housing, amenities (such as parks), and negative land uses (such as garbage dumps). The result has been segregation - first within cities and more recently between them. Documenting changing patterns of segregation and their political mechanisms, Trounstine argues that city governments have pursued these policies to enhance the wealth and resources of white property owners at the expense of people of color and the poor. Contrary to leading theories of urban politics, local democracy has not functioned to represent all residents. The result is unequal access to fundamental local services - from schools, to safe neighborhoods, to clean water. |
| education segregation in new jersey: Teaching for Black Lives Flora Harriman McDonnell, 2018-04-13 Black students' bodies and minds are under attack. We're fighting back. From the north to the south, corporate curriculum lies to our students, conceals pain and injustice, masks racism, and demeans our Black students. But it¿s not only the curriculum that is traumatizing students. |
| education segregation in new jersey: Thinking About Black Education Hilton Kelly, Heather Moore Roberson, 2023-03-24 2024 SPE Outstanding Book Award Winner In this pioneering interdisciplinary reader, Hilton Kelly and Heather Moore Roberson have curated essential readings for thinking about black education from slavery to the present day. The reading selections are timeless, with both historical and contemporary readings from educational anthropology, history, legal studies, literary studies, and sociology to document the foundations and development of Black education in the United States. In addition, the authors highlight scholarship offering historical, conceptual, and pedagogical gems that shine a light on Black people’s enduring pursuit of liberatory education. This book is an invitation to a broad audience, from people with no previous knowledge to scholars in the field, to think critically about Black education and to inspire others to uncover the agency, dreams, struggles, aspirations, and liberation of Black people across generations. Thinking About Black Education: An Interdisciplinary Reader will address essential readings in African-Americans’ education. The text is inspired by the editors’ diverse backgrounds in interdisciplinary scholarship and professional communities. Necessary after 400 years of struggle for people of African-American descent to become fully-educated citizens with all the rights and privilege that true freedom brings, it can serve as a cornerstone during this quadricentennial moment by showcasing canonical, cutting-edge, and essential scholarship that people of African descent have produced in the United States. The collection includes many of the great foundational thinkers and writers of the last 100 years. Selections include work from: • Heather Andrea Williams • James D. Anderson • Elizabeth McHenry • D. M. Douglas • Vanessa Siddle Walker • Thomas Sowell • Trudier Harris • Signithia Fordham and John U. Ogbu • A. A. Akom • Mano Singham • Gloria Ladson-Billings • bell hooks • William F. Tate IV • James Earl Davis • Emery Petchauer • Michael J. Dumas and kihana miraya ross Thinking About Black Education is an essential text for a variety of Black Studies courses, but it should also appeal to a broader audience of students and scholars interested in racial equity and social justice across the disciplines. Perfect for courses such as: Black Education from Slavery to Freedom │ Foundations of American Education │ Introduction to Africana Studies │ Introduction to Foundations of Education │ Schools & Society │ Race and Education │ African American Education │ African American Philosophy │ Education in African American Culture |
| education segregation in new jersey: Dawn of Desegregation Ophelia De Laine Gona, 2012-07-31 At the forefront of a new era in American history, Briggs v. Elliott was one of the first five school segregation lawsuits argued consecutively before the U.S. Supreme Court in 1952. The resulting collective 1954 landmark decision, known as Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, struck down legalized segregation in American public schools. The genesis of Briggs was in 1947, when the black community of Clarendon County, South Carolina, took action against the abysmally poor educational opportunities provided for their children. In a move that would define him as an early—although unsung—champion for civil rights justice, Joseph A. De Laine, a pastor and school principal, led his neighbors to challenge South Carolina's separate but equal practice of racial segregation in public schools. Their lawsuit, Briggs, provided the impetus that led to Brown. In this engrossing memoir, Ophelia De Laine Gona, the daughter of Reverend De Laine, becomes the first to cite and credit adequately the forces responsible for filing Briggs. Based on De Laine's writings and papers, witness testimonies, and the author's personal knowledge, Gona's account fills a gap in civil rights history by providing a poignant insider's view of the events and personalities—including NAACP attorney Thurgood Marshall and federal district judge J. Waties Waring—central to this trailblazing case. Though De Laine and the brave parents who filed Briggs v. Elliott initially lost their lawsuit in district court, the case grew in significance when the plaintiffs appealed the decision to the U.S. Supreme Court. Three years after the appeal, the Briggs case was one of the five lawsuits that shared the historic Brown decision. However, the ruling did not prevent De Laine and his family from suffering vicious reprisals from vindictive white citizens. In 1955, after he was shot at and his church was burned to the ground, De Laine prudently fled South Carolina in order to save his life. He died in exile in Charlotte, North Carolina, in 1974. Fifty years after the Supreme Court's decision, De Laine was awarded the Congressional Gold Medal in recognition of his role in reshaping the American educational landscape. Those interested in justice, human rights, and leadership, as well as in the civil rights movement and South Carolina social history, will be fascinated by this inspiring tale of how one man's unassailable moral character, raw courage, and steely fortitude inspired a group of humble people to become instruments of change and set in motion a corrective force that revolutionized the laws and social practices of a nation. |
| education segregation in new jersey: Killing Journalism Joe Strupp, 2018-10-30 News coverage has given in to greed with demands for profits, and also laziness by allowing coverage to focus on the easy, sexy story. Political coverage focuses much more on the horse race of candidates rather than the issues and often allows spokespeople for both sides to battle on air instead of journalists and political experts with no dog in the fight to explain and review such issues. |
| education segregation in new jersey: An African American Dilemma Zoë Burkholder, 2021 Since Brown v. Board of Education in 1954 Americans have viewed school integration as a central tenet of the black civil rights movement. Yet, school integration was not the only-or even always the dominant-civil rights strategy. At times, African Americans also fought for separate, Black-controlled schools dedicated to racial uplift, community empowerment, and self-determination. An African American Dilemma offers a social history of debates over school integration within northern Black communities from the 1840s to the present. This broad geographical and temporal focus reveals that northern Black educational activists vacillated between a preference for either school integration or separation during specific eras. Yet, as there was never a consensus, this study also highlights the chorus of dissent, debate, and counter-narratives that pushed families to consider a fuller range of educational reforms. A sweeping historical analysis that covers the entire history of public education in the North, this study complicates our understanding of school integration by highlighting the diverse perspectives of Black students, parents, teachers, and community leaders all committed to improving public education. It finds that Black school integrationists and separatists have worked together in a dynamic tension that fueled effective strategies for educational reform and the black civil rights movement. This study draws on an enormous range of archival data including the black press, school board records, social science studies, the papers of civil rights activists, and court cases-- |
| education segregation in new jersey: Unseen Dana Canedy, Darcy Eveleigh, Damien Cave, Rachel L. Swarns, 2017-10-17 Hundreds of stunning images from Black history have been buried in the New York Times photo archives for decades. Four Times staff members unearth these overlooked photographs and investigate the stories behind them in this remarkable collection. New York Times photo editor Darcy Eveleigh made an unwitting discovery when she found dozens of never-before-published photographs from Black history in the crowded bins of the Times archives in 2016. She and three colleagues, Dana Canedy, Damien Cave, and Rachel L. Swarns, began exploring the often untold stories behind the images and chronicling them in a series entitled “Unpublished Black History” that was later published by the newspaper. Unseen showcases those photographs and digs even deeper into the Times’s archives to include 175 photographs and the stories behind them in this extraordinary collection. Among the entries is a 27-year-old Jesse Jackson leading an anti-discrimination rally in Chicago; Rosa Parks arriving at a Montgomery courthouse in Alabama; a candid shot of Aretha Franklin backstage at the Apollo Theater; Ralph Ellison on the streets of his Manhattan neighborhood; the firebombed home of Malcolm X; and a series by Don Hogan Charles, the first black photographer hired by the Times, capturing life in Harlem in the 1960s. Why were these striking photographs not published? Did the images not arrive in time to make the deadline? Were they pushed aside by the biases of editors, whether intentional or unintentional? Unseen dives deep into the Times’s archives to showcase this rare collection of photographs and stories for the very first time. |
| education segregation in new jersey: Making School Integration Work Paul Tractenberg, Allison Roda, Ryan Coughlan, Deirdre Dougherty, 2020 Many American schools continue to struggle with segregation. This important book tells the story of how two school districts—one a predominantly White and wealthy suburban community and the other a more diverse and urbanized community—were merged into a single district to work toward a solution for school segregation. The authors focus on the Morris School District in New Jersey as an exemplar to demonstrate what is possible and how it can be accomplished. They document what makes a district like Morris successful and include lessons learned in each chapter. Along with analyzing the legal and educational policy implications of the nearly 50-year history of the merged district, the authors take a mixed methods approach to deepen our knowledge of effective leadership, community–school relations, and classroom practices in the context of a community committed to genuine integration. Book Features: Offers a deep analysis of one of the few districts that is making progress toward true integration. Examines a local story that has wide applicability to those interested in social justice, enlightened leadership, and equitable educational opportunities for all students. Employs qualitative and quantitative research along with GIS mapping to study the legal, educational, political, historical, and sociological dimensions of the case study. Provides a series of lessons learned from the Morris School District that will assist those engaged in building equitable school systems. |
| education segregation in new jersey: Cutting School Noliwe Rooks, 2020-03-03 2018 Zora Neale Hurston/Richard Wright Legacy Award (Nonfiction) Finalist A timely indictment of the corporate takeover of education and the privatization—and profitability—of separate and unequal schools, published at a critical time in the dismantling of public education in America An astounding look at America's segregated school system, weaving together historical dynamics of race, class, and growing inequality into one concise and commanding story. Cutting School puts our schools at the center of the fight for a new commons. —Naomi Klein, author of No Is Not Enough and This Changes Everything Public schools are among America's greatest achievements in modern history, yet from the earliest days of tax-supported education—today a sector with an estimated budget of over half a billion dollars—there have been intractable tensions tied to race and poverty. Now, in an era characterized by levels of school segregation the country has not seen since the mid-twentieth century, cultural critic and American studies professor Noliwe Rooks provides a trenchant analysis of our separate and unequal schools and argues that profiting from our nation's failure to provide a high-quality education to all children has become a very big business. Cutting School deftly traces the financing of segregated education in America, from reconstruction through Brown v. Board of Education up to the current controversies around school choice, teacher quality, the school-to-prison pipeline, and more, to elucidate the course we are on today: the wholesale privatization of our schools. Rooks's incisive critique breaks down the fraught landscape of segrenomics, showing how experimental solutions to the so-called achievement gaps—including charters, vouchers, and cyber schools—rely on, profit from, and ultimately exacerbate disturbingly high levels of racial and economic segregation under the guise of providing equal opportunity. Rooks chronicles the making and unmaking of public education and the disastrous impact of funneling public dollars to private for-profit and nonprofit operations. As the infrastructure crumbles, a number of major U.S. cities are poised to permanently dismantle their public school systems—the very foundation of our multicultural democracy. Yet Rooks finds hope and promise in the inspired individuals and powerful movements fighting to save urban schools. A comprehensive, compelling account of what's truly at stake in the relentless push to deregulate and privatize, Cutting School is a cri de coeur for all of us to resist educational apartheid in America. |
| education segregation in new jersey: Suburban Erasure Walter Greason, 2013 For generations, historians believed that the study of the African-American experience centered on the questions about the processes and consequences of enslavement. Even after this phase passed, the modern Civil Rights Movement took center stage and filled hundreds of pages, creating a new framework for understanding both the history of the United States and of the world. Suburban Erasure by Walter David Greason contributes to the most recent developments in historical writing by recovering dozens of previously undiscovered works about the African-American experience in New Jersey. More importantly, his interpretation of these documents complicates the traditional understandings about the Great Migration, civil rights activism, and the transformation of the United States as a global, economic superpower. Greason details the voices of black men and women whose vision and sacrifices made the dream of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. possible. Then, in the second half of this study, the limitations of this dream of integration become clear as New Jersey--a state that took the lead in showing American how to overcome the racism of the past--fell victim to a recurring pattern of colorblindness that entrenched the legacy of racial inequality in the consumer economy of the late twentieth century. Suburbanization simultaneously erased the physical architecture of rural segregation in New Jersey and ideologically obscured the deepening, persistent injustices that became the War on Drugs and the prison-industrial complex. His solution for the twenty-first century involves the most fundamental effort to racially integrate state and local government conceived since the Reconstruction Era. Suburban Erasure is a must read for people concerned with democracy, human rights, and the future of civil society. |
| education segregation in new jersey: The Retreats of Reconstruction David E. Goldberg, 2016-11-01 Beginning in the 1880s, the economic realities and class dynamics of popular northern resort towns unsettled prevailing assumptions about political economy and threatened segregationist practices. Exploiting early class divisions, black working-class activists staged a series of successful protests that helped make northern leisure spaces a critical battleground in a larger debate about racial equality. While some scholars emphasize the triumph of black consumer activism with defeating segregation, Goldberg argues that the various consumer ideologies that first surfaced in northern leisure spaces during the Reconstruction era contained desegregation efforts and prolonged Jim Crow. Combining intellectual, social, and cultural history, The Retreats of Reconstruction examines how these decisions helped popularize the doctrine of “separate but equal” and explains why the politics of consumption is critical to understanding the “long civil rights movement.” |
| education segregation in new jersey: A Girl Stands at the Door Rachel Devlin, 2018-05-15 A new history of school desegregation in America, revealing how girls and women led the fight for interracial education The struggle to desegregate America's schools was a grassroots movement, and young women were its vanguard. In the late 1940s, parents began to file desegregation lawsuits with their daughters, forcing Thurgood Marshall and other civil rights lawyers to take up the issue and bring it to the Supreme Court. After the Brown v. Board of Education ruling, girls far outnumbered boys in volunteering to desegregate formerly all-white schools. In A Girl Stands at the Door, historian Rachel Devlin tells the remarkable stories of these desegregation pioneers. She also explains why black girls were seen, and saw themselves, as responsible for the difficult work of reaching across the color line in public schools. Highlighting the extraordinary bravery of young black women, this bold revisionist account illuminates today's ongoing struggles for equality. |
| education segregation in new jersey: Choices in Little Rock Facing History and Ourselves, Facing History and Ourselves Staff, 2020-06-08 This resource investigates the choices made by the Little Rock Nine and others in the Little Rock community during the civil rights movement during efforts to desegregate Central High School in 1957. |
| education segregation in new jersey: First Class Alison Stewart, Melissa Harris-Perry, 2013-08-01 Combining a fascinating history of the first U.S. high school for African Americans with an unflinching analysis of urban public-school education today, First Class explores an underrepresented and largely unknown aspect of black history while opening a discussion on what it takes to make a public school successful. In 1870, in the wake of the Civil War, citizens of Washington, DC, opened the Preparatory High School for Colored Youth, the first black public high school in the United States; it would later be renamed Dunbar High and would flourish despite Jim Crow laws and segregation. Dunbar attracted an extraordinary faculty: its early principal was the first black graduate of Harvard, and at a time it had seven teachers with PhDs, a medical doctor, and a lawyer. During the school's first 80 years, these teachers would develop generations of highly educated, successful African Americans, and at its height in the 1940s and '50s, Dunbar High School sent 80 percent of its students to college. Today, as in too many failing urban public schools, the majority of Dunbar students are barely proficient in reading and math. Journalist and author Alison Stewart—whose parents were both Dunbar graduates—tells the story of the school's rise, fall, and possible resurgence as it looks to reopen its new, state-of-the-art campus in the fall of 2013. |
| education segregation in new jersey: Color and Character Pamela Grundy, 2017-08-08 At a time when race and inequality dominate national debates, the story of West Charlotte High School illuminates the possibilities and challenges of using racial and economic desegregation to foster educational equality. West Charlotte opened in 1938 as a segregated school that embodied the aspirations of the growing African American population of Charlotte, North Carolina. In the 1970s, when Charlotte began court-ordered busing, black and white families made West Charlotte the celebrated flagship of the most integrated major school system in the nation. But as the twentieth century neared its close and a new court order eliminated race-based busing, Charlotte schools resegregated along lines of class as well as race. West Charlotte became the city's poorest, lowest-performing high school—a striking reminder of the people and places that Charlotte's rapid growth had left behind. While dedicated teachers continue to educate children, the school's challenges underscore the painful consequences of resegregation. Drawing on nearly two decades of interviews with students, educators, and alumni, Pamela Grundy uses the history of a community's beloved school to tell a broader American story of education, community, democracy, and race—all while raising questions about present-day strategies for school reform. |
| education segregation in new jersey: Scarlet and Black Marisa J. Fuentes, Deborah Gray White, 2016 |
| education segregation in new jersey: Brown v. Board of Education James T. Patterson, 2001-03-01 2004 marks the fiftieth anniversary of the Supreme Court's unanimous decision to end segregation in public schools. Many people were elated when Supreme Court Chief Justice Earl Warren delivered Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka in May 1954, the ruling that struck down state-sponsored racial segregation in America's public schools. Thurgood Marshall, chief attorney for the black families that launched the litigation, exclaimed later, I was so happy, I was numb. The novelist Ralph Ellison wrote, another battle of the Civil War has been won. The rest is up to us and I'm very glad. What a wonderful world of possibilities are unfolded for the children! Here, in a concise, moving narrative, Bancroft Prize-winning historian James T. Patterson takes readers through the dramatic case and its fifty-year aftermath. A wide range of characters animates the story, from the little-known African Americans who dared to challenge Jim Crow with lawsuits (at great personal cost); to Thurgood Marshall, who later became a Justice himself; to Earl Warren, who shepherded a fractured Court to a unanimous decision. Others include segregationist politicians like Governor Orval Faubus of Arkansas; Presidents Eisenhower, Johnson, and Nixon; and controversial Supreme Court justices such as William Rehnquist and Clarence Thomas. Most Americans still see Brown as a triumph--but was it? Patterson shrewdly explores the provocative questions that still swirl around the case. Could the Court--or President Eisenhower--have done more to ensure compliance with Brown? Did the decision touch off the modern civil rights movement? How useful are court-ordered busing and affirmative action against racial segregation? To what extent has racial mixing affected the academic achievement of black children? Where indeed do we go from here to realize the expectations of Marshall, Ellison, and others in 1954? |
| education segregation in new jersey: Silver Rights Constance Curry, 2014-11-04 “THE MOST IMPORTANT THING WE CAN GIVE OUR CHILDREN IS AN EDUCATION.” —Mae Bertha Carter In 1965, the Carters, an African American sharecropping family with thirteen children, took public officials at their word when they were offered “Freedom of Choice” to send their children to any school they wished, and so began their unforeseen struggle to desegregate the schools of Sunflower County, Mississippi. In this true account from the front lines of the civil rights movement, four generations of the Carter family speak to author and civil rights activist Constance Curry, who lived this story alongside the family—a story of clear-eyed determination, extraordinary grit, and sweet triumph. “Dignity . . . is a quality displayed in abundance by the heroes of this tale . . . Mae Bertha cut a path for her children. Now it is their turn, and their children's turn.” —The New York Times “Alternately inspiring and mortifying, frightening and enraging . . . Silver Rights is a sure-to-be-classic account of 1960s desegregation.” —Los Angeles Times “A ‘case study’ of moral leadership . . . [An] instructive, even revelatory book.” —Robert Coles, author of Children of Crisis “The book has an immediacy, intimacy and emotional truth that history rarely reveals. It also unfolds with a simplicity of words and facts that make the Carters' courage, faith and love a reality any reader can share.” —Smithsonian “A solid contribution to the literature of recent American political history.” —Kirkus Reviews “Silver Rights is pure gold . . . Connie Curry shines a light on the civil rights movement’s unknown makers . . . A must-read.” —Julian Bond A LITERARY GUILD SELECTION |
| education segregation in new jersey: Bell V. School City of Gary, Indiana , 1963 |
| education segregation in new jersey: Hearings Before the United States Commission on Civil Rights, Newark, New Jersey, September 11-12, 1962 United States Commission on Civil Rights, 1963 |
| education segregation in new jersey: Choosing Charters Joshua L. Glazer, 2018-03-30 Do charter schools strengthen students’ educational experience? What are their social costs? This volume brings together a group of premier researchers to address questions about the purposes of charter schools and the role of public policy in shaping the educational agenda. Chapter authors explore topics seldom encountered in the current charter school debate, such as the challenges faced by charter schools in guaranteeing students civil rights and other legal protections; the educational and social implications of current instructional programs designed specifically for low-income and minority students; the use of charters as school turnaround agents; and other issues that lie at the intersection of education, politics, and social policy. Readers across the political spectrum, both supporters and critics of charter schools, can use this book to inform public policy about the ways in which charters affect diversity and inequality and the potential to devise policies that mitigate the most troublesome social costs of charter schools. Book Features: Examines how charter schools affect diversity and equity in U.S. schools. Describes how segregation plays out by race, ethnicity, and income; by disability and language-minority status; and by culture, language, and religion. Considers charter schools within a broader social context of high poverty rates, changing demographics, and continued housing and school segregation. Examines charter schools in the context of a new federal administration that is forging its own path in education and other domains of social policy. Includes some of the most prominent researchers and commentators in the field spanning policy research traditions, methodological approaches, and theoretical perspectives. |
| education segregation in new jersey: A Smarter Charter Richard D. Kahlenberg, Halley Potter, 2014-09-19 Moving beyond the debate over whether or not charter schools should exist, A Smarter Charter wrestles with the question of what kind of charter schools we should encourage. The authors begin by tracing the evolution of charter schools from Albert Shanker's original vision of giving teachers room to innovate while educating a diverse population of students, to today's charter schools where student segregation levels are even higher than in traditional public schools. In the second half of the book, the authors examine two key reforms currently seen in a small but growing number of charter schools, socioeconomic integration and teacher voice, that have the potential to improve performance and reshape the stereotypical image of what it means to be a charter school. |
| education segregation in new jersey: State Housing Policy and Urban School Segregation Gary Orfield, 1983 |
New Jersey’s Segregated Schools Trends and Paths Forward
Apr 8, 2017 · Civil Rights Project on school segregation in New Jersey. The first, A Status Quo of Segregation: Racial and Economic Imbalance in New Jerse. Schools, 1989-2010, explored the …
PERSISTENT RACIAL SEGREGATION IN SCHOOLS: Policy Issues …
Jan 7, 2014 · It is widely documented that New Jersey has one of the best public education systems in the country.1 In addition, New Jersey is recognized for how its educational system …
New Jersey’s Apartheid and Intensely Segregated Urban Schools
But New Jersey’s school segregation problems go far beyond apartheid schools. Another 21.4% of black students and 29.2% of Latino students attend intensely segregated schools where the …
THE NEW PROMISE OF SCHOOL INTEGRATION AND THE OLD …
25% of New Jersey’s school districts are characterized by a relatively significant level of diversity at the district-level. At the same time, however, about 25% of the state’s students are in …
Brief Overview: Segregated Schooling and Opportunities to …
Chronic Student Absenteeism Rates by School Segregation - All Traditional Schools, 2015-2019 Source: Calculations based on data from New Jersey Department of Education School …
I. INTRODUCTION
1. Segregation by raceethnicity, and poverty in New Jersey’s public schools s harm our State’s students. Although New Jersey is an extremely diverse State, this segregation— among the …
A Plan to End School Segregation in New Jersey
segregation in New Jersey •The aim must be to incentivize & push all districts, schools, classrooms, and even faculty to better reflect the diversity of their regions & the state. •Diverse …
EDUCATION EQUITY AND MODERN DAY SCHOOL …
New Jersey’s extreme racial and socioeconomic segregation of its public schools as unconstitutional. He helped lead the New Jersey State Bar Association’s efforts to assure that
Current Trends and Events of National Importance - JSTOR
New Jersey State Conference Educa-tion Committee to make a concerted drive against segregation and dis-crimination in the public school sys-tems of New Jersey. The writer met …
OPRESTI O OT ELETE - Seton Hall University
Part II discusses New Jersey’s history of segregation and the evolution of public-school segregation, the current state of segregation in New Jersey, its effects, and common …
School Segregation in New Jersey - Building One America
accelerate white flight & deepen segregation. – Magnet & vocational schools should not create a new layer of exclusivity & exclusion. – Magnets, as well as charters, must meet meaningful …
in New Jersey - Steven Fulop
schools throughout New Jersey. As Governor, Steve Fulop will build on this success, while prioritizing reforms to higher education cost and funding, special needs programming, early …
A Status Quo of Segregation - University of California, Los …
This is a study of the segregation of New Jersey’s schools, the fourth of eleven state reports the Civil Rights Project, a nonpartisan research center at UCLA, will publish. Our work on New …
The New Promise of School Integration and the Old Problem …
with ultimate authority over education, and some states, New Jersey prominent among them, have construed that authority to bar school segregation, even to affirmatively require racial …
How I we did the story: school segregation - ewa.org
Source: New Jersey’s Segregated Schools: Trends and Paths For ward, UCLA Civil Rights Project, 2017 Taylor Jung/NJ Spotlight News New Jersey ranks 6th among the states in terms …
School Integration in New Jersey - buildingoneamerica.org
segregation in New Jersey. -All districts, schools, and classrooms should better reflect the diversity of their regions and the state as a whole. -A remedy should involve a combined …
Southern New Jersey-FactSheet-final
Majority-minority schools make up three-tenths of all schools in South Jersey as of 2010 compared to less than one-fifth in 1989. The share of intensely segregated schools, those with …
A Plan to End School Segregation in New Jersey - Building …
segregation in New Jersey •The aim must be to incentivize & push all districts, schools, classrooms, and even faculty to better reflect the diversity of their regions & the state. •Diverse …
Segregation in New Jersey Today - Building One America
Introduction to Myron Orfield and update on the state of Apartheid in America...and in New Jersey. The reality of segregation in America and why it matters. The consequences of long term …
A Plan for Ending School Segregation in New Jersey - Building …
Amend the new School Consolidation Bill to prohibit secessions while requiring an affirmative obligation to integrate. A desegregation plan must be based on a thorough analysis of racial …
Remedying School Segregation - issuelab-dev.org
reasons after the New Jersey Supreme Court ruled that he had the power to take such action if he deemed it educationally appropriate and necessary to satisfy the state constitutional …
Current Trends and Events of National Importance - JSTOR
New Jersey State Conference Educa-tion Committee to make a concerted drive against segregation and dis-crimination in the public school sys-tems of New Jersey. The writer met …
Students’Rights Handbook - New Jersey State Bar Foundation
The New Jersey State Bar Foundation,founded in 1958,is the educational and philanthropic arm of the New Jersey State BarAssociation. The Foundation is committed to providing free law …
The Color of Opportunity
The Flat World and Education. New York: Teachers College Press. increase its standing on national assessments and make progress in closing racial achievement gaps in the early …
Remedying School Segregation
reasons after the New Jersey Supreme Court ruled that he had the power to take such action if he deemed it educationally appropriate and necessary to satisfy the state constitutional …
Creating Segregation in the Era of Integration: School …
9On the high school’scomposition,seeBoard of Education of the City of New Brunswick v. Board of Education of the Township of North Brunswick in New Jersey School Law Decisions (Trenton, …
Remedying School Segregation
reasons after the New Jersey Supreme Court ruled that he had the power to take such action if he deemed it educationally appropriate and necessary to satisfy the state constitutional …
Remedying School Segregation
reasons after the New Jersey Supreme Court ruled that he had the power to take such action if he deemed it educationally appropriate and necessary to satisfy the state constitutional …
Remedying School Segregation
reasons after the New Jersey Supreme Court ruled that he had the power to take such action if he deemed it educationally appropriate and necessary to satisfy the state constitutional …
Remedying School Segregation
reasons after the New Jersey Supreme Court ruled that he had the power to take such action if he deemed it educationally appropriate and necessary to satisfy the state constitutional …
Frequently Asked Questions - Inclusion Campaign
Q1: Who was involved in filing the lawsuit challenging New Jersey’s over-segregation of preschoolers, school-age students, and students of color, with disabilities? A1: The “plaintiffs” …
Will New Jersey desegregate its schools? Ruling in 2018 …
Still, the extent of segregation in New Jersey schools makes little sense, given the state’s progressive past. New Jersey was one among several northern states that outlawed …
Judge Rejects State’s Effort to Avoid Responsibility for Racially ...
segregation in New Jersey schools has existed for far too long, and that New Jersey’s courts must act with a much greater sense of urgency to vindicate the rights of all our schoolchildren.” …
Remedying School Segregation - issuelab.org
reasons after the New Jersey Supreme Court ruled that he had the power to take such action if he deemed it educationally appropriate and necessary to satisfy the state constitutional …
A Status Quo of Segregation - Rutgers School of Public …
This is a study of the segregation of New Jersey’s schools, the fourth of eleven state reports the Civil Rights Project, a nonpartisan research center at UCLA, will publish. ... efforts to create a …
A Status Quo of Segregation - civilrightsproject.ucla.edu
of Segregation: Racial and Economic Imbalance in New Jersey Schools, 1989-2010 Greg Flaxman with John Kucsera, Gary Orfield, Jennifer Ayscue, and Genevieve Siegel-Hawley …
New Jersey Student Learning Standards – Social Studies …
Social studies education provides learners with the knowledge, skills, attitudes, and perspectives needed to become active, informed, and contributing ... The 2020 New Jersey Student …
Remedying School Segregation
reasons after the New Jersey Supreme Court ruled that he had the power to take such action if he deemed it educationally appropriate and necessary to satisfy the state constitutional …
Remedying School Segregation
reasons after the New Jersey Supreme Court ruled that he had the power to take such action if he deemed it educationally appropriate and necessary to satisfy the state constitutional …
Remedying School Segregation
reasons after the New Jersey Supreme Court ruled that he had the power to take such action if he deemed it educationally appropriate and necessary to satisfy the state constitutional …
New Jersey’s Move Toward Inclusion - Gibbons P.C.
a pattern of segregation of students with disabilities in New Jersey compared with students nationwide.21 Even 10 years later, in 2004, 8.8 percent of New Jer- ... statewide system for the …
The New Promise of School Integration and the Old
the center for diversity and equality in education the new promise of school ... problem of extreme segregation an action plan for new jersey to address both paul l. tractenberg and ryan w. …
Creating Segregation in the Era of Integration: School …
versy over school integration in New Brunswick, New Jersey, in the 1960s and 1970s complicates our understanding of the dynamics of racial politics and education policy in this era, and of the …
A ROADMAP FOR IMPROVING NEW JERSEY’S SCHOOL …
whether the components themselves were sufficient to deliver an adequate education under New. 1 . NJ Rev Stat § 18A:7F-46 (2022). 2 . Assembly Concurrent Resolution No. 131, New Jersey, …
School Integration in New Jersey - buildingoneamerica.org
iii A recent study of schools in New Jersey from the the Center for Diversity and Equality in Education titled the New Promise of School Integration and the Old Problem of Extreme …
McCluskey MCJ Will New Jersey desegregate its schools?
reside. Order the state Legislature and Education Department to adopt a “replacement assignment methodology” with a plan in three months. 4. Pay attorneys' costs as permitted by …
Fordham Urban Law Journal - Fordham University
demonstrating de jure segregation remains unattainable in New York City, 16. 17lawyers must explore other legal pathways. While New York State does not have the same anti-segregation …
REPARATIONS STUDY GUIDE
New Jersey's long history of slavery, segregation, and systemic . discrimination has left enduring racial disparities in wealth, health, education, and . social mobility. The League of Women …
Remedying School Segregation
reasons after the New Jersey Supreme Court ruled that he had the power to take such action if he deemed it educationally appropriate and necessary to satisfy the state constitutional …
Statewide group mobilizes South Jersey leaders to correct …
Building One New Jersey, previously known as the New Jersey Regional Coalition, has been organizing over the past decade to address segregation in schools, according to Executive …
Remedying School Segregation - aca.lpv.issuelab.org
reasons after the New Jersey Supreme Court ruled that he had the power to take such action if he deemed it educationally appropriate and necessary to satisfy the state constitutional …
Remedying School Segregation
reasons after the New Jersey Supreme Court ruled that he had the power to take such action if he deemed it educationally appropriate and necessary to satisfy the state constitutional …
A Plan for Ending School Segregation in New Jersey
9 Point Legislative Plan for Eradicating School Segregation in New Jersey 1. Reform & strengthen the Department of Education’s civil rights capacity & enforcement so it can develop a …
Northern and Central New Jersey Fact Sheet Civil Rights …
A Status Quo of Segregation: Northern and Central New Jersey Fact Sheet 10-11-13 Civil Rights Project/Proyecto Derechos Civiles The Civil Rights Project/ Proyecto Derechos Civiles ...
SOUTH ORANGE-MAPLEWOOD - The Village Green
Moreover, the Supreme Court of New Jersey has repeatedly held that public schools must prohibit such de facto segregation and impose on those liable the responsibility to prevent such …
Remedying School Segregation
reasons after the New Jersey Supreme Court ruled that he had the power to take such action if he deemed it educationally appropriate and necessary to satisfy the state constitutional …
A Plan for Ending School Segregation in New Jersey
9 Point Legislative Plan for Eradicating School Segregation in New Jersey 1. Reform & strengthen the Department of Education’s civil rights capacity & enforcement so it can develop a …
Creating Segregation in the Era of Integration: School …
9On the high school’scomposition,seeBoard of Education of the City of New Brunswick v. Board of Education of the Township of North Brunswick in New Jersey School Law Decisions (Trenton, …
Remedying School Segregation - nccd-crc.issuelab.org
reasons after the New Jersey Supreme Court ruled that he had the power to take such action if he deemed it educationally appropriate and necessary to satisfy the state constitutional …
Reputation and Reality in America’s Model Town: …
segregation and racism, a majority in Teaneck stepped up and voted for what they believed in their hearts was right: equal education. As a third generation Teaneck resident, I feel a close …
Remedying School Segregation
reasons after the New Jersey Supreme Court ruled that he had the power to take such action if he deemed it educationally appropriate and necessary to satisfy the state constitutional …
Creating Segregation in the Era of Integration: School …
versy over school integration in New Brunswick, New Jersey, in the 1960s and 1970s complicates our understanding of the dynamics of racial politics and education policy in this era, and of the …
more not less segregation and - buildingoneamerica.org
Board of Education, which overturned the former, New Jersey carries the distinction as the 6th most racially segregated school system in the US for Black ... grounds they only augment …
Is School Funding Fair? A National Report Card - Education …
under state and federal law, and served as counsel to the plaintiff students in New Jersey’s landmark Abbott v. Burke case. He also does research, writing, and lecturing on education law …
The Segregation/ Desegregation of Trenton Schools
Within a few years three new schools would open. • A site of thirty-six acres, on Chambers Street, between Hamilton and Greenwood Avenues, was purchased in 1922 for the location of a new …
11 Landmark Supreme Court Cases That Changed American …
New Jersey v. TLO (1985) In New Jersey v.TLO, the Supreme Court ruled that public school administrators can search a student’s belongings if they have a reasonable suspicion of …
Is Separate Still Unequal? New Evidence on School …
school segregation and achievement gaps may be provide a biased estimate of the causal effect of segregation. However, we reason that if school segregation affects achievement gaps, we …
School Segregation and Education Equity in New Jersey
6:45 - School Segregation in New Jersey Opportunities and Challenges Today Professor John C. Brittain, Olie W. Rauh Professor of Law at UDC David A. Clarke School of Law 7:05 - Building …
AFFORDABLE HOUSING IN NEW JERSEY: THE MOUNT …
housing in thriving communities, they are also denied access to quality education, better paying jobs, comprehensive ... frameworks in the country to prevent and address residential …
A Short-Term Solution: Addressing How Inner-City Children …
OVERCOME THE CONSEQUENCES OF HOUSING SEGREGATION AND EDUCATION SEGREGATION Jacqueline Peña I. Introduction “Zip code is destiny.” 1 New Jersey Governor …
