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| effortful processing psychology definition: Exploring Psychology, Eighth Edition, In Modules David G. Myers, 2010-07-08 Exploring Psychology, Eighth Edition in Modules is the modular version of the #1 bestselling brief introduction to psychology: David Myers’s Exploring Psychology. All the Myers hallmarks are here–the captivating writing, coverage based on the latest research, helpful pedagogical support—in a format that delivers the utmost in student accessibility and teaching flexibility. |
| effortful processing psychology definition: Thinking, Fast and Slow Daniel Kahneman, 2011-10-25 *Major New York Times Bestseller *More than 2.6 million copies sold *One of The New York Times Book Review's ten best books of the year *Selected by The Wall Street Journal as one of the best nonfiction books of the year *Presidential Medal of Freedom Recipient *Daniel Kahneman's work with Amos Tversky is the subject of Michael Lewis's best-selling The Undoing Project: A Friendship That Changed Our Minds In his mega bestseller, Thinking, Fast and Slow, Daniel Kahneman, world-famous psychologist and winner of the Nobel Prize in Economics, takes us on a groundbreaking tour of the mind and explains the two systems that drive the way we think. System 1 is fast, intuitive, and emotional; System 2 is slower, more deliberative, and more logical. The impact of overconfidence on corporate strategies, the difficulties of predicting what will make us happy in the future, the profound effect of cognitive biases on everything from playing the stock market to planning our next vacation—each of these can be understood only by knowing how the two systems shape our judgments and decisions. Engaging the reader in a lively conversation about how we think, Kahneman reveals where we can and cannot trust our intuitions and how we can tap into the benefits of slow thinking. He offers practical and enlightening insights into how choices are made in both our business and our personal lives—and how we can use different techniques to guard against the mental glitches that often get us into trouble. Topping bestseller lists for almost ten years, Thinking, Fast and Slow is a contemporary classic, an essential book that has changed the lives of millions of readers. |
| effortful processing psychology definition: Introduction to Psychology Jennifer Walinga, Charles Stangor, This book is designed to help students organize their thinking about psychology at a conceptual level. The focus on behaviour and empiricism has produced a text that is better organized, has fewer chapters, and is somewhat shorter than many of the leading books. The beginning of each section includes learning objectives; throughout the body of each section are key terms in bold followed by their definitions in italics; key takeaways, and exercises and critical thinking activities end each section. |
| effortful processing psychology definition: Encyclopedia of the Sciences of Learning Norbert M. Seel, 2011-10-05 Over the past century, educational psychologists and researchers have posited many theories to explain how individuals learn, i.e. how they acquire, organize and deploy knowledge and skills. The 20th century can be considered the century of psychology on learning and related fields of interest (such as motivation, cognition, metacognition etc.) and it is fascinating to see the various mainstreams of learning, remembered and forgotten over the 20th century and note that basic assumptions of early theories survived several paradigm shifts of psychology and epistemology. Beyond folk psychology and its naïve theories of learning, psychological learning theories can be grouped into some basic categories, such as behaviorist learning theories, connectionist learning theories, cognitive learning theories, constructivist learning theories, and social learning theories. Learning theories are not limited to psychology and related fields of interest but rather we can find the topic of learning in various disciplines, such as philosophy and epistemology, education, information science, biology, and – as a result of the emergence of computer technologies – especially also in the field of computer sciences and artificial intelligence. As a consequence, machine learning struck a chord in the 1980s and became an important field of the learning sciences in general. As the learning sciences became more specialized and complex, the various fields of interest were widely spread and separated from each other; as a consequence, even presently, there is no comprehensive overview of the sciences of learning or the central theoretical concepts and vocabulary on which researchers rely. The Encyclopedia of the Sciences of Learning provides an up-to-date, broad and authoritative coverage of the specific terms mostly used in the sciences of learning and its related fields, including relevant areas of instruction, pedagogy, cognitive sciences, and especially machine learning and knowledge engineering. This modern compendium will be an indispensable source of information for scientists, educators, engineers, and technical staff active in all fields of learning. More specifically, the Encyclopedia provides fast access to the most relevant theoretical terms provides up-to-date, broad and authoritative coverage of the most important theories within the various fields of the learning sciences and adjacent sciences and communication technologies; supplies clear and precise explanations of the theoretical terms, cross-references to related entries and up-to-date references to important research and publications. The Encyclopedia also contains biographical entries of individuals who have substantially contributed to the sciences of learning; the entries are written by a distinguished panel of researchers in the various fields of the learning sciences. |
| effortful processing psychology definition: Psychology Katherine P. Minter, William J. Elmhorst, 2014-11 |
| effortful processing psychology definition: Working Memory Capacity Nelson Cowan, 2016-04-14 The idea of one's memory filling up is a humorous misconception of how memory in general is thought to work; it actually has no capacity limit. However, the idea of a full brain makes more sense with reference to working memory, which is the limited amount of information a person can hold temporarily in an especially accessible form for use in the completion of almost any challenging cognitive task. This groundbreaking book explains the evidence supporting Cowan's theoretical proposal about working memory capacity, and compares it to competing perspectives. Cognitive psychologists profoundly disagree on how working memory is limited: whether by the number of units that can be retained (and, if so, what kind of units and how many), the types of interfering material, the time that has elapsed, some combination of these mechanisms, or none of them. The book assesses these hypotheses and examines explanations of why capacity limits occur, including vivid biological, cognitive, and evolutionary accounts. The book concludes with a discussion of the practical importance of capacity limits in daily life. This 10th anniversary Classic Edition will continue to be accessible to a wide range of readers and serve as an invaluable reference for all memory researchers. |
| effortful processing psychology definition: Exploring Psychology David G. Myers, 2004-04-02 David Myers's bestselling brief text has opened millions of students' eyes to the world of psychology. Through vivid writing and integrated use of the SQ3R learning system (Survey, Question, Read, Rehearse, Review), Myers offers a portrait of psychology that captivates students while guiding them to a deep and lasting understanding of the complexities of this field. |
| effortful processing psychology definition: Psychology: A Concise Introduction Richard A. Griggs, 2005-03-18 Psychology: A Concise Introduction explores the territory of the introductory psychology course while answering the growing need for a shorter, less expensive book. Award-winning teacher, Richard A. Griggs, draws on his own classroom experience and his extensive research on the introductory course in his careful choice of the core concepts in psychology. |
| effortful processing psychology definition: Psychology Richard A. Griggs, 2010-10-15 Exploring the broad subject of introductory psychology with brevity and clarity, the award-winning author draws on his own classroom experience and extensive research in his careful choice of the core concepts in psychology. |
| effortful processing psychology definition: Social Psychology and the Unconscious John A. Bargh, 2013-05-13 Evidence is mounting that we are not as in control of our judgments and behavior as we think we are. Unconscious or ‘automatic’ forms of psychological and behavioral processes are those of which we tend to be unaware, that occur without our intention or consent, yet influence us on a daily basis in profound ways. Automatic processes influence our likes and dislikes for almost everything, as well as how we perceive other people, such as when we make stereotypic assumptions about someone based on their race or gender or social class. Even more strikingly, the latest research is showing that the aspects of life that are the richest experience and most important to us - such as emotions and our close relationships, as well as the pursuit of our important life tasks and goals - also have substantial unconscious components. Social Psychology and the Unconscious: The Automaticity of Higher Mental Processes offers a state-of-the-art review of the evidence and theory supporting the existence and the significance of automatic processes in our daily lives, with chapters by the leading researchers in this field today, across a spectrum of psychological phenomena from emotions and motivations to social judgment and behavior. The volume provides an introduction and overview of these now central topics to graduate students and researchers in social psychology and a range of allied disciplines with an interest in human behavior and the unconscious, such as cognitive psychology, philosophy of mind, political science, and business. |
| effortful processing psychology definition: Handbook of Implicit Social Cognition Bertram Gawronski, B. Keith Payne, 2011-07-06 Virtually every question in social psychology is currently being shaped by the concepts and methods of implicit social cognition. This tightly edited volume provides the first comprehensive overview of the field. Foremost authorities synthesize the latest findings on how automatic, implicit, and unconscious cognitive processes influence social judgments and behavior. Cutting-edge theories and data are presented in such crucial areas as attitudes, prejudice and stereotyping, self-esteem, self-concepts, close relationships, and morality. Describing state-of-the-art measurement procedures and research designs, the book discusses promising applications in clinical, forensic, and other real-world contexts. Each chapter both sums up what is known and identifies key directions for future research. |
| effortful processing psychology definition: Make It Stick Peter C. Brown, Henry L. Roediger III, Mark A. McDaniel, 2014-04-14 To most of us, learning something the hard way implies wasted time and effort. Good teaching, we believe, should be creatively tailored to the different learning styles of students and should use strategies that make learning easier. Make It Stick turns fashionable ideas like these on their head. Drawing on recent discoveries in cognitive psychology and other disciplines, the authors offer concrete techniques for becoming more productive learners. Memory plays a central role in our ability to carry out complex cognitive tasks, such as applying knowledge to problems never before encountered and drawing inferences from facts already known. New insights into how memory is encoded, consolidated, and later retrieved have led to a better understanding of how we learn. Grappling with the impediments that make learning challenging leads both to more complex mastery and better retention of what was learned. Many common study habits and practice routines turn out to be counterproductive. Underlining and highlighting, rereading, cramming, and single-minded repetition of new skills create the illusion of mastery, but gains fade quickly. More complex and durable learning come from self-testing, introducing certain difficulties in practice, waiting to re-study new material until a little forgetting has set in, and interleaving the practice of one skill or topic with another. Speaking most urgently to students, teachers, trainers, and athletes, Make It Stick will appeal to all those interested in the challenge of lifelong learning and self-improvement. |
| effortful processing psychology definition: The Seven Sins of Memory Daniel L. Schacter, 2002-05-07 A New York Times Notable Book: A psychologist’s “gripping and thought-provoking” look at how and why our brains sometimes fail us (Steven Pinker, author of How the Mind Works). In this intriguing study, Harvard psychologist Daniel L. Schacter explores the memory miscues that occur in everyday life, placing them into seven categories: absent-mindedness, transience, blocking, misattribution, suggestibility, bias, and persistence. Illustrating these concepts with vivid examples—case studies, literary excerpts, experimental evidence, and accounts of highly visible news events such as the O. J. Simpson verdict, Bill Clinton’s grand jury testimony, and the search for the Oklahoma City bomber—he also delves into striking new scientific research, giving us a glimpse of the fascinating neurology of memory and offering “insight into common malfunctions of the mind” (USA Today). “Though memory failure can amount to little more than a mild annoyance, the consequences of misattribution in eyewitness testimony can be devastating, as can the consequences of suggestibility among pre-school children and among adults with ‘false memory syndrome’ . . . Drawing upon recent neuroimaging research that allows a glimpse of the brain as it learns and remembers, Schacter guides his readers on a fascinating journey of the human mind.” —Library Journal “Clear, entertaining and provocative . . . Encourages a new appreciation of the complexity and fragility of memory.” —The Seattle Times “Should be required reading for police, lawyers, psychologists, and anyone else who wants to understand how memory can go terribly wrong.” —The Atlanta Journal-Constitution “A fascinating journey through paths of memory, its open avenues and blind alleys . . . Lucid, engaging, and enjoyable.” —Jerome Groopman, MD “Compelling in its science and its probing examination of everyday life, The Seven Sins of Memory is also a delightful book, lively and clear.” —Chicago Tribune Winner of the William James Book Award |
| effortful processing psychology definition: An Introduction to Cognitive Psychology Department of Psychology David Groome, 2013-12-19 First Published in 2007. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company. |
| effortful processing psychology definition: Positive Psychology in Search for Meaning Dmitry Leontiev, 2016-03-17 What are the ways in which we can understand the meaning of the psychology of meaning in people’s lives? In the last century mainstream psychology has largely neglected the topic of meaning. More recently, the concept has become an academically legitimate one within positive psychology and in some other speciality areas of psychology. This book contains a collection of theoretical, methodological and empirical papers written by the acknowledged experts systematically working on the problems of personal meaning within the positive psychology framework. The authors investigate the possibilities and limitations of a scientific study of personal meaning and new perspectives that this concept brings to the field. This book was originally published as a special issue of The Journal of Positive Psychology. |
| effortful processing psychology definition: Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology Ronald T. Kellogg, 2015-01-07 With its reader-friendly style, this concise text offers a solid introduction to the fundamental concepts of cognitive psychology. Covering neuroimaging, emotion, and cognitive development, author Ronald T. Kellogg integrates the latest developments in cognitive neuroscience for a cutting-edge exploration of the field today. With new pedagogy, relevant examples, and an expanded full-color insert, Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, Third Edition is sure to engage students interested in an accessible and applied approach to cognitive psychology. |
| effortful processing psychology definition: Dual-process Theories in Social Psychology Shelly Chaiken, Yaacov Trope, 1999-02-19 This informative volume presents the first comprehensive review of research and theory on dual-process models of social information processing. These models distinguish between qualitatively different modes of information processing in making decisions and solving problems (e.g., associative versus rule-based, controlled versus uncontrolled, and affective versus cognitive modes). Leading contributors review the basic assumptions of these approaches and review the ways they have been applied and tested in such areas as attitudes, stereotyping, person perception, memory, and judgment. Also examined are the relationships between different sets of processing modes, the factors that determine their utilization, and how they work in combination to affect responses to social information. |
| effortful processing psychology definition: Psychology in the Classroom Marc Smith, Jonathan Firth, 2018-01-31 Written by experienced classroom practitioners who are experts in the field of psychology, Psychology in the Classroom provides a thorough grounding in the key principles of psychology and explores how they can be applied to teaching and learning. It draws on both classic and cutting-edge research, offering practical advice on commonly overlooked or misunderstood concepts that contribute to positive academic outcomes. It aims to show the value of psychology in enabling teachers to make and justify everyday classroom decisions. Designed to equip teachers with the skills to identify and tackle common issues that affect students’ learning, each chapter highlights key areas of research and discusses how lesson planning and material design can be informed by the psychological concepts presented. It covers core areas essential for improving learning, including: memory and understanding; creativity; motivation; independent learning; resilience; cognition; and self-theories and mindsets. Full of advice and strategies, Psychology in the Classroom is aimed at both new and experienced teachers, across primary, secondary and post-16 education, providing them with practical ways to apply these psychological principles in the classroom. With an emphasis on understanding the theories and evidence behind human behaviour, this book will allow you to reflect critically on your own classroom practice, as well as making simple but valuable changes. |
| effortful processing psychology definition: The Cambridge Handbook of Motivation and Learning K. Ann Renninger, Suzanne E. Hidi, 2019-02-14 Written by leading researchers in educational and social psychology, learning science, and neuroscience, this edited volume is suitable for a wide-academic readership. It gives definitions of key terms related to motivation and learning alongside developed explanations of significant findings in the field. It also presents cohesive descriptions concerning how motivation relates to learning, and produces a novel and insightful combination of issues and findings from studies of motivation and/or learning across the authors' collective range of scientific fields. The authors provide a variety of perspectives on motivational constructs and their measurement, which can be used by multiple and distinct scientific communities, both basic and applied. |
| effortful processing psychology definition: The Psychology of Fatigue Robert Hockey, 2013-05-16 Fatigue can have a major impact on an individual's performance and well-being, yet is poorly understood, even within the scientific community. There is no developed theory of its origins or functions, and different types of fatigue (mental, physical, sleepiness) are routinely confused. The widespread interpretation of fatigue as a negative consequence of work may be true only for externally imposed goals; meaningful or self-initiated work is rarely tiring and often invigorating. In the first book dedicated to the systematic treatment of fatigue for over sixty years, Robert Hockey examines its many aspects - social history, neuroscience, energetics, exercise physiology, sleep and clinical implications - and develops a new motivational control theory, in which fatigue is treated as an emotion having a fundamental adaptive role in the management of goals. He then uses this new perspective to explore the role of fatigue in relation to individual motivation, working life and well-being. |
| effortful processing psychology definition: Willpower Roy F. Baumeister, John Tierney, 2011-09-01 One of the world's most esteemed and influential psychologists, Roy F. Baumeister, teams with New York Times science writer John Tierney to reveal the secrets of self-control and how to master it. Deep and provocative analysis of people's battle with temptation and masterful insights into understanding willpower: why we have it, why we don't, and how to build it. A terrific read. —Ravi Dhar, Yale School of Management, Director of Center for Customer Insights Pioneering research psychologist Roy F. Baumeister collaborates with New York Times science writer John Tierney to revolutionize our understanding of the most coveted human virtue: self-control. Drawing on cutting-edge research and the wisdom of real-life experts, Willpower shares lessons on how to focus our strength, resist temptation, and redirect our lives. It shows readers how to be realistic when setting goals, monitor their progress, and how to keep faith when they falter. By blending practical wisdom with the best of recent research science, Willpower makes it clear that whatever we seek—from happiness to good health to financial security—we won’t reach our goals without first learning to harness self-control. |
| effortful processing psychology definition: Psychology, Eighth Edition, in Modules Study Guide Richard Straub, 2006-08-03 Longtime Myers collaborator Richard Straub's study guide is customized to follow the modular format and contents of the text. |
| effortful processing psychology definition: Handbook of Psychology, Personality and Social Psychology Irving B. Weiner, Donald K. Freedheim, 2003 Includes established theories and cutting-edge developments. Presents the work of an international group of experts. Presents the nature, origin, implications, an future course of major unresolved issues in the area. |
| effortful processing psychology definition: Handbook of Social Cognition: Applications Robert S. Wyer, Thomas K. Srull, 1994 This edition of the Handbook follows the first edition by 10 years. The earlier edition was a promissory note, presaging the directions in which the then-emerging field of social cognition was likely to move. The field was then in its infancy and the areas of research and theory that came to dominate the field during the next decade were only beginning to surface. The concepts and methods used had frequently been borrowed from cognitive psychology and had been applied to phenomena in a very limited number of areas. Nevertheless, social cognition promised to develop rapidly into an important area of psychological inquiry that would ultimately have an impact on not only several areas of psychology but other fields as well. The promises made by the earlier edition have generally been fulfilled. Since its publication, social cognition has become one of the most active areas of research in the entire field of psychology; its influence has extended to health and clinical psychology, and personality, as well as to political science, organizational behavior, and marketing and consumer behavior. The impact of social cognition theory and research within a very short period of time is incontrovertible. The present volumes provide a comprehensive and detailed review of the theoretical and empirical work that has been performed during these years, and of its implications for information processing in a wide variety of domains. The handbook is divided into two volumes. The first provides an overview of basic research and theory in social information processing, covering the automatic and controlled processing of information and its implications for how information is encoded and stored in memory, the mental representation of persons -- including oneself -- and events, the role of procedural knowledge in information processing, inference processes, and response processes. Special attention is given to the cognitive determinants and consequences of affect and emotion. The second book provides detailed discussions of the role of information processing in specific areas such as stereotyping; communication and persuasion; political judgment; close relationships; organizational, clinical and health psychology; and consumer behavior. The contributors are theorists and researchers who have themselves carried out important studies in the areas to which their chapters pertain. In combination, the contents of this two-volume set provide a sophisticated and in-depth treatment of both theory and research in this major area of psychological inquiry and the directions in which it is likely to proceed in the future. |
| effortful processing psychology definition: Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology Jeffrey Kreutzer, Bruce Caplan, John DeLuca, 2010-09-29 Clinical neuropsychology is a rapidly evolving specialty whose practitioners serve patients with traumatic brain injury, stroke and other vascular impairments, brain tumors, epilepsy and nonepileptic seizure disorders, developmental disabilities, progressive neurological disorders, HIV- and AIDS-related disorders, and dementia. . Services include evaluation, treatment, and case consultation in child, adult, and the expanding geriatric population in medical and community settings. The clinical goal always is to restore and maximize cognitive and psychological functioning in an injured or compromised brain. Most neuropsychology reference books focus primarily on assessment and diagnosis, and to date none has been encyclopedic in format. Clinicians, patients, and family members recognize that evaluation and diagnosis is only a starting point for the treatment and recovery process. During the past decade there has been a proliferation of programs, both hospital- and clinic-based, that provide rehabilitation, treatment, and treatment planning services. This encyclopedia will serve as a unified, comprehensive reference for professionals involved in the diagnosis, evaluation, and rehabilitation of adult patients and children with neuropsychological disorders. |
| effortful processing psychology definition: Cognitive Social Psychology Gordon B. Moskowitz, 2013-05-13 A comprehensive overview of the mechanisms involved in how cognitive processes determine thought and behavior toward the social world, Cognitive Social Psychology: *examines cognition as a motivated process wherein cognition and motivation are seen as intertwined; * reviews the latest research on stereotyping, prejudice, and the ability to control these phenomena--invaluable information to managers who need to prevent against bias in the workplace; and *provides a current analysis of classic problems/issues in social psychology, such as cognitive dissonance, the fundamental attribution error, social identity, stereotyping, social comparison, heuristic processing, the self-concept, assimilation and contrast effects, and goal pursuit. Intended for psychology and management students, as well as social, cognitive, and industrial/organizational psychologists in both academic and applied settings. This new book is also an ideal text for courses in social cognition due to its cohesive structure. |
| effortful processing psychology definition: The Psychology of Language Trevor A. Harley, 2013-12-16 This thorough revision and update of the popular second edition contains everything the student needs to know about the psychology of language: how we understand, produce, and store language. |
| effortful processing psychology definition: Attention Addie Johnson, Robert W. Proctor, 2004 Attention: Theory and Practice provides a balance between a readable overview of attention and an emphasis on how theories and paradigms for the study of attention have developed. The book highlights the important issues and major findings while giving sufficient details of experimental studies, models, and theories so that results and conclusions are easy to follow and evaluate. Rather than brushing over tricky technical details, the authors explain them clearly, giving readers the benefit of understanding the motivation for and techniques of the experiments in order to allow readers to think through results, models, and theories for themselves. Attention is an accessible text for advanced undergraduate and graduate students in psychology, as well as an important resource for researchers and practitioners interested in gaining an overview of the field of attention. |
| effortful processing psychology definition: Cognitive Psychology Ulric Neisser, 2014-11-27 First published in 1967, this seminal volume by Ulric Neisser was the first attempt at a comprehensive and accessible survey of Cognitive Psychology; as such, it provided the field with its first true textbook. Its chapters are organized so that they began with stimulus information that came 'inward' through the organs of sense, through its many transformations and reconstructions, and finally through to its eventual use in thought and memory. The volume inspired numerous students enter the field of cognitive psychology and some of the today's leading and most respected cognitive psychologists cite Neisser's book as the reason they embarked on their careers. |
| effortful processing psychology definition: Psychology of Physical Activity Stuart J. H. Biddle, Nanette Mutrie, Trish Gorely, 2015-02-20 The positive benefits of physical activity for physical and mental health are now widely acknowledged, yet levels of physical inactivity continue to increase throughout the developed world. Understanding the psychology of physical activity has therefore become an important concern for scientists, health professionals and policy-makers alike. Psychology of Physical Activity is a comprehensive and in-depth introduction to the fundamentals of exercise psychology, from theories of motivation and adherence to the design of successful interventions for increasing participation. Now in a fully revised, updated and expanded third edition, Psychology of Physical Activity is still the only textbook to offer a full survey of the evidence-base for theory and practice in exercise psychology, and the only textbook that explains how to interpret the quality of the research evidence. With international cases, examples and data included throughout, the book also provides a thoroughly detailed examination of the relationship between physical activity and mental health. A full companion website offers useful features to help students and lecturers get the most out of the book during their course, including multiple-choice revision questions, PowerPoint slides and a test bank of additional learning activities. Psychology of Physical Activity is the most authoritative, engaging and up-to-date introduction to exercise psychology currently available. It is essential reading for all students working in exercise and health sciences. |
| effortful processing psychology definition: How Learning Happens Paul A. Kirschner, Carl Hendrick, 2020 How Learning Happens introduces 28 giants of educational research and their findings on how we learn and what we need to learn effectively, efficiently and enjoyably. Many of these works have inspired researchers and teachers all around the world and have left a mark on how we teach today-- |
| effortful processing psychology definition: Handbook of Individual Differences in Social Behavior Mark R. Leary, Rick H. Hoyle, 2013-12-17 How do individual differences interact with situational factors to shape social behavior? Are people with certain traits more likely to form lasting marriages; experience test-taking anxiety; break the law; feel optimistic about the future? This handbook provides a comprehensive, authoritative examination of the full range of personality variables associated with interpersonal judgment, behavior, and emotion. The contributors are acknowledged experts who have conducted influential research on the constructs they address. Chapters discuss how each personality attribute is conceptualized and assessed, review the strengths and limitations of available measures (including child and adolescent measures, when available), present important findings related to social behavior, and identify directions for future study. |
| effortful processing psychology definition: Transforming the Workforce for Children Birth Through Age 8 National Research Council, Institute of Medicine, Board on Children, Youth, and Families, Committee on the Science of Children Birth to Age 8: Deepening and Broadening the Foundation for Success, 2015-07-23 Children are already learning at birth, and they develop and learn at a rapid pace in their early years. This provides a critical foundation for lifelong progress, and the adults who provide for the care and the education of young children bear a great responsibility for their health, development, and learning. Despite the fact that they share the same objective - to nurture young children and secure their future success - the various practitioners who contribute to the care and the education of children from birth through age 8 are not acknowledged as a workforce unified by the common knowledge and competencies needed to do their jobs well. Transforming the Workforce for Children Birth Through Age 8 explores the science of child development, particularly looking at implications for the professionals who work with children. This report examines the current capacities and practices of the workforce, the settings in which they work, the policies and infrastructure that set qualifications and provide professional learning, and the government agencies and other funders who support and oversee these systems. This book then makes recommendations to improve the quality of professional practice and the practice environment for care and education professionals. These detailed recommendations create a blueprint for action that builds on a unifying foundation of child development and early learning, shared knowledge and competencies for care and education professionals, and principles for effective professional learning. Young children thrive and learn best when they have secure, positive relationships with adults who are knowledgeable about how to support their development and learning and are responsive to their individual progress. Transforming the Workforce for Children Birth Through Age 8 offers guidance on system changes to improve the quality of professional practice, specific actions to improve professional learning systems and workforce development, and research to continue to build the knowledge base in ways that will directly advance and inform future actions. The recommendations of this book provide an opportunity to improve the quality of the care and the education that children receive, and ultimately improve outcomes for children. |
| effortful processing psychology definition: Social Psychology: A Very Short Introduction Richard J. Crisp, 2015-08-27 Social psychology is about the people who populate our everyday lives, and how they affect our 'personal universe', defining who we are, and shaping our behaviour, beliefs, attitudes, and ideology. In an age where we've mapped the human genome and explored much of the physical world, the study of people's behaviour is one of the most exciting frontiers of scientific endeavor. In this Very Short Introduction Richard Crisp tells the story of social psychology, its history, concepts and major theories. Discussing the classic studies that have defined the discipline, Crisp introduces social psychology's key thinkers, and shows how their personal histories spurred them to understand what connects people to people, and the societies in which we live. Taking us from the first ideas of the discipline to its most cutting edge developments, Crisp demonstrates how social psychology remains profoundly relevant to everyday life. From attitudes to attraction, prejudice to persuasion, health to happiness - social psychology provides insights that can change the world, and help us tackle the defining problems of the 21st century. ABOUT THE SERIES: The Very Short Introductions series from Oxford University Press contains hundreds of titles in almost every subject area. These pocket-sized books are the perfect way to get ahead in a new subject quickly. Our expert authors combine facts, analysis, perspective, new ideas, and enthusiasm to make interesting and challenging topics highly readable. |
| effortful processing psychology definition: Moral Psychology Walter Sinnott-Armstrong, Christian B. Miller, 2008 For much of the twentieth century, philosophy and science went their separate ways. In moral philosophy, fear of the so-called naturalistic fallacy kept moral philosophers from incorporating developments in biology and psychology. Since the 1990s, however, many philosophers have drawn on recent advances in cognitive psychology, brain science, and evolutionary psychology to inform their work. This collaborative trend is especially strong in moral philosophy, and these three volumes bring together some of the most innovative work by both philosophers and psychologists in this emerging interdisciplinary field. The contributors to volume 2 discuss recent empirical research that uses the diverse methods of cognitive science to investigate moral judgments, emotions, and actions. Each chapter includes an essay, comments on the essay by other scholars, and a reply by the author(s) of the original essay. Topics include moral intuitions as a kind of fast and frugal heuristics, framing effects in moral judgments, an analogy between Chomsky's universal grammar and moral principles, the role of emotions in moral beliefs, moral disagreements, the semantics of moral language, and moral responsibility. Contributors to Volume 2: Fredrik Bjorklund, James Blair, Paul Bloomfield, Fiery Cushman, Justin D'Arms, John Deigh, John Doris, Julia Driver, Ben Fraser, Gerd Gigerenzer, Michael Gill, Jonathan Haidt, Marc Hauser, Daniel Jacobson, Joshua Knobe, Brian Leiter, Don Loeb, Ron Mallon, Darcia Narvaez, Shaun Nichols, Alexandra Plakias, Jesse Prinz, Geoffrey Sayre-McCord, Russ Shafer-Landau, Walter Sinnott-Armstrong, Cass Sunstein, William Tolhurst, Liane Young |
| effortful processing psychology definition: Handbook of Theories of Social Psychology Paul A M Van Lange, Arie W Kruglanski, E Tory Higgins, 2011-08-31 Providing a comprehensive exploration of the major developments of social psychological theories that have taken place over the past half century, this innovative two-volume handbook is a state of the art overview of the primary theories and models that have been developed in this vast and fascinating field. Authored by leading international experts, each chapter represents a personal and historical narrative of the theory′s development including the inspirations, critical junctures, and problem-solving efforts that effected theoretical choices and determined the theory′s impact and its evolution. Unique to this handbook, these narratives provide a rich background for understanding how theories are created, nurtured, and shaped over time, and examining their unique contribution to the field as a whole. To examine its societal impact, each theory is evaluated in terms of its applicability to better understanding and solving critical social issues and problems. |
| effortful processing psychology definition: Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology Ronald T. Kellogg, 2011-04-27 Integrating the latest developments in cognitive neuroscience, neuroimaging, emotion and cognitive development, author Ronald T. Kellogg provides a clear view of what is happening at the cutting edge of the field today. Written in an accessible style, the book explores applications of cognitive psychology underscoring the practical side of the field. New to the Second Edition: * new neuroimaging graphics provide state of the art view of neuroscience in cognitive psychology * includes the latest research on the default network of the brain integrating autobiographical memory, envisioning the future, theory of mind, and moral decision making * expanded and updated coverage of research on attention applies the research on inattentional blindness and divided attention to real-life situations * explanation of the three networks of attention provides definitive evidence of independent networks for alerting, orienting, and executive attention and illustrates how neuroscience has clarified understanding of attention * problem solving in fluid intelligence tasks explains relation of working memory and executive attention to problem solving in the applied context of intelligence testing. Key Features of Fundamentals of Cognitive Science: * focuses on the 'essentials' of cognitive psychology: Covers core concepts and does not bog students down in topics more suitable for discussion in advanced follow-up courses * integrates coverage of neuroscience: A four-color insert of cognitive tasks that students can replicate and related brain images (PET and fMRI) helps students develop a deeper understanding of the neuroscience behind cognitive processes * emphasizes practical applications: Concrete implications of cognitive research are woven into the narrative of the text * highlights important concepts: Margin notes summarise important concepts, providing further clarification when needed and giving students previewing and reviewing guideposts. |
| effortful processing psychology definition: Perceptual Organization Michael Kubovy, James R. Pomerantz, 2017-03-31 Originally published in 1981, perceptual organization had been synonymous with Gestalt psychology, and Gestalt psychology had fallen into disrepute. In the heyday of Behaviorism, the few cognitive psychologists of the time pursued Gestalt phenomena. But in 1981, Cognitive Psychology was married to Information Processing. (Some would say that it was a marriage of convenience.) After the wedding, Cognitive Psychology had come to look like a theoretically wrinkled Behaviorism; very few of the mainstream topics of Cognitive Psychology made explicit contact with Gestalt phenomena. In the background, Cognition's first love – Gestalt – was pining to regain favor. The cognitive psychologists' desire for a phenomenological and intellectual interaction with Gestalt psychology did not manifest itself in their publications, but it did surface often enough at the Psychonomic Society meeting in 1976 for them to remark upon it in one of their conversations. This book, then, is the product of the editors’ curiosity about the status of ideas at the time, first proposed by Gestalt psychologists. For two days in November 1977, they held an exhilarating symposium that was attended by some 20 people, not all of whom are represented in this volume. At the end of our symposium it was agreed that they would try, in contributions to this volume, to convey the speculative and metatheoretical ground of their research in addition to the solid data and carefully wrought theories that are the figure of their research. |
| effortful processing psychology definition: Cognition and the Symbolic Processes Robert R. Hoffman, David S. Palermo, 2014-01-14 This volume is a festschrift dedicated to James J. Jenkins, a pioneer in many areas of experimental psychology. It has three major goals: to provide a forum for debate on current theoretical issues in cognitive psychology, to capture the state of the art in reviews of research methods and results, and to generate ideas for new research directions and methodologies. Contributors -- including Jenkins' former students and present colleagues -- ponder fundamental questions such as: * How do people learn to read? * What happens during the processes of speech perception? * How do people acquire problem solving skills? * How do cognitive and motor skills develop and integrate with one another? Many chapters focus specifically on ecological and applied cognitive psychology. Specific topics covered include visual and speech perception, language, memory, motivation, child development, problem solving, and pedagogy. |
| effortful processing psychology definition: Handbook of Positive Psychology C. R. Snyder, Shane J. Lopez, 2001-12-20 Psychology has long been enamored of the dark side of human existence, rarely exploring a more positive view of the mind. What has psychology contributed, for example, to our understanding of the various human virtues? Regrettably, not much. The last decade, however, has witnessed a growing movement to abandon the exclusive focus on the negative. Psychologists from several subdisciplines are now asking an intriguing question: What strengths does a person employ to deal effectively with life? The Handbook of Positive Psychology provides a forum for a more positive view of the human condition. In its pages, readers are treated to an analysis of what the foremost experts believe to be the fundamental strengths of humankind. Both seasoned professionals and students just entering the field are eager to grasp the power and vitality of the human spirit as it faces a multitude of life challenges. The Handbook is the first systematic attempt to bring together leading scholars to give voice to the emerging field of positive psychology. |
Controlled vs. Automatic Processing | Definition & Examples
Nov 21, 2023 · Explore what automatic processing is by examining the definition and seeing examples. Learn how automatic processing differs from controlled...
Bottom-Up Processing | Definition & Examples - Study.com
Nov 21, 2023 · Bottom-up processing in psychology is the sensory perception of the outside stimuli, the stimuli being processed in the part of the brain responsible for that sense, and then …
Encoding Memory | Definition, Types & Examples - Study.com
Nov 21, 2023 · Encoding Memory Definition Encoding in memory is how someone can remember something. There are four different types of encoding: visual, acoustic, semantic, and elaborative.
Define effortful processing. Give an example. - Homework.Study.com
Answer to: Define effortful processing. Give an example. By signing up, you'll get thousands of step-by-step solutions to your homework questions....
Semantic Memory | Examples of Processing & Encoding - Study.com
Nov 21, 2023 · Learn about semantic memory. Compare semantic to episodic memory, see examples of semantic processing and semantic encoding and its significance to...
If thought is active, effortful, and controlled, you are engaged in a ...
If thought is active, effortful, and controlled, you are engaged in a. reflective processing. b. experiential processing. c. intuitive thinking. d. proxemics.
Memory Processes | Encoding, Storage & Retrieval - Study.com
Nov 21, 2023 · In cognitive psychology, storage happens after the information is encoded. The three storage areas are sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.
Stereotypes and Automatic & Controlled Information Processing
Nov 29, 2023 · Automatic and controlled information processing plays a significant role in addressing stereotypes. Discover the definition of information processing, its link with …
Parallel Processing | Overview, Limits & Examples - Study.com
Nov 21, 2023 · Learn all about parallel processing. Understand what parallel processing is, understand how it works, and learn the limitations of parallel...
Dual Processing Theory | Overview & Examples - Study.com
Nov 21, 2023 · Explore the dual processing theory in psychology. Understand the importance of the dual processing theory in decision-making and see various examples.
Mistakes Disclose: A Process Dissociation Approach to …
useful to answer questions in social psychology. This article reviews process dissociation studies with a focus on social psychology. It emphasizes the model’s conceptual definitions of …
The Stability of Cognitive Abilities: A Meta-Analytic Review of ...
that require effortful processing (e.g., Fluid Reasoning, Learning Efficiency, Processing Speed, Visual Processing, Working Memory Capacity) increasing faster than knowledge-based …
Resisting 'Weakness of the Will' - JSTOR
torycategoryforpsychology.Instead,itisaninstanceofabroader phenomenon:agents switchingfrom an effortful andbasicallyrational modeof information processing to a more intuitive mode.The con-
Vividness Can Undermine or Enhance Message Processing: …
PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN Smith, Shaffer / VIVIDNESS CONGRUENCY Vividness Can Undermine or Enhance Message Processing: The Moderating …
'Effortful Control' in: Emerging Trends in the Social and …
effortful control has been negatively related to separation distress (an aspectofinternalizingproblems)intoddlerhood(seeEisenbergetal.,2010). In contrast, Murray and …
Systematic and Heuristic Processing - Springer
Heuristic Processing in Organizational Judgments Carol T. Kulik and Elissa L. Perry Traditional information processing models (e.g., Greenwald, 1968) have often assumed that perceivers …
Miserliness in human cognition: the interaction of detection, …
For the reasons just outlined, it is clear why miserly processing ensures that at least some non-optimal behaviour will be produced. None of this is meant to deny that, on a token basis, …
The Effects of a Suggested Encoding Strategies on …
psychology students. The theoretical frameworks that guided this study included (a) information processing and human memory, (b) metacognition, and (c) strategies for promoting encoding. …
The Cognitive Basis of Trait Anger and Reactive Aggression: …
developmental psychology (e.g., Crick & Dodge, 1996). For these reasons, it is useful to take a wider perspective on the cognitive processing basis of trait anger by con-
Dual-Process Theories of Higher Cognition: Advancing the …
ing two systems include the features attributed to Type 1 and 2 processing but may also include the additional features named. Table 2. A Glossary of Dual-Process Terminologies Used in …
Chapter Preview
encoding failure. Without effortful processing, much of what we sense we never notice or process. Memories may also fade after storage—often rapidly at first and then leveling off. Retrieval fail …
AP Psychology, Unit 3-4 Reading Guide - Vanny's World Online
AP Psychology Van Over Unit Reading Guide Unit Seven: Cognition Unit Eight: Motivation, Emotion and Stress Unit Seven: Cognition Key Terms: For key terms, be able to explain the …
Memory (Encoding, Storage, Retrieval)
Smiley Distinguished Professor of Psychology (Emeritus) at the University of Illinois. Carol Diener is the former director of the Mental Health Worker and the Juvenile Justice Programs at the …
The Social Psychology of Racially Biased Policing: Evidence …
a dual processing system. One system represents fast, effort-less, automatic processing that occurs beneath awareness and without intention. The other is controlled processing, involv-ing …
Effortful Control Psychology Definition
Effortful Control Psychology Definition books and manuals for download are incredibly convenient. With just a computer or smartphone and an internet connection, you can access a vast library …
Party Over Policy: The Dominating Impact of Group Influence …
Even under conditions of effortful processing, attitudes toward a social policy depended almost exclu-sively upon the stated position of one’s political party. This effect overwhelmed the …
On the Interplay between Heuristic and Systematic
information processing. However, a great deal of attention is increasingly being devoted to the interplay between the two types of processing. We propose a multistage view that builds on …
Effects of disfluency on cognitive and metacognitive
humans possess two distinct processing systems: one that is quick, effortless, associative, and intuitive (System 1) and another one that is slow, effortful, analytic, and deliberate (System 2). …
Affective Contagion in Effortful Political Thinking
Affective Contagion in Effortful Political Thinking Cengiz Erisen TOBB University of Economics and Technology ... stages of processing sociopolitical information inevitably color all phases of …
Cognitive Effort and Memory - Trinity University
Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 5(6), 607-617. doi: 10.1037/0278-7393.5.6.607 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Psychology …
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Chapter 9 The Development of Effortful Control - ResearchGate
Effortful control is a later-developing dimension that also appears within all ... regulation, and self-regulation has been a central concept in developmental psychology and in
PSYC 221 Introduction to General Psychology
Effortful processing •Ebbinghaus’ experiment revealed important link between rehearsal and memory –The amount remembered depends on the time spent learning. –For novel verbal …
Controlled information processing, automaticity, and the
and effortful cognition. Below, I present several cases that illustrate these features of automaticity. Flexibility of automatic information processing The idea that involuntary cognitive processes …
Inducing Cognitive Reflection and its Impact on Contradictory …
Currently, there is extensive research within psychology about two distinct processing models where one is fast, automatic, and relatively effortless and the other is slow, systematic, and …
Key Concepts: Dual-Process Theory, Heuristics and Biases
‘the technical definition of heuristic is a simple procedure that helps find ... idea in social psychology by the time Kahneman and Tversky started their careers. ... decisions quickly, …
The Interplay of Systematic Processing Information
The processing continuum is a widely used metaphor in social psychology. Heider (1958) used it to describe the attribution process by alluding to the possibility that our impressions of others ...
Beyond type 1 vs. type 2 processing: the tri-dimensional
Experimental Psychology and Cognitive Science, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany ... information processing is more effortful, slow and deliberate—the price of flexible thought ...
Attitudes and Attitude Change - ResearchGate
effortful processing, but also contain hypotheses about less effortful processing. These two theories are the elaboration likelihood model (ELM; Petty & Cacioppo,
Attention and Preattention in Theories of Automaticity - JSTOR
automatic processing is preattentive. In recent views that treat automaticity as a memory phenomenon, automatic processing is postattentive. These views are described and evidence …
What Is Effortful Processing In Psychology - wpdev.eu
What Is Effortful Processing In Psychology Relationship Between Automatic and Controlled Processes of Attention and Leading to Complex Thinking Rosa Angela Fabio,2009 This book …
Hot and Cold Cognition - Columbia University
Columbia University Justice Lab EAJUSTICE.ORG 3 negative consequences of risk-taking,23 their premature cognitive control system tends to drive them towards engaging in dangerous …
Attention - University of Victoria
What information-processing models have been devised to understand attention? 3. How have new techniques for studying the brain enhanced our understanding of attention? 4. Attention, …
The source of dual-task limitations: Serial or parallel …
processing of task performance is predominantly adopted because its processing efficiency is higher than that of par-allel processing. In the present study, we empirically tested ...
What Is Effortful Processing In Psychology Copy
What Is Effortful Processing In Psychology Relationship Between Automatic and Controlled Processes of Attention and Leading to Complex Thinking Rosa Angela Fabio,2009 This book …
Psychological Re - APA PsycNet
relatively inflexible ) to control led (less efficient and effortful , but more flexible ). Control is central to human cognition, and plays a key role in our ability to modify the world to suit our ...
General Psychology
IPM: Encoding • Effortful processing • Requires the rehearsal of information • Repeating to yourself an… • E‐mail address • Phone number
Experiential Avoidance Process Model: A Review of the …
emotions is a prominent research focus in psychology. In recent years, the self-protective mechanism individuals employ to evade reexposure to negative memories has been termed …
Cognitive effort: A neuroeconomic approach - Springer
engagement that is not effortful. BFlow,^ for example, is de-scribed as a state of effortless control that may characterize high proficiency at demanding tasks (Nakamura & …
Understanding How We Think: System 1 and System 2
A basic nding of cognitive psychology is that people have no conscious experience of most of what happens in the human mind. Many functions associated with perception, memory, and …
Should Learning Be Easy? How Effortful Processing Improves …
Researchers from neuroscience, psychology, education, and even kinesiology have studied the question from many perspectives and have reached the surprising conclusion that infusing …
Automaticity in social-cognitive processes - Yale University
University, Department of Psychology, 2 Hillhouse Avenue, New Haven, CT 06520, USA Over the past several years, the concept of automaticity of higher cognitive processes has permeated …
Unit 5 Memory and Cognition - AP Psychology
Effortful processing . Implicit memory . Automatic processing . Iconic memory . Echoic memory . Chunking . Mnemonic devices . Spacing effect . Testing effect . Shallow processing . Deep …
The Nature of Elaborative Rehearsal - California State …
processing required more cognitive effort than shallow processing; and (4) within each level of processing, more elaborate processing (2 attributes) required more cognitive effort than less …
Psychology 263: Introduction to Cognitive Processes
processing theories • the filter idea strongly influences theories of attention even today Broadbent • Key idea to filter theory is that information processing is limited by channel capacity (only so …
Translating a Theory of Active Learning: An Attempt to Close …
Enhance Limited Human Processing Capacity How to Elicit, Affect or Train Students in a Skill that Requires Effortful Processing (1) Space learning over time (7) Use prompts and deep …
AP Psychology 2021 Free-Response Questions: Set 2 - AP …
Psychology 2021 Free-Response Questions 2. Dr. Jones was doing a formal research study of the effect of mental imagery on memory. She randomly assigned students in the psychology …
Heuristics Made Easy: An Effort-Reduction Framework
of effort-reduction and simplification. By definition, heuristics must allow decision makers to process information in a less effortful manner than one would expect from an optimal decision …
How to Use Retrieval Practice to Improve Learning
Retrieval practice makes learning effortful and challenging. Because retrieving information requires mental effort, we often think we are doing poorly if we can’t remember something. We …
Effortful Processing Ap Psychology (book)
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