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| effortful processing definition psychology: Exploring Psychology, Eighth Edition, In Modules David G. Myers, 2010-07-08 Exploring Psychology, Eighth Edition in Modules is the modular version of the #1 bestselling brief introduction to psychology: David Myers’s Exploring Psychology. All the Myers hallmarks are here–the captivating writing, coverage based on the latest research, helpful pedagogical support—in a format that delivers the utmost in student accessibility and teaching flexibility. |
| effortful processing definition psychology: Introduction to Psychology Jennifer Walinga, Charles Stangor, This book is designed to help students organize their thinking about psychology at a conceptual level. The focus on behaviour and empiricism has produced a text that is better organized, has fewer chapters, and is somewhat shorter than many of the leading books. The beginning of each section includes learning objectives; throughout the body of each section are key terms in bold followed by their definitions in italics; key takeaways, and exercises and critical thinking activities end each section. |
| effortful processing definition psychology: Psychology Katherine P. Minter, William J. Elmhorst, 2014-11 |
| effortful processing definition psychology: Thinking, Fast and Slow Daniel Kahneman, 2011-10-25 *Major New York Times Bestseller *More than 2.6 million copies sold *One of The New York Times Book Review's ten best books of the year *Selected by The Wall Street Journal as one of the best nonfiction books of the year *Presidential Medal of Freedom Recipient *Daniel Kahneman's work with Amos Tversky is the subject of Michael Lewis's best-selling The Undoing Project: A Friendship That Changed Our Minds In his mega bestseller, Thinking, Fast and Slow, Daniel Kahneman, world-famous psychologist and winner of the Nobel Prize in Economics, takes us on a groundbreaking tour of the mind and explains the two systems that drive the way we think. System 1 is fast, intuitive, and emotional; System 2 is slower, more deliberative, and more logical. The impact of overconfidence on corporate strategies, the difficulties of predicting what will make us happy in the future, the profound effect of cognitive biases on everything from playing the stock market to planning our next vacation—each of these can be understood only by knowing how the two systems shape our judgments and decisions. Engaging the reader in a lively conversation about how we think, Kahneman reveals where we can and cannot trust our intuitions and how we can tap into the benefits of slow thinking. He offers practical and enlightening insights into how choices are made in both our business and our personal lives—and how we can use different techniques to guard against the mental glitches that often get us into trouble. Topping bestseller lists for almost ten years, Thinking, Fast and Slow is a contemporary classic, an essential book that has changed the lives of millions of readers. |
| effortful processing definition psychology: Encyclopedia of the Sciences of Learning Norbert M. Seel, 2011-10-05 Over the past century, educational psychologists and researchers have posited many theories to explain how individuals learn, i.e. how they acquire, organize and deploy knowledge and skills. The 20th century can be considered the century of psychology on learning and related fields of interest (such as motivation, cognition, metacognition etc.) and it is fascinating to see the various mainstreams of learning, remembered and forgotten over the 20th century and note that basic assumptions of early theories survived several paradigm shifts of psychology and epistemology. Beyond folk psychology and its naïve theories of learning, psychological learning theories can be grouped into some basic categories, such as behaviorist learning theories, connectionist learning theories, cognitive learning theories, constructivist learning theories, and social learning theories. Learning theories are not limited to psychology and related fields of interest but rather we can find the topic of learning in various disciplines, such as philosophy and epistemology, education, information science, biology, and – as a result of the emergence of computer technologies – especially also in the field of computer sciences and artificial intelligence. As a consequence, machine learning struck a chord in the 1980s and became an important field of the learning sciences in general. As the learning sciences became more specialized and complex, the various fields of interest were widely spread and separated from each other; as a consequence, even presently, there is no comprehensive overview of the sciences of learning or the central theoretical concepts and vocabulary on which researchers rely. The Encyclopedia of the Sciences of Learning provides an up-to-date, broad and authoritative coverage of the specific terms mostly used in the sciences of learning and its related fields, including relevant areas of instruction, pedagogy, cognitive sciences, and especially machine learning and knowledge engineering. This modern compendium will be an indispensable source of information for scientists, educators, engineers, and technical staff active in all fields of learning. More specifically, the Encyclopedia provides fast access to the most relevant theoretical terms provides up-to-date, broad and authoritative coverage of the most important theories within the various fields of the learning sciences and adjacent sciences and communication technologies; supplies clear and precise explanations of the theoretical terms, cross-references to related entries and up-to-date references to important research and publications. The Encyclopedia also contains biographical entries of individuals who have substantially contributed to the sciences of learning; the entries are written by a distinguished panel of researchers in the various fields of the learning sciences. |
| effortful processing definition psychology: Psychology: A Concise Introduction Richard A. Griggs, 2005-03-18 Psychology: A Concise Introduction explores the territory of the introductory psychology course while answering the growing need for a shorter, less expensive book. Award-winning teacher, Richard A. Griggs, draws on his own classroom experience and his extensive research on the introductory course in his careful choice of the core concepts in psychology. |
| effortful processing definition psychology: Exploring Psychology David G. Myers, 2004-04-02 David Myers's bestselling brief text has opened millions of students' eyes to the world of psychology. Through vivid writing and integrated use of the SQ3R learning system (Survey, Question, Read, Rehearse, Review), Myers offers a portrait of psychology that captivates students while guiding them to a deep and lasting understanding of the complexities of this field. |
| effortful processing definition psychology: Working Memory Capacity Nelson Cowan, 2016-04-14 The idea of one's memory filling up is a humorous misconception of how memory in general is thought to work; it actually has no capacity limit. However, the idea of a full brain makes more sense with reference to working memory, which is the limited amount of information a person can hold temporarily in an especially accessible form for use in the completion of almost any challenging cognitive task. This groundbreaking book explains the evidence supporting Cowan's theoretical proposal about working memory capacity, and compares it to competing perspectives. Cognitive psychologists profoundly disagree on how working memory is limited: whether by the number of units that can be retained (and, if so, what kind of units and how many), the types of interfering material, the time that has elapsed, some combination of these mechanisms, or none of them. The book assesses these hypotheses and examines explanations of why capacity limits occur, including vivid biological, cognitive, and evolutionary accounts. The book concludes with a discussion of the practical importance of capacity limits in daily life. This 10th anniversary Classic Edition will continue to be accessible to a wide range of readers and serve as an invaluable reference for all memory researchers. |
| effortful processing definition psychology: Psychology Richard A. Griggs, 2010-10-15 Exploring the broad subject of introductory psychology with brevity and clarity, the award-winning author draws on his own classroom experience and extensive research in his careful choice of the core concepts in psychology. |
| effortful processing definition psychology: Make It Stick Peter C. Brown, Henry L. Roediger III, Mark A. McDaniel, 2014-04-14 To most of us, learning something the hard way implies wasted time and effort. Good teaching, we believe, should be creatively tailored to the different learning styles of students and should use strategies that make learning easier. Make It Stick turns fashionable ideas like these on their head. Drawing on recent discoveries in cognitive psychology and other disciplines, the authors offer concrete techniques for becoming more productive learners. Memory plays a central role in our ability to carry out complex cognitive tasks, such as applying knowledge to problems never before encountered and drawing inferences from facts already known. New insights into how memory is encoded, consolidated, and later retrieved have led to a better understanding of how we learn. Grappling with the impediments that make learning challenging leads both to more complex mastery and better retention of what was learned. Many common study habits and practice routines turn out to be counterproductive. Underlining and highlighting, rereading, cramming, and single-minded repetition of new skills create the illusion of mastery, but gains fade quickly. More complex and durable learning come from self-testing, introducing certain difficulties in practice, waiting to re-study new material until a little forgetting has set in, and interleaving the practice of one skill or topic with another. Speaking most urgently to students, teachers, trainers, and athletes, Make It Stick will appeal to all those interested in the challenge of lifelong learning and self-improvement. |
| effortful processing definition psychology: Effortless Attention Brian Bruya, 2010-04-09 The phenomena of effortless attention and action and the challenges they pose to current cognitive models of attention and action. |
| effortful processing definition psychology: Psychology in the Classroom Marc Smith, Jonathan Firth, 2018-01-31 Written by experienced classroom practitioners who are experts in the field of psychology, Psychology in the Classroom provides a thorough grounding in the key principles of psychology and explores how they can be applied to teaching and learning. It draws on both classic and cutting-edge research, offering practical advice on commonly overlooked or misunderstood concepts that contribute to positive academic outcomes. It aims to show the value of psychology in enabling teachers to make and justify everyday classroom decisions. Designed to equip teachers with the skills to identify and tackle common issues that affect students’ learning, each chapter highlights key areas of research and discusses how lesson planning and material design can be informed by the psychological concepts presented. It covers core areas essential for improving learning, including: memory and understanding; creativity; motivation; independent learning; resilience; cognition; and self-theories and mindsets. Full of advice and strategies, Psychology in the Classroom is aimed at both new and experienced teachers, across primary, secondary and post-16 education, providing them with practical ways to apply these psychological principles in the classroom. With an emphasis on understanding the theories and evidence behind human behaviour, this book will allow you to reflect critically on your own classroom practice, as well as making simple but valuable changes. |
| effortful processing definition psychology: The Psychology of Fatigue Robert Hockey, 2013-05-16 Fatigue can have a major impact on an individual's performance and well-being, yet is poorly understood, even within the scientific community. There is no developed theory of its origins or functions, and different types of fatigue (mental, physical, sleepiness) are routinely confused. The widespread interpretation of fatigue as a negative consequence of work may be true only for externally imposed goals; meaningful or self-initiated work is rarely tiring and often invigorating. In the first book dedicated to the systematic treatment of fatigue for over sixty years, Robert Hockey examines its many aspects - social history, neuroscience, energetics, exercise physiology, sleep and clinical implications - and develops a new motivational control theory, in which fatigue is treated as an emotion having a fundamental adaptive role in the management of goals. He then uses this new perspective to explore the role of fatigue in relation to individual motivation, working life and well-being. |
| effortful processing definition psychology: Attention Addie Johnson, Robert W. Proctor, 2004 Attention: Theory and Practice provides a balance between a readable overview of attention and an emphasis on how theories and paradigms for the study of attention have developed. The book highlights the important issues and major findings while giving sufficient details of experimental studies, models, and theories so that results and conclusions are easy to follow and evaluate. Rather than brushing over tricky technical details, the authors explain them clearly, giving readers the benefit of understanding the motivation for and techniques of the experiments in order to allow readers to think through results, models, and theories for themselves. Attention is an accessible text for advanced undergraduate and graduate students in psychology, as well as an important resource for researchers and practitioners interested in gaining an overview of the field of attention. |
| effortful processing definition psychology: The Seven Sins of Memory Daniel L. Schacter, 2002-05-07 A New York Times Notable Book: A psychologist’s “gripping and thought-provoking” look at how and why our brains sometimes fail us (Steven Pinker, author of How the Mind Works). In this intriguing study, Harvard psychologist Daniel L. Schacter explores the memory miscues that occur in everyday life, placing them into seven categories: absent-mindedness, transience, blocking, misattribution, suggestibility, bias, and persistence. Illustrating these concepts with vivid examples—case studies, literary excerpts, experimental evidence, and accounts of highly visible news events such as the O. J. Simpson verdict, Bill Clinton’s grand jury testimony, and the search for the Oklahoma City bomber—he also delves into striking new scientific research, giving us a glimpse of the fascinating neurology of memory and offering “insight into common malfunctions of the mind” (USA Today). “Though memory failure can amount to little more than a mild annoyance, the consequences of misattribution in eyewitness testimony can be devastating, as can the consequences of suggestibility among pre-school children and among adults with ‘false memory syndrome’ . . . Drawing upon recent neuroimaging research that allows a glimpse of the brain as it learns and remembers, Schacter guides his readers on a fascinating journey of the human mind.” —Library Journal “Clear, entertaining and provocative . . . Encourages a new appreciation of the complexity and fragility of memory.” —The Seattle Times “Should be required reading for police, lawyers, psychologists, and anyone else who wants to understand how memory can go terribly wrong.” —The Atlanta Journal-Constitution “A fascinating journey through paths of memory, its open avenues and blind alleys . . . Lucid, engaging, and enjoyable.” —Jerome Groopman, MD “Compelling in its science and its probing examination of everyday life, The Seven Sins of Memory is also a delightful book, lively and clear.” —Chicago Tribune Winner of the William James Book Award |
| effortful processing definition psychology: Dual-process Theories in Social Psychology Shelly Chaiken, Yaacov Trope, 1999-02-19 This informative volume presents the first comprehensive review of research and theory on dual-process models of social information processing. These models distinguish between qualitatively different modes of information processing in making decisions and solving problems (e.g., associative versus rule-based, controlled versus uncontrolled, and affective versus cognitive modes). Leading contributors review the basic assumptions of these approaches and review the ways they have been applied and tested in such areas as attitudes, stereotyping, person perception, memory, and judgment. Also examined are the relationships between different sets of processing modes, the factors that determine their utilization, and how they work in combination to affect responses to social information. |
| effortful processing definition psychology: Darwinian Hedonism and the Epidemic of Unhealthy Behavior David M. Williams, 2019-03-21 Provides a new approach to psychological hedonism and applies it to the growing global epidemic of unhealthy behavior. |
| effortful processing definition psychology: The Oxford Handbook of Social Cognition, Second Edition Donal E. Carlston, Kurt Hugenberg, Kerri L. Johnson, 2024 This revised edition overhauls the first edition, with a majority of chapters reconceptualized, focusing on offering a comprehensive review and a new, multigenerational perspective. The chapter also includes a multitude of new topics, including gender identity, intersectionality, prejudice, happiness and wellbeing, questionnaire methodology, and more. |
| effortful processing definition psychology: Handbook of Psychology, Personality and Social Psychology Irving B. Weiner, Donald K. Freedheim, 2003 Includes established theories and cutting-edge developments. Presents the work of an international group of experts. Presents the nature, origin, implications, an future course of major unresolved issues in the area. |
| effortful processing definition psychology: Handbook of Implicit Social Cognition Bertram Gawronski, B. Keith Payne, 2011-07-06 Virtually every question in social psychology is currently being shaped by the concepts and methods of implicit social cognition. This tightly edited volume provides the first comprehensive overview of the field. Foremost authorities synthesize the latest findings on how automatic, implicit, and unconscious cognitive processes influence social judgments and behavior. Cutting-edge theories and data are presented in such crucial areas as attitudes, prejudice and stereotyping, self-esteem, self-concepts, close relationships, and morality. Describing state-of-the-art measurement procedures and research designs, the book discusses promising applications in clinical, forensic, and other real-world contexts. Each chapter both sums up what is known and identifies key directions for future research. |
| effortful processing definition psychology: Willpower Roy F. Baumeister, John Tierney, 2011-09-01 One of the world's most esteemed and influential psychologists, Roy F. Baumeister, teams with New York Times science writer John Tierney to reveal the secrets of self-control and how to master it. Deep and provocative analysis of people's battle with temptation and masterful insights into understanding willpower: why we have it, why we don't, and how to build it. A terrific read. —Ravi Dhar, Yale School of Management, Director of Center for Customer Insights Pioneering research psychologist Roy F. Baumeister collaborates with New York Times science writer John Tierney to revolutionize our understanding of the most coveted human virtue: self-control. Drawing on cutting-edge research and the wisdom of real-life experts, Willpower shares lessons on how to focus our strength, resist temptation, and redirect our lives. It shows readers how to be realistic when setting goals, monitor their progress, and how to keep faith when they falter. By blending practical wisdom with the best of recent research science, Willpower makes it clear that whatever we seek—from happiness to good health to financial security—we won’t reach our goals without first learning to harness self-control. |
| effortful processing definition psychology: An Introduction to Applied Cognitive Psychology Anthony Esgate, David Groome, 2005 This book offers a student friendly review of recent research in the application of cognitive methods, theories and models to real-world scenarios. |
| effortful processing definition psychology: Social Psychology and the Unconscious John A. Bargh, 2013-05-13 Evidence is mounting that we are not as in control of our judgments and behavior as we think we are. Unconscious or ‘automatic’ forms of psychological and behavioral processes are those of which we tend to be unaware, that occur without our intention or consent, yet influence us on a daily basis in profound ways. Automatic processes influence our likes and dislikes for almost everything, as well as how we perceive other people, such as when we make stereotypic assumptions about someone based on their race or gender or social class. Even more strikingly, the latest research is showing that the aspects of life that are the richest experience and most important to us - such as emotions and our close relationships, as well as the pursuit of our important life tasks and goals - also have substantial unconscious components. Social Psychology and the Unconscious: The Automaticity of Higher Mental Processes offers a state-of-the-art review of the evidence and theory supporting the existence and the significance of automatic processes in our daily lives, with chapters by the leading researchers in this field today, across a spectrum of psychological phenomena from emotions and motivations to social judgment and behavior. The volume provides an introduction and overview of these now central topics to graduate students and researchers in social psychology and a range of allied disciplines with an interest in human behavior and the unconscious, such as cognitive psychology, philosophy of mind, political science, and business. |
| effortful processing definition psychology: Handbook of Positive Psychology C. R. Snyder, Shane J. Lopez, 2001-12-20 Psychology has long been enamored of the dark side of human existence, rarely exploring a more positive view of the mind. What has psychology contributed, for example, to our understanding of the various human virtues? Regrettably, not much. The last decade, however, has witnessed a growing movement to abandon the exclusive focus on the negative. Psychologists from several subdisciplines are now asking an intriguing question: What strengths does a person employ to deal effectively with life? The Handbook of Positive Psychology provides a forum for a more positive view of the human condition. In its pages, readers are treated to an analysis of what the foremost experts believe to be the fundamental strengths of humankind. Both seasoned professionals and students just entering the field are eager to grasp the power and vitality of the human spirit as it faces a multitude of life challenges. The Handbook is the first systematic attempt to bring together leading scholars to give voice to the emerging field of positive psychology. |
| effortful processing definition psychology: Psychology, Eighth Edition, in Modules Study Guide Richard Straub, 2006-08-03 Longtime Myers collaborator Richard Straub's study guide is customized to follow the modular format and contents of the text. |
| effortful processing definition psychology: Handbook of Social Cognition: Applications Robert S. Wyer, Thomas K. Srull, 1994 This edition of the Handbook follows the first edition by 10 years. The earlier edition was a promissory note, presaging the directions in which the then-emerging field of social cognition was likely to move. The field was then in its infancy and the areas of research and theory that came to dominate the field during the next decade were only beginning to surface. The concepts and methods used had frequently been borrowed from cognitive psychology and had been applied to phenomena in a very limited number of areas. Nevertheless, social cognition promised to develop rapidly into an important area of psychological inquiry that would ultimately have an impact on not only several areas of psychology but other fields as well. The promises made by the earlier edition have generally been fulfilled. Since its publication, social cognition has become one of the most active areas of research in the entire field of psychology; its influence has extended to health and clinical psychology, and personality, as well as to political science, organizational behavior, and marketing and consumer behavior. The impact of social cognition theory and research within a very short period of time is incontrovertible. The present volumes provide a comprehensive and detailed review of the theoretical and empirical work that has been performed during these years, and of its implications for information processing in a wide variety of domains. The handbook is divided into two volumes. The first provides an overview of basic research and theory in social information processing, covering the automatic and controlled processing of information and its implications for how information is encoded and stored in memory, the mental representation of persons -- including oneself -- and events, the role of procedural knowledge in information processing, inference processes, and response processes. Special attention is given to the cognitive determinants and consequences of affect and emotion. The second book provides detailed discussions of the role of information processing in specific areas such as stereotyping; communication and persuasion; political judgment; close relationships; organizational, clinical and health psychology; and consumer behavior. The contributors are theorists and researchers who have themselves carried out important studies in the areas to which their chapters pertain. In combination, the contents of this two-volume set provide a sophisticated and in-depth treatment of both theory and research in this major area of psychological inquiry and the directions in which it is likely to proceed in the future. |
| effortful processing definition psychology: Cognition and Emotion Jan de Houwer, Dirk Hermans, 2010-05-09 Emotions are complex and multifaceted phenomena. Although they have been examined from a variety of perspectives, the study of the interaction between cognition and emotion has always occupied a unique position within emotion research. Many philosophers and psychologists have been fascinated by the relationship between thinking and feeling. During the past 30 years, research on the relationship between cognition and emotion has boomed and so many studies on this topic have been published that it is difficult to keep track of the evidence. This book fulfils the need for a review of the existing evidence on particular aspects of the interplay between cognition and emotion. The book assembles a collection of state-of-the-art reviews of the most important topics in cognition and emotion research: emotion theories, feeling and thinking, the perception of emotion, the expression of emotion, emotion regulation, emotion and memory, and emotion and attention. By bringing these reviews together, this book presents a unique overview of the knowledge that has been generated in the past decades about the many and complex ways in which cognition and emotion interact. As such, it provides a useful tool for both students and researchers alike, in the fields of social, clinical and cognitive psychology. |
| effortful processing definition psychology: Positive Psychology in Search for Meaning Dmitry Leontiev, 2016-03-17 What are the ways in which we can understand the meaning of the psychology of meaning in people’s lives? In the last century mainstream psychology has largely neglected the topic of meaning. More recently, the concept has become an academically legitimate one within positive psychology and in some other speciality areas of psychology. This book contains a collection of theoretical, methodological and empirical papers written by the acknowledged experts systematically working on the problems of personal meaning within the positive psychology framework. The authors investigate the possibilities and limitations of a scientific study of personal meaning and new perspectives that this concept brings to the field. This book was originally published as a special issue of The Journal of Positive Psychology. |
| effortful processing definition psychology: Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology Jeffrey Kreutzer, Bruce Caplan, John DeLuca, 2010-09-29 Clinical neuropsychology is a rapidly evolving specialty whose practitioners serve patients with traumatic brain injury, stroke and other vascular impairments, brain tumors, epilepsy and nonepileptic seizure disorders, developmental disabilities, progressive neurological disorders, HIV- and AIDS-related disorders, and dementia. . Services include evaluation, treatment, and case consultation in child, adult, and the expanding geriatric population in medical and community settings. The clinical goal always is to restore and maximize cognitive and psychological functioning in an injured or compromised brain. Most neuropsychology reference books focus primarily on assessment and diagnosis, and to date none has been encyclopedic in format. Clinicians, patients, and family members recognize that evaluation and diagnosis is only a starting point for the treatment and recovery process. During the past decade there has been a proliferation of programs, both hospital- and clinic-based, that provide rehabilitation, treatment, and treatment planning services. This encyclopedia will serve as a unified, comprehensive reference for professionals involved in the diagnosis, evaluation, and rehabilitation of adult patients and children with neuropsychological disorders. |
| effortful processing definition psychology: The Psychology of Language Trevor A. Harley, 2013-12-16 This thorough revision and update of the popular second edition contains everything the student needs to know about the psychology of language: how we understand, produce, and store language. |
| effortful processing definition psychology: Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology Ronald T. Kellogg, 2015-01-07 With its reader-friendly style, this concise text offers a solid introduction to the fundamental concepts of cognitive psychology. Covering neuroimaging, emotion, and cognitive development, author Ronald T. Kellogg integrates the latest developments in cognitive neuroscience for a cutting-edge exploration of the field today. With new pedagogy, relevant examples, and an expanded full-color insert, Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, Third Edition is sure to engage students interested in an accessible and applied approach to cognitive psychology. |
| effortful processing definition psychology: Surfing Uncertainty Andy Clark, 2016 Exciting new theories in neuroscience, psychology, and artificial intelligence are revealing minds like ours as predictive minds, forever trying to guess the incoming streams of sensory stimulation before they arrive. In this up-to-the-minute treatment, philosopher and cognitive scientist Andy Clark explores new ways of thinking about perception, action, and the embodied mind. |
| effortful processing definition psychology: Handbook of Theories of Social Psychology Paul A M Van Lange, Arie W Kruglanski, E Tory Higgins, 2011-08-31 Providing a comprehensive exploration of the major developments of social psychological theories that have taken place over the past half century, this innovative two-volume handbook is a state of the art overview of the primary theories and models that have been developed in this vast and fascinating field. Authored by leading international experts, each chapter represents a personal and historical narrative of the theory′s development including the inspirations, critical junctures, and problem-solving efforts that effected theoretical choices and determined the theory′s impact and its evolution. Unique to this handbook, these narratives provide a rich background for understanding how theories are created, nurtured, and shaped over time, and examining their unique contribution to the field as a whole. To examine its societal impact, each theory is evaluated in terms of its applicability to better understanding and solving critical social issues and problems. |
| effortful processing definition psychology: Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology Ronald T. Kellogg, 2011-04-27 Integrating the latest developments in cognitive neuroscience, neuroimaging, emotion and cognitive development, author Ronald T. Kellogg provides a clear view of what is happening at the cutting edge of the field today. Written in an accessible style, the book explores applications of cognitive psychology underscoring the practical side of the field. New to the Second Edition: * new neuroimaging graphics provide state of the art view of neuroscience in cognitive psychology * includes the latest research on the default network of the brain integrating autobiographical memory, envisioning the future, theory of mind, and moral decision making * expanded and updated coverage of research on attention applies the research on inattentional blindness and divided attention to real-life situations * explanation of the three networks of attention provides definitive evidence of independent networks for alerting, orienting, and executive attention and illustrates how neuroscience has clarified understanding of attention * problem solving in fluid intelligence tasks explains relation of working memory and executive attention to problem solving in the applied context of intelligence testing. Key Features of Fundamentals of Cognitive Science: * focuses on the 'essentials' of cognitive psychology: Covers core concepts and does not bog students down in topics more suitable for discussion in advanced follow-up courses * integrates coverage of neuroscience: A four-color insert of cognitive tasks that students can replicate and related brain images (PET and fMRI) helps students develop a deeper understanding of the neuroscience behind cognitive processes * emphasizes practical applications: Concrete implications of cognitive research are woven into the narrative of the text * highlights important concepts: Margin notes summarise important concepts, providing further clarification when needed and giving students previewing and reviewing guideposts. |
| effortful processing definition psychology: How Learning Happens Paul A. Kirschner, Carl Hendrick, 2020 How Learning Happens introduces 28 giants of educational research and their findings on how we learn and what we need to learn effectively, efficiently and enjoyably. Many of these works have inspired researchers and teachers all around the world and have left a mark on how we teach today-- |
| effortful processing definition psychology: Social Psychology: A Very Short Introduction Richard J. Crisp, 2015-08-27 Social psychology is about the people who populate our everyday lives, and how they affect our 'personal universe', defining who we are, and shaping our behaviour, beliefs, attitudes, and ideology. In an age where we've mapped the human genome and explored much of the physical world, the study of people's behaviour is one of the most exciting frontiers of scientific endeavor. In this Very Short Introduction Richard Crisp tells the story of social psychology, its history, concepts and major theories. Discussing the classic studies that have defined the discipline, Crisp introduces social psychology's key thinkers, and shows how their personal histories spurred them to understand what connects people to people, and the societies in which we live. Taking us from the first ideas of the discipline to its most cutting edge developments, Crisp demonstrates how social psychology remains profoundly relevant to everyday life. From attitudes to attraction, prejudice to persuasion, health to happiness - social psychology provides insights that can change the world, and help us tackle the defining problems of the 21st century. ABOUT THE SERIES: The Very Short Introductions series from Oxford University Press contains hundreds of titles in almost every subject area. These pocket-sized books are the perfect way to get ahead in a new subject quickly. Our expert authors combine facts, analysis, perspective, new ideas, and enthusiasm to make interesting and challenging topics highly readable. |
| effortful processing definition psychology: Handbook of Individual Differences in Social Behavior Mark R. Leary, Rick H. Hoyle, 2013-12-17 How do individual differences interact with situational factors to shape social behavior? Are people with certain traits more likely to form lasting marriages; experience test-taking anxiety; break the law; feel optimistic about the future? This handbook provides a comprehensive, authoritative examination of the full range of personality variables associated with interpersonal judgment, behavior, and emotion. The contributors are acknowledged experts who have conducted influential research on the constructs they address. Chapters discuss how each personality attribute is conceptualized and assessed, review the strengths and limitations of available measures (including child and adolescent measures, when available), present important findings related to social behavior, and identify directions for future study. |
| effortful processing definition psychology: Self-Regulation and Ego Control Edward R. Hirt, Joshua John Clarkson, Lile Jia, 2016-08-08 Self-Regulation and Ego Control examines the physiological effects of depletion, the effects of psychological variables in self-control depletion effects, the role of motivational and goal states on self-control depletion effects, and a number of cognitive perspectives on self-control exertion. This insightful book begins with an introduction of self-control theories, ego depletion phenomena, and experimental examples of research in self-control, and concludes by delineating more inclusive and comprehensive models of self-regulation that can account for the full spectrum of findings from current research. In recent years, researchers have had difficulty identifying the underlying resources responsible for depletion effects. Moreover, further research has identified several psychological and motivational factors that can ameliorate depletion effects. These findings have led many to question assumptions of the dominant strength model and suggest that capacity limitations alone cannot account for the observed effects of depletion. Self-Regulation and Ego Control facilitates discourse across researchers from different ideological camps and advances more integrated views of self-regulation based on this research. - Covers the neuropsychological evidence for depletion effects, highlighting the roles of reward, valuation, and control in self-regulation - Reviews the roles of willpower, expectancies of mental energy change, and individual differences in the modulation of self-control exertion - Highlights the effects of various states such as positive mood, power, implementation intentions, mindfulness, and social rejection as moderators of depletion - Provides clarification of the distinctions between self-control in the context of goal-directed behavior versus related terms like self-regulation, executive control, and inhibition - Details the overlap between mental and physical depletion, and the potential interplay and substitutability of resources - Challenges the view that depletion reflects capacity limitations and includes newer models that take a more motivational account of resource allocation - Facilitates discourse across researchers from different ideological camps within the field. - Informs and enriches future research and advances more integrated views of self-regulation |
| effortful processing definition psychology: Psychology of Physical Activity Stuart J. H. Biddle, Nanette Mutrie, Trish Gorely, 2015-02-20 The positive benefits of physical activity for physical and mental health are now widely acknowledged, yet levels of physical inactivity continue to increase throughout the developed world. Understanding the psychology of physical activity has therefore become an important concern for scientists, health professionals and policy-makers alike. Psychology of Physical Activity is a comprehensive and in-depth introduction to the fundamentals of exercise psychology, from theories of motivation and adherence to the design of successful interventions for increasing participation. Now in a fully revised, updated and expanded third edition, Psychology of Physical Activity is still the only textbook to offer a full survey of the evidence-base for theory and practice in exercise psychology, and the only textbook that explains how to interpret the quality of the research evidence. With international cases, examples and data included throughout, the book also provides a thoroughly detailed examination of the relationship between physical activity and mental health. A full companion website offers useful features to help students and lecturers get the most out of the book during their course, including multiple-choice revision questions, PowerPoint slides and a test bank of additional learning activities. Psychology of Physical Activity is the most authoritative, engaging and up-to-date introduction to exercise psychology currently available. It is essential reading for all students working in exercise and health sciences. |
| effortful processing definition psychology: Relationship Between Automatic and Controlled Processes of Attention and Leading to Complex Thinking Rosa Angela Fabio, 2009 This book begins with a theoretical and up-to-date overview on automatic and controlled processes. Automatic processing is effortless, fast and fairly error-free. It can be accomplished simultaneously with other cognitive processes without interference, it is not limited by attention capacity and it can be unconscious or involuntary. Controlled processing is effortful, slow and prone to errors but -- at the same time, flexible and useful to deal with new tasks. Some automatic processes are thought to be pre-programmed or innate and include the encoding of temporal or spatial relationships, frequent monitoring and the activation of word meaning. Other cognitive processes become automatic with practice. The second part deals the shift from controlled to automatic processing as the core of the access to complex thinking. When somebody starts learning, attention is allocated in order to fulfil task requirements. Performance requires controlled processing. When training proceeds, performance requires less vigilance, it becomes faster and faster and errors decrease. This is defined automatisation. Automatisation concerns both perceptual and motor skills and cognitive processes. The essence of the book is that high load in the coding of the stimuli results in reduced perception of distractor stimuli because there is insufficient capacity to process them all. The controlled processes rely on and negatively influence higher mental functions, such as working memory, which are required to maintain current priorities and to choose between them, and also rely on complex thinking because this latter ask for an efficient working memory system. |
EFFORTFUL Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster
The meaning of EFFORTFUL is showing or requiring effort.
EFFORTFUL | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary
This more complex vocabulary might require deliberate, effortful learning. The dancers in this production made it look a little too effortful. I find that there is always something effortful about …
Effortful - definition of effortful by The Free Dictionary
The use of physical or mental energy to do something; exertion. 2. A difficult exertion of strength or will: It was an effort to get up. 3. A usually earnest attempt: Make an effort to arrive …
EFFORTFUL Definition & Meaning - Dictionary.com
Effortful definition: marked by effort or exertion; labored.. See examples of EFFORTFUL used in a sentence.
Effortful - Definition, Meaning & Synonyms - Vocabulary.com
Whether you’re a teacher or a learner, Vocabulary.com can put you or your class on the path to systematic vocabulary improvement.
EFFORTFUL definition and meaning | Collins English Dictionary
Running was never effortful: it meant only freedom. Her effortful singing in her big solo is the prime disappointment. Diplomacy and its close relation, effortful crowd-pleasing, are both …
effortful - Wiktionary, the free dictionary
Jan 1, 2025 · effortful (comparative more effortful, superlative most effortful) Requiring or showing effort. Antonym: effortless
effortful, adj. meanings, etymology and more - Oxford English …
There is one meaning in OED's entry for the adjective effortful. See ‘Meaning & use’ for definition, usage, and quotation evidence.
What does effortful mean? - Definitions.net
Effortful refers to something that requires or involves a significant amount of mental or physical effort, energy, or hard work. It pertains to an action or task characterized by difficulty and the …
EFFORTFUL Synonyms: 100 Similar and Opposite Words - Merriam-Webster
Synonyms for EFFORTFUL: difficult, challenging, rigorous, tough, demanding, hard, formidable, complicated; Antonyms of EFFORTFUL: easy, simple, effortless, cheap, undemanding, soft, …
EFFORTFUL Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster
The meaning of EFFORTFUL is showing or requiring effort.
EFFORTFUL | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary
This more complex vocabulary might require deliberate, effortful learning. The dancers in this production made it look a little too effortful. I find that there is always something effortful about …
Effortful - definition of effortful by The Free Dictionary
The use of physical or mental energy to do something; exertion. 2. A difficult exertion of strength or will: It was an effort to get up. 3. A usually earnest attempt: Make an effort to arrive promptly. 4. …
EFFORTFUL Definition & Meaning - Dictionary.com
Effortful definition: marked by effort or exertion; labored.. See examples of EFFORTFUL used in a sentence.
Effortful - Definition, Meaning & Synonyms - Vocabulary.com
Whether you’re a teacher or a learner, Vocabulary.com can put you or your class on the path to systematic vocabulary improvement.
EFFORTFUL definition and meaning | Collins English Dictionary
Running was never effortful: it meant only freedom. Her effortful singing in her big solo is the prime disappointment. Diplomacy and its close relation, effortful crowd-pleasing, are both overrated. I …
effortful - Wiktionary, the free dictionary
Jan 1, 2025 · effortful (comparative more effortful, superlative most effortful) Requiring or showing effort. Antonym: effortless
effortful, adj. meanings, etymology and more - Oxford English …
There is one meaning in OED's entry for the adjective effortful. See ‘Meaning & use’ for definition, usage, and quotation evidence.
What does effortful mean? - Definitions.net
Effortful refers to something that requires or involves a significant amount of mental or physical effort, energy, or hard work. It pertains to an action or task characterized by difficulty and the …
EFFORTFUL Synonyms: 100 Similar and Opposite Words - Merriam-Webster
Synonyms for EFFORTFUL: difficult, challenging, rigorous, tough, demanding, hard, formidable, complicated; Antonyms of EFFORTFUL: easy, simple, effortless, cheap, undemanding, soft, …
