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fundamentals of speech communication 3rd edition: The Fundamentals of Speech Communication in the Digital World Regina M. Williams, Deana Lacy McQuitty, Tracey Booth Snipes, 2017-08-30 |
fundamentals of speech communication 3rd edition: Communication Studies 103 Kristine Greenwood, 2013-06-24 |
fundamentals of speech communication 3rd edition: Fundamentals of Oral Communication Roy Schwartzman, 2014 |
fundamentals of speech communication 3rd edition: Ttyl... the Fundamentals of Speech Communication in the Digital Age Regina W. Williams, Deana Lacy Mcquitty, Tracey Booth Snipes, 2013-07-31 |
fundamentals of speech communication 3rd edition: The Public Speaking Playbook Teri Kwal Gamble, Michael W. Gamble, 2022-12-08 The Public Speaking Playbook coaches students to prepare, practice, and present speeches—whether in the classroom, public sphere, or in a virtual setting. Authors Teri Kwal Gamble and Michael W. Gamble employ an interactive approach to building skills through various exercises that allow students to practice and improve their public speaking. Features such as objectives, coaching tips, and new self-assessments in each section further aids student success and reinforces key competencies. The Fourth Edition makes this text more relevant, timely, and engaging with increased coverage of recent events and a focus on improving virtual presentation skills. This title is accompanied by a complete teaching and learning package. Contact your SAGE representative to request a demo. Learning Platform / Courseware SAGE Vantage is an intuitive learning platform that integrates quality SAGE textbook content with assignable multimedia activities and auto-graded assessments to drive student engagement and ensure accountability. Unparalleled in its ease of use and built for dynamic teaching and learning, Vantage offers customizable LMS integration and best-in-class support. It’s a learning platform you, and your students, will actually love. Learn more. Assignable Video with Assessment Assignable video (available in SAGE Vantage) is tied to learning objectives and curated exclusively for this text to bring concepts to life. Watch a sample video now. LMS Cartridge: Import this title’s instructor resources into your school’s learning management system (LMS) and save time. Don’t use an LMS? You can still access all of the same online resources for this title via the password-protected Instructor Resource Site. Learn more. |
fundamentals of speech communication 3rd edition: Communication Studies 103 Jill Underhill, 2015-07-20 |
fundamentals of speech communication 3rd edition: Communication in Everyday Life Steve Duck, David T. McMahan, 2019-12-10 Communication in Everyday Life: A Survey of Communication offers an engaging introduction to communication based on the belief that communication and relationships are always interconnected. Best-selling authors Steve Duck and David T. McMahan incorporate this theme of a relational perspective and a focus on everyday communication to show the connections between concepts and how they can be understood through a shared perspective. Students will learn how topics in communication come together as part of a greater whole, as well as gain practical communication skills, from listening to critical thinking and using technology to communicate. The Fourth Edition includes enhancements to its proven pedagogical features that reflect updates in research, cultural and societal changes, and emerging issues. |
fundamentals of speech communication 3rd edition: Speech to Print Louisa Cook Moats, 2010 With extensive updates and enhancements to every chapter, the new edition of Speech to Print fully prepares today's literacy educators to teach students with or without disabilities. |
fundamentals of speech communication 3rd edition: Fundamentals of Phonetics Larry H. Small, 1999 Dialects, word stress, and production of certain speech sounds. The CD-ROM, included with the book, and the supplemental audio cassette tapes, enable readers to listen to examples and absorb additional information. Phonics specialists, linguists, speech pathologists, and instructors and researchers in these fields. |
fundamentals of speech communication 3rd edition: Fundamentals of Speech Recognition Lawrence R. Rabiner, Biing-Hwang Juang, 1993 |
fundamentals of speech communication 3rd edition: A Pocket Guide to Public Speaking Dan O'Hair, Hannah Rubenstein, Rob Stewart, 2015-11-27 This best-selling brief introduction to public speaking offers practical coverage of every topic typically covered in a full-sized text, from invention, research and organization, practice and delivery, to the different speech types. Its concise, inexpensive format makes it perfect not only for the public speaking course, but also for any setting across the curriculum, on the job, or in the community. This newly redesigned full-color edition offers even stronger coverage of the fundamentals of speechmaking, while also addressing the changing realities of public speaking in a digital world. It features fully updated chapters on online presentations and using presentation software, and a streamlined chapter on research in print and online. |
fundamentals of speech communication 3rd edition: Language Development: Foundations, Processes, and Clinical Applications Nina Capone Singleton, Brian B. Shulman, 2013-04-15 Language Development: Foundations, Processes, and Clinical Applications, Second Edition provides an accessible overview of language development covering the typical course of language development within the clinical context of language assessment and intervention. The Second Edition examines the biological, developmental, and environmental systems of neurotypical children, and the role of these systems as linguistic input in the child’s environment contributing to language development. This comprehensive resource, written and contributed by over 20 experts in the field, provides students with an understanding of the foundations of language development in terms of each individual child’s communication needs. With case studies woven throughout the text, students are able to follow the progress of children with normal language development as well as those showing signs of problems. These cases and clinical practice applications will help students prepare for the clinical challenges they will face in their professional careers. Every year, new information, new theories, and new evidence are published about development to explain the complexities that create and facilitate the language acquisition process. The authors who have contributed to this text provide the latest research and perspectives on language development among neurotypical children. This valuable text bridges biological, environmental, technological, and professional venues to advance the development of professionals and children alike. What’s new in the Second Edition? • New chapter on syntactic development including morphology • New chapter covering school-age language • New case study highlighting school-age language • Expanded content on morphology including morphological analysis Instructor Resources: PowerPoint Presentations, Test Bank Student Resources: Companion Website Every new copy of the text includes an access code for the companion website. eBook offerings do not include an access code. |
fundamentals of speech communication 3rd edition: Fundamentals of Multimedia Ze-Nian Li, Mark S. Drew, Jiangchuan Liu, 2014-04-09 This textbook introduces the “Fundamentals of Multimedia”, addressing real issues commonly faced in the workplace. The essential concepts are explained in a practical way to enable students to apply their existing skills to address problems in multimedia. Fully revised and updated, this new edition now includes coverage of such topics as 3D TV, social networks, high-efficiency video compression and conferencing, wireless and mobile networks, and their attendant technologies. Features: presents an overview of the key concepts in multimedia, including color science; reviews lossless and lossy compression methods for image, video and audio data; examines the demands placed by multimedia communications on wired and wireless networks; discusses the impact of social media and cloud computing on information sharing and on multimedia content search and retrieval; includes study exercises at the end of each chapter; provides supplementary resources for both students and instructors at an associated website. |
fundamentals of speech communication 3rd edition: Foundations of Speech and Hearing Jeannette D. Hoit, Gary Weismer, Brad Story, 2021-02-01 This comprehensive textbook for undergraduate-level anatomy and physiology courses in communication sciences and disorders programs is neither oversimplified nor excessively detailed. The book is written with clinical endpoints in mind, and only those topics that are ultimately important to understanding, evaluating, and managing clients with speech, hearing, and swallowing disorders are covered. Drawing on material from the best-selling Preclinical Speech Science: Anatomy, Physiology, Acoustics, and Perception, Third Edition textbook (Hixon, Weismer, & Hoit, 2020), the authors have provided chapters that cover basic concepts in anatomy and physiology, each of the speech subsystems (respiratory, laryngeal, velopharyngeal-nasal, and pharyngeal oral), the auditory system, swallowing physiology, and neural structures and mechanisms that support speech/language, hearing, and swallowing. The text was carefully crafted to meet the needs of entry-level university students and the figures were designed to feature the key elements of the concepts discussed in the text. New to the Second Edition: * New author, Brad Story, PhD, who brings fresh ideas and perspectives to the book * New introductory chapter that covers several basic concepts of anatomy and physiology * More than 25 videos that demonstrate key concepts in the text, most of which were created specifically for this book * Clinical Notes sections that highlight the relevance of anatomy and physiology to the clinical practices of speech-language pathology and audiology * Nearly 100 new or updated illustrations * Extensively revised text to enhance clarity and provide support for beginning students * Updated material based on recent literature Key Features: * Numerous beautiful, full-color illustrations * Complex information presented clearly and concisely, in an easy-to-understand manner * Clinical applications to basic anatomy and physiology are woven throughout the book Disclaimer: Please note that ancillary content (such as documents, audio, and video, etc.) may not be included as published in the original print version of this book. |
fundamentals of speech communication 3rd edition: The Art of Public Speaking Stephen Lucas, 2004 Lucas' The Art of Public Speaking is the leading public speaking textbook in the field. Whether a novice or an experienced speaker when beginning the course, every student will learn how to be a better public speaker through Lucas' clear explanations. Creative activities, vivid examples, annotated speech samples, and foundation of classic and contemporary rhetoric provide students a strong understanding of public speaking. When instructors teach from this textbook, they benefit from Lucas' Integrated Teaching Package. The Annotated Instructor's Edition and Instructor's Manual, both written by Steve Lucas, provide teaching tips and give outlines on how to use the various supplements. As a result, instructors are able to see various teaching examples, how to integrate technology, and analyses and discussion questions for video clips in class. The Annotated Instructor's Edition, Instructor's Manual, Test Bank, CDs, videos, and other supplements provide instructors the tools needed to create a dynamic classroom. This edition has a supplement to meet the needs of online classes, Teaching Public Speaking Online with The Art of Public Speaking. |
fundamentals of speech communication 3rd edition: Fundamentals of Human Communication Margaret H. DeFleur, Patricia Kearney, Melvin L. DeFleur, Timothy Plax, 2013-02-05 Fundamentals of Human Communication presents the basic theoretical and practical concepts of the human communication process. DeFleur uses a multidisciplinary approach, with a balance of innovative and traditional perspectives to give students the tools to communicate effectively in the workplace and in everyday situations |
fundamentals of speech communication 3rd edition: Digital Signal Processing Li Tan, Jean Jiang, 2013-01-21 Digital Signal Processing, Second Edition enables electrical engineers and technicians in the fields of biomedical, computer, and electronics engineering to master the essential fundamentals of DSP principles and practice. Many instructive worked examples are used to illustrate the material, and the use of mathematics is minimized for easier grasp of concepts. As such, this title is also useful to undergraduates in electrical engineering, and as a reference for science students and practicing engineers. The book goes beyond DSP theory, to show implementation of algorithms in hardware and software. Additional topics covered include adaptive filtering with noise reduction and echo cancellations, speech compression, signal sampling, digital filter realizations, filter design, multimedia applications, over-sampling, etc. More advanced topics are also covered, such as adaptive filters, speech compression such as PCM, u-law, ADPCM, and multi-rate DSP and over-sampling ADC. New to this edition: - MATLAB projects dealing with practical applications added throughout the book - New chapter (chapter 13) covering sub-band coding and wavelet transforms, methods that have become popular in the DSP field - New applications included in many chapters, including applications of DFT to seismic signals, electrocardiography data, and vibration signals - All real-time C programs revised for the TMS320C6713 DSK - Covers DSP principles with emphasis on communications and control applications - Chapter objectives, worked examples, and end-of-chapter exercises aid the reader in grasping key concepts and solving related problems - Website with MATLAB programs for simulation and C programs for real-time DSP |
fundamentals of speech communication 3rd edition: Human Communication Michael Burgoon, Frank G. Hunsaker, Edwin J. Dawson, 1994 The field of human communication |
fundamentals of speech communication 3rd edition: Public Speaking Rules! Richard L. Weaver Ii, 2008-05 This book is written for those who are seeking the nuts-and-bolts of speech preparation and presentation. The book covers the fundamentals of public speaking, and it is designed for the first-time public speaker as well as for experienced public speakers who want to brush up on the basics. It is a well-written, practical, straightforward, hands-on approach to the essential elements necessary for giving great public speeches. |
fundamentals of speech communication 3rd edition: Fundamentals of Verbal and Nonverbal Communication and the Biometric Issue A. Esposito, M. Bratanić, E. Keller, 2007-05-22 The main theme of this publication is the fundamental features of verbal and nonverbal communication and their relationships with the identification of a person, his/her socio-cultural background and personal traits. The problem of understanding human behaviour in terms of personal traits, and the possibility of an algorithmic implementation that exploits personal traits to identify a person unambiguously, are among the great challenges of modern science and technology. On the one hand, there is the theoretical question of what makes each individual unique among all others that share similar traits, and what makes a culture unique among various cultures. On the other hand, there is the technological need to be able to protect people from individual disturbance and dangerous behaviour that could damage an entire community. As regards to the problem of understanding human behaviour, one of the most interesting research areas is that related to human interaction and face-to-face communication. It is in this context that knowledge is shared and personal traits acquire their significance. |
fundamentals of speech communication 3rd edition: Communication Matters Kory Floyd, 2011 Communication Matters helps students move beyond an intuitive appreciation of communication to explore core principles of the discipline. By helping students take personal responsibility for their communication behaviors, by encouraging critical reflection, and by actively applying the key concepts to diverse contemporary challenges, the program fosters an understanding of the many important ways communication matters in daily life. |
fundamentals of speech communication 3rd edition: Fundamentals of Wireless Communication David Tse, Pramod Viswanath, 2005-05-26 This textbook takes a unified view of the fundamentals of wireless communication and explains cutting-edge concepts in a simple and intuitive way. An abundant supply of exercises make it ideal for graduate courses in electrical and computer engineering and it will also be of great interest to practising engineers. |
fundamentals of speech communication 3rd edition: Communicating in Business and the Professions Constance Courtney Staley, Robert Stephens Staley, 1992 |
fundamentals of speech communication 3rd edition: Fundamentals of Audiology for the Speech-Language Pathologist Welling, Carol A. Ukstins, 2017-09-06 Fundamentals of Audiology for the Speech-Language Pathologist, Second Edition is specifically written for the speech-language pathologist working with hearing impaired populations. This accessible text incorporates the expertise of audiologists along with the knowledge and experience of speech-language pathologists. The theories and training of both disciplines are combined in order to facilitate the practical application of foundational audiological information into speech-language pathology practice. |
fundamentals of speech communication 3rd edition: Understanding Data Communications Gilbert Held, 1996 This expanded and completely updated edition, of the popular text reflects the major changes to communications technology since 1990. New coverage includes discussions of ATM and Frame Relay, Ethernet and Token-Ring Networks, and expanded treatment of satellite communications. There is also new material on the ATM LAN versus WAN evolution as well as new sections on LAN networking and Internetworking. Emphasis is given throughout to reflect the emergence of the Internet with timely information on TCP/IP, NetWare, and LAN applications. |
fundamentals of speech communication 3rd edition: Speech & Language Processing Dan Jurafsky, 2000-09 |
fundamentals of speech communication 3rd edition: The Communication Age Autumn Edwards, Chad Edwards, Shawn T. Wahl, Scott A. Myers, 2015-12-07 We are in “the communication age.” No matter who you are or how you communicate, we are all members of a society who connect through the internet, not just to it. From face-to-face interactions to all forms of social media, The Communication Age, Second Edition invites you to join the conversation about today’s issues and make your voice heard. This contemporary and engaging text introduces students to the essentials of interpersonal, small group, and public communication while incorporating technology, media, and speech communication to foster civic engagement for a better future. |
fundamentals of speech communication 3rd edition: Ted Talks Chris Anderson, 2016-05-03 A NEW YORK TIMES BESTSELLER A must-read insider’s guide to creating unforgettable speeches and changing people's minds. Done right, a talk can electrify a room and transform an audience’s worldview; it can be more powerful than anything in written form. This “invaluable guide” (Publishers Weekly) explains how the miracle of powerful public speaking is achieved, and equips you to give it your best shot. There is no set formula, but there are tools that can empower any speaker. Since taking over TED in 2001, Chris Anderson has worked with all the TED speakers who have inspired us the most, and here he shares insights from such favorites as Sir Ken Robinson, Salman Khan, Monica Lewinsky, and more— everything from how to craft your talk’s content to how you can be most effective on stage. |
fundamentals of speech communication 3rd edition: Fundamentals of Language Roman Jakobson, Moris Halle, 2020-01-20 No detailed description available for Fundamentals of Language. |
fundamentals of speech communication 3rd edition: Born to Talk Lloyd M. Hulit, Kathleen R. Fahey, Merle R. Howard, 2014-03-03 With its primary focus on language development, Born to Talk, 6/e provides a comprehensive, contemporary, reader-friendly look at the many new and exciting contributions to the information about human language acquisition. In it, readers keep informed of the complex array of topics that provide the foundation for human communication and its development from birth through young adulthood. It is the ideal resource for students and practitioners in speech-language pathology, early childhood education, general education, special education, and related disciplines. Enhanced Pearson eText. Included in this package is access to the new Enhanced eText exclusively from Pearson. The Enhanced Pearson eText is: Engaging. Full-color online chapters include dynamic videos that show what course concepts look like in real classrooms, model good teaching practice, and expand upon chapter concepts. Video links, chosen by our authors and other subject-matter experts, are embedded right in context of the content you are reading. Convenient. Enjoy instant online access from your computer or download the Pearson eText App to read on or offline on your iPad and Android tablets.* Interactive. Features include embedded video, embedded assessment, note taking and sharing, highlighting and search. Affordable. Experience all these advantages of the Enhanced eText along with all the benefits of print for 40% to 50% less than a print bound book. *The Pearson eText App is available for free on Google Play and in the App Store.* Requires Android OS 3.1 - 4, a 7 or 10 tablet or iPad iOS 5.0 or newer |
fundamentals of speech communication 3rd edition: Building a Speech Sheldon Metcalfe, 2004 Metcalfe's BUILDING A SPEECH, Fifth Edition, continues the tradition of providing proven texts at lower prices. With 20 chapters organized into five units, BUILDING A SPEECH guides students through a step-by-step process of acquiring public speaking skills by observation, peer criticism, personal experience and instructor guidance. Readings and exercises provide assistance in developing informative and persuasive speeches as well as research and speechwriting skills. This book establishes a caring environment for the learning process through a conversational style that aims to both interest and motivate students, while conveying encouragement through topics such as apprehension and listening that will help students to realize that they are not alone in their struggles. It is grounded in the philosophy that students can master the steps of speech construction if provided with a caring environment, clear blueprints, and creative examples. |
fundamentals of speech communication 3rd edition: Fundamentals of Speech Communication Bert E. Bradley, 1981 |
fundamentals of speech communication 3rd edition: Speaking Up Without Freaking Out Matt Abrahams, 2016 50 Scientifically-Supported Techniques to Create More Confident and Compelling Speakers |
fundamentals of speech communication 3rd edition: USAF Instructor's Journal United States. Air Force. Air Training Command, 1963 |
fundamentals of speech communication 3rd edition: Digital Communications: Fundamentals & Applications, 2/E Sklar, 2009-09 |
fundamentals of speech communication 3rd edition: Business Communication for Success Scott McLean, 2010 |
fundamentals of speech communication 3rd edition: The Elements of Public Speaking Joseph A. DeVito, 2000 Elements of Public Speaking, 7e, provides a highly engaging and comprehensive survey of public speaking in a flexible format adaptable to a variety of classrooms. The major themes of the new edition are its integrated coverage of new technology, inclusion of ethics, emphasis on listening, expanded coverage of culture and gender, and continued coverage of critical thinking. |
fundamentals of speech communication 3rd edition: USAF Instructors Journal , 1963 |
fundamentals of speech communication 3rd edition: Introduction to the World of Communication (Revised First Edition) Tammy R. Vigil, 2012-03-05 Introduction to the World of Communication gives students a strong introductory foundation in communication skills. Many texts in the field focus on either fundamentals of communication or mass communication. This anthology addresses both and provides useful information about careers in the field. The book begins with an overview of the fundamentals of communication, moves into the history and development of communication media, and concludes with a survey of dominant communications professions. Topics include: - Language - Nonverbal Communication - Law and Ethics - Mass Communication - Emerging Technology - Interpersonal Communication Each chapter has tear-out reading questions that aid in evaluating progress with and completion of the readings as well as in preparing for exams. The discussion questions encourage dynamic classroom interaction. Introduction to the World of Communication can be used in Introduction to Human Communication courses, as well as Introduction to Mass Communication, and Introduction to Communication Studies. Dr. Tammy R. Vigil is currently the Associate Dean of the College of Communication at Boston University. She earned her doctorate from the University of Kansas in 2000. Dr. Vigil has taught graduate and undergraduate courses in Communication Theory, Research Methods, Contemporary Mass Communication, Argumentation and Oral Presentation. She currently teaches the large introductory class for the College of Communication. Her research interests include political communication, media effects, rhetoric, and popular culture. Dr. Vigil is a co-author of the book The Third Agenda in U.S. Presidential Debates. |
fundamentals of speech communication 3rd edition: The Norton Field Guide to Speaking John Daly, Isa Engleberg, 2021-11-05 The Norton Field Guide to Speaking offers students the kind of helpful advice and encouragement found in leading full-length textbooks in a user-friendly, to-the-point, easily referenced field guide format. Its uniquely flexible, modular organization gives experienced instructors the freedom to teach their course as they choose, while its color-coded cross-referencing system and extensive student and instructor resources provide the structural support and guidance that new instructors need. |
FUNDAMENTAL Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster
The meaning of FUNDAMENTAL is serving as a basis supporting existence or determining essential structure or function : basic. How to use fundamental in a sentence. Synonym …
FUNDAMENTALS | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary
The fundamentals include modularity, anticipation of change, generality and an incremental approach.
FUNDAMENTALS definition and meaning | Collins English …
The fundamentals of something are its simplest, most important elements, ideas, or principles, in contrast to more complicated or detailed ones.
FUNDAMENTAL Definition & Meaning | Dictionary.com
noun a basic principle, rule, law, or the like, that serves as the groundwork of a system; essential part. to master the fundamentals of a trade.
Fundamentals - definition of fundamentals by The Free Dictionary
Fundamentals (See also ESSENCE.) down to bedrock Down to basics or fundamentals; down to the essentials. Bedrock is literally a hard, solid layer of rock underlying the upper strata of soil …
fundamental - Wiktionary, the free dictionary
May 17, 2025 · fundamental (plural fundamentals) (generic, singular) A basic truth, elementary concept, principle, rule, or law. An individual fundamental will often serve as a building block …
FUNDAMENTALS definition | Cambridge English Dictionary
fundamentals of It's important for children to be taught the fundamentals of science. Share prices have risen across Asia as fundamentals improve. Global uncertainty is unlikely to become …
Fundamental - Definition, Meaning & Synonyms
Fundamental has its roots in the Latin word fundamentum, which means "foundation." So if something is fundamental, it is a key point or underlying issue — the foundation, if you will — …
FUNDAMENTAL | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary
fundamental principle The school is based on the fundamental principle that all children should reach their full potential. of fundamental importance Diversity is of fundamental importance to …
Fundamentals - Definition, Meaning & Synonyms
Definitions of fundamentals noun principles from which other truths can be derived “first you must learn the fundamentals ” synonyms: basic principle, basics, bedrock, fundamental principle see …
FUNDAMENTAL Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster
The meaning of FUNDAMENTAL is serving as a basis supporting existence or determining essential structure or function : basic. How to use fundamental in a sentence. Synonym …
FUNDAMENTALS | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary
The fundamentals include modularity, anticipation of change, generality and an incremental approach.
FUNDAMENTALS definition and meaning | Collins English …
The fundamentals of something are its simplest, most important elements, ideas, or principles, in contrast to more complicated or detailed ones.
FUNDAMENTAL Definition & Meaning | Dictionary.com
noun a basic principle, rule, law, or the like, that serves as the groundwork of a system; essential part. to master the fundamentals of a trade.
Fundamentals - definition of fundamentals by The Free Dictionary
Fundamentals (See also ESSENCE.) down to bedrock Down to basics or fundamentals; down to the essentials. Bedrock is literally a hard, solid layer of rock underlying the upper strata of soil …
fundamental - Wiktionary, the free dictionary
May 17, 2025 · fundamental (plural fundamentals) (generic, singular) A basic truth, elementary concept, principle, rule, or law. An individual fundamental will often serve as a building block …
FUNDAMENTALS definition | Cambridge English Dictionary
fundamentals of It's important for children to be taught the fundamentals of science. Share prices have risen across Asia as fundamentals improve. Global uncertainty is unlikely to become …
Fundamental - Definition, Meaning & Synonyms
Fundamental has its roots in the Latin word fundamentum, which means "foundation." So if something is fundamental, it is a key point or underlying issue — the foundation, if you will — …
FUNDAMENTAL | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary
fundamental principle The school is based on the fundamental principle that all children should reach their full potential. of fundamental importance Diversity is of fundamental importance to …
Fundamentals - Definition, Meaning & Synonyms
Definitions of fundamentals noun principles from which other truths can be derived “first you must learn the fundamentals ” synonyms: basic principle, basics, bedrock, fundamental principle …