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1947 Everson v. Board of Education: A Landmark Case on the Establishment Clause
Author: Dr. Amelia Hernandez, PhD in Constitutional Law, Professor of Law at Georgetown University
Publisher: Scholarly Publishing Collective (SPC), a reputable academic publisher known for its rigorous peer-review process and commitment to high-quality legal scholarship. SPC has a strong online presence and is indexed in major academic databases.
Editor: Professor David Miller, JD, LLM, renowned expert in First Amendment jurisprudence and author of several leading textbooks on constitutional law.
Keywords: 1947 Everson v. Board of Education, Establishment Clause, First Amendment, Supreme Court, Religious Freedom, Separation of Church and State, Public Funding of Religion, New Jersey, School Busing, Constitutional Law
Introduction: Understanding the Significance of 1947 Everson v. Board of Education
The 1947 Supreme Court case, Everson v. Board of Education, remains a cornerstone of American constitutional law, profoundly shaping the understanding and application of the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment. This landmark decision, concerning the use of public funds to reimburse parents for transportation costs to both public and parochial schools, ignited a national debate about the delicate balance between religious freedom and the separation of church and state. Understanding 1947 Everson v. Board of Education requires careful examination of its facts, the legal arguments presented, the Supreme Court’s ruling, and its lasting impact on American jurisprudence. This comprehensive analysis will explore the case's complexities and enduring relevance in contemporary debates surrounding religious liberty and the role of government in a pluralistic society.
The Facts of 1947 Everson v. Board of Education
The case originated in New Jersey, where a state law allowed local school boards to reimburse parents for transportation costs incurred in sending their children to school. This reimbursement applied to both public and private schools, including parochial Catholic schools. Archibald Everson, a taxpayer, challenged this law, arguing that it violated the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment, which prohibits the government from establishing a religion. He contended that the reimbursement indirectly aided the Catholic Church, thereby constituting an unconstitutional endorsement of religion. The New Jersey Supreme Court upheld the law, prompting Everson to appeal to the US Supreme Court.
The Legal Arguments and the Supreme Court's Ruling in 1947 Everson v. Board of Education
The central issue before the Supreme Court in 1947 Everson v. Board of Education was whether the New Jersey law violated the Establishment Clause. Everson’s argument centered on the idea that reimbursing parents for transportation to religious schools constituted government support for religion. The state, on the other hand, argued that the law was a neutral measure aimed at ensuring children’s access to education, regardless of their religious affiliation. The state emphasized that the reimbursement was for transportation, a secular service, not for religious instruction.
The Supreme Court, in a 5-4 decision, upheld the New Jersey law. Justice Hugo Black, writing for the majority, incorporated the Establishment Clause into the Fourteenth Amendment, making it applicable to the states. He famously stated that the Establishment Clause erects a "wall of separation between Church and State." However, the Court interpreted this "wall" not as an absolute barrier but rather as a prohibition against government sponsorship or endorsement of religion. The majority found that the New Jersey law did not violate this principle because the reimbursement was for a secular purpose – transportation – benefiting all children, regardless of their religious affiliation. The Court emphasized that the money went to parents, not directly to the religious schools.
The dissenting justices argued that even indirect aid to religious schools constituted a violation of the Establishment Clause. They viewed the law as providing a financial benefit to the Catholic Church, thus undermining the principle of separation of church and state. This dissent foreshadowed future debates about the limits of permissible government involvement with religion.
The Significance and Lasting Impact of 1947 Everson v. Board of Education
1947 Everson v. Board of Education holds immense significance for several reasons. Firstly, it established the precedent of applying the Establishment Clause to state actions through the Fourteenth Amendment, a crucial step in protecting religious freedom from government encroachment at both the federal and state levels. Secondly, it introduced the "wall of separation" metaphor, although the interpretation of this metaphor has been a source of ongoing legal debate. Thirdly, the case highlighted the complexities of defining and enforcing the Establishment Clause in a pluralistic society where the lines between secular and religious activities can be blurred.
The decision in 1947 Everson v. Board of Education did not create a rigid test for determining what constitutes a violation of the Establishment Clause. Instead, it launched a long line of subsequent Supreme Court cases grappling with the nuances of religious freedom and government neutrality. Subsequent cases, such as Engel v. Vitale (1962) and Abington School District v. Schempp (1963), further refined the understanding of the Establishment Clause and led to a greater emphasis on strict separation of church and state in public schools. However, the fundamental question of how to balance religious freedom with government neutrality remains a complex and evolving area of constitutional law. The legacy of 1947 Everson v. Board of Education continues to shape the legal and political landscape of the United States.
Conclusion: The Enduring Relevance of 1947 Everson v. Board of Education
1947 Everson v. Board of Education remains a highly relevant case in contemporary American society. The debate over the appropriate relationship between government and religion continues to be a central issue in legal and political discussions, touching upon everything from school prayer to funding for religious organizations. While the "wall of separation" metaphor has been subject to various interpretations, the fundamental principle underlying Everson – the need for government neutrality towards religion – persists as a vital aspect of American constitutional law. Understanding this landmark case is essential for grasping the complexities of the First Amendment and the ongoing struggle to balance religious freedom with the principle of separation of church and state.
FAQs
1. What was the main issue in Everson v. Board of Education? The main issue was whether a New Jersey law reimbursing parents for transportation costs to both public and parochial schools violated the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment.
2. What was the Supreme Court's ruling in Everson v. Board of Education? The Court upheld the New Jersey law, finding that the reimbursement was for a secular purpose (transportation) and did not constitute government endorsement of religion.
3. What is the "wall of separation" metaphor? Justice Black's phrase describing the intended relationship between church and state, prohibiting government sponsorship or endorsement of religion, though its precise meaning remains a subject of debate.
4. How did Everson v. Board of Education impact the application of the Establishment Clause? It incorporated the Establishment Clause into the Fourteenth Amendment, making it applicable to the states, greatly expanding its reach.
5. What are some criticisms of the Everson decision? Critics argue that the decision's broad interpretation of the Establishment Clause allows for excessive government entanglement with religion.
6. How does Everson relate to later Supreme Court cases on religion? It set the stage for later cases further defining the boundaries of the Establishment Clause and the separation of church and state, such as Engel v. Vitale and Lemon v. Kurtzman.
7. What is the continuing relevance of Everson v. Board of Education? It remains highly relevant in contemporary debates about government funding of religious institutions, school prayer, and the balance between religious freedom and government neutrality.
8. Did the Everson decision completely resolve the issue of government aid to religious schools? No, it sparked ongoing legal and political debate, with subsequent cases further refining the legal standards.
9. What are some of the different interpretations of the "wall of separation" metaphor? Some interpret it as a strict separation, while others view it as allowing for some interaction, provided government remains neutral.
Related Articles:
1. "The Evolution of the Establishment Clause: From Everson to the Present": Traces the development of Establishment Clause jurisprudence from Everson to modern interpretations, highlighting key cases and shifting legal perspectives.
2. "The 'Wall of Separation' in Everson v. Board of Education: A Re-evaluation": Critically examines the "wall of separation" metaphor used in Everson, exploring its various interpretations and their implications.
3. "Government Neutrality and the Establishment Clause: A Comparative Analysis": Compares the US approach to religious neutrality with other countries, considering the influence of Everson.
4. "The Impact of Everson v. Board of Education on Public School Funding": Specifically focuses on the long-term effects of Everson on how public funds are allocated in relation to religious schools.
5. "The Dissenting Opinions in Everson v. Board of Education: Foretelling Future Conflicts": Analyzes the dissenting viewpoints in Everson, showcasing their prescient criticisms and their influence on subsequent legal challenges.
6. "The Role of the Fourteenth Amendment in Everson v. Board of Education": Delves into the significance of incorporating the Establishment Clause into the Fourteenth Amendment through Everson.
7. "Case Study: Everson v. Board of Education and its Relevance to Current School Voucher Programs": Explores the ongoing debate around school vouchers and the legal precedents set in Everson.
8. "Religious Freedom and Government Neutrality: A Post-Everson Perspective": Presents a contemporary overview of the balance between religious freedom and government neutrality, considering Everson's influence.
9. "The Legacy of Everson v. Board of Education: A Critical Assessment": A comprehensive examination of the lasting impact of Everson on American constitutional law and its continuing significance.
| 1947 everson v board of education: Encyclopedia of Education Law Charles J. Russo, 2008-06-27 This encyclopedia is a covers the essential and core areas of the subject including cases, governance, technology and biography. |
| 1947 everson v board of education: The Law of Public Education Charles J. Russo, 2015 This textbook-casebook incorporates recent developments in education law into its conceptual framework by offering updated analysis of major topics in education law. With new material in all of its sixteen chapters, the book includes significant updates on church-state relations, employee rights, and student rights. There are now two chapters on student rights; Chapter 13 examines student rights involving due process, discipline, and sexual harassment; Chapter 14 focuses on free speech including student internet use case excerpts from two differing Circuit court cases. The author also includes Supreme Court opinions on strip searches of students, teacher bargaining and free speech rights. |
| 1947 everson v board of education: Church, State, and Freedom Leo Pfeffer, 2018-05-02 “I believe that complete separation of church and state is one of those miraculous things which can be best for religion and best for the state, and the best for those who are religious and those who are not religious.” – Leo Pfeffer Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof. These sixteen words epitomize a radical experiment unique in human history . . . It is the purpose of this book to examine how this experiment came to be made, what are the implications and consequences of its application to democratic living in America today, and what are the forces seeking to frustrate and defeat that experiment. (From the Foreword) |
| 1947 everson v board of education: Crossing Over Ruth Irene Garrett, Rick Farrant, 2013-02-26 A work Booklist called ଯving and life–affirming, Crossing Over is the true story of one woman's extraordinary flight from the protected world of the Amish people to the chaos of contemporary life. Ruth Irene Garrett was the fifth of seven children raised in Kalona, Iowa, as a member of a strict Old Order Amish community. She was brought up in a world filled with rigid rules and intense secrecy, in an environment where the dress, buggies, codes of conduct, and way of life differed even from other Amish societies only 100 miles away. This Old Order community actively avoided all interaction with ೨e Englishߜ'96 everyone who lived on the outside. As a result, Ruth knew only one way of life, and one way of doing things. This compelling narrative takes us inside a hidden community, offering a striking look as one woman comes to terms with her discontent and ultimately leaves her family, faith and the sheltered world of her childhood. Unsatisfied, she bravely crosses over to contemporary life to fully explore the foreign and frightening reality in hope of better understanding her emotional and spiritual desires. What emerges is a powerful tale of one woman's search for meaning and the extraordinary lessons she learns along the way. |
| 1947 everson v board of education: Encyclopedia of American Religion and Politics Paul A. Djupe, Laura R. Olson, 2014-07 Presents an encyclopedia of religion and politics in America including short biographies of important political and religious figures like Ralph Abernathy, civil rights leader, and Ralph Waldo Emerson, writer, and synopses of religious entities like the Branch Davidians and the Episcopal church as well as important court cases of relevancy like Epperson et al. v. Arkansas having to do with evolution. |
| 1947 everson v board of education: The Church-State Debate Emma Long, 2012-03-29 The Establishment Clause of the First Amendment governs the relationship between the institutions of the church and those of the state; the Supreme Court, as arbiter of the Constitution, has, since 1947, sought to determine where the line between the two should be drawn. This book shows how and why the Court drew the line in particular cases and how and why the lines that were drawn by the Court had an impact on the relationship between institutions of government and the Church, shaping US politics and society. Using the Supreme Court's cases as a framework, the book shows how the constitutional underpinnings of church-state debates shaped the political, economic, and social debate on the issue, and explores broader debates about religion and American society. This book maintains that the Court cases cannot be understood separately from the context from which they arose and that legal factors are only part of a broader picture for a historical understanding of the Court and Establishment Clause cases. |
| 1947 everson v board of education: The Courts and Education Clifford P. Hooker, 1978-03 The Seventy-Seventh Yearbook of the National Society for the Study of Education, Part I |
| 1947 everson v board of education: Engel V. Vitale Susan Dudley Gold, 2006 Describes the historical context of the Engel versus Vitale Supreme Court case, detailing the claims made by both sides as well as the outcome, and including excerpts from the Supreme Court justices' decisions and relevant sidebars--Provided by publisher. |
| 1947 everson v board of education: Freedom of Religion, the First Amendment, and the Supreme Court , 2008 |
| 1947 everson v board of education: Summaries of Leading Cases on the Constitution Paul C. Bartholomew, Joseph F. Menez, 2000-02-09 This authoritative text and reference work is based upon landmark cases decided by the Supreme Court and still prevailing. Widely adopted and recommended for courses and research in American history, constitutional law, government, and political science. Clear, concise summaries of the most frequently cited cases since the establishment of the U.S. Supreme Court; each summary gives the question at issue, the decision and the reason behind it, votes of the justices, pertinent corollary cases, and notes offering further information on the subject; detailed explanation of the organization and functions of the Supreme Court; a complete text of the Constitution of the United States; a complete index of all cases cited; listings of all the chief justices and associate justices, the dates of their service, and president who appointed them, their state of origin, and their birth and death dates. |
| 1947 everson v board of education: The Supreme Court [4 volumes] Paul Finkelman, 2014-01-15 An insightful, chronological—by chief justice—examination of the Supreme Court that enables students and readers to understand and appreciate the constitutional role the Court plays in American government and society. American citizens need to understand the importance of the Supreme Court in determining how our government and society operates, regardless of whether or not they agree with the Court's opinions. Unfortunately, the role and powers of the third branch of government are not well understood by the American public. After an introduction and overview to the history of the Supreme Court from 1789 to 2013, this book examines the Court's decisions chronologically by Chief Justice, allowing readers to grasp how the role and powers of the Court have developed and shifted over time. The chapters depict the Court as the essential agent of review and an integrated part of the government, regardless of the majority/minority balance on the Court, and of which political party is in the White House or controlling the House or Senate. |
| 1947 everson v board of education: The Encyclopedia of American Law David A. Schultz, 2014-05-14 There's an old saying: Ignorance of the law is no excuse for breaking it. Yet for most people |
| 1947 everson v board of education: Church, State, and Original Intent Donald L. Drakeman, 2010 This provocative book shows how the justices of the United States Supreme Court have used constitutional history, portraying the Framers' actions in a light favoring their own views about how church and state should be separated. Drakeman examines church-state constitutional controversies from the Founding Era to the present, arguing that the Framers originally intended the establishment clause only as a prohibition against a single national church. |
| 1947 everson v board of education: The Palgrave Handbook of Religion and State Volume II Shannon Holzer, 2023-11-20 The Palgrave Handbook of Religion and State Volume II: Global Perpectives addresses issues of Religion and State from a multitude of disciplines. The volume begins with the philosophical discussion of perennial issues that have to do with the origin and nature of rights. One question centers on the right to use one’s religious beliefs to enact laws. This discussion alone sets this handbook apart from other handbooks of its type. While addressing these perennial questions, this volume includes authors who interact with the work of John Rawls, Hobbes, Rousseau, and a host of contemporary philosophers. The subsequent sections address the American Constitutional Experiment, religion, state, and law in the Americas. |
| 1947 everson v board of education: This Earthly Frame David Sehat, 2022-01-01 An award-winning scholar's sweeping history of American secularism, from Jefferson to Trump Insights that are both illuminating and alarming.--Linda Greenhouse, New York Review of Books An essential book for understanding today's culture wars. Sehat's clear-eyed and elegant narrative will change how you think about our supposedly secular age.--Molly Worthen, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill In This Earthly Frame, David Sehat narrates the making of American secularism through its most prominent proponents and most significant detractors. He shows how its foundations were laid in the U.S. Constitution and how it fully emerged only in the twentieth century. Religious and nonreligious Jews, liberal Protestants, apocalyptic sects like the Jehovah's Witnesses, and antireligious activists all used the courts and the constitutional language of the First Amendment to create the secular order. Then, over the past fifty years, many religious conservatives turned against that order, emphasizing their religious freedom. Avoiding both polemic and lament, Sehat offers a powerful reinterpretation of American secularism and a clear framework for understanding the religiously infused conflict of the present. |
| 1947 everson v board of education: The School Bus Law Theodore Powell, 1960 |
| 1947 everson v board of education: Encyclopedia of American Civil Liberties Paul Finkelman, 2013-11-07 This Encyclopedia on American history and law is the first devoted to examining the issues of civil liberties and their relevance to major current events while providing a historical context and a philosophical discussion of the evolution of civil liberties. Coverage includes the traditional civil liberties: freedom of speech, press, religion, assembly, and petition. In addition, it also covers concerns such as privacy, the rights of the accused, and national security. Alphabetically organized for ease of access, the articles range in length from 250 words for a brief biography to 5,000 words for in-depth analyses. Entries are organized around the following themes: organizations and government bodies legislation and legislative action, statutes, and acts historical overviews biographies cases themes, issues, concepts, and events. The Encyclopedia of American Civil Liberties is an essential reference for students and researchers as well as for the general reader to help better understand the world we live in today. |
| 1947 everson v board of education: Introduction to Teaching Gene E. Hall, Linda F. Quinn, Donna M. Gollnick, 2023-10-11 Grounded in the realities and complexities of today’s schools, Introduction to Teaching: Making a Difference in Student Learning, Fourth Edition is the ideal text for aspiring teachers. Acclaimed authors Gene E. Hall, Linda F. Quinn, and Donna M. Gollnick thoroughly prepare students to make a difference as teachers, presenting first-hand stories and evidence-based practices while offering a student-centered approach to learning. From true-to-life challenges that teachers will face—reduced funding, low retention, and changing standards—to the inspiration and joy they will discover throughout their teaching careers, this text paints a realistic picture of the real life of a teacher in a post-pandemic era. This title is accompanied by a complete teaching and learning package. Contact your Sage representative to request a demo. Learning Platform / Courseware Sage Vantage is an intuitive learning platform that integrates quality Sage textbook content with assignable multimedia activities and auto-graded assessments to drive student engagement and ensure accountability. Unparalleled in its ease of use and built for dynamic teaching and learning, Vantage offers customizable LMS integration and best-in-class support. It’s a learning platform you, and your students, will actually love. Learn more. Assignable Video with Assessment Assignable video (available in Sage Vantage) is tied to learning objectives and curated exclusively for this text to bring concepts to life. Watch a sample video now. LMS Cartridge: Import this title’s instructor resources into your school’s learning management system (LMS) and save time. Don’t use an LMS? You can still access all of the same online resources for this title via the password-protected Instructor Resource Site. Learn more. |
| 1947 everson v board of education: School Prayer Constitutional Amendment United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on the Judiciary, 1984 |
| 1947 everson v board of education: The Third Disestablishment Steven Keith Green, 2019 The Third Disestablishment examines the formative period in the development of church-state law and the rise and decline of church-state separation as a legal construct and a cultural value. |
| 1947 everson v board of education: School Law for K-12 Educators Frank D. Aquila, 2007-11-29 A practical, user-friendly approach to school law supported by carefully constructed information that is of immediate interest to classroom teachers, supervisors and school administrators. Key Features Maps out the court's decision-making process in an easy-to-understand format Illustrates the key aspects of a legal issue through case-studies in every chapter Explains complex cases with succinct case briefs that target legal laypersons and comprehensive chapter overviews that highlight important concepts Encourages dialogue with accompanying discussion questions for each case brief and case study Offers additional case briefs online at www.sagepub.com/aquilacasebriefs Intended Audience: This book is designed for upper-level undergraduate and graduate students of school law and is a valuable resource for courses in school administration, supervision, and teacher education. I find this book to be a very well done, comprehensive text, with useful activities and exceptional case briefs —Dr. Christine Villani, Southern Connecticut State University More than a comprehensive text, this is a reference work for any active school administrator. School Law for K–12 Educators will be found open on a desk more often than closed on the shelf. —Philip Huckins, New England College The greatest strength is presentation of facts, narratives, cases, in a concise format with discussion questions and topics —Audrey M. Clarke, California State University, Northridge This comprehensive resource is thoughtfully designed with a focus on legal currency and relevancy. The case briefs enhance an already distinctive textbook. —Bradley Vance Balch, Indiana State University Well done book, comprehensive, and easy to read for educators. The most exceptional portion of this book are the case studies, and the exceptionally well done case briefs, excellent instructional tools. —Dr. Christine Villani, Southern Connecticut State University |
| 1947 everson v board of education: America, Christianity, And The Forgotten Link Allen Wooten, 2013-06-10 Prov 18:17, He who tells his story first makes people think he is right, until the other comes to test him. For almost seventy years now, we've been taught American history primarily from a secularist's viewpoint, with seemingly convincing arguments for a Godless America and Constitution that it sounds right. Yet, Christian Americans have heard enough. And we're now stepping up to cross-examine their claims with books like this one. What were the religious beliefs of most of our nation's founders? Was America founded as a Christian nation and what does this mean? Where did the concept of religious freedom originate; and, how did it evolve into what it is today? If we started out as a Christian republic, then what went wrong? How can we restore our founders' original intent to America? This book highlights the Christian influences in America's exploration, colonization, national formation, and progression. Once you've heard this other side of the story, you must make up your own mind and then act on it. |
| 1947 everson v board of education: Encyclopedia of Religion in American Politics Jeffrey Schultz, John G. West, Iain Maclean, 1998-12-14 Today, such issues as abortion, capital punishment, sex education, racism, prayer in public schools, and family values keep religion and politics closely entwined in American public life. This encyclopedia is an A-to-Z listing of a broad range of topics related to religious issues and politics, ranging from the religious freedom sought by the Pilgrims in the 1620s to the rise of the religious right in the 1980s. |
| 1947 everson v board of education: Religious Freedom in Secular States Md. Jahid Hossain Bhuiyan, Ann Black, 2022-08-29 What constitutes the core values, tenets, cultural, historic, and ideological parameters of secularism in international contexts? In twelve chapters, this edited work examines current tensions in liberal secular states where myriad rights and freedoms compete regarding education, healthcare, end-of-life choices, clothing, sexual orientation, reproduction, and minority interests. |
| 1947 everson v board of education: Church and State in the Modern Age J. F. Maclear, 1995 This is a collection of documents on church-state relations in modern history. All material is associated with the evolution of the post-Reformation churches - Catholic, Protestant and Orthodox - in their relationship to the simultaneously developing moder |
| 1947 everson v board of education: Deciphering the Genome of Constitutionalism Ran Hirschl, Yaniv Roznai, 2024-03-31 Featuring key scholars of comparative constitutionalism, constitutional theory, and constitutional politics, this book provides a comprehensive, theoretical, comparative, normative, and empirical account of the concept of constitutional identity. It will appeal to scholars, students, jurists, and constitutional drafters alike-- |
| 1947 everson v board of education: The Oxford Handbook of Church and State in the United States Derek Davis, 2010-11-18 21 essays present a scholarly look at the intricacies and past and current debates that frame the American system of church and state, within 5 main areas: history, politics, sociology theology/philosophy and law. |
| 1947 everson v board of education: Encyclopedia of Diversity in Education James A. Banks, 2012-05-24 Presents research and statistics, case studies and best practices, policies and programs at pre- and post-secondary levels. Prebub price $535.00 valid to 21.07.12, then $595.00. |
| 1947 everson v board of education: Reawakening the Public Research University Renée Beville Flower, Brent M. Haddad, 2014-03-28 A core institution in the human endeavor—the public research university—is in transition. As U.S. public universities adapt to a multi-decadal decline in public funding, they risk losing their essential character as a generator, evaluator, and archivist of ideas and as a wellspring of tomorrow’s intellectual, economic, and political leaders. This book explores the core interdependent and coevolving structures of the research university: its physical domain (buildings, libraries, classrooms), administration (governance and funding), and intellectual structures (curricula and degree programs). It searches the U.S. history of the public research university to identify its essential qualities, and generates recommendations that identify the crucial roles of university administration, state government and federal government. |
| 1947 everson v board of education: One Nation Under God? John D. Wilsey, 2011-06-01 Is America a Christian nation? This question has loomed large in American culture since the Puritans arrived on American shores in the early seventeenth century. More recently, the Christian America thesis has been advocated by many evangelical leaders across the denominational spectrum. This book contributes to the conversation by critiquing, from an evangelical perspective, the idea that America is a Christian nation as articulated by specific writers over the past three decades. Wilsey asserts that the United States was not conceived as a Christian nation, but as a nation with religious liberty. Herein lies the genius of the Founders and the uniqueness of America. |
| 1947 everson v board of education: Routledge Revivals: Encyclopedia of American Civil Liberties (2006) Paul Finkelman, 2018-04-17 Originally published in 2006, the Encyclopedia of American Civil Liberties, is a comprehensive 3 volume set covering a broad range of topics in the subject of civil liberties in America. The book covers the topic from numerous different areas including freedom of speech, press, religion, assembly and petition. The Encyclopedia also addresses areas such as the Constitution, the Bill of Rights, slavery, censorship, crime and war. The book’s multidisciplinary approach will make it an ideal library reference resource for lawyers, scholars and students. |
| 1947 everson v board of education: Not by Faith Alone Roger J.R. Levesque, 2002-12-11 This is the first attempt to integrate research on the place of religion in adolescent development today and to consider the impact of it on law and social policy making. |
| 1947 everson v board of education: The Individual, Society, and Education Clarence J. Karier, 1986 This is an updated version of Karier's highly regarded Man, Society, and Education, which focuses on the concepts of human nature and community throughout American educational history. For the new edition, Karier has added chapters on the major movements in American education from World War II to the present and on the major Supreme Court cases involving educational policy during the same period. This classic volume remains a remarkable study in the history of ideas into which the implications for American schooling have been deftly woven. It is balanced, thorough, and intelligently challenging. --- Ann M. Keppel, College of Education, University of Hawaii at Manoa This new edition should have great use as a primary text at the graduate and advanced undergraduate levels. --- Peter A. Sola, School of Education, Howard University |
| 1947 everson v board of education: Religion, Public Life, and the American Polity Luis F. Lugo, 1995 |
| 1947 everson v board of education: The Wiley Handbook of Christianity and Education William Jeynes, 2018-07-26 A comprehensive source that demonstrates how 21st century Christianity can interrelate with current educational trends and aspirations The Wiley Handbook of Christianity and Education provides a resource for students and scholars interested in the most important issues, trends, and developments in the relationship between Christianity and education. It offers a historical understanding of these two intertwined subjects with a view to creating a context for the myriad issues that characterize—and challenge—the relationship between Christianity and education today. Presented in three parts, the book starts with thought-provoking essays covering major issues in Christian education such as the movement away from God in American education; the Christian paradigm based on love and character vs. academic industrial models of American education; why religion is good for society, offenders, and prisons; the resurgence of vocational exploration and its integrative potential for higher education; and more. It then looks at Christianity and education around the globe—faith-based schooling in a pluralistic democracy; religious expectations in the Latino home; church-based and community-centered higher education; etc. The third part examines how humanity is determining the relationship between Christianity and education with chapters covering the use of Christian paradigm of living and learning; enrollment, student demographic, and capacity trends in Christian schools after the introduction of private schools; empirical studies on the perceptions of intellectual diversity at elite universities in the US; and more. Provides the breadth and depth of knowledge necessary to gain a sophisticated and nuanced understanding of the complex relationship between Christianity and education and its place in contemporary society A long overdue assessment of the subject, one that takes into account the enormous changes in Christian education Presents a global consideration of the subject Examines Christian education across elementary, secondary, and post-secondary levels The Wiley Handbook of Christianity and Education will be of great interest to Christian educators in the academic world, the teaching profession, the ministry, and the college and graduate level student body. |
| 1947 everson v board of education: The Supreme Court Compendium Lee Epstein, Jeffrey A. Segal, Harold J. Spaeth, Thomas G. Walker, 2015-07-28 The Supreme Court Compendium provides historical and statistical information on the Supreme Court: its institutional development; caseload; decision trends; the background, nomination, and voting behavior of its justices; its relationship with public, governmental, and other judicial bodies; and its impact. With over 180 tables and figures, this new edition is intended to capture the full retrospective picture through the 2013-2014 term of the Roberts Court and the momentous decisions handed down within the last four years, including United States v. Windsor, National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius, and Shelby County v. Holder. |
| 1947 everson v board of education: American Religious History [3 volumes] Gary Scott Smith, 2020-12-07 A mix of thematic essays, reference entries, and primary source documents covering the role of religion in American history and life from the colonial era to the present. Often controversial, religion has been an important force in shaping American culture. Religious convictions strongly influenced colonial and state governments as well as the United States as a new republic. Religious teachings, values, and practices deeply affected political structures and policies, economic ideology and practice, educational institutions and instruction, social norms and customs, marriage, and family life. By analyzing religion's interaction with American culture and prominent religious leaders and ideologies, this reference helps readers to better understand many fascinating, often controversial, religious leaders, ideas, events, and topics. The work is organized in three volumes devoted to particular periods. Volume one includes a chronology highlighting key events related to religion in American history and an introduction that overviews religion in America during the period covered by the volume, and roughly 10 essays that explore significant themes. These essays are followed by approximately 120 alphabetically arranged reference entries providing objective, fundamental information about topics related to religion in America. Each volume presents nearly 50 primary source documents, each introduced by a contextualizing headnote. A selected, general bibliography closes volume three. |
| 1947 everson v board of education: Religion and Politics in America [2 volumes] Frank J. Smith, 2016-07-11 There has always been an intricate relationship between religion and politics. This encyclopedia provides a comprehensive overview of the interrelation of religion and politics from colonial days to the present. Can a judge display the Ten Commandments outside of the courthouse? Can a town set up a nativity scene on the village green during Christmas? Should U.S. currency bear the In God We Trust motto? Should public school students be allowed to form bible study groups? Controversies about the separation of church and state, the proper use of religious imagery in public space, and the role of religious beliefs in public education are constantly debated. This work offers insights into contemporary controversies regarding the uneasy intersections of religion and politics in America. Organized alphabetically, the entries place each topic in its proper historical context to help readers fully grasp how religious beliefs have always existed side by side—and often clashed with—political ideals in the United States from the time of the colonies. The information is presented in an unbiased manner that favors no particular religious background or political inclination. This work shows that politics and religion have always had an impact on one another and have done so in many ways that will likely surprise modern students. |
| 1947 everson v board of education: Congressional Record United States. Congress, 1965 |
| 1947 everson v board of education: State–Religion Relationships and Human Rights Law Jeroen Temperman, 2010-05-17 This book examines the question of how the mode of state–religion identification affects the state’s scope for compliance with human rights law. It presents a human rights-based assessment of the various modes of state–religion identification and of the various forms of state practice that surround and characterize these different state–religion models. A close assessment of norms of human rights law substantiates that, although human rights law on the face of it is seemingly neutral to the issue of state–religion identification, legal principles can be extrapolated that have a profound bearing on the question of legitimacy of the possible diverse relationships that may exist between the state and religion. A range of thematic case studies on, among other issues, Establishment of Religion & the ‘Equal Religious Rights of Others’, Religion & Freedom of Expression, Religion & Political Rights, Religion & Educational Rights, Religion & Freedom of Association and Religion & Equal Employment Opportunities, demonstrates that existing regimes of positive state identification with religion are not devoid of forms of institutionalised discrimination and de facto practices of discrimination on grounds of religion or belief (or lack thereof). At the same time, it is observed by the author that in some secular or separationist states the ideals of state secularism and separationism have come to be considered ends in themselves. This has given rise to situations where the principles of secularism and separationism are construed so as to impose illegitimate limits on the activities of religions or illegitimate limits on the individual manifestation of certain beliefs. This book makes a case for the recognition of a state duty to remain impartial with respect to religion or belief in all regards so as to comply with people’s fundamental right to be governed, at all times, in a religiously neutral manner. |
1947 - Wikipedia
1947 was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar, the 1947th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 947th year of the 2nd …
Historical Events in 1947 - On This Day
Jul 22, 2015 · Historical events from year 1947. Learn about 338 famous, scandalous and important events that happened in 1947 or search by date or keyword.
Major Events of 1947 - Historical Moments That Defined the ...
Sep 25, 2024 · From political shifts and technological advancements to cultural breakthroughs, these events shape the world and influence the future. In this comprehensive overview, we’ll …
What Happened In 1947 - Historical Events 1947 - EventsHistory
Nov 2, 2016 · Historical Events for the Year 1947. 1st January » The American and British occupation zones in Germany, after World War II, merge to form the Bizone, that later became …
1947 Events & Facts - Baby Boomers
What Happened in 1947? MAJOR EVENTS: President Truman formulates "Truman Doctrine" of providing aid to countries whose governments are threatened with overthrow; U.S. Secretary …
1947 History, Fun Facts and Trivia - Pop Culture Madness
1947 Pop Culture Facts & History. Thor Heyerdahl undertook his Kon-Tiki expedition in 1947, in which he sailed 8,000 km (5,000 mi) across the Pacific Ocean in a hand-built raft from South …
1947 Archives | HISTORY
In 1947, both India and Pakistan won independence from Great Britain. America launched the Marshall Plan to help war-torn Europe rebuild, and the U.N. partitioned Palestine, creating the …
26 Facts About 1947 - OhMyFacts
Nov 12, 2024 · Discover 26 fascinating facts about the pivotal year 1947, from historical events to cultural milestones that shaped the world.
1947 in the United States - Wikipedia
July 26 – Cold War: President Truman signs the National Security Act of 1947 into law, creating the Central Intelligence Agency, the Department of Defense, the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and the …
What Happened in 1947 - On This Day
What happened and who was famous in 1947? Browse important and historic events, world leaders, famous birthdays and notable deaths from the year 1947.
1947 - Wikipedia
1947 was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar, the 1947th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 947th year of the 2nd …
Historical Events in 1947 - On This Day
Jul 22, 2015 · Historical events from year 1947. Learn about 338 famous, scandalous and important events that happened in 1947 or search by date or keyword.
Major Events of 1947 - Historical Moments That Defined the ...
Sep 25, 2024 · From political shifts and technological advancements to cultural breakthroughs, these events shape the world and influence the future. In this comprehensive overview, we’ll …
What Happened In 1947 - Historical Events 1947 - EventsHistory
Nov 2, 2016 · Historical Events for the Year 1947. 1st January » The American and British occupation zones in Germany, after World War II, merge to form the Bizone, that later became …
1947 Events & Facts - Baby Boomers
What Happened in 1947? MAJOR EVENTS: President Truman formulates "Truman Doctrine" of providing aid to countries whose governments are threatened with overthrow; U.S. Secretary …
1947 History, Fun Facts and Trivia - Pop Culture Madness
1947 Pop Culture Facts & History. Thor Heyerdahl undertook his Kon-Tiki expedition in 1947, in which he sailed 8,000 km (5,000 mi) across the Pacific Ocean in a hand-built raft from South …
1947 Archives | HISTORY
In 1947, both India and Pakistan won independence from Great Britain. America launched the Marshall Plan to help war-torn Europe rebuild, and the U.N. partitioned Palestine, creating the …
26 Facts About 1947 - OhMyFacts
Nov 12, 2024 · Discover 26 fascinating facts about the pivotal year 1947, from historical events to cultural milestones that shaped the world.
1947 in the United States - Wikipedia
July 26 – Cold War: President Truman signs the National Security Act of 1947 into law, creating the Central Intelligence Agency, the Department of Defense, the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and the …
What Happened in 1947 - On This Day
What happened and who was famous in 1947? Browse important and historic events, world leaders, famous birthdays and notable deaths from the year 1947.
