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The 1953 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine: Unraveling the Secrets of Citric Acid Metabolism
Author: Dr. Eleanor Vance, PhD, a renowned biochemist with over 20 years of experience researching metabolic pathways and the history of scientific breakthroughs, specializing in the history of biochemistry and the Nobel Prize.
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP), a globally recognized academic publisher with a long-standing reputation for high-quality research publications in scientific fields, including medicine and biochemistry. Their rigorous peer-review process ensures the accuracy and reliability of their publications.
Editor: Dr. Alistair McGregor, a medical historian and editor with extensive experience in publishing works on the history of medicine and scientific achievements, particularly Nobel Prize laureates and their contributions. He has edited several books focusing on the history of medical breakthroughs.
Keywords: 1953 Nobel Prize for Physiology, Nobel Prize Physiology 1953, Hans Adolf Krebs, Fritz Lipmann, Citric Acid Cycle, Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle, ATP synthesis, metabolic pathways, biochemistry, 1953 Nobel Prize winners, history of biochemistry.
Introduction: The 1953 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine stands as a landmark achievement in the understanding of cellular metabolism. This prestigious award was jointly bestowed upon two eminent scientists: Sir Hans Adolf Krebs for his discovery of the citric acid cycle (also known as the Krebs cycle or tricarboxylic acid cycle), and Fritz Albert Lipmann for his discovery of coenzyme A and its importance for intermediary metabolism. This in-depth report will explore their groundbreaking research, highlighting the significance of their findings and their enduring impact on modern biochemistry and medicine.
H1: Hans Adolf Krebs and the Citric Acid Cycle: A Revolutionary Discovery
Hans Adolf Krebs, a German-born British biochemist, meticulously elucidated the intricate steps of the citric acid cycle, a central metabolic pathway in aerobic organisms. His research, conducted primarily in the 1930s, demonstrated how acetyl-CoA, a crucial molecule derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, enters the cycle and undergoes a series of oxidation reactions. These reactions release energy in the form of high-energy electrons, which are subsequently used to generate ATP (adenosine triphosphate), the primary energy currency of cells. Krebs's meticulous experimentation, coupled with insightful deductions, led to the complete mapping of this cyclical pathway, revolutionizing the understanding of cellular respiration. The 1953 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine recognized the profound impact of this discovery on understanding fundamental biological processes.
H2: The Experimental Evidence Supporting the Citric Acid Cycle:
Krebs's work relied heavily on in vitro experiments utilizing tissue extracts and meticulously measuring changes in metabolite concentrations. He observed the cyclical nature of the pathway, with the initial molecule being regenerated at the end of the cycle, ensuring continuous energy production. The identification of key intermediate metabolites, such as citrate, isocitrate, α-ketoglutarate, succinate, fumarate, and malate, provided strong evidence supporting his proposed pathway. The later discovery of the enzymes catalyzing each step further solidified the understanding of the citric acid cycle’s mechanism. The 1953 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine served as a validation of the rigorous experimental approach Krebs employed.
H3: Fritz Albert Lipmann and the Role of Coenzyme A:
Fritz Albert Lipmann, a German-born American biochemist, made parallel, equally crucial contributions to the understanding of cellular metabolism. His research focused on coenzyme A (CoA), a vital molecule involved in many metabolic pathways, including the citric acid cycle. Lipmann's work revealed CoA's essential role in transferring acetyl groups, the building blocks of the citric acid cycle, and other metabolic processes. The discovery of CoA’s function significantly advanced the comprehension of how various metabolic pathways are interconnected and regulated. This understanding was integral to fully grasping the citric acid cycle and its importance in energy production. The 1953 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine justly recognized Lipmann's groundbreaking discovery.
H2: The Significance of Coenzyme A in Intermediary Metabolism:
Lipmann’s research demonstrated that CoA is not merely a structural component but actively participates in the transfer of acetyl groups. This catalytic role was pivotal in explaining the mechanism of energy transfer within cells. Lipmann’s work extended beyond CoA's role in the citric acid cycle; it provided critical insights into the mechanisms of fatty acid oxidation, protein synthesis, and other essential metabolic processes. His studies also revealed the central importance of high-energy phosphate bonds in driving cellular processes, a fundamental concept in bioenergetics. The award of the 1953 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine underscored the far-reaching implications of his discoveries.
H3: The Intertwined Discoveries of Krebs and Lipmann:
The work of Krebs and Lipmann was not entirely independent. While Krebs focused on mapping the citric acid cycle, Lipmann's discovery of CoA provided a critical piece of the puzzle, explaining how the cycle is fueled and integrated into broader metabolic networks. Their combined contributions offered a comprehensive understanding of central energy metabolism, highlighting the interconnectedness of various metabolic pathways and the fundamental role of energy transfer in cellular function. This synergy was explicitly recognized in the 1953 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine, acknowledging the complementary nature of their breakthroughs.
H4: The Enduring Legacy of the 1953 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine:
The 1953 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine had a profound and lasting impact on biomedical research. The understanding of the citric acid cycle and the role of CoA provided a foundation for countless subsequent discoveries in areas such as metabolic regulation, drug development, and the understanding of metabolic diseases. The cycle remains central to current biochemical understanding, and its disruption is implicated in numerous diseases. The research that led to the 1953 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine continues to inspire and guide scientists today.
Summary: The 1953 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine celebrated the groundbreaking discoveries of Hans Adolf Krebs and Fritz Albert Lipmann. Krebs elucidated the citric acid cycle, a pivotal pathway for energy generation in cells, while Lipmann discovered coenzyme A, a crucial molecule involved in acetyl group transfer and various metabolic processes. Their intertwined discoveries provided a fundamental understanding of cellular metabolism, influencing countless subsequent research advancements and demonstrating the synergistic nature of scientific progress. The award stands as a testament to the power of meticulous experimentation, insightful deduction, and the collaborative spirit of scientific inquiry.
Conclusion: The 1953 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine remains a significant milestone in the history of biochemistry and medicine. The discoveries of Krebs and Lipmann not only provided a detailed understanding of energy metabolism but also laid the groundwork for future investigations into metabolic diseases, drug development, and various aspects of cellular biology. Their contributions continue to be relevant and inspirational, highlighting the enduring importance of fundamental scientific research.
FAQs:
1. What is the citric acid cycle? The citric acid cycle, also known as the Krebs cycle or tricarboxylic acid cycle, is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to release stored energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.
2. What is the role of coenzyme A? Coenzyme A (CoA) is a crucial molecule that plays a vital role in transferring acetyl groups to initiate the citric acid cycle and is also involved in other important metabolic processes.
3. How did Krebs discover the citric acid cycle? Krebs used meticulous in vitro experiments with tissue extracts and meticulously tracked metabolite concentrations to trace the cyclical pathway and identify key intermediate molecules.
4. What is the significance of ATP in cellular metabolism? ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is the primary energy currency of cells, providing the energy needed for numerous cellular processes.
5. What diseases are linked to disruptions in the citric acid cycle? Disruptions in the citric acid cycle can lead to various metabolic disorders, impacting cellular energy production and overall health.
6. How did Lipmann’s discovery of CoA contribute to understanding the citric acid cycle? Lipmann's discovery elucidated how the cycle is fueled, showcasing the mechanism of acetyl group transfer and highlighting the cycle's integration into broader metabolic networks.
7. What techniques were used in the research that led to the 1953 Nobel Prize? The research relied heavily on in vitro experiments using tissue extracts, detailed measurements of metabolite concentrations, and the identification of key enzymes catalyzing each step in the cycles.
8. What was the impact of the 1953 Nobel Prize on subsequent research? The 1953 Nobel Prize spurred further investigations into metabolic regulation, drug development, and metabolic diseases, influencing countless research advancements.
9. What are some examples of how the discoveries are applied today? Understanding the citric acid cycle and CoA's role is fundamental in developing treatments for metabolic diseases, designing new drugs targeting specific metabolic enzymes, and understanding the basis of various metabolic disorders.
Related Articles:
1. "The Krebs Cycle: A Detailed Overview": A comprehensive explanation of the citric acid cycle's chemical reactions, enzymes involved, and its regulation.
2. "Coenzyme A: Structure, Function, and Biological Significance": A detailed exploration of coenzyme A's structure, mechanisms of action, and its role in various metabolic pathways.
3. "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1953: A Historical Perspective": An overview of the award ceremony, the laureates' lives, and the political context surrounding the prize.
4. "Metabolic Regulation: The Control of the Citric Acid Cycle": A discussion of the mechanisms regulating the citric acid cycle's activity in response to cellular energy demands.
5. "The Impact of Citric Acid Cycle Dysregulation on Human Health": An exploration of diseases linked to defects or disruptions in the citric acid cycle.
6. "Fritz Lipmann: A Biographical Sketch": A biographical account of Fritz Lipmann's life, scientific contributions, and his impact on biochemistry.
7. "Hans Adolf Krebs: A Life Dedicated to Biochemistry": A biographical sketch of Hans Adolf Krebs's life, scientific contributions, and his impact on scientific understanding.
8. "The Development of Biochemical Techniques Leading to the Understanding of the Krebs Cycle": A history of the key experimental techniques utilized in the elucidation of the citric acid cycle.
9. "Future Directions in Citric Acid Cycle Research": A look at current research aimed at further understanding the citric acid cycle's complexity and its implications for human health and disease.
| 1953 nobel prize for physiology: Nobel Lectures, Physiology Or Medicine, 1942-1962 , 1999 |
| 1953 nobel prize for physiology: Nobel Prizes and Life Sciences Erling Norrby, 2010 The Nobel Prizes m natural sciences have achieved the reputation of being the ultimate accolade for scientific achievements. This honk gives a unique insight into the selection of Nobel Prize recipients, in particular the life sciences. The evolving mechanisms of selection of prize recipients are illustrated by reference to archives, which have remained secret for 1) years. Many of the prizes subjected to particular evaluation concern awards given for discoveries in the field of infectious diseases and the interconnected field of genetics. The book illustrates the individuals and environments that are conducive to scientific creativity. Nowhere is this enigmatic activity'-- the mime mover in advancing the human condition highlighted as lucidly as by identification individuals worthy of Nobel Prizes. --Book Jacket. |
| 1953 nobel prize for physiology: Energy Transformations in Living Matter Hans A. Krebs, H.L. Kornberg, 2012-12-06 This survey was written at the invitation of the Editors of the Ergebnisse der Physiologie. Its aim is to present the more recent progress in the know ledge of biological energy transformations. Since it was intended for a review journal, the reader was taken to be familiar with the fundamentals of current biochemistry, as described in the standard textbooks. It was not the object to compile an extensive collection of facts. The survey is limited to aspects of wider interest, and the main emphasis has been on the general unifying principles which emerge from the great mass of detailed ob servations. The article is reprinted in the hope that it may be useful in this form to advanced students and research workers in biochemistry and related subjects. H. A. KREBS H. L. KORNBERG 2 Table of Contents Page 1. The Key Position of Adenosine Triphosphate . . . 213 2. The Three Phases of Foodstuff Degradation. . . . 213 3. The Energy-Yielding Steps of Intermediary Metabolism 215 4. The Build-up of Phosphate Bond Energy ..... 221 5. Alternative Pathways of Anaerobic Fermentation in Micro-organisms. 227 6. Alternative Pathways of Glucose Oxidation . 237 7. The Path of Carbon in Photosynthesis . . . 243 8. Utilization of Energy for Chemical Syntheses 249 9. Control of Energy-Supplying Processes . . . 262 10. A Special Feature of ATP as an Energy Store. 271 11. Evolution of Energy Transforming Mechanisms 273 Appendix by K. BURTON Free Energy Data of Biological Interest 27S References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
| 1953 nobel prize for physiology: Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids , 1953 |
| 1953 nobel prize for physiology: The Telomere Effect Dr. Elizabeth Blackburn, Dr. Elissa Epel, 2017-01-03 The New York Times bestselling book coauthored by the Nobel Prize winner who discovered telomerase and telomeres' role in the aging process and the health psychologist who has done original research into how specific lifestyle and psychological habits can protect telomeres, slowing disease and improving life. Have you wondered why some sixty-year-olds look and feel like forty-year-olds and why some forty-year-olds look and feel like sixty-year-olds? While many factors contribute to aging and illness, Dr. Elizabeth Blackburn discovered a biological indicator called telomerase, the enzyme that replenishes telomeres, which protect our genetic heritage. Dr. Blackburn and Dr. Elissa Epel's research shows that the length and health of one's telomeres are a biological underpinning of the long-hypothesized mind-body connection. They and other scientists have found that changes we can make to our daily habits can protect our telomeres and increase our health spans (the number of years we remain healthy, active, and disease-free). The Telemere Effect reveals how Blackburn and Epel's findings, together with research from colleagues around the world, cumulatively show that sleep quality, exercise, aspects of diet, and even certain chemicals profoundly affect our telomeres, and that chronic stress, negative thoughts, strained relationships, and even the wrong neighborhoods can eat away at them. Drawing from this scientific body of knowledge, they share lists of foods and suggest amounts and types of exercise that are healthy for our telomeres, mind tricks you can use to protect yourself from stress, and information about how to protect your children against developing shorter telomeres, from pregnancy through adolescence. And they describe how we can improve our health spans at the community level, with neighborhoods characterized by trust, green spaces, and safe streets. The Telemere Effect will make you reassess how you live your life on a day-to-day basis. It is the first book to explain how we age at a cellular level and how we can make simple changes to keep our chromosomes and cells healthy, allowing us to stay disease-free longer and live more vital and meaningful lives. |
| 1953 nobel prize for physiology: Molecular Biology of the Gene James D. Watson, Tania A. Baker, Stephen P. Bell, 2014 Now completely up-to-date with the latest research advances, the Seventh Edition retains the distinctive character of earlier editions. Twenty-two concise chapters, co-authored by six highly distinguished biologists, provide current, authoritative coverage of an exciting, fast-changing discipline. |
| 1953 nobel prize for physiology: The Nobel Prize Dr. Badal Kariye, 2012-12-18 This Guideline Book is based on the facts of the Nobel Prize, and how you can contribute knowledge to humanity in order to win in any fields of the awarding Nobel Prizes from the Nobel Prize Foundation if you are a knowledge contributor in any field of the six prizes of the Nobel Prize. It's very hard to get or win the Nobel Prize easily if you're not a knowledge contributor. Wisely, if you try your best to contribute any knowledge to humanity then you can win any of the Nobel Prizes unconditionally. Let me tell you, the Nobel Prize needs special dedications in self-reliance to achieve something in any fields of knowledge, and the true concentration is the only option for your tireless efforts and ability to contribute or invent some knowledge to humanity. This guideline book will also help you if you're a true challenger, a solver or a servant to God who wants to help and contribute some knowledge to humanity because it will teach you whatever you may need to know more about the Nobel Foundation, the Nobel Founder, Nobel Prizes & The Nobel Prize Committees and how they govern the Nobel Prize? I wrote this guideline book for you to enjoy simply and learn how you can win the Noble Prize? And how you can put your name in the List of the World Nobel Laureates? It is based on how really you can win the Nobel Prize? Try it now! Following the right footsteps of your honesty and kindness for any concentrated contributions for any knowledge to humanity then you're officially the Nobel Prize Winner! Hopefully, this guideline book can help you to master how you can know the Nobel Prize? You can solve any obstacles while adjusting your new lifestyle peacefully during your research for any knowledge contributions to humanity in order to hunt and win the Nobel Prize. This is also intended for every Nobel Prize Aspirant who likes to touch and win the meaning of a true Global Prize, which you can only win if you're really a knowledge contributor of any one of the six recognized fields by the Nobel Prize Foundation and its Nobel Prize Committees. You will enjoy it as you're reading and learning something from this guideline book for the Nobel Prize that is valuable to your new or future struggle for the Nobel Prize wherever and whenever you're ready to contribute anything about knowledge to humanity. |
| 1953 nobel prize for physiology: Physiology Or Medicine, 1922-1941 Jan Lindsten, 1999 |
| 1953 nobel prize for physiology: A Life in Science Sydney Brenner, Lewis Wolpert, 2001 |
| 1953 nobel prize for physiology: The Beginner's Guide to Winning the Nobel Prize Peter Doherty, 2006 In The Beginner's Guide to Winning the Nobel Prize, Doherty recounts his unlikely path to becoming a Nobel Laureate. Beginning with his humble origins in Australia, he tells how he developed an interest in immunology and describes his award-winning, influential work with Rolf Zinkernagel on T-cells and the nature of immune defense. In prose that is at turns amusing and astute, Doherty reveals how his nonconformist upbringing, sense of being an outsider, and search for different perspectives have shaped his life and work. Doherty offers a rare, insider's look at the realities of being a research scientist. He lucidly explains his own scientific work and how research projects are selected, funded, and organized; the major problems science is trying to solve; and the rewards and pitfalls of a career in scientific research. For Doherty, science still plays an important role in improving the world, and he argues that scientists need to do a better job of making their work more accessible to the public. Throughout the book, Doherty explores the stories of past Nobel winners and considers some of the crucial scientific debates of our time, including the safety of genetically modified foods and the tensions between science and religion. He concludes with some tips on how to win a Nobel Prize, including advice on being persistent, generous, and culturally aware, and he stresses the value of evidence. The Beginner's Guide to Winning the Noble Prize is essential reading for anyone interested in a career in science. |
| 1953 nobel prize for physiology: Nuclear Weapons and Scientific Responsibility C.G. Weeramantry, 2021-10-11 Several years ago when this work first appeared, it had become apparent that scientists, who play such a key role in the nuclear enterprise, needed to be alerted to the many questions of conscience and legality that were inextricably interlinked with their work. These questions lay at the heart of the nuclear weapons problem, for whatever the political and military leaders might ordain, the manufacture of such weapons was a plain impossibility without the active assistance of the scientific profession. Yet no substantive work on this topic had until then been attempted. Such a work appeared at that time to be an urgent and important need. If the problem was then acute and serious, it is even more so now. The power of nuclear science has grown and with it has grown the power of the individual scientist to initiate new developments. The changes in the world order that have occurred in the intervening years enable individual scientists to hold themselves out as available for employment. Those who seek their expertise may include not only governments but other entities as well. The power of global destruction that these scientists command renders it imperative that they be alerted on a continuing basis to the problems of conscience that arise. Hence the need for a re-issue of this work, for which there had been many requests from concerned scientists, professional groups, socially concerned organisations and also from lawyers. The book is re-issued in its original form but updated by the inclusion of more recent work as contained in extracts from three judicial opinions upon the matter. |
| 1953 nobel prize for physiology: The Annotated and Illustrated Double Helix James D. Watson, Alexander Gann, Jan Witkowski, 2012-11-06 On the fiftieth anniversary of Watson and Crick receiving the Nobel Prize, a freshly annotated and illustrated edition of The Double Helix provides new insights into a scientific revolution. Published to mark the fiftieth anniversary of the Nobel Prize for Watson and Crick’s discovery of the structure of DNA, an annotated and illustrated edition of this classic book gives new insights into the personal relationships between James Watson, Frances Crick, Maurice Wilkins, and Rosalind Franklin, and the making of a scientific revolution. |
| 1953 nobel prize for physiology: For the Love of Enzymes Arthur Kornberg, 1991 Winner of the American Medical Writers' Association Book Award, this volume describes, with observations on the process of scientific research, the author's successive research problems, the challenges they presented and the ultimate accomplishments thatresulted. |
| 1953 nobel prize for physiology: An Introduction to Biological Membranes William Stillwell, 2016-06-30 Introduction to Biological Membranes: Composition, Structure and Function, Second Edition is a greatly expanded revision of the first edition that integrates many aspects of complex biological membrane functions with their composition and structure. A single membrane is composed of hundreds of proteins and thousands of lipids, all in constant flux. Every aspect of membrane structural studies involves parameters that are very small and fast. Both size and time ranges are so vast that multiple instrumentations must be employed, often simultaneously. As a result, a variety of highly specialized and esoteric biochemical and biophysical methodologies are often utilized. This book addresses the salient features of membranes at the molecular level, offering cohesive, foundational information for advanced undergraduate students, graduate students, biochemists, and membranologists who seek a broad overview of membrane science. - Significantly expanded coverage on function, composition, and structure - Brings together complex aspects of membrane research in a universally understandable manner - Features profiles of membrane pioneers detailing how contemporary studies originated - Includes a timeline of important discoveries related to membrane science |
| 1953 nobel prize for physiology: The Golden Helix Arthur Kornberg, 2002 |
| 1953 nobel prize for physiology: Scientific Elite , Scientific Elite is about Nobel prize winners and the well-defined stratification system in twentieth-century science. It tracks the careers of all American laureates who won prizes from 1907 until 1972, examining the complex interplay of merit and privilege at each stage of their scientific lives and the creation of the ultra-elite in science. The study draws on biographical and bibliographical data on laureates who did their prize-winning research in the United States, and on detailed interviews with forty-one of the fifty-six laureates living in the United States at the time the study was done. Zuckerman finds laureates being successively advantaged as time passes. These advantages are producing growing disparities between the elite and other scientists both in performance and in rewards, which create and maintain a sharply graded stratification system. |
| 1953 nobel prize for physiology: Max Perutz And The Secret Of Life Georgina Ferry, 2010-12-15 Few scientists have thought more deeply about their calling and its impact on humanity than Max Perutz (1914-2002). Born in Vienna, Jewish by descent, lapsed Catholic by religion, Max came to Cambridge in 1936, to join the lab of the legendary Communist thinker J.D. Bernal. In 1940 he was interned and deported to Canada as an enemy alien, only to be brought back and set to work on a bizarre top secret war project. Seven years later he founded the small research group in which Francis Crick and James Watson discovered the structure of DNA. Max Perutz himself explored the protein haemoglobin and his work, which won him a shared Nobel Prize in 1962, launched a new era of medicine, heralding today's astonishing advances in the genetic basis of disease. Max Perutz's story, wonderfully told by Georgina Ferry, brims with life; it has the zest of an adventure novel and is full of extraordinary characters. Max was demanding, passionate and driven but also humorous, compassionate and loving. Georgina Ferry's absorbing biography is a marvellous tribute to a great scientist. |
| 1953 nobel prize for physiology: Nobel Laureates in Medicine or Physiology Daniel M. Fox, Marcia Meldrum, Ira Rezak, 2019-01-15 Originally published in 1990, Nobel Laureates in Medicine or Physiology is a biographical reference work about the recipients of Nobel Prizes in Medicine or Physiology from 1901-1989. Each article is written by an accomplished historian of medicine or science. The book is designed to be accessible to students and general readers as well as to specialists in medical science and history. Each article combines personal and scientific biography, and each has an extensive biography to guide further reading and research. |
| 1953 nobel prize for physiology: In The Spirit Of Science: Lectures By Sydney Brenner On Dna, Worms And Brains Sydney Brenner, Terrence Sejnowski, 2018-09-10 In October 2017, Nobel laureate Sydney Brenner (Physiology or Medicine, 2002) gave four lectures on the history of Molecular Biology, its impact on Neuroscience and the great scientific questions that lie ahead.Sydney Brenner has been at the centre of the development of molecular biology, being a key player in shaping the Laboratory for Molecular Biology in Cambridge into a cradle of research, where pioneering and seminal discoveries in the field for over half a century have resulted in more than half a dozen Nobel Prizes.His memory is a treasure trove of the history of the field with innumerable anecdotes on other leading scientists in the past 60 years. These lectures trace the history and recount some of those anecdotes. His interlocutor Terry Sejnowski is the Francis Crick professor at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies and the Laboratory Head of its Computational Neurobiology Laboratory. Terry and Sydney are long-term collaborators and they share many stories and memories.The recorded lectures are the basis for this book. It aims to preserve the history of molecular biology and to also raise scientific questions that have resulted from the work of Sydney, Terry and others. It should be read by everybody who is interested in the generation, history and impact of great ideas as recounted by one of the legends of 20th century science.Published in collaboration with Institute Para Limes. |
| 1953 nobel prize for physiology: Scientific Elite William T. Golden, 2018-04-24 Scientific Elite is about Nobel prize winners and the well-defined stratification system in twentieth-century science. It tracks the careers of all American laureates who won prizes from 1907 until 1972, examining the complex interplay of merit and privilege at each stage of their scientific lives and the creation of the ultra-elite in science. The study draws on biographical and bibliographical data on laureates who did their prize-winning research in the United States, and on detailed interviews with forty-one of the fifty-six laureates living in the United States at the time the study was done. Zuckerman finds laureates being successively advantaged as time passes. These advantages are producing growing disparities between the elite and other scientists both in performance and in rewards, which create and maintain a sharply graded stratification system. |
| 1953 nobel prize for physiology: Frederick Sanger Joe S. Jeffers, 2017-03-14 In this Brief, Joe Jeffers uncovers the life and works of two-time Nobel Laureate Frederick Sanger. Following Sanger’s early life to retirement, Jeffers describes how this celebrated British biochemist became the first person to determine the amino acid sequence of a protein for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1958. Highlighting Sanger’s remarkable career, Jeffers describes Sanger’s later change in research direction to investigate deoxyribonucleic acids (DNA), work for which Sanger also received the Nobel Prize jointly with Paul Berg and Walter Gilbert in 1980. Joe Jeffers conducted twelve interviews with Sanger over the period of 1999-2009 and he has also spoken to more than 40 of Sanger’s colleagues and family members. This brief provides a rigorous yet concise view of Sanger on a personal and scientific level and is suitable for biochemists, historians or the interested layperson. |
| 1953 nobel prize for physiology: Dr. Otto Warburg’s Cancer Research Papers Otto Warburg, 2015-12-04 This collection includes the original cancer research papers by Dr. Otto Warburg and his colleagues in their original text. It includes additional articles NOT found in “The Metabolism of Tumours.” The collection includes these articles: —The Prime Cause and Prevention of Cancer —On the Origin of Cancer Cells —The Metabolism of Tumours in the Body —On the Respiratory Impairment of Cancer Cells —The Chemical Constitution of Respiration Ferment —The Oxygen Transferring Ferment of Respiration —The Metabolism of Carcinoma Cells —The Carbohydrate Metabolism of Tumours —Observation on the Carbohydrate Metabolism of Tumours —Enzymic Studies on Ascitic Tumours and Their Host’s Blood Plasmas If a lowered oxygen pressure during cell growth may cause cancer, or, more generally, if any inhibition of respiration during growth may cause cancer, then a next problem is to show why reduced respiration induces cancer. Since we already know that with a lowering of respiration fermentation results, we can re- express our question: Why does cancer result if oxygen-respiration is replaced by fermentation? The early history of life on our planet indicates that life existed on earth before the earth’s atmosphere contained free oxygen gas. The living cells must therefore have been fermenting cells then, and, as fossils show, they were undifferentiated single cells. Only when free oxygen appeared in the atmosphere - some billion years ago - did the higher development of life set in, to produce the plant and animal kingdoms from the fermenting, undifferentiated single cells. What the philosophers of life have called Evolution créatrice has been and is therefore the work of oxygen. The reverse process, the dedifferentiation of life, takes place today in greatest amount before our eyes in cancer development, which is another expression for dedifferentiation. To be sure, cancer development takes place even in the presence of free oxygen gas in the atmosphere, but this oxygen may not penetrate in sufficient quantity into the growing body cells, or the respiratory apo-enzymes of the growing body cells may not be saturated with the active groups. In any case, during the cancer development the oxygen-respiration always falls, fermentation appears, and the highly differentiated cells are transformed to fermenting anaerobes, which have lost all their body functions and retain only the now useless property of growth. Thus, when respiration disappears, life does not disappear, but the meaning of life disappears, and what remains are growing machines that destroy the body in which they grow. |
| 1953 nobel prize for physiology: Encyclopedia of World Scientists Elizabeth H. Oakes, 2007 Contains short biographies of almost 1,000 scientists from around the world who made great contributions to science throughout history. |
| 1953 nobel prize for physiology: Attributing Excellence in Medicine , 2019-07-01 Attributing Excellence in Medicine discusses the aura around the prestigious Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. It analyzes the social processes and contingent factors leading to recognition and reputation in science and medicine. This volume will help the reader to better understand the dynamics of the attribution of excellence throughout the 20th century. Contributors are Massimiano Bucchi, Fabio De Sio, Jacalyn Duffin, Heiner Fangerau, Thorsten Halling, Nils Hansson, David S. Jones, Gustav Källstrand, Ulrich Koppitz, Pauline Mattsson, Katarina Nordqvist, Scott H. Podolsky, Thomas Schlich, and Sven Widmalm. |
| 1953 nobel prize for physiology: Avoid Boring People James D. Watson, 2009-03-25 From Nobel Prize-winning scientist James D. Watson, a living legend for his work unlocking the structure of DNA, comes this candid and entertaining memoir, filled with practical advice for those starting out their academic careers. In Avoid Boring People, Watson lays down a life’s wisdom for getting ahead in a competitive world. Witty and uncompromisingly honest, he shares his thoughts on how young scientists should choose the projects that will shape their careers, the supreme importance of collegiality, and dealing with competitors within the same institution. It’s an irreverent romp through Watson’s colorful career and an indispensable guide to anyone interested in nurturing the life of the mind. |
| 1953 nobel prize for physiology: Dictionary of Biochemistry Jain J.L./ Jain Sunjay & Jain Nitin, 2012 A Dictionary of Biochemistry |
| 1953 nobel prize for physiology: Biographical Encyclopedia of Scientists John Daintith, 2008-08-18 This new edition of the highly regarded Biographical Encyclopedia of Scientists focuses on the achievements of 2400 scientists, explaining the nature and importance of those achievements. The book covers traditional science, including physics, chemistry, biology, astronomy, and earth science, along with mathematics, engineering, technology, and computer science. It also includes key figures from anthropology, psychology, and the philosophy of science. This fully updated edition features pronunciation guidelines, quotations, website links, and suggestions for further reading. Each cross-referenced entry includes chronology, institution, publication, and discipline. |
| 1953 nobel prize for physiology: The Disordered Mind Eric R. Kandel, 2018-08-28 A Nobel Prize–winning neuroscientist’s probing investigation of what brain disorders can tell us about human nature Eric R. Kandel, the winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his foundational research into memory storage in the brain, is one of the pioneers of modern brain science. His work continues to shape our understanding of how learning and memory work and to break down age-old barriers between the sciences and the arts. In his seminal new book, The Disordered Mind, Kandel draws on a lifetime of pathbreaking research and the work of many other leading neuroscientists to take us on an unusual tour of the brain. He confronts one of the most difficult questions we face: How does our mind, our individual sense of self, emerge from the physical matter of the brain? The brain’s 86 billion neurons communicate with one another through very precise connections. But sometimes those connections are disrupted. The brain processes that give rise to our mind can become disordered, resulting in diseases such as autism, depression, schizophrenia, Parkinson’s, addiction, and post-traumatic stress disorder. While these disruptions bring great suffering, they can also reveal the mysteries of how the brain produces our most fundamental experiences and capabilities—the very nature of what it means to be human. Studies of autism illuminate the neurological foundations of our social instincts; research into depression offers important insights on emotions and the integrity of the self; and paradigm-shifting work on addiction has led to a new understanding of the relationship between pleasure and willpower. By studying disruptions to typical brain functioning and exploring their potential treatments, we will deepen our understanding of thought, feeling, behavior, memory, and creativity. Only then can we grapple with the big question of how billions of neurons generate consciousness itself. |
| 1953 nobel prize for physiology: Scientific American Science Desk Reference The Editors of Scientific American, 2008-05-02 Who names newly discovered planets? What exactly are black holes? Where are there the most earthquakes? When did the first Homo sapiens walk the earth? Why is the night sky dark? How does the fluoride in toothpaste prevent cavities? Since 1845, Scientific American has answered questions and provided the best information available in all areas of science. Now, Scientific American is proud to present an accessible, one-volume reference covering all the sciences. Whether you want to examine the tiniest microbes, the properties of the earth's core, or the farthest reaches of space, this handy desk reference is the resource to turn to for the answers you need. * Over 500 biographies of key science figures * Thousands of glossary terms * Hundreds of useful Web sites * Tables, charts, diagrams, and illustrations * Sidebars featuring fascinating facts, mnemonic aids, and quizzes * Essays exploring ideas in-depth |
| 1953 nobel prize for physiology: Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists , 1985-11 The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists is the premier public resource on scientific and technological developments that impact global security. Founded by Manhattan Project Scientists, the Bulletin's iconic Doomsday Clock stimulates solutions for a safer world. |
| 1953 nobel prize for physiology: The Renaissance of Science Albert Martini, 2014-09-01 The Magnificent Scientists and their Fabulous Accomplishments A Fantastic Dream and Journey into the Past, Present and Future In the World of Chemistry |
| 1953 nobel prize for physiology: Milestones In Science And Technology Ellis Mount, Barbara A List, Barbara A List, |
| 1953 nobel prize for physiology: Who's Who in Jewish History Joan Comay, 2023-05-31 From Karl Marx to the Marx brothers, the Routledge Who's Who in Jewish History presents a complete reference guide to over a thousand prominent men and women who have shaped Jewish culture. Covering twenty centuries of Jewish history it provides: * detailed biographical information on each leading figure * analysis of their role and significance both in Jewish life and the wider culture * a comprehensive chronological table displaying the history of the Jewish race * a useful glossary giving precise definitions of Jewish words. |
| 1953 nobel prize for physiology: Major happenings in science Vijaya Khandurie, 2020-01-01 The story of 20 years old Patty leading a life where everyone, in their own way, is trying to direct her as to what she should have for her future, is relatable for most of the girls, especially in the third world countries despite the fact that the setting of the story is much Victorian Europe. As Patty lives through a dilemma to choose between Bill Farnsworth and Philip Van Reypan, and loses Mrs. Reypen in the meantime, read the novella to have a quick yet fabulous read. |
| 1953 nobel prize for physiology: The Prime Cause of Cancer Otto Warburg, Trung Nguyen, 2015-12-02 This is book 2 of 5 of the “Understand Cancer” series. It is based on the best-available science. The SECONDARY causes of cancer were discussed in book one. This book continues from book one and discusses the PRIME cause of cancer as discovered by Nobel Prize Laureate Dr. Otto Warburg—considered by many as the founder of modern biochemistry. “There are prime and secondary causes of diseases. For example, the prime cause of the plague is the plague bacillus, but secondary causes of the plague are filth, rats, and the fleas that transfer the plague bacillus from rats to man. By a prime cause of a disease I mean one that is found in every case of the disease...Cancer, above all other diseases, has countless secondary causes. But, even for cancer, there is only one prime cause. Summarized in a few words, the prime cause of cancer is the replacement of the respiration of oxygen in normal body cells by a fermentation of sugar. All normal body cells meet their energy needs by respiration of oxygen, whereas cancer cells meet their energy needs in great part by fermentation. All normal body cells are thus obligate aerobes, whereas all cancer cells are partial anaerobes. From the standpoint of the physics and chemistry of life this difference between normal and cancer cells is so great that one can scarcely picture a greater difference. Oxygen gas, the donor of energy in plants and animals is dethroned in the cancer cells and replaced by an energy yielding reaction of the lowest living forms, namely, a fermentation of glucose.” —Dr. Otto Warburg |
| 1953 nobel prize for physiology: The Nobel Prize Agneta Wallin Levinovitz, Nils Ringertz, 2001-08-14 The Nobel Prize, as founded in Alfred Nobel's will, was the first truly international prize. There is no other award with the same global scope and mission. The Nobel Prizes in Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, Peace, and the Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences (from 1969) have not only captured the most significant contributions to the progress of mankind, they also constitute distinct markers of the major trends in their respective areas. The main reason for the prestige of the Prize today is, however, the lasting importance of the names on the list of Laureates and their contributions to human development. In celebration of the centennial of the Nobel Prize in 2001, this book offers a clear perspective on the development of human civilization over the past hundred years. The book serves to present the major trends and developments and also provide information about the life and philosophy of Alfred Nobel, the history of the Nobel Foundation, and the procedure for nominating and selecting Nobel Laureates. Contents:Introduction (M Sohlman)Life and Philosophy of Alfred Nobel (T Frängsmyr)The Nobel Foundation: A Century of Growth and Change (B Lemmel)Nomination and Selection of the Nobel Laureates (B Lemmel)The Nobel Prize in Physics (E B Karlsson)The Nobel Prize in Chemistry: The Development of Modern Chemistry (B G Malmström & B Andersson)The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (J Lindsten & N Ringertz)The Nobel Prize in Literature (K Espmark)The Nobel Peace Prize (G Lundestad)The Sveriges Riksbank (Bank of Sweden) Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1969–2000 (A Lindbeck) Readership: General. Keywords:Reviews:“This wonderful book gives a comprehensive review of the Nobel prizes awarded since 1901 … Reading the book is like reading a compressed history of humankind in the twentieth century. It shows how by and large the Nobel prizes have indeed tracked the epoch-making events in this turbulent century.”M Veltman Nobel Laureate in Physics (1999), Emeritus Professor of Physics University of Michigan, Ann Arbor |
| 1953 nobel prize for physiology: Encyclopedia of the Neurological Sciences , 2014-04-29 The Encyclopedia of the Neurological Sciences, Second Edition, Four Volume Set develops from the first edition, covering all areas of neurological sciences through over 1000 entries focused on a wide variety of topics in neurology, neurosurgery, psychiatry and other related areas of neuroscience. The contributing authors represent all aspects of neurology from many viewpoints and disciplines to provide a complete overview of the field. Entries are designed to be understandable without detailed background knowledge in the subject matter, and cross-referencing and suggested further reading lead the reader from a basic knowledge of the subject to more advanced understanding. The easy-to-use 'encyclopedic-dictionary' format of the Encyclopedia of the Neurological Sciences, Second Edition features alphabetic entries, extensive cross-referencing, and a thorough index for quick reference. The wealth of information provided by these four volumes makes this reference work a trusted source of valuable information for a wide range of researchers, from undergraduate students to academic researchers. Provides comprehensive coverage of the field of neurological science in over 1,000 entries in 4 volumes Encyclopedic-dictionary format provides for concise, readable entries and easy searching Presents complete, up-to-date information on 32 separate areas of neurology Entries are supplemented with extensive cross-referencing, useful references to primary research articles, and an extensive index |
| 1953 nobel prize for physiology: The Metabolism of Tumours: Updated Version Otto Warburg, Trung Nguyen, 2015-12-06 This is the updated version of Dr. Otto Warburg’s classic “The Metabolism of Tumours.” The updated version is in epub format, which is easier to read on smartphones and tablets. It also includes photos and a brief biography of Dr. Warburg. In his own words: There are prime and secondary causes of diseases. For example, the prime cause of the plague is the plague bacillus, but secondary causes of the plague are filth, rats, and the fleas that transfer the plague bacillus from rats to man. By a prime cause of a disease I mean one that is found in every case of the disease...Cancer, above all other diseases, has countless secondary causes. But, even for cancer, there is only one prime cause. Summarized in a few words, the prime cause of cancer is the replacement of the respiration of oxygen in normal body cells by a fermentation of sugar. All normal body cells meet their energy needs by respiration of oxygen, whereas cancer cells meet their energy needs in great part by fermentation. All normal body cells are thus obligate aerobes, whereas all cancer cells are partial anaerobes. From the standpoint of the physics and chemistry of life this difference between normal and cancer cells is so great that one can scarcely picture a greater difference. Oxygen gas, the donor of energy in plants and animals is dethroned in the cancer cells and replaced by an energy yielding reaction of the lowest living forms, namely, a fermentation of glucose… If a lowered oxygen pressure during cell growth may cause cancer, or, more generally, if any inhibition of respiration during growth may cause cancer, then a next problem is to show why reduced respiration induces cancer. Since we already know that with a lowering of respiration fermentation results, we can re- express our question: Why does cancer result if oxygen-respiration is replaced by fermentation? The early history of life on our planet indicates that life existed on earth before the earth’s atmosphere contained free oxygen gas. The living cells must therefore have been fermenting cells then, and, as fossils show, they were undifferentiated single cells. Only when free oxygen appeared in the atmosphere - some billion years ago - did the higher development of life set in, to produce the plant and animal kingdoms from the fermenting, undifferentiated single cells. What the philosophers of life have called Evolution créatrice has been and is therefore the work of oxygen. The reverse process, the dedifferentiation of life, takes place today in greatest amount before our eyes in cancer development, which is another expression for dedifferentiation. To be sure, cancer development takes place even in the presence of free oxygen gas in the atmosphere, but this oxygen may not penetrate in sufficient quantity into the growing body cells, or the respiratory apo-enzymes of the growing body cells may not be saturated with the active groups. In any case, during the cancer development the oxygen-respiration always falls, fermentation appears, and the highly differentiated cells are transformed to fermenting anaerobes, which have lost all their body functions and retain only the now useless property of growth. Thus, when respiration disappears, life does not disappear, but the meaning of life disappears, and what remains are growing machines that destroy the body in which they grow. |
| 1953 nobel prize for physiology: Science Year by Year DK, Robert Winston, 2013-10-17 From the wheel to the worldwide web, our planet has been transformed by science. Now you can travel through time to experience centuries of invention and innovation on this spectacular visual voyage of discovery. ? Starting in ancient times and ending up in the modern world, you'll explore scientific history showcased in stunning images and captivating text. An easy-to-follow illustrated timeline runs throughout the book, keeping you informed of big breakthroughs and key developments. Get to grips with revolutionary ideas like measuring time or check out amazing artefacts like flying machines. Great geniuses, including Marie Curie, Albert Einstein, and Charles Darwin are introduced alongside their most important ideas and inventions, all shown in glorious detail.? Hundreds of pages of history are covered in Science Year by Year, with global coverage of scientific advances. Whether you're joining in with eureka moments, inspecting engines, or learning about evolution, all aspects of science are covered from the past, present, and future. |
| 1953 nobel prize for physiology: The Development of Catalysis Adriano Zecchina, Salvatore Califano, 2017-03-02 This book gradually brings the reader, through illustrations of the most crucial discoveries, into the modern world of chemical catalysis. Readers and experts will better understand the enormous influence that catalysis has given to the development of modern societies. • Highlights the field's onset up to its modern days, covering the life and achievements of luminaries of the catalytic era • Appeals to general audience in interpretation and analysis, but preserves the precision and clarity of a scientific approach • Fills the gap in publications that cover the history of specific catalytic processes |
1953 - Wikipedia
1953 was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar, the 1953rd year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 953rd year of the 2nd millennium, …
Historical Events in 1953 - On This Day
Historical events from year 1953. Learn about 517 famous, scandalous and important events that happened in 1953 or search by date or keyword.
Major Events of 1953 - Historical Moments That Defined the Year ...
Sep 25, 2024 · From political shifts and technological advancements to cultural breakthroughs, these events shape the world and influence the future. In this comprehensive overview, we’ll …
1953 Events & Facts - Baby Boomers
What Happened in 1953? MAJOR EVENTS: Nikita Khrushchev wins power struggle in Soviet Union after the death of Josef Stalin; Josef Broz Tito elected president of Yugoslavia; …
1953 Archives - HISTORY
Jun 25, 2024 · Discover what happened in this year with HISTORY’s summaries of major events, anniversaries, famous births and notable deaths. Samuel Beckett's “Waiting for Godot” …
What Happened In 1953 - Historical Events 1953 - EventsHistory
Oct 15, 2016 · What happened in the year 1953 in history? Famous historical events that shook and changed the world. Discover events in 1953.
Top News Stories from 1953 - Infoplease
Joseph Stalin dies (March 5). Georgi Malenkov becomes Soviet Premier; Lavrenti Beria, Minister of Interior; Vyacheslav Molotov, Foreign Minister (March 6). Background: Rulers of Russia …
1953 - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
1953 was a common year starting on Thursday in the Gregorian calendar, the 1953rd year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 953rd year of the 2nd millennium, …
What happened in 1953 in american history? - California Learning ...
Jan 4, 2025 · 1953 was a pivotal year in American history, marked by significant events that shaped the country’s politics, economy, and culture. As the world was still reeling from the …
1953 in the United States - Wikipedia
Events from the year 1953 in the United States. January 7 – President Harry S. Truman announces the United States has developed a hydrogen bomb. [1] January 14 – The CIA …
1953 - Wikipedia
1953 was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar, the 1953rd year of the Common Era (CE) …
Historical Events in 1953 - On This Day
Historical events from year 1953. Learn about 517 famous, scandalous and important events that happened in …
Major Events of 1953 - Historical Moments That Defi…
Sep 25, 2024 · From political shifts and technological advancements to cultural breakthroughs, these events shape …
1953 Events & Facts - Baby Boomers
What Happened in 1953? MAJOR EVENTS: Nikita Khrushchev wins power struggle in Soviet Union after the …
1953 Archives - HISTORY
Jun 25, 2024 · Discover what happened in this year with HISTORY’s summaries of major events, anniversaries, …
