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The Enduring Legacy: A Critical Examination of 13th Amendment Political Cartoons
Author: Dr. Anya Sharma, PhD in American History, specializing in Reconstruction-era politics and visual culture. Dr. Sharma is a Professor of History at the University of California, Berkeley, and the author of “Shadows of Freedom: Visual Representations of the 13th Amendment and its Aftermath”. Her expertise lies in analyzing the social and political context surrounding the creation and interpretation of visual media during pivotal moments in American history.
Keywords: 13th amendment political cartoon, Reconstruction Era, slavery, emancipation, racial inequality, political satire, visual rhetoric, American history, civil rights.
Introduction:
The 13th Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1865, officially abolished slavery except as punishment for a crime. However, the amendment's impact wasn't immediately, nor has it been consistently, felt as a complete emancipation. The legacy of slavery, deeply ingrained in American society, continued to manifest itself in various forms, including the insidious system of convict leasing and the persistent racial injustices that permeated the post-Civil War South. Understanding this complex history requires examining diverse sources, including the powerful visual rhetoric employed in 13th amendment political cartoons. This article will delve into the challenges and opportunities presented by analyzing these cartoons, revealing how they captured the anxieties, hopes, and ultimately, the unfinished business of the amendment.
Section 1: The Challenges of Interpreting 13th Amendment Political Cartoons
13th amendment political cartoons, produced during and after Reconstruction, offer a unique window into the evolving understanding and interpretation of the amendment. However, interpreting these visual narratives presents several challenges:
Propaganda and Bias: Many cartoons were created as pieces of political propaganda, reflecting the biases and agendas of their creators. Understanding the cartoonist's perspective – their political affiliation, social standing, and racial views – is crucial to avoiding misinterpretations. Cartoons from pro-Southern newspapers, for instance, often depicted freedmen as lazy or incompetent, reinforcing racist stereotypes. Conversely, abolitionist cartoons might have idealized the potential of freedmen, neglecting the harsh realities they faced.
Visual Language and Symbolism: The interpretation of 13th amendment political cartoons requires deciphering their visual language, which often relies on symbolism and allegory. Understanding the conventions of the time, such as the use of caricature and specific visual metaphors, is critical for a nuanced analysis. For example, a broken chain might symbolize emancipation, but the context surrounding the image needs careful consideration.
Limited Access and Preservation: Many 13th amendment political cartoons have been lost or damaged over time, hindering comprehensive research. This selective preservation can skew our understanding of the range of perspectives represented in the visual culture of the era. Digital archives are slowly addressing this issue, but gaps remain.
Historical Context: Interpreting the meaning of a 13th amendment political cartoon requires situating it within its specific historical context. Factors such as the political climate, the state of Reconstruction, and the prevailing social attitudes towards race all impact the meaning and impact of the imagery.
Section 2: The Opportunities Presented by 13th Amendment Political Cartoons
Despite the challenges, analyzing 13th amendment political cartoons offers significant opportunities for understanding this pivotal moment in American history:
Revealing Hidden Narratives: Cartoons can reveal the perspectives and experiences of marginalized groups, offering insights often absent from official documents or mainstream historical accounts. By studying cartoons from Black newspapers or those created by Black artists, we can access alternative narratives and challenges to dominant ideologies.
Understanding Public Opinion: Political cartoons provide a glimpse into the public discourse surrounding the 13th Amendment. By examining the recurring themes, symbols, and arguments presented in these cartoons, we can gain a deeper understanding of public attitudes towards emancipation, Reconstruction, and the ongoing struggle for racial equality.
Exposing the Limitations of Legal Change: 13th amendment political cartoons vividly illustrate the limitations of legal change in addressing deeply ingrained social problems. Many cartoons depict the continued exploitation and oppression of African Americans despite the formal abolition of slavery, highlighting the gap between legal equality and lived reality.
Analyzing Visual Rhetoric and Persuasion: Studying these cartoons allows us to analyze the techniques employed in visual rhetoric to persuade and influence public opinion. Understanding these techniques provides valuable insights into how visual images are used to construct and reinforce social and political narratives.
Section 3: Case Studies of 13th Amendment Political Cartoons
Several specific examples of 13th amendment political cartoons illustrate the points made above. For example, cartoons depicting the transition from slavery to sharecropping often reveal the subtle ways in which economic exploitation replaced chattel slavery. Others highlight the rise of Black Codes and the efforts to circumvent the amendment's intent through legal loopholes. By studying these images in detail, considering their context, and understanding the techniques used, we can gain valuable insights into the complex reality of Reconstruction and the ongoing struggle for racial justice.
Section 4: The Enduring Legacy of the 13th Amendment and its Visual Representation
The legacy of the 13th Amendment continues to resonate today, evident in ongoing debates about mass incarceration, racial profiling, and systemic racism. The 13th amendment political cartoons serve as a stark reminder of the incomplete nature of the amendment's promises. They offer a potent visual testament to the ongoing struggle for true equality and freedom in America.
Conclusion:
Analyzing 13th amendment political cartoons is a complex but rewarding endeavor. By carefully considering the challenges and opportunities inherent in this type of historical source, we can unlock invaluable insights into the tumultuous period of Reconstruction and the enduring legacy of the 13th Amendment. These cartoons not only reflect the hopes and anxieties of the time but also serve as a powerful reminder of the ongoing fight for racial justice and equality in America. The study of these visual narratives contributes significantly to a fuller and more nuanced understanding of the complexities of American history and the unfinished business of emancipation.
Publisher: Oxford University Press, a renowned academic publisher with a long history of publishing high-quality scholarly works in history and related fields. Their reputation for rigorous peer review and commitment to academic excellence ensures the credibility of the published works.
Editor: Professor David Miller, PhD in Art History, specializing in 19th-century American visual culture. Professor Miller is a leading authority on the use of political cartoons as historical sources.
FAQs:
1. What is the significance of the "broken chains" motif in 13th amendment political cartoons? The broken chains often symbolize the end of slavery, but the context is crucial. Sometimes, it's presented as a complete break, other times as a fragile or incomplete one.
2. How did the depiction of African Americans change in 13th amendment political cartoons over time? Early depictions often relied on stereotypes, but later cartoons sometimes showed more nuanced portrayals, reflecting evolving attitudes or the rise of Black artists' voices.
3. What role did political cartoons play in shaping public opinion during Reconstruction? Cartoons were a powerful tool for shaping public opinion, influencing perceptions of freedmen and the success or failure of Reconstruction policies.
4. How can we distinguish between factual representation and biased portrayals in 13th amendment political cartoons? Careful consideration of the cartoonist's background, the publication it appeared in, and comparison to other sources are vital to assessing bias.
5. What are some of the most common symbols used in 13th amendment political cartoons? Common symbols include chains, shackles, ballot boxes, and figures representing different racial groups.
6. How did 13th amendment political cartoons reflect the debates surrounding Black Codes and convict leasing? Cartoons often depicted the ways Black Codes and convict leasing were used to circumvent the intent of the 13th Amendment.
7. What are some of the limitations of using political cartoons as historical sources? Limitations include the potential for bias, the selective preservation of cartoons, and the need to understand the visual language and symbolism of the time.
8. How have modern scholars used 13th amendment political cartoons in their research? Scholars use cartoons to gain insights into public opinion, the experiences of marginalized groups, and the evolution of visual rhetoric surrounding race and equality.
9. What is the connection between 13th amendment political cartoons and contemporary discussions about racial justice? These cartoons offer a historical perspective on the persistent challenges to racial justice in America, highlighting the incomplete nature of the progress made since the abolition of slavery.
Related Articles:
1. "The Visual Rhetoric of Reconstruction: Analyzing 13th Amendment Political Cartoons": An examination of the visual language used in cartoons to construct narratives about Reconstruction.
2. "Black Voices in the Visual Culture of Reconstruction": Explores cartoons created by or featuring Black perspectives during Reconstruction.
3. "The Economic Legacy of Slavery as Depicted in 13th Amendment Cartoons": Focuses on how cartoons illustrated the economic exploitation following emancipation.
4. "13th Amendment and the Rise of Convict Leasing: A Visual History": Analyzes cartoons depicting the transition from slavery to convict labor.
5. "Political Cartoons and the Shaping of Public Opinion on Reconstruction": Examines the impact of cartoons on public perception of the Reconstruction Era.
6. "The Use of Caricature in 13th Amendment Political Cartoons": A detailed analysis of the techniques of caricature and their effects on the viewers.
7. "Comparing Northern and Southern Perspectives in 13th Amendment Political Cartoons": Highlights the contrasting viewpoints depicted in cartoons from different regions.
8. "The Role of Women in the Visual Representation of the 13th Amendment": Explores how women were depicted and their roles in the fight for emancipation.
9. "Digital Archives and the Rediscovery of 13th Amendment Political Cartoons": Discusses the role of digital archives in preserving and making accessible this vital historical source.
| 13th amendment political cartoon: Abraham Lincoln, The Emancipation Proclamation, and the 13th Amendment B. J. Best, 2015-07-15 How did the Thirteenth Amendment come about? Learn about Abraham Lincoln, the Emancipation Proclamation, and the abolitionist movement in this book complete with timeline, primary sources, photographs, and excerpts from the time period. |
| 13th amendment political cartoon: Lincoln and the Thirteenth Amendment Christian G. Samito, 2015-08-24 Long before the Civil War, Abraham Lincoln recognized the challenge American slavery posed to the ideals of the Declaration of Independence. A constitutional amendment would be the ideal solution to ending slavery, yet the idea of such an amendment conflicted with several of Lincoln’s long-held positions. In this study, Christian G. Samito examines how Lincoln’s opposition to amending the United States Constitution shaped his political views before he became president, and how constitutional arguments overcame Lincoln’s objections, turning him into a supporter of the Thirteenth Amendment by 1864. For most of his political career, Samito shows, Lincoln opposed changing the Constitution, even to overturn Supreme Court rulings with which he disagreed. Well into his presidency, he argued that emancipation should take place only on the state level because the federal government had no jurisdiction to control slavery in the states. Between January 1863 and mid-1864, however, Lincoln came to support a constitutional amendment to abolish slavery because it worked within the constitutional structure and preserved key components of American constitutionalism in the face of Radical Republican schemes. Samito relates how Lincoln made the amendment an issue in his 1864 reelection campaign, chronicles lobbying efforts and the final vote in the House on the amendment resolution, and interrogates various charges of corruption and back-room deals. He also considers the Thirteenth Amendment in the context of the Hampton Roads conference, Lincoln’s own thoughts on the meaning of the amendment, and the impact of Lincoln’s assassination on the reading of the amendment. Samito provides the authoritative historical treatment of a story so compelling it was recently dramatized in the movie Lincoln. Closing with a lively discussion that applies the Thirteenth Amendment to current events, this concise yet comprehensive volume demonstrates how the constitutional change Lincoln helped bring about continues to be relevant today. |
| 13th amendment political cartoon: American Political Cartoons Sandy Northrop, 2017-07-05 From Benjamin Franklin's drawing of the first American political cartoon in 1754 to contemporary cartoonists' blistering attacks on George W. Bush and initial love-affair with Barack Obama, editorial cartoons have been a part of American journalism and politics. American Political Cartoons chronicles the nation's highs and lows in an extensive collection of cartoons that span the entire history of American political cartooning.Good cartoons hit you primitively and emotionally, said cartoonist Doug Marlette. A cartoon is a frontal attack, a slam dunk, a cluster bomb. Most cartoonists pride themselves on attacking honestly, if ruthlessly. American Political Cartoons recounts many direct hits, recalling the discomfort of the cartoons' targets?and the delight of their readers.Through skillful combination of pictures and words, cartoonists galvanize public opinion for or against their subjects. In the process they have revealed truths about us and our democratic system that have been both embarrassing and ennobling. Stephen Hess and Sandy Northrop note that not all cartoonists have worn white hats. Many have perpetuated demeaning ethnic stereotypes, slandered honest politicians, and oversimplified complex issues. |
| 13th amendment political cartoon: Representing Congress Clifford K. Berryman, James Zimmerhoff, 2017-08-30 INTRODUCTIONRepresenting Congress presents a selection of politicalcartoons by Clifford K. Berryman to engage studentsin a discussion of what Congress is, how it works,and what it does. It features the masterful work of one ofAmerica's preeminent political cartoonists and showcases hisability to use portraits, representative symbols and figures,and iconic personifications to convey thought-provokinginsights into the institutions and issues of civic life. The Houseof Representatives and Senate take center stage as nationalelected officials work to realize the ideals of the Founders.This eBook is designed to teach students to analyze history as conveyed in visual media.The cartoons offer comments about various moments in history, and they challenge thereader to evaluate their perspective and objectivity. Viewed outside their original journalisticcontext, the cartoons engage and amuse as comic art, but they can also puzzlea reader with references to little-remembered events and people. This eBook providescontextual information on each cartoon to help dispel the historical mysteries.Berryman's cartoons were originally published as illustrations for the front page of theWashington Post and the Washington Evening Star at various dates spanning the years from 1896to 1949. Thirty-nine cartoons selected from the more than 2,400 original Berryman drawingspreserved at the Center for Legislative Archives convey thumbnail sketches of Congress inaction to reveal some of the enduring features of our national representative government.For more than 50 years, Berryman's cartoons engaged readers of Washington's newspapers,illustrating everyday political events as they related to larger issues of civic life.These cartoons promise to engage students in similar ways today. The cartoons intrigueand inform, puzzle and inspire. Like Congress itself, Berryman's cartoons seem familiarat first glance. Closer study reveals nuances and design features that invite in-depthanalysis and discussion. Using these cartoons, students engage in fun and substantivechallenges to unlock each cartoons' meaning and better understand Congress. As theydo so, students will develop the critical thinking skills so important to academic successand the future health and longevity of our democratic republic.2 | R E P R E S E N T I N G C O N G R E S SHOW THIS eBOOK IS ORGANIZEDThis eBook presents 39 cartoons by Clifford K. Berryman,organized in six chapters that illustrate how Congress works.Each page features one cartoon accompanied by links toadditional information and questions.TEACHING WITH THIS eBOOKRepresenting Congress is designed to teach students aboutCongress-its history, procedures, and constitutional roles-through the analysis of political cartoons.Students will study these cartoons in three steps:* Analyze each cartoon using the NARA Cartoon Analysis Worksheet* Analyze several cartoons to discuss how art illustrates civic life using Worksheet 2* Analyze each cartoon in its historic context using Worksheet 3 (optional)Directions:1. Divide the class into small groups, and assign each group to study one or more cartoonsin the chapter Congress and the Constitution.2. Instruct each group to complete Worksheet 1: Analyzing Cartoons. Direct each groupto share their analysis with the whole-class.3. Instruct each group to complete Worksheet 2: Discussing Cartoons. Students shouldapply the questions to all of the cartoons in the chapter. Direct each group to sharetheir analysis in a whole class discussion of the chapter.4. Repeat the above steps with each succeeding chapter.5. Direct each group to share what they have learned in the preceding activities in awhole-class discussion of Congress and the Constitution.6. Optional Activity: Assign each group to read the Historical Context Informationstatement for their cartoon. The students should then use the Historical Context |
| 13th amendment political cartoon: The Death of Reconstruction Heather Cox Richardson, 2009-07-01 Historians overwhelmingly have blamed the demise of Reconstruction on Southerners' persistent racism. Heather Cox Richardson argues instead that class, along with race, was critical to Reconstruction's end. Northern support for freed blacks and Reconstruction weakened in the wake of growing critiques of the economy and calls for a redistribution of wealth. Using newspapers, public speeches, popular tracts, Congressional reports, and private correspondence, Richardson traces the changing Northern attitudes toward African-Americans from the Republicans' idealized image of black workers in 1861 through the 1901 publication of Booker T. Washington's Up from Slavery. She examines such issues as black suffrage, disenfranchisement, taxation, westward migration, lynching, and civil rights to detect the trajectory of Northern disenchantment with Reconstruction. She reveals a growing backlash from Northerners against those who believed that inequalities should be addressed through working-class action, and the emergence of an American middle class that championed individual productivity and saw African-Americans as a threat to their prosperity. The Death of Reconstruction offers a new perspective on American race and labor and demonstrates the importance of class in the post-Civil War struggle to integrate African-Americans into a progressive and prospering nation. |
| 13th amendment political cartoon: The Trump Presidency in Editorial Cartoons Natalia Mielczarek, 2023 In this book, Natalia Mielczarek engages with close to one thousand editorial cartoons to trace visual representations of President Donald Trump and the rhetorical mechanisms that construct them. Mielczarek argues that editorial cartoons largely either hide or overexpose the president, often resembling partisan propaganda, not social critique-- |
| 13th amendment political cartoon: 1791 to 1991 , 1991 |
| 13th amendment political cartoon: Free Speech Jonathan Zimmerman, Signe Wilkinson, 2021-05-01 In America we like to think we live in a land of liberty, where everyone can say whatever they want. Throughout our history, however, we have also been quick to censor people who offend or frighten us. We talk a good game about freedom of speech, then we turn around and deny it to others. In this brief but bracing book, historian Jonathan Zimmerman and Pulitzer Prize-winning cartoonist Signe Wilkinson tell the story of free speech in America: who established it, who has denounced it, and who has risen to its defense. They also make the case for why we should care about it today, when free speech is once again under attack.Across the political spectrum, Americans have demanded the suppression of ideas and images that allegedly threaten our nation. But the biggest danger to America comes not from speech but from censorship, which prevents us fromfreely governing ourselves. Free speech allows us to criticize our leaders. It lets us consume the art, film, and literature we prefer. And, perhaps most importantly, it allows minorities to challenge the oppression they suffer. While any of us are censored, none of us are free. |
| 13th amendment political cartoon: Andrew Johnson and Reconstruction Eric L. McKitrick, 1960 Re-evaluation of Andrew Johnson's role as President, and history of the political scene, from 1865 to 1868. |
| 13th amendment political cartoon: Mine Eyes Have Seen the Glory Steven L. Dundas, 2022-10 Mine Eyes Have Seen the Glory is a hard-hitting history of the impact of racism and religion on the political, social, and economic development of the American nation from Jamestown to today, in particular the nefarious effects of slavery on U.S. society and history. Going back to England’s rise as a colonial power and its use of slavery in its American colonies, Steven L. Dundas examines how racism and the institution of slavery influenced the political and social structure of the United States, beginning with the writing of the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution. Dundas tackles the debates over the Constitution’s three-fifths solution on how to count Black Americans as both property and people, the expansion of the republic and slavery, and the legislation enacted to preserve the Union, including the Missouri Compromise, the Compromise of 1850, and the Kansas-Nebraska Act—as well as their disastrous consequences. Mine Eyes Have Seen the Glory squarely faces how racism and religion influenced individual and societal debates over slavery, Manifest Destiny, secession, and civil war. Dundas deals with the struggle for abolition, emancipation, citizenship, and electoral franchise for Black Americans, and the fierce and often violent rollback following Reconstruction’s end, the civil rights movement, and the social and political implications today. Mine Eyes Have Seen the Glory is the story of perpetrators, victims, and bystanders; slaves and slaveholders; preachers, politicians, and propagandists; fire-eaters and firebrands; civil rights leaders and champions of white supremacy; and the ordinary people in the South and the North whose lives were impacted by it all. |
| 13th amendment political cartoon: Prologue , 2015 |
| 13th amendment political cartoon: Thomas Nast Fiona Deans Halloran, 2013-01-01 Thomas Nast (1840-1902), the founding father of American political cartooning, is perhaps best known for his cartoons portraying political parties as the Democratic donkey and the Republican elephant. Nast's legacy also includes a trove of other political cartoons, his successful attack on the machine politics of Tammany Hall in 1871, and his wildly popular illustrations of Santa Claus for Harper's Weekly magazine. In this thoroughgoing and lively biography, Fiona Deans Halloran interprets his work, explores his motivations and ideals, and illuminates the lasting legacy of Nast's work on American political culture-- |
| 13th amendment political cartoon: Cambridge International AS Level History of the USA 1840-1941 Coursebook Pete Browning, Patrick Walsh-Atkins, 2013-09-05 Cambridge International AS Level History is a suite of three books that offer complete coverage of the Cambridge International AS Level History syllabus (code 9389). Written in clear and accessible language, this title covers the History of the USA from the period of 1840-1941. Features include key questions, timelines, definitions of key terms, profile of key figures, notes to highlight significant points and formative questions to consolidate learning. Each chapter reinforces knowledge and builds skills using detailed study of primary and secondary sources to help students achieve their best. Exam support is offered in a final Examination Skills chapter offering advice on exam technique and how to approach source investigation and structured essay questions. |
| 13th amendment political cartoon: United States History - Part A , |
| 13th amendment political cartoon: A Line of Blood and Dirt Benjamin Hoy, 2021-02-02 The untold history of the multiracial making of the border between Canada and the United States. Often described as the longest undefended border in the world, the Canada-US border was born in blood, conflict, and uncertainty. At the end of the American Revolution, Britain and the United States imagined a future for each of their nations that stretched across a continent. They signed treaties with one another dividing lands neither country could map, much less control. A century and a half later, Canada and the United States had largely fulfilled those earlier ambitions. Both countries had built nations that stretched from the Atlantic to the Pacific and had made an expansive international border that restricted movement. The vision that seemed so clear in the minds of diplomats and politicians never behaved as such on the ground. Both countries built their border across Indigenous lands using hunger, violence, and coercion to displace existing communities and to disrupt their ideas of territory and belonging. The border's length undermined each nation's attempts at control. Unable to prevent movement at the border's physical location for over a century, Canada and the United States instead found ways to project fear across international lines They aimed to stop journeys before they even began. |
| 13th amendment political cartoon: Caricatures on American Historical Phases 1918-2018 Heinz-Dietrich Fischer, 2020 This volume covers main phases of United States history over the span of a century, 1918 - 2018. Starting with fights for Americanism during World War I until the America-First movement of our times, there are, among others, Pulitzer Prize-winning editorial cartoons about these topics: Ku Klux Klan, Foreign Policy, Great Depression, Lynching Practices, Labor Conditions, War Productions, Truman's Administration, Korean War, Racial Integration, Vietnam War, Watergate Scandal, Death Penalty, Ronald Reagan, Clinton's Sex Affair, Terrorist Attacks, Iraq War, Deadly Hurricanes, Financial Crashes, Washington Establishment, Presidents Barack Obama and Donald Trump. |
| 13th amendment political cartoon: Doomed by Cartoon John Adler, Draper Hill, 2008-08-01 The timely, true story of Thomas Nast, the granddaddy of political satire who destroyed a corrupt regime in 19th century New York City—with cartoons. He was an unethical, bullying, and narcissistic politician; a blow-hard real estate magnate and notorious swindler; a master manipulator who thrived off voter fraud, graft, and the collusion of his right-hand sycophants. This is the 1870s. The legendary William “Boss” Tweed, senator and third-largest landowner in New York City, is on a roll. He and his thieving minions have already duped the city out of an estimated two-billion dollars. It wasn’t going to be easy exposing him. He controlled the press—except for the magazine, Harper’s Weekly. And Harper’s had an invaluable weapon against the humorless and seemingly invincible Tweed: Thomas Nast, an influential political cartoonist who, day by day, brought Tweed’s corruption to light. With pen and ink, and a savage and righteous wink, Thomas Nast was determined to topple an empire. Told through Nast’s scathing 160-plus serialized cartoons, the remarkable and unbelievable true story of Nast vs. Tweed was not only unprecedented for its day, but it set the tone for the battle between the freedom of the press and political malfeasance that resonates well into the twenty-first century. |
| 13th amendment political cartoon: The Second Founding: How the Civil War and Reconstruction Remade the Constitution Eric Foner, 2019-09-17 “Gripping and essential.”—Jesse Wegman, New York Times An authoritative history by the preeminent scholar of the Civil War era, The Second Founding traces the arc of the three foundational Reconstruction amendments from their origins in antebellum activism and adoption amidst intense postwar politics to their virtual nullification by narrow Supreme Court decisions and Jim Crow state laws. Today these amendments remain strong tools for achieving the American ideal of equality, if only we will take them up. |
| 13th amendment political cartoon: A Concise Chronicle History of the African-American People Eperience in America Henry Epps, 2012-08-26 This book highlights the great experences of African-American people in the United States. |
| 13th amendment political cartoon: A Concise Chronicle History of the African-American People Experience in America Henry Epps, 2012-09-04 a concise chronicle history of the African American people experience in america histroy maps out the history of the black people from slavery to the white house. Blacks have suffered from slavery, lynching, brutailty and murder and yet these people are still thriving in a society that is oppossed to their success. We shall overcome can still be heard in the spirit of African-American people. |
| 13th amendment political cartoon: Make Good the Promises Kinshasha Holman Conwill, Paul Gardullo, 2021-09-14 The companion volume to the Smithsonian’s National Museum of African American History and Culture exhibit, opening in September 2021 With a Foreword by Pulitzer Prize-winning author and historian Eric Foner and a preface by veteran museum director and historian Spencer Crew An incisive and illuminating analysis of the enduring legacy of the post-Civil War period known as Reconstruction—a comprehensive story of Black Americans’ struggle for human rights and dignity and the failure of the nation to fulfill its promises of freedom, citizenship, and justice. In the aftermath of the Civil War, millions of free and newly freed African Americans were determined to define themselves as equal citizens in a country without slavery—to own land, build secure families, and educate themselves and their children. Seeking to secure safety and justice, they successfully campaigned for civil and political rights, including the right to vote. Across an expanding America, Black politicians were elected to all levels of government, from city halls to state capitals to Washington, DC. But those gains were short-lived. By the mid-1870s, the federal government stopped enforcing civil rights laws, allowing white supremacists to use suppression and violence to regain power in the Southern states. Black men, women, and children suffered racial terror, segregation, and discrimination that confined them to second-class citizenship, a system known as Jim Crow that endured for decades. More than a century has passed since the revolutionary political, social, and economic movement known as Reconstruction, yet its profound consequences reverberate in our lives today. Make Good the Promises explores five distinct yet intertwined legacies of Reconstruction—Liberation, Violence, Repair, Place, and Belief—to reveal their lasting impact on modern society. It is the story of Frederick Douglass, Frances Ellen Watkins Harper, Hiram Revels, Ida B. Wells, and scores of other Black men and women who reshaped a nation—and of the persistence of white supremacy and the perpetuation of the injustices of slavery continued by other means and codified in state and federal laws. With contributions by leading scholars, and illustrated with 80 images from the exhibition, Make Good the Promises shows how Black Lives Matter, #SayHerName, antiracism, and other current movements for repair find inspiration from the lessons of Reconstruction. It touches on questions critical then and now: What is the meaning of freedom and equality? What does it mean to be an American? Powerful and eye-opening, it is a reminder that history is far from past; it lives within each of us and shapes our world and who we are. |
| 13th amendment political cartoon: Just Another Southern Town Joan Quigley, 2016 The author describes and investigates his obsession with North Korean abduction of Japanese citizens-- |
| 13th amendment political cartoon: Harriet Beecher Stowe Brenda Haugen, 2005 A biography of the American author who, in writing Uncle Tom's cabin, revealed the cruelties of slavery and further split an already divided country. |
| 13th amendment political cartoon: Violence in American Society [2 volumes] Chris Richardson, 2020-08-11 While many books explore such specific issues as gun violence, arson, murder, and crime prevention, this encyclopedia serves as a one-stop resource for exploring the history, societal factors, and current dimensions of violence in America in all its forms. This encyclopedia explores violence in the United States, from the nation's founding to modern-day trends, laws, viewpoints, and media depictions. Providing a nuanced lens through which to think about violence in America, including its underlying causes, its iterations, and possible solutions, this work offers broad and authoritative coverage that will be immensely helpful to users ranging from high school and undergraduate students to professionals in law enforcement and school administration. In addition to detailed and evenhanded summaries of the key events and issues relating to violence in America, contributors highlight important events, political debates, legal perspectives, modern dimensions, and critical approaches. This encyclopedia also features excerpts from such important primary source documents as legal rulings, presidential speeches, and congressional testimony from scholars and activists on aspects of violence in America. Together, these documents provide important insights into past and present patterns of violent crime in the United States, as well as proposed solutions to those problems. |
| 13th amendment political cartoon: Princeton Review AP U.S. History Prep, 23rd Edition The Princeton Review, 2023-11-14 EVERYTHING YOU NEED TO HELP SCORE A PERFECT 5—Ace the AP U.S. History Exam with this comprehensive study guide from The Princeton Review. It includes 3 full-length practice tests, thorough content reviews, targeted strategies for every section, and access to online extras. Techniques That Actually Work • Tried-and-true strategies to help you avoid traps and beat the test • Tips for pacing yourself and guessing logically • Essential tactics to help you work smarter, not harder Everything You Need for a High Score • Fully aligned with the latest College Board standards for AP® U.S. History • Detailed coverage of the short-answer and source-based multiple-choice questions • In-depth guidance on the document-based and long essay questions • Access to study plans, a handy list of key terms and concepts, helpful pre-college information, and more via your online Student Tools Practice Your Way to Excellence • 3 full-length practice tests in the book with complete answer explanations • End-of-chapter review questions to test your retention of the material • Pacing drills to help you maximize points |
| 13th amendment political cartoon: Famous First Facts about American Politics Steven Anzovin, Janet Podell, 2001 For historians, students, scholars, librarians, and teachers, this is a comprehensive information source, and the perfect first stop for political research. General readers will also find it an irresistible browse, exploring 'firsts' from the earliest events in American history (such as the founding of the Iroquois Confederacy by Haionhwat'ha and Deganawidah sometime before 1550), to the ground-breaking events that took place at the end of the millennium (such as the first First Lady elected to public office, in 2000). |
| 13th amendment political cartoon: Pledge of Allegiance (ENHANCED eBook) Douglas M. Rife, 1998-03-01 A fascinating look at the history, meaning and controversial aspects of the pledge and its relevance to the present day. Includes a reproduction of original 1892 editorial cartoons and activities based on two Supreme Court decisions. |
| 13th amendment political cartoon: Campaigning in the Aftermath of the 2020 Elections Robert Denton, Robert E. Denton, 2021-10-28 The post-election period of the 2020 presidential campaign is historic not only for the culmination of tensions in the January 6, 2021 storming of the US capitol, but also in the very persistence of campaigning after the election was over. Historically, political campaigns have had only four phases: pre-primary, primary, convention, and general election. In 2020, there was a distinct and active post-election campaign in which President Donald Trump vigorously challenged the election, calling for recounts, court challenges amid charges of voter fraud and irregularities. Speeches, rallies, fundraising and advertising continued weeks past the election. For the first time modern electoral history, there was an active, dramatic and decisive post-election phase of the 2020 presidential campaign. This volume explores political communication during the post-election phase from election day until the inauguration of President Joseph R. Biden. Chapters address political branding, the nature of argumentation in the era of partisanship, the themes and issues of media coverage, examination of Trump’s January 6th address in terms of inciting an insurrection or free speech, Trump’s discursive strategy, political advertising and political cartoons during this period concluding with an examination of the post-election lawsuits. |
| 13th amendment political cartoon: Jim Crow America Catherine M. Lewis, J. Richard Lewis, 2009-03-01 This is a resource on racism and segregation in American life. The book is chronologically organized into five sections, each of which focuses on a different historical period in the story of Jim Crow: inventing, building, living, resisting, and dismantling. |
| 13th amendment political cartoon: Comic Art, Creativity and the Law Greenberg, Marc H., 2022-09-15 Graphic novels and comics have launched characters and stories that play a dominant role in contemporary popular culture throughout the world. The extensive revisions in this second edition of Comic Art, Creativity and the Law update the author’s analysis of important changes at the intersection of law and comics, featuring an examination of how recent cases will affect the creative process as applied to comic art. |
| 13th amendment political cartoon: The Constitution , 1991 |
| 13th amendment political cartoon: News Literacy Michelle Luhtala, Jacquelyn Whiting, 2018-05-09 At a time when misinformation in the media is abundant, this book explains the difficulty in nurturing students to become critical researchers and offers practical lessons that empower students to excavate information that will help them learn. This guide to teaching news literacy explores a wealth of resources and classroom-tested lessons that educators in grades 7–12 can use in their own libraries and classrooms. To introduce the concept of news literacy, the authors explain the steps of the inquiry and research process in detail and examine the Stanford History Education Group (SHEG) 2016 report Evaluating Information: The Cornerstone of Civic Online Reasoning and related research studies. Lesson plans corresponding to each stage of the process are coordinated to relevant standards from the CCSS and ISTE and are accompanied by rubrics for providing students feedback on their progress as well as samples of student work as it evolved through the stages. Furthermore, the authors' anecdotal insights from their experiences in collaboratively implementing the lessons with colleagues are an invaluable addition for any librarian seeking to work with teachers to help students become critical researchers. |
| 13th amendment political cartoon: Abraham Lincoln , |
| 13th amendment political cartoon: Keeping the Republic: 4th Edition Full Christine Barbour, Gerald C. Wright, 2008-12-23 |
| 13th amendment political cartoon: America in the World Jeffrey A. Engel, Mark Atwood Lawrence, Andrew Preston, 2023-09-05 A wide-ranging anthology of primary texts in American foreign relations—now expanded to include documents from the Trump years to today How should America wield its power beyond its borders? Should it follow grand principles or act on narrow self-interest? Should it work in concert with other nations or avoid entangling alliances? America in the World captures the voices and viewpoints of some of the most provocative, eloquent, and influential people who participated in these and other momentous debates. Now fully revised and updated, this anthology brings together primary texts spanning a century and a half of U.S. foreign relations, illuminating how Americans have been arguing about the nation’s role in the world since its emergence as a world power in the late nineteenth century. Features more than 250 primary-source documents, reflecting an extraordinary range of views Includes two new chapters on the Trump years and the return of great power rivalries under Biden Sweeps broadly from the Gilded Age to emerging global challenges such as COVID-19 Shares the perspectives of presidents, secretaries of state, and generals as well as those of poets, songwriters, clergy, newspaper columnists, and novelists Also includes non-American perspectives on U.S. power |
| 13th amendment political cartoon: Princeton Review AP U.S. History Premium Prep, 2021 The Princeton Review, 2020-12-08 Make sure you’re studying with the most up-to-date prep materials! Look for the newest edition of this title, The Princeton Review AP U.S. History Premium Prep, 2022 (ISBN: 9780525570776, on-sale August 2021). Publisher's Note: Products purchased from third-party sellers are not guaranteed by the publisher for quality or authenticity, and may not include access to online tests or materials included with the original product. |
| 13th amendment political cartoon: Princeton Review AP U.S. History Prep, 2021 The Princeton Review, 2020-12-08 Make sure you’re studying with the most up-to-date prep materials! Look for the newest edition of this title, The Princeton Review AP U.S. History Prep, 2022 (ISBN: 9780525570783, on-sale August 2021). Publisher's Note: Products purchased from third-party sellers are not guaranteed by the publisher for quality or authenticity, and may not include access to online tests or materials included with the original product. |
| 13th amendment political cartoon: SAT Subject Test United States History Gary Land, Ronald Lettieri, 2005-06-24 Master the SAT United States History Subject Test and score higher... Our test experts show you the right way to prepare for this important college exam. REA's SAT United States History Subject test prep covers all US historical areas to appear on the actual exam including in-depth coverage of the Colonial Period, the American Revolution, the Civil War and Reconstruction, World War I and World War II, American Imperialism, the Cold War and more. The book features 6 full-length practice SAT Subject United States History exams. Each practice exam question is fully explained to help you better understand the subject material. Use the book's glossary for speedy look-ups and smarter searches. Follow up your study with REA's proven test-taking strategies, powerhouse drills and study schedule that get you ready for test day. DETAILS - Comprehensive review of every United States History topic to appear on the SAT II subject test - Flexible study schedule tailored to your needs - Packed with proven test tips, strategies and advice to help you master the test - 6 full-length practice SAT II United States History Subject exams. Each exam question is answered in complete detail with easy-to-follow, easy-to-grasp explanations. - The book's glossary allows for quicker, smarter searches of the information you need most |
| 13th amendment political cartoon: SAT II Gary Land, Ronald John Lettieri, 1990-01-01 REA's test preparation book for the SAT II: United States History includes six full-length practice exams based on official exam questions released by the College Board. Also included is a comprehensive review course of US History, covering all major topics found on the exam. For college bound high school students who want the best test preparation for this exam. |
| 13th amendment political cartoon: Access to History for the IB Diploma: Rights and protest Michael Scott-Baumann, Peter Clements, 2015-11-30 A new book for Paper 1, Prescribed Subject 4: Rights and Protest The renowned IB Diploma History series, combining compelling narratives with academic rigor. An authoritative and engaging narrative, with the widest variety of sources at this level, helping students to develop their knowledge and analytical skills. Provides: - Reliable, clear and in-depth content from topic experts - Analysis of the historiography surrounding key debates - Dedicated exam practice with model answers and practice questions - TOK support and Historical Investigation questions to help with all aspects of the Diploma |
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African American Men Gain the Vote - Georgia College
13th Amendment: The Thirteenth Amendment was ratified by December 6, 1865 and provides that “Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the …
Political Participation Amendments
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Amending The Constitution Political Cartoon
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