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The 1966 Covenant on Civil and Political Rights: A Comprehensive Overview
Author: Dr. Anya Sharma, Professor of International Law and Human Rights, University of London. Dr. Sharma has published extensively on international human rights law, with a particular focus on the implementation and interpretation of the 1966 Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.
Publisher: Oxford University Press, a leading academic publisher with a long-standing commitment to publishing scholarly works on law and international relations.
Editor: Professor David Richards, QC, renowned expert in international human rights law and a former judge at the International Criminal Court.
Keywords: 1966 Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, ICCPR, Human Rights, Civil Rights, Political Rights, International Law, Human Rights Treaties, International Human Rights Law, Covenant Implementation, State Obligations, Monitoring Mechanisms.
Abstract: This article provides a detailed examination of the 1966 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), a cornerstone of international human rights law. It explores its historical context, substantive provisions, implementation mechanisms, and challenges to its effective application. Different methodologies employed in interpreting and applying the Covenant are analyzed, highlighting the evolving jurisprudence surrounding its key articles.
1. Historical Context of the 1966 Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
The 1966 Covenant on Civil and Political Rights emerged from the post-World War II global commitment to prevent future atrocities and uphold fundamental human dignity. Building upon the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) of 1948, the 1966 Covenant on Civil and Political Rights provided a legally binding framework for the protection of civil and political rights. Its adoption, alongside the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR), marked a significant step in the development of international human rights law. The drafting process itself reflects the diverse perspectives and priorities of states, leading to compromises and nuanced interpretations that continue to be debated today. The 1966 Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, therefore, is not merely a static document but a living instrument shaped by ongoing interpretation and application.
2. Substantive Provisions of the 1966 Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
The 1966 Covenant on Civil and Political Rights guarantees a wide range of fundamental rights, encompassing:
Right to life: Article 6 prohibits arbitrary deprivation of life. This provision has been subject to extensive interpretation concerning the death penalty, extrajudicial killings, and the right to a life with dignity.
Freedom from torture and cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment: Article 7 unequivocally prohibits these acts, establishing a high standard of protection against state-sanctioned violence.
Equality before the law: Article 26 guarantees equality before the law and equal protection of the law without any discrimination.
Freedom of movement: Article 12 guarantees the right to leave any country, including one's own.
Freedom of expression: Article 19 protects freedom of opinion and expression, encompassing diverse forms of communication.
Freedom of religion: Article 18 safeguards the right to freedom of thought, conscience, and religion.
Right to a fair trial: Articles 14 guarantees the right to a fair and public hearing by a competent, independent, and impartial tribunal.
Right to participate in public affairs: Articles 25 guarantees the right to participate in government.
These are just some examples of the rights protected under the 1966 Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. The detailed provisions reflect a commitment to protecting individual liberties and ensuring democratic governance.
3. Implementation and Monitoring Mechanisms of the 1966 Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
The effectiveness of the 1966 Covenant on Civil and Political Rights hinges on its implementation mechanisms. States parties are obligated to report regularly to the Human Rights Committee (HRC), a body of independent experts elected by states parties. These reports detail the measures taken to implement the Covenant. The HRC then reviews these reports and issues concluding observations, offering recommendations for improvement. The 1966 Covenant on Civil and Political Rights also includes an individual complaints mechanism, allowing individuals to petition the HRC if they believe their rights under the Covenant have been violated by a State Party. This mechanism plays a crucial role in ensuring accountability and redress for victims of human rights abuses.
4. Methodologies and Approaches to Interpreting the 1966 Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
Interpreting the 1966 Covenant on Civil and Political Rights involves several key methodologies:
Textual interpretation: Examining the literal meaning of the Covenant’s provisions.
Teleological interpretation: Considering the overall purpose and objective of the Covenant.
Systematic interpretation: Interpreting provisions in light of other relevant provisions within the Covenant.
Comparative interpretation: Considering the jurisprudence of other international and regional human rights bodies.
Dynamic interpretation: Adapting the interpretation of the Covenant to contemporary realities and challenges.
These methodologies are not mutually exclusive but often employed in combination to arrive at a comprehensive understanding of the Covenant's provisions. The evolving jurisprudence of the Human Rights Committee demonstrates the ongoing development and refinement of these interpretive approaches.
5. Challenges to the Effective Application of the 1966 Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
Despite its importance, the 1966 Covenant on Civil and Political Rights faces several challenges:
State reservations: States may enter reservations to specific articles, limiting the Covenant’s applicability within their jurisdiction.
Lack of enforcement mechanisms: While the HRC can issue concluding observations and individual opinions, its enforcement powers are limited.
Political will: Effective implementation requires the political will of states to prioritize human rights and comply with their obligations under the Covenant.
Globalization and new technologies: The emergence of new technologies and global challenges necessitate re-evaluating the interpretation and application of certain provisions.
6. The 1966 Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and Contemporary Issues
The 1966 Covenant on Civil and Political Rights remains highly relevant in addressing contemporary human rights challenges, including:
Counter-terrorism measures: Balancing security concerns with the protection of fundamental rights.
Climate change: Addressing the impact of climate change on human rights.
Migration and refugee protection: Ensuring the protection of the rights of migrants and refugees.
Technological advancements: Addressing the impact of surveillance technologies and the internet on freedom of expression and privacy.
Conclusion
The 1966 Covenant on Civil and Political Rights is a landmark achievement in international human rights law, offering a comprehensive framework for the protection of fundamental human rights. While challenges remain in its implementation, its continued relevance and the ongoing efforts to strengthen its mechanisms underscore its enduring significance in safeguarding human dignity globally. Understanding its provisions, interpretive methodologies, and implementation challenges is crucial for promoting and protecting human rights worldwide.
FAQs
1. What is the difference between the ICCPR and the ICESCR? The ICCPR focuses on civil and political rights (like freedom of speech and fair trial), while the ICESCR focuses on economic, social, and cultural rights (like the right to education and healthcare).
2. How can individuals submit a complaint under the ICCPR? Individuals can submit complaints to the Human Rights Committee if they have exhausted domestic remedies and believe their rights under the Covenant have been violated by a State Party.
3. What is the role of the Human Rights Committee? The HRC monitors state compliance with the ICCPR, reviews state reports, and issues concluding observations and individual opinions.
4. What are some examples of violations of the ICCPR? Examples include torture, arbitrary detention, unfair trials, restrictions on freedom of expression, and discrimination.
5. Can states withdraw from the ICCPR? Yes, states can withdraw from the ICCPR, but the withdrawal process is typically lengthy.
6. How is the ICCPR related to other international human rights instruments? The ICCPR forms part of the broader international human rights legal framework, often interpreted in conjunction with other treaties and customary international law.
7. What is the significance of the Optional Protocol to the ICCPR? The Optional Protocol establishes the individual complaints mechanism, allowing individuals to bring their claims before the Human Rights Committee.
8. How is the ICCPR enforced? Enforcement relies primarily on state compliance, the reporting system, the individual complaints mechanism, and international pressure.
9. What are some ongoing debates regarding the interpretation of the ICCPR? Ongoing debates include the death penalty, limitations on freedom of expression, and the interpretation of specific rights in the context of emerging technologies.
Related Articles:
1. The Death Penalty and the ICCPR: An analysis of the ongoing debate surrounding the compatibility of capital punishment with the right to life under the Covenant.
2. Freedom of Expression in the Digital Age and the ICCPR: Examines the challenges posed by the internet and social media to the protection of freedom of expression under the Covenant.
3. The ICCPR and the Rights of Refugees: Discusses the application of the Covenant's provisions to refugees and asylum seekers.
4. The Role of the Human Rights Committee in Interpreting the ICCPR: An examination of the Committee's jurisprudence and its evolving approach to interpretation.
5. State Reservations to the ICCPR: An analysis of the impact of state reservations on the effectiveness of the Covenant.
6. Individual Complaints under the Optional Protocol to the ICCPR: A guide to the procedure for filing complaints with the Human Rights Committee.
7. The ICCPR and Counter-Terrorism Measures: Balancing security concerns with the protection of fundamental rights under the Covenant.
8. The ICCPR and the Right to a Fair Trial: An in-depth analysis of the guarantees of a fair trial under Article 14.
9. Comparing the ICCPR and the European Convention on Human Rights: A comparative study examining the similarities and differences between these two key human rights instruments.
| 1966 covenant on civil and political rights: A Commentary on the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights Paul M. Taylor, 2020-06-30 A new and an essential reference work for any international human rights law academic, student or practitioner, A Commentary on the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights spans all substantive rights of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), as approached from the perspective of the ICCPR as an integrated, coherent scheme of rights protection. In detailed coverage of the Human Rights Committee's output when monitoring ICCPR compliance, Paul M. Taylor offers extraordinary access to forty years of its concluding observations, views and general comments organised thematically. This Commentary is a solid and practical introduction to any and all of the civil and political rights in the ICCPR, and a rare resource explaining the requirements for domestic implementation of ICCPR standards. An indispensable research tool for any serious enquirer into the subject, the Commentary speaks to the accomplishments of the ICCPR in striving for universal human rights standards. |
| 1966 covenant on civil and political rights: A Commentary on the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights Paul M. Taylor, 2020-07-02 A new and an essential reference work for any international human rights law academic, student or practitioner, A Commentary on the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights spans all substantive rights of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), approached from the perspective of the ICCPR as an integrated, coherent scheme of rights protection. In detailed coverage of the Human Rights Committee's output when monitoring ICCPR compliance, Paul M. Taylor offers extraordinary access to forty years of its Concluding Observations, Views and General Comments organised thematically. This Commentary is a solid and practical introduction to any and all of the civil and political rights in the ICCPR, and a rare resource explaining the requirements for domestic implementation of ICCPR standards. An indispensable research tool for any serious enquirer into the subject, the Commentary speaks to the accomplishments of the ICCPR in striving for universal human rights standards. |
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| 1966 covenant on civil and political rights: Encyclopedia of Global Justice Deen K. Chatterjee, 2011 The Encyclopedia is an international, interdisciplinary, and collaborative project, spanning all the relevant areas of scholarship related to issues of global justice, and edited and advised by leading scholars from around the world. The wide-ranging entries present the latest ideas on this complex subject by authors who are at the cutting edge of inquiry. |
| 1966 covenant on civil and political rights: The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights Ben Saul, David Kinley, Jaqueline Mowbray, 2014-03 One purpose of this book is to respond to this shift: to look beyond the more abstract and ideological discussions of the nature of socio-economic rights in order to engage empirically with how such rights have manifested in international practice. -- INTRODUCTION. |
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| 1966 covenant on civil and political rights: The United Nations Declaration on Minorities Ugo Caruso, Rainer Hofmann, 2015-03-31 Created in order to celebrate the 20th Anniversary of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Persons Belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities (1992-2012), this publication aims to offer readers a comprehensive review, written by a variety of scholars in the field, of the value and impact of the standards formulated in the Declaration. In so doing, it hopes to stimulate attention for and debate around the Declaration and its principles. The regional perspectives and case studies included further enable the identification of positive initiatives and good practices as well as persistent gaps in the implementation of the standards enshrined in the Declaration. |
| 1966 covenant on civil and political rights: Reporting Under the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights - Training Guide United Nations, 2021-06-04 Part of the Professional Training Series (No. 23), this Guide aims to assist States parties by facilitating an understanding of the rights enshrined in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the corresponding obligations of the States. It is based on the provisions of the Covenant and the Committee's general comments, jurisprudence on individual communications and concluding observations on State party reports, as well as reporting guidelines, rules of procedure, working methods and other documents. The Guide provides practical tools to enhance reporting skills with respect to the Covenant and the capacity to implement the Committee's recommendations. It further serves as an analytical information and training tool for trainers to design and deliver courses on reporting to the Committee. |
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| 1966 covenant on civil and political rights: Asian Yearbook of International Law, Volume 23 (2017) Seokwoo Lee, Hee Eun Lee, 2019-12-16 Launched in 1991, the Asian Yearbook of International Law is a major internationally-refereed yearbook dedicated to international legal issues as seen primarily from an Asian perspective. It is published under the auspices of the Foundation for the Development of International Law in Asia (DILA) in collaboration with DILA-Korea, the Secretariat of DILA, in South Korea. When it was launched, the Yearbook was the first publication of its kind, edited by a team of leading international law scholars from across Asia. It provides a forum for the publication of articles in the field of international law and other Asian international legal topics. The objectives of the Yearbook are two-fold: First, to promote research, study and writing in the field of international law in Asia; and second, to provide an intellectual platform for the discussion and dissemination of Asian views and practices on contemporary international legal issues. Each volume of the Yearbook contains articles and shorter notes; a section on Asian state practice; an overview of the Asian states’ participation in multilateral treaties and succinct analysis of recent international legal developments in Asia; a bibliography that provides information on books, articles, notes, and other materials dealing with international law in Asia; as well as book reviews. This publication is important for anyone working on international law and in Asian studies. The 2017 edition of the Yearbook is a special volume that has articles highlighting current international legal issues facing particular Asian states. |
| 1966 covenant on civil and political rights: The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights Ben Saul, 2016-12-15 This book is the first collection of the drafting records of the one of the world's two foremost human rights treaties, the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) of 1966. It makes an important contribution to understanding the origins and meaning of economic and social rights, which were drafted over almost two decades years between 1947 and 1966. There is increasing global interest in the stronger protection of economic, social, and cultural rights, which are vital to the survival, dignity, and prosperity of everyone. Since 2013, individuals have been able to complain to the United Nations about violations of their rights, and action can also often be taken through regional and national human rights procedures. In this context, many of the current debates surrounding economic and social rights can be best understood in the light of their drafting history. This book judiciously selects, and chronologically presents, the most important drafting documents or extracts thereof between 1947 and 1966. The book contains an extensive annotated table of documents, allowing researchers to track the progress of the key rights and issues in the drafting. It also includes an original analytical introductory essay, which summarises and analyses the main procedural and substantive developments during the drafting. The essay charts the many influences on the recognition of economic and social rights at a key moment in history: the aftermath of the Second World War, which demonstrated the need to eliminate the economic and social causes of threats to global peace and security. This book is essential reading for scholars, practitioners, and students of international human rights law. |
| 1966 covenant on civil and political rights: The Right to Life in International Law Bertie G. Ramcharan, 2021-09-27 |
| 1966 covenant on civil and political rights: Intersectional Discrimination Shreya Atrey, 2019-09-19 This book examines the concept of intersectional discrimination and why it has been difficult for jurisdictions around the world to redress it in discrimination law. 'Intersectionality' was coined by Kimberlé Crenshaw in 1989. Thirty years since its conception, the term has become a buzzword in sociology, anthropology, feminist studies, psychology, literature, and politics. But it remains marginal in the discourse of discrimination law, where it was first conceived. Traversing its long and rich history of development, the book explains what intersectionality is as a theory and as a category of discrimination. It then explains what it takes for discrimination law to be reimagined from the perspective of intersectionality in reference to comparative laws in the US, UK, South Africa, Canada, India, and the jurisprudence of the European Courts (CJEU and ECtHR) and international human rights treaty bodies. |
| 1966 covenant on civil and political rights: The Core International Human Rights Treaties , 2014 This publication reproduces the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and the nine core international human rights treaties and their optional protocols in a user-friendly format to make them more accessible, in particular to government officials, civil society, human rights defenders, legal practitioners, scholars, individual citizens and others with an interest in human rights norms and standards. |
| 1966 covenant on civil and political rights: The Universal Declaration of Human Rights in the 21st Century Gordon Brown, 2016-04-18 The Global Citizenship Commission was convened, under the leadership of former British Prime Minister Gordon Brown and the auspices of NYU’s Global Institute for Advanced Study, to re-examine the spirit and stirring words of The Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The result – this volume – offers a 21st-century commentary on the original document, furthering the work of human rights and illuminating the ideal of global citizenship. What does it mean for each of us to be members of a global community? Since 1948, the Declaration has stood as a beacon and a standard for a better world. Yet the work of making its ideals real is far from over. Hideous and systemic human rights abuses continue to be perpetrated at an alarming rate around the world. Too many people, particularly those in power, are hostile to human rights or indifferent to their claims. Meanwhile, our global interdependence deepens. Bringing together world leaders and thinkers in the fields of politics, ethics, and philosophy, the Commission set out to develop a common understanding of the meaning of global citizenship – one that arises from basic human rights and empowers every individual in the world. This landmark report affirms the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and seeks to renew the 1948 enterprise, and the very ideal of the human family, for our day and generation. |
| 1966 covenant on civil and political rights: Religious Hatred and International Law Jeroen Temperman, 2016 This book conceptualizes the 'prohibition of advocacy of religious hatred' from the perspectives of international and comparative law. |
| 1966 covenant on civil and political rights: The Oxford Handbook of International Organizations Jacob Katz Cogan, Ian Hurd, Ian Johnstone, 2016-11-10 Virtually every important question of public policy today involves an international organization. From trade to intellectual property to health policy and beyond, governments interact with international organizations in almost everything they do. Increasingly, individual citizens are directly affected by the work of international organizations. Aimed at academics, students, practitioners, and lawyers, this book gives a comprehensive overview of the world of international organizations today. It emphasizes both the practical aspects of their organization and operation, and the conceptual issues that arise at the junctures between nation-states and international authority, and between law and politics. While the focus is on inter-governmental organizations, the book also encompasses non-governmental organizations and public policy networks. With essays by the leading scholars and practitioners, the book first considers the main international organizations and the kinds of problems they address. This includes chapters on the organizations that relate to trade, humanitarian aid, peace operations, and more, as well as chapters on the history of international organizations. The book then looks at the constituent parts and internal functioning of international organizations. This addresses the internal management of the organization, and includes chapters on the distribution of decision-making power within the organizations, the structure of their assemblies, the role of Secretaries-General and other heads, budgets and finance, and other elements of complex bureaucracies at the international level. This book is essential reading for scholars, practitioners, and students alike. |
| 1966 covenant on civil and political rights: Economic, Social and Cultural Rights in International Law Manisuli Ssenyonjo, 2016-10-06 Since the first edition (published in 2009), there have been several important treaty developments, including the entry into force of the Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) on individual communications, and significant developments in the case law on economic, social and cultural (ESC) rights. The second edition addresses these developments and explores ESC rights from foundational issues to substantive rights and systems of protection. It has been fully updated to include new material and up-to-date coverage of the case law of human rights bodies and national courts on ESC rights. In addition to the rights to health, education and work covered in the first edition, the second edition analyses new developments, such as the rights to adequate food, water and sanitation, adequate housing, social security and cultural rights. It also considers several contemporary issues including the extraterritorial human rights obligations of states in the area of economic, social and cultural rights; non-state actors; relationship of the ICESCR to other areas of international law; the Optional Protocol to the ICESCR; regional protection of ESC rights; more examples of the domestic protection of ESC rights; the protection of ESC rights of vulnerable groups; contemporary challenges to ESC rights, including poverty, corruption, armed conflicts and terrorism. It concludes by exploring the possible establishment of a World Court of Human Rights. |
| 1966 covenant on civil and political rights: International Human Rights Law in a Global Context Felipe Gómez Isa, Koen de Feyter, 2009-01-01 The international human rights system remains as dynamic as ever. If at the end of the last century there was a sense that the normative and institutional development of the system had been completed and that the emphasis should shift to issues of implementation, nothing of the sort occurred. Even over the last few years significant changes happened, as this book amply demonstrates. We hope that this Manual makes a contribution to the development of International Human Rights Law and is of interest for those working in the field of promotion and protection of human rights. The book is the result of a joint project under the auspices of HumanitarianNet, a Thematic Network led by the University of Deusto, and the European Inter-University Centre for Human Rights and Democratisation (EIUC, Venice). |
| 1966 covenant on civil and political rights: The Twilight of Human Rights Law Eric Posner, 2014-10-01 Countries solemnly intone their commitment to human rights, and they ratify endless international treaties and conventions designed to signal that commitment. At the same time, there has been no marked decrease in human rights violations, even as the language of human rights has become the dominant mode of international moral criticism. Well-known violators like Libya, Saudi Arabia, and Sudan have sat on the U.N. Council on Human Rights. But it's not just the usual suspects that flagrantly disregard the treaties. Brazil pursues extrajudicial killings. South Africa employs violence against protestors. India tolerate child labor and slavery. The United States tortures. In The Twilight of Human Rights Law--the newest addition to Oxford's highly acclaimed Inalienable Rights series edited by Geoffrey Stone--the eminent legal scholar Eric A. Posner argues that purposefully unenforceable human rights treaties are at the heart of the world's failure to address human rights violations. Because countries fundamentally disagree about what the public good requires and how governments should allocate limited resources in order to advance it, they have established a regime that gives them maximum flexibility--paradoxically characterized by a huge number of vague human rights that encompass nearly all human activity, along with weak enforcement machinery that churns out new rights but cannot enforce any of them. Posner looks to the foreign aid model instead, contending that we should judge compliance by comprehensive, concrete metrics like poverty reduction, instead of relying on ambiguous, weak, and easily manipulated checklists of specific rights. With a powerful thesis, a concise overview of the major developments in international human rights law, and discussions of recent international human rights-related controversies, The Twilight of Human Rights Law is an indispensable contribution to this important area of international law from a leading scholar in the field. |
| 1966 covenant on civil and political rights: The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights Sarah Joseph, Jenny Schultz, Melissa Castan, 2004 The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights [ICCPR] is the most important human rights treaty in the world: it is of universal relevance, being open for ratification to all States. Now fully updated and in its second edition, this book provides a comprehensive collation and analysis of the jurisprudence of the Human Rights Committee, the monitoring body established under the ICCPR. The substantive articles of the ICCPR, as well as the admissibility provisions of the FirstOptional Protocol, are analysed, incorporating excerpts from decisions arising from individual communications under the First Optional Protocol, as well as relevant General Comments and Concluding Observations on States parties. Decisions under other United Nations treaties, such as theInternational Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, are also extracted to highlight complementary UN human rights jurisprudence. Comprehensively indexed and cross-referenced, this book offers ready access to the jurisprudence of the Human Rights Committee and other UN human rights treaty bodies. Presented in a clear and illuminating manner, it will be of use to the judiciary, human rights practitioners, human rightsactivists, government institutions, academics, and students alike. |
| 1966 covenant on civil and political rights: The Law of International Human Rights Protection Walter Kälin, Jörg Künzli, 2019 The second edition of Kalin and Kunzli's authoritative book provides a concise but comprehensive legal analysis of international human rights protection at the global and regional levels. It shows that human rights are real rights creating legal entitlements for those who are protected by them and imposing legal obligations on those bound by them. |
| 1966 covenant on civil and political rights: Vertical Judicial Dialogues in Asylum Cases Dana Baldinger, 2015-04-30 Vertical Judicial Dialogues in Asylum Cases attempts to answer the question what international and EU law require from the national asylum judge with regard to the intensity of judicial scrutiny and issues of evidence. |
| 1966 covenant on civil and political rights: The Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights: A Commentary Catarina de Albuquerque, Rebecca Brown, Başak Çalı, Lilian Chenwi, Christian Courtis, Brian Griffey, Viviana Krsticevic, Cheryl Lorens, Malcolm Langford, Bruce Porter, Julieta Rossi, Michael Ashley Stein, Donna Sullivan, Natasha Telson, 2016-12-30 |
| 1966 covenant on civil and political rights: Human Dignity and International Law Andrea Gattini, Rosana Garciandia, Philippa Webb, 2020-12-15 This book reflects on how the concept of human dignity, a central and classical concept in public international law, is used to protect the rights of particularly vulnerable sectors of contemporary society. |
| 1966 covenant on civil and political rights: The Extraterritorial Application of Selected Human Rights Treaties Karen da Costa, 2012-10-12 In recent years, the question of whether and to what extent states are bound by human rights treaty obligations when they act abroad has given rise to considerable debate in academic circles, courtrooms and military operations. Focusing on treaties considerably jeopardized during the ‘war on terror’, namely the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the European Convention on Human Rights and the Convention against Torture,The Extraterritorial Application of Selected Human Rights Treaties takes stock of the key developments informing the discussion to date. Together with the wording of treaties, critical analysis is made of the ensuing interpretation of treaty provisions by monitoring bodies and states parties. A way forward in this debate is suggested, accommodating conflicting interests while preserving the effective protection of basic rights. |
| 1966 covenant on civil and political rights: Monitoring State Compliance with the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child Ziba Vaghri, Jean Zermatten, Gerison Lansdown, Roberta Ruggiero, 2022-01-03 This open access book presents a discussion on human rights-based attributes for each article pertinent to the substantive rights of children, as defined in the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC). It provides the reader with a unique and clear overview of the scope and core content of the articles, together with an analysis of the latest jurisprudence of the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child. For each article of the UNCRC, the authors explore the nature and scope of corresponding State obligations, and identify the main features that need to be taken into consideration when assessing a State’s progressive implementation of the UNCRC. This analysis considers which aspects of a given right are most important to track, in order to monitor States' implementation of any given right, and whether there is any resultant change in the lives of children. This approach transforms the narrative of legal international standards concerning a given right into a set of characteristics that ensure no aspect of said right is overlooked. The book develops a clear and comprehensive understanding of the UNCRC that can be used as an introduction to the rights and principles it contains, and to identify directions for future policy and strategy development in compliance with the UNCRC. As such, it offers an invaluable reference guide for researchers and students in the field of childhood and children’s rights studies, as well as a wide range of professionals and organisations concerned with the subject. |
| 1966 covenant on civil and political rights: International Protection of Human Rights: Achievements and Challenges Felipe Gómez Isa, Koen de Feyter, 2006-01-01 At the beginning of the nineties, there was an expectation within the human rights community that the next decade would be a period of consolidation for the international human rights regime. This did not happen. In fact, the human rights regime underwent dramatic changes in response to new circumstances. We have tried to highlight both the achievements and the challenges ahead in this Manual, the result of a joint project under the auspices of HumanitarianNet, a Thematic Network on Humanitarian Development Studies leaded by the University of Deusto (Bilbao, the Basque Country, Spain), and the European Inter-University Centre for Human Rights and Democratisation (EIUC, Venice, Italy). |
| 1966 covenant on civil and political rights: The Judicial Application of Human Rights Law Nihal Jayawickrama, 2002-12-12 10 The right to life |
| 1966 covenant on civil and political rights: A Farewell to Fragmentation Mads Tønnesson Andenæs, Eirik Bjorge, 2015-10-09 Exploring the role of the International Court of Justice in the re-convergence of international law, this book contends that the court's jurisprudence is transforming traditional concepts such as sovereignty, rights and jurisdiction and in so doing is leading a trend towards the reunification of international law. |
| 1966 covenant on civil and political rights: United States Hegemony and the Foundations of International Law Michael Byers, Georg Nolte, 2008-01-21 Twelve leading scholars of international law and international relations consider whether the current strength of the United States is leading to change in the international legal system. This book demonstrates that the effects of U.S. domination of the foundations of international law are real, but also intensely complex. The volume stimulates debate about the role of the United States in international law and interests scholars of international law and international relations, government officials and international organizations. |
| 1966 covenant on civil and political rights: The Universal Declaration of Human Rights William A. Schabas, 2013-04-18 A collection of United Nations documents associated with the drafting of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, these volumes facilitate research into the scope of, meaning of and intent behind the instrument's provisions. It permits an examination of the various drafts of what became the thirty articles of the Declaration, including one of the earliest documents – a compilation of human rights provisions from national constitutions, organised thematically. The documents are organised chronologically and thorough thematic indexing facilitates research into the origins of specific rights and norms. It is also annotated in order to provide information relating to names, places, events and concepts that might have been familiar in the late 1940s but are today more obscure. |
| 1966 covenant on civil and political rights: Soldier: The Autobiography General Sir Mike Jackson, 2012-12-31 General Sir Mike Jackson's illustrious career in the British Army has spanned almost 45 years and all that time he has shown loyalty, courage and commitment to the British army whilst also being an undeniable media attraction. A man of substance where foreign policy is concerned, he has served in theatres from the Artic to the jungle but is perhaps best known for his role in charge of the British troops to end ethnic cleansing in Kosovo, for assembling the British ground component of the coalition that toppled the Taliban, for equipping and organising the army we dispatched to defeat in Iraq and for re-organising the British army with aplomb. His drive, enthusiasm and dominating personality were always popular with his soldiers and drove him right to the top of his profession. He may have been a general but he never stopped caring about the men and women in his charge, despite the politics. Soldier: The Autobiography exhibits all the qualities for which Jackson is admired; his professionalism, his honesty, his directness, his exuberance and his sense of humour. Most of all it gives a vivid sense of what modern soldiering entails. |
| 1966 covenant on civil and political rights: Federal Constitutional Law Melissa Castan, Sarah Joseph, David Wiseman, 2001 Covers the essential topics in federal constitutional law. The law is analysed in an accessible and thorough manner so as to appeal to scholars, students and practitioners requiring a clear analysis of Federal Constitutional Law. Commentary on current effects and the future directions of the law enliven the text. |
| 1966 covenant on civil and political rights: Protecting the right to freedom of expression under the European Convention on Human Rights Bychawska-Siniarska, Dominika, 2017-08-04 European Convention on Human Rights – Article 10 – Freedom of expression 1. Everyone has the right to freedom of expression. This right shall include freedom to hold opinions and to receive and impart information and ideas without interference by public authority and regardless of frontiers. This article shall not prevent States from requiring the licensing of broadcasting, television or cinema enterprises. 2. The exercise of these freedoms, since it carries with it duties and responsibilities, may be subject to such formalities, conditions, restrictions or penalties as are prescribed by law and are necessary in a democratic society, in the interests of national security, territorial integrity or public safety, for the prevention of disorder or crime, for the protection of health or morals, for the protection of the reputation or rights of others, for preventing the disclosure of information received in confidence, or for maintaining the authority and impartiality of the judiciary. In the context of an effective democracy and respect for human rights mentioned in the Preamble to the European Convention on Human Rights, freedom of expression is not only important in its own right, but it also plays a central part in the protection of other rights under the Convention. Without a broad guarantee of the right to freedom of expression protected by independent and impartial courts, there is no free country, there is no democracy. This general proposition is undeniable. This handbook is a practical tool for legal professionals from Council of Europe member states who wish to strengthen their skills in applying the European Convention on Human Rights and the case law of the European Court of Human Rights in their daily work. |
| 1966 covenant on civil and political rights: The Right to Development in International Law Subrata Roy Chowdhury, Erik M.G. Denters, Paul J.I.M. de Waart, 2023-11-27 The chapters in this volume are based on the papers that were presented at the Calcutta seminar organized in March 1992 by the ILA Committee on Lehal Aspects of a New International Economic Order (NIEO). The conference focused on the right to development, in particular its ideas and ideology, human rights aspects and implementation in specific areas of international law. The volume is accordingly organized in three parts. The chapters cover a vast area of subjects, derived from the UN Declaration of the Right to Development. From the developed and underdeveloped world 33 authors discuss topics including: contents, scope and implementation of the right to development; human rights of individuals and peoples; co-operation between the European Community and the Lomé IV states; current developments in investments treaties; refugee protection; development and democracy; concept of sustainable development; environmental issues; protection of intellectual property; transfer of technology; human rights in international financial institutions; and the legal conceptualization of the debt crisis. Professor Oscar Schachter observes in the first chapter that the Declaration continues to be a `challenging subject for legal commentary' for its `detable legal status, its combination of collective and individual rights, its expansive conception of development and its equivocal obligation'. Apart from support, doubts about the concept to the right to development may also be found in this volume. |
| 1966 covenant on civil and political rights: Realizing the Right to Development United Nations. Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, 2013 This book is devoted to the 25th anniversary of the United Nations Declaration on the Right to Development. It contains a collection of analytical studies of various aspects of the right to development, which include the rule of law and good governance, aid, trade, debt, technology transfer, intellectual property, access to medicines and climate change in the context of an enabling environment at the local, regional and international levels. It also explores the issues of poverty, women and indigenous peoples within the theme of social justice and equity. The book considers the strides that have been made over the years in measuring progress in implementing the right to development and possible ways forward to make the right to development a reality for all in an increasingly fragile, interdependent and ever-changing world. |
| 1966 covenant on civil and political rights: Implementation Handbook for the Convention on the Rights of the Child Rachel Hodgkin, Peter Newell, 2007 The Handbook aims to be a practical tool for implementation, explaining and illustrating the implications of each article of the Convention on the Rights of the Child and of the two Optional Protocols adopted in 2000 as well as their interconnections.--P. xvii. |
| 1966 covenant on civil and political rights: The Universal Declaration of Human Rights , 1978 |
| 1966 covenant on civil and political rights: Human Rights and Disabled Persons Theresia Degener, Yolan Koster-Dreese, 2021-10-18 The United Nations' Decade of Disabled Persons has served as a time for standard setting in the field of human rights and disability, and has created the need to evaluate the relevant human rights instruments for disabled persons. This volume responds to this need by offering a collection of essays on the subject of human rights and disability, and an extensive compilation of international and regional human rights instruments, guidelines and principles which are of special relevance to disabled people. It should serve organizations of disabled people as well as governments throughout the world as a resource and as an introduction to human rights and disability. This shortcoming may be one reason for the widely prevailing notion that disability is a welfare issue rather than a human rights issue. |
1966 - Wikipedia
1966 was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar, the 1966th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 966th year of the 2nd millennium, …
What Happened in 1966 - On This Day
Jul 23, 2015 · What happened and who was famous in 1966? Browse important and historic events, world leaders, famous birthdays and notable deaths from the year 1966.
1966: what happened that year? | TakeMeBack.to
Discover what 1966 was famous for, Key World Leaders of 1966, 1966 Time’s Person of the Year, the #1 song, movie and book in 1966, how old is someone born in 1966 and what Chinese …
What Happened In 1966 - Historical Events 1966 - EventsHistory
Nov 5, 2016 · What happened in the year 1966 in history? Famous historical events that shook and changed the world. Discover events in 1966.
1966 Fun Facts, Trivia and History - Pop Culture Madness
Jul 15, 2017 · 1966 Pop Culture Facts & History. James Faria and Robert Wright of Monsanto Industries invented AstroTurf in 1965. In 1966, it was first used in Houston’s Astro Dome. …
What happened in 1966 in american history? - California Learning ...
Jan 4, 2025 · 1966 was a pivotal year in American history, marked by significant events that shaped the country’s politics, culture, and society. The year saw the launch of the Gemini 8 …
1966 Archives - HISTORY
On February 3, 1966, the Soviet Union accomplishes the first controlled landing on the moon, when the unmanned spacecraft Lunik 9 touches down on the Ocean of Storms. After its soft …
A Year in History: 1966 Timeline | Historic Newspapers
Nov 26, 2020 · Extensive timeline lists important events in 1966 including England world cup win, the ongoing Vietnam War and the death of Walt Disney.
28 Facts About 1966 - OhMyFacts
Nov 8, 2024 · 1966 was a year of transformation, innovation, and unforgettable milestones. Ready to dive into 28 fascinating facts about this remarkable year? Let's get started!
1966 in the United States - Wikipedia
This is a list of notable events that took place in 1966 in the United States. January 2 – 1966 New York City transit strike: A wildcat strike by public transportation workers in New York City, led …
1966 - Wikipedia
1966 was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar, the 1966th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 966th year of the 2nd …
What Happened in 1966 - On This Day
Jul 23, 2015 · What happened and who was famous in 1966? Browse important and historic events, world leaders, famous birthdays and notable deaths from the year 1966.
1966: what happened that year? | TakeMeBack.to
Discover what 1966 was famous for, Key World Leaders of 1966, 1966 Time’s Person of the Year, the #1 song, movie and book in 1966, how old is someone born in 1966 and what Chinese …
What Happened In 1966 - Historical Events 1966 - Event…
Nov 5, 2016 · What happened in the year 1966 in history? Famous historical events that shook and changed the world. Discover events in 1966.
1966 Fun Facts, Trivia and History - Pop Culture Madness
Jul 15, 2017 · 1966 Pop Culture Facts & History. James Faria and Robert Wright of Monsanto Industries invented AstroTurf in 1965. In 1966, it was first used in Houston’s Astro Dome. …
