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100 Reasons to Learn a Foreign Language: Unveiling a World of Opportunities
Author: Dr. Anya Petrova, PhD in Linguistics & Applied Language Studies, Professor of Modern Languages at the University of California, Berkeley. Dr. Petrova has over 20 years of experience in language acquisition research and teaching, and is the author of several acclaimed books on multilingualism and cognitive benefits.
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP). OUP is a globally renowned academic publisher with a long history of producing high-quality, scholarly works in various fields, including linguistics, education, and cultural studies. Their reputation for rigorous peer-review and commitment to academic excellence ensures the credibility and trustworthiness of their publications.
Editor: Dr. David Chen, MA in TESOL, PhD in Second Language Acquisition, and experienced editor specializing in educational materials. Dr. Chen has a deep understanding of pedagogical approaches and ensures the clarity and accessibility of the content for a broad audience.
Keywords: 100 reasons to learn a foreign language, language learning benefits, multilingualism, cognitive benefits, cultural understanding, career advantages, travel, communication skills, personal growth, global citizenship.
Abstract: This article explores the myriad benefits of learning a foreign language, presenting over 100 compelling reasons categorized for clarity and impact. It acknowledges the challenges inherent in language acquisition while emphasizing the transformative potential of multilingualism for personal, professional, and global enrichment. The numerous advantages are explored across cognitive, social, cultural, and economic spheres, creating a comprehensive guide for anyone considering embarking on this rewarding journey.
Section 1: Cognitive Benefits – Expanding Your Mind (25 Reasons)
Learning a foreign language isn't just about memorizing vocabulary and grammar; it's a powerful cognitive workout. The 100 reasons to learn a foreign language start here with significant improvements in:
1. Improved Memory: Studies consistently show that multilingual individuals exhibit enhanced memory capabilities.
2. Enhanced Problem-Solving Skills: Navigating a new linguistic system strengthens analytical and problem-solving skills.
3. Increased Attention Span: The demands of language learning improve focus and concentration.
4. Boosted Multitasking Abilities: Juggling different languages enhances the ability to handle multiple tasks simultaneously.
5. Sharper Cognitive Flexibility: Switching between languages improves cognitive flexibility and adaptability.
6. Delayed Onset of Dementia and Alzheimer's: Research suggests a correlation between multilingualism and a reduced risk of cognitive decline.
7. Improved Executive Function: Language learning strengthens executive functions like planning, inhibition, and working memory.
8. Enhanced Creativity: Exposure to different linguistic structures fosters creative thinking.
9. Improved Metalinguistic Awareness: Understanding how language works improves overall language skills.
10. Better Reading Comprehension: Strong language skills transfer to enhanced comprehension across languages.
11. Improved Listening Skills: Active listening is crucial for language acquisition, enhancing this skill overall.
12. Enhanced Speaking Skills: Fluency in one language often improves speaking skills in others.
13. Increased vocabulary across languages. Learning vocabulary in one language often helps with similar concepts in others.
14. Improved understanding of grammar concepts across languages. The underlying structures of languages are often similar.
15. Improved ability to learn other languages in the future. Once you learn one foreign language, learning subsequent ones becomes easier.
16. Boost in self-esteem and confidence. Mastering a new language is a significant accomplishment.
17. Greater sense of accomplishment and personal satisfaction.
18. Improved ability to connect with others on a deeper level.
19. Greater sense of global awareness and interconnectedness.
20. Enhanced understanding of your own native language. Learning another language sheds light on the intricacies of your own.
21. Improved pattern recognition skills. Identifying patterns is crucial in language learning, beneficial in other areas.
22. Development of stronger analytical thinking. Deconstructing language structures enhances logical reasoning.
23. Improved ability to learn new concepts and information.
24. Better ability to focus amidst distractions.
25. Increased brain plasticity. Learning a language keeps your brain agile and adaptable.
Section 2: Social and Cultural Enrichment (25 Reasons)
Among the 100 reasons to learn a foreign language, the social and cultural aspects are transformative:
26. Enhanced Cultural Understanding: Language is inextricably linked to culture; learning a language unlocks cultural nuances.
27. Greater Empathy and Tolerance: Connecting with different cultures fosters empathy and broadens perspectives.
28. Building Stronger Relationships: Communicating in someone's native language deepens connections.
29. Access to Diverse Perspectives: Exposure to different languages and cultures expands your worldview.
30. Increased Self-Awareness: Understanding other cultures allows for greater reflection on your own.
31. Breaking Down Communication Barriers: Language skills bridge divides and foster understanding.
32. Making New Friends: Shared language facilitates friendships with people from different backgrounds.
33. Increased Confidence in social settings: Being able to communicate in a foreign language boosts confidence.
34. Immersion in different cultures: Travel and social interactions are greatly enhanced.
35. Access to a wider range of art, literature, and music. Exploring creative works in their original language offers deeper appreciation.
36. Gaining a deeper understanding of history and politics. Studying these subjects in the language of origin enhances insight.
37. Enhanced appreciation for diversity. Recognizing and valuing differences is a key element of global citizenship.
38. Breaking down stereotypes and prejudices. Direct interaction fosters understanding and diminishes bias.
39. Improving communication with family members who speak a different language.
40. Building bridges with different communities.
41. Participation in international communities.
42. Sharing your culture with others.
43. Learning about different customs and traditions.
44. Developing a greater appreciation for different ways of life.
45. Enhanced intercultural competence.
46. Increased adaptability and flexibility.
47. Improved understanding of non-verbal communication.
48. Development of stronger interpersonal skills.
49. Building a stronger sense of community.
50. Greater appreciation for global citizenship.
Section 3: Career and Economic Advantages (25 Reasons)
The 100 reasons to learn a foreign language extend significantly to the professional sphere:
51. Increased Job Opportunities: Multilingual professionals are highly sought after in many fields.
52. Higher Earning Potential: Language skills often command higher salaries.
53. Improved Career Advancement: Language proficiency is a significant asset in career progression.
54. Enhanced Competitiveness in the Job Market: Standing out from monolingual candidates.
55. Access to Global Job Markets: Opening doors to international career opportunities.
56. Working in International Environments: Effectively collaborating with colleagues from diverse backgrounds.
57. Networking Opportunities: Connecting with professionals across linguistic and cultural boundaries.
58. Translating and Interpreting Careers: High demand for skilled translators and interpreters.
59. International Business and Trade: Facilitating communication and negotiations in global markets.
60. Tourism and Hospitality: Serving international clientele effectively.
61. Education and Academia: Teaching and research opportunities in international settings.
62. Diplomacy and International Relations: Essential for effective communication and collaboration.
63. Journalism and Media: Reporting on international events and engaging diverse audiences.
64. Technology and Software Development: Supporting multilingual software and applications.
65. Healthcare: Communicating effectively with patients from diverse backgrounds.
66. Marketing and Advertising: Reaching wider target markets through multilingual campaigns.
67. International Law: Navigating legal systems and cultural norms in global contexts.
68. Increased understanding of international affairs.
69. Better cross-cultural communication in the workplace.
70. Improved ability to work on international projects.
71. Access to a wider range of resources and information.
72. Enhanced problem-solving skills in diverse settings.
73. Greater adaptability to changing global markets.
74. Improved negotiation skills in international contexts.
75. Increased value to employers.
Section 4: Travel and Personal Growth (25 Reasons)
Among the 100 reasons to learn a foreign language, personal growth and travel enrichment are significant:
76. Enhanced Travel Experiences: Connecting with locals and experiencing cultures authentically.
77. Increased Independence While Traveling: Navigating unfamiliar environments with confidence.
78. Greater Appreciation for Different Cultures: Immersive experiences foster deeper cultural understanding.
79. Discovering Hidden Gems: Exploring off-the-beaten-path destinations with ease.
80. Building Confidence and Self-Esteem: Overcoming challenges and achieving fluency are empowering.
81. Expanding Your Horizons: Exploring new perspectives and broadening your worldview.
82. Developing Adaptability and Resilience: Navigating unfamiliar situations builds valuable life skills.
83. Improved Problem-Solving Skills: Adapting to new environments requires creative problem-solving.
84. Increased Creativity and Innovation: Exposure to new languages and cultures sparks creativity.
85. Greater Self-Discovery: Stepping outside your comfort zone fosters personal growth.
86. Making Friends from Around the World: Building lasting relationships based on shared experiences.
87. Improved Communication Skills in various social contexts.
88. Enhanced understanding of history and culture through firsthand experience.
89. Greater appreciation for the beauty and diversity of the world.
90. Creating lasting memories and enriching travel experiences.
91. Improved ability to navigate unfamiliar situations.
92. Development of stronger decision-making skills.
93. Enhanced ability to cope with stressful situations.
94. Increased self-reliance and independence.
95. Greater sense of personal accomplishment and satisfaction.
96. Improved ability to empathize with others.
97. Development of a global perspective and understanding.
98. Increased appreciation for the value of learning and personal growth.
99. Enhanced emotional intelligence and cross-cultural sensitivity.
100. A deeper understanding of yourself and your place in the world.
Conclusion:
The 100 reasons to learn a foreign language presented here offer a compelling case for embracing multilingualism. While the journey of language acquisition presents challenges, the rewards – cognitive enhancements, cultural enrichment, career advantages, and profound personal growth – are immeasurable. Embracing the opportunity to learn a new language is an investment in oneself and in a more interconnected and understanding world.
FAQs:
1. How long does it take to learn a foreign language? The time it takes varies greatly depending on the individual, the language, and the level of fluency desired. Consistent effort and immersion are key factors.
2. What's the best way to learn a foreign language? A combination of formal instruction, immersion experiences, and dedicated practice is most effective.
3. What are some common challenges faced by language learners? Common challenges include motivation, time constraints, fear of making mistakes, and cultural differences.
4. Are there age limits to learning a foreign language? No, individuals of all ages can learn a foreign language. While younger learners may have an advantage, older learners can benefit from increased cognitive reserve.
5. What resources are available for language learning? Numerous resources exist, including language learning apps, online courses, textbooks, tutors, and immersion programs.
6. How can I stay motivated to learn a foreign language? Setting realistic goals, finding a language partner, joining a language exchange, and celebrating milestones can help maintain motivation.
7. What are the benefits of learning a less common language? Learning a less common language can offer unique career opportunities and provide access to lesser-known cultures and perspectives.
8. Can learning one foreign language help me learn others more easily? Yes, learning one foreign language often makes it easier to learn others, particularly those from the same language family.
9. How can I measure my progress in learning a foreign language? Setting specific goals, tracking vocabulary acquisition, participating in language exchanges, and taking proficiency tests can help measure progress.
Related Articles:
1. The Neuroscience of Multilingualism: A deep dive into the cognitive benefits of learning multiple languages.
2. Language Learning and Career Success: Exploring how language skills enhance career prospects in various industries.
3. The Cultural Impact of Language Learning: Examining the transformative power of language on cultural understanding and appreciation.
4. Overcoming Language Learning Challenges: Strategies for maintaining motivation and navigating common obstacles.
5. The Best Language Learning Apps and Resources: A review of popular tools and technologies for language acquisition.
6. Language Learning for Travelers: Practical tips and advice for using language skills while traveling.
7. Language Learning and Cognitive Aging: The protective effects of multilingualism against age-related cognitive decline.
8. Language Learning for Children: Strategies for teaching children foreign languages effectively.
9. The Economic Benefits of Multilingualism: A quantitative analysis of the economic advantages of language skills in the global marketplace.
| 100 reasons to learn a foreign language: How to Learn a Foreign Language Paul Pimsleur, 2013-10 In this entertaining and groundbreaking book, Dr. Paul Pimsleur, creator of the renowned Pimsleur Method, the world leader in audio-based language learning, shows how anyone can learn to speak a foreign language. If learning a language in high school left you bruised, with a sense that there was no way you can learn another language, How to Learn a Foreign Language will restore your sense of hope. In simple, straightforward terms, Dr. Pimsleur will help you learn grammar (seamlessly), vocabulary, and how to practice pronunciation (and come out sounding like a native). The key is the simplicity and directness of Pimsleur’s approach to a daunting subject, breaking it down piece by piece, demystifying the process along the way. Dr. Pimsleur draws on his own language learning trials and tribulations offering practical advice for overcoming the obstacles so many of us face. Originally published in 1980, How to Learn a Foreign Language is now available on the 50th anniversary of Dr. Pimsleur’s publication of the first of his first audio courses that embodied the concepts and methods found here. It's a fascinating glimpse into the inner workings of the mind of this amazing pioneer of language learning. |
| 100 reasons to learn a foreign language: Becoming Fluent Richard Roberts, Roger Kreuz, 2017-02-03 Forget everything you’ve heard about adult language learning: evidence from cognitive science and psychology prove we can learn foreign languages just as easily as children. An eye-opening study on how adult learners can master a foreign lanugage by drawing on skills and knowledge honed over a lifetime. Adults who want to learn a foreign language are often discouraged because they believe they cannot acquire a language as easily as children. Once they begin to learn a language, adults may be further discouraged when they find the methods used to teach children don't seem to work for them. What is an adult language learner to do? In this book, Richard Roberts and Roger Kreuz draw on insights from psychology and cognitive science to show that adults can master a foreign language if they bring to bear the skills and knowledge they have honed over a lifetime. Adults shouldn't try to learn as children do; they should learn like adults. Roberts and Kreuz report evidence that adults can learn new languages even more easily than children. Children appear to have only two advantages over adults in learning a language: they acquire a native accent more easily, and they do not suffer from self-defeating anxiety about learning a language. Adults, on the other hand, have the greater advantages—gained from experience—of an understanding of their own mental processes and knowing how to use language to do things. Adults have an especially advantageous grasp of pragmatics, the social use of language, and Roberts and Kreuz show how to leverage this metalinguistic ability in learning a new language. Learning a language takes effort. But if adult learners apply the tools acquired over a lifetime, it can be enjoyable and rewarding. |
| 100 reasons to learn a foreign language: Why You Need a Foreign Language & how to Learn One Edward Trimnell, 2005 The first half of this book examines the commercial, social, and political implications of American monolingualism. The second half of the book explores the techniques and tools that a working professional can use to acqure functional skills in a new language.--Back cover. |
| 100 reasons to learn a foreign language: The Way of the Linguist Steve Kaufmann, 2005-11 The Way of The Linguist, A language learning odyssey. It is now a cliché that the world is a smaller place. We think nothing of jumping on a plane to travel to another country or continent. The most exotic locations are now destinations for mass tourism. Small business people are dealing across frontiers and language barriers like never before. The Internet brings different languages and cultures to our finger-tips. English, the hybrid language of an island at the western extremity of Europe seems to have an unrivalled position as an international medium of communication. But historically periods of cultural and economic domination have never lasted forever. Do we not lose something by relying on the wide spread use of English rather than discovering other languages and cultures? As citizens of this shrunken world, would we not be better off if we were able to speak a few languages other than our own? The answer is obviously yes. Certainly Steve Kaufmann thinks so, and in his busy life as a diplomat and businessman he managed to learn to speak nine languages fluently and observe first hand some of the dominant cultures of Europe and Asia. Why do not more people do the same? In his book The Way of The Linguist, A language learning odyssey, Steve offers some answers. Steve feels anyone can learn a language if they want to. He points out some of the obstacles that hold people back. Drawing on his adventures in Europe and Asia, as a student and businessman, he describes the rewards that come from knowing languages. He relates his evolution as a language learner, abroad and back in his native Canada and explains the kind of attitude that will enable others to achieve second language fluency. Many people have taken on the challenge of language learning but have been frustrated by their lack of success. This book offers detailed advice on the kind of study practices that will achieve language breakthroughs. Steve has developed a language learning system available online at: www.thelinguist.com. |
| 100 reasons to learn a foreign language: Fluent Forever Gabriel Wyner, 2014-08-05 NATIONAL BESTSELLER • For anyone who wants to learn a foreign language, this is the method that will finally make the words stick. “A brilliant and thoroughly modern guide to learning new languages.”—Gary Marcus, cognitive psychologist and author of the New York Times bestseller Guitar Zero At thirty years old, Gabriel Wyner speaks six languages fluently. He didn’t learn them in school—who does? Rather, he learned them in the past few years, working on his own and practicing on the subway, using simple techniques and free online resources—and here he wants to show others what he’s discovered. Starting with pronunciation, you’ll learn how to rewire your ears and turn foreign sounds into familiar sounds. You’ll retrain your tongue to produce those sounds accurately, using tricks from opera singers and actors. Next, you’ll begin to tackle words, and connect sounds and spellings to imagery rather than translations, which will enable you to think in a foreign language. And with the help of sophisticated spaced-repetition techniques, you’ll be able to memorize hundreds of words a month in minutes every day. This is brain hacking at its most exciting, taking what we know about neuroscience and linguistics and using it to create the most efficient and enjoyable way to learn a foreign language in the spare minutes of your day. |
| 100 reasons to learn a foreign language: Seven Hundred Reasons for Studying Languages Angela Gallagher-Brett, 2005 |
| 100 reasons to learn a foreign language: Polyglot: How I Learn Languages Kat— Lomb, 2008-01-01 KAT LOMB (1909-2003) was one of the great polyglots of the 20th century. A translator and one of the first simultaneous interpreters in the world, Lomb worked in 16 languages for state and business concerns in her native Hungary. She achieved further fame by writing books on languages, interpreting, and polyglots. Polyglot: How I Learn Languages, first published in 1970, is a collection of anecdotes and reflections on language learning. Because Dr. Lomb learned her languages as an adult, after getting a PhD in chemistry, the methods she used will be of particular interest to adult learners who want to master a foreign language. |
| 100 reasons to learn a foreign language: 100 Ideas for Secondary Teachers: Outstanding MFL Lessons Dannielle Warren, 2019-11-14 No matter what you teach, there is a 100 Ideas title for you! The 100 Ideas series offers teachers practical, easy-to-implement strategies and activities for the classroom. Each author is an expert in their field and is passionate about sharing best practice with their peers. Each title includes at least ten additional extra-creative Bonus Ideas that won't fail to inspire and engage all learners. _______________ Split into sections on grammar, vocabulary, speaking, listening, reading, writing, translation and revision, 100 Ideas for Secondary Teachers: Outstanding MFL Lessons presents tried-and-tested ideas that cover all aspects of the modern foreign languages (MFL) curriculum. Experienced MFL teacher Dannielle Warren shares interactive games and activities to support and challenge all students learning a modern foreign language. This accessible resource presents suggestions for helping students revise effectively and strategies for marking and feedback to enable their progress. It is suitable for all MFL teachers, regardless of the language they teach, and includes examples in French, Spanish and German. With online resources and ideas ranging from pass the parcel to drawing dictation, 100 Ideas for Secondary Teachers: Outstanding MFL Lessons is ideal for all teachers in need of some inspiration and fresh ideas. |
| 100 reasons to learn a foreign language: Language Is Music Susanna Zaraysky, 2009 Language is Music focuses on making learning foreign languages fun, easy and affordable for anyone with a desire to communicate effectively with people around the world. By applying over 100 simple tips to things you already do, such as listening to music or surfing the Web, you can experience the joy of fluency in any language without having to study abroad or spend money on private tutors. In Language is Music, Susanna Zaraysky masterfully shares her listening methods so that anyone can have fun learning any language. With over 100 tips and 100 free or low-cost Internet resources, you will learn how to use daily activities, such as watching T.V. or listening to music; conversation partners; and attendance at cultural events to become a masterful speaker of any tongue. Learning foreign languages is like learning to sing a song or play music, says self-made linguist Susanna Zaraysky and author of Language is Music. Zaraysky has what you might call an ear for languages, having used music to successfully learn English, Russian, French, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, and Serbo-Croatian-all with excellent accents. Advance Praise for Language is Music I love it! I think it will help people who want to learn, and those who are curious about additional language learning. Many people want to learn a language but are frightened, or disappointed by the courses they have taken. Reading Language is Music will encourage them to try again, on their own and with friendly supporters. -Dr. Elba Maldonado-Colon, Professor Department of Elementary Education Bilingual Program, San Jose State University LET IT JUST ROLL OFF YOUR TONGUE. With lyrical insight and solid experience, Susanna Zaraysky, author of Language is Music, provides easy steps for learning a language. Gone are the boring, disconnected strategies that most of us remember from school. You've never learned a language this quickly and easily. Zaraysky's methods embody fun, connection, rhythm, and above all...music. -Suzanne Lettrick, M.Ed Educator and Founder of The Global Education and Action Network Forget dictionaries and phrase books . . . Susanna Zaraysky's easy-to-use guide to language learning is indispensable for any serious language learner wanting to become fluent--not just conversationally proficient--in another language. Language is Music will teach you how to make language acquisition a part of your daily life, and to recreate the kind of total-immersion environment necessary for fluency. Highly recommended reading for aspiring polyglots. Pick up this book and you too will be all ears! -Justin Liang, Japanese, Mandarin, Cantonese, Marshallese, intermediate Spanish Back in France, I spent many years learning academic English in school. But I progressed much faster when I forced myself to listen to the BBC or not look at the subtitles when watching an American movie. I wish I had Susanna's book with me then. It's full of creative ideas and practical tips that are indispensable complements to the traditional methods of learning foreign languages -- and it's coming from someone you can trust, she speaks so many of them! -Philippe Levy, French native speaker This book is great. It showed me another aspect and a new approach of learning a language. I will put the book to good use. As a foreign English speaker, I spent many years at school learning English and did not make much progress. A lot of the tips that I read in this book, I learned them with time. However if I had read this book earlier, it would have made my life much easier and I would have saved so much time. I am going to apply the tips in Language is Music into learning a third language: Spanish. This time, I am sure I will make huge progress much faster. Not only is Language is Music useful in acquiring a foreign language, but the resources and websites in the book are valuable for someone who wants to travel abroad. -Fabien Hsu, French native speaker |
| 100 reasons to learn a foreign language: Learning Latin the Ancient Way Eleanor Dickey, 2016-02-18 During the Roman empire Greek speakers learned Latin using textbooks that still offer special advantages: authentic and enjoyable vignettes about the ancient world, easy Latin composed by Romans, insight into ancient learning practices. This book makes the ancient Latin-learning materials available to modern students for the first time. |
| 100 reasons to learn a foreign language: English Through Pictures Ivor Armstrong Richards, Christine M. Gibson, 2005 Designed to help speak, read and write English - through pictures, this book places the responsibility for learning on the learner. These drawings allow learners to focus on the sentence. It has a selection of the useful words, those with the power to define other words, are placed to work in key patterns that offer the ability to communicate. |
| 100 reasons to learn a foreign language: 100 Games and Activities for the Introductory Foreign Language Classroom Thierry Boucquey, Laura E. McPherson, 2013-09-27 Stimulating, engaging, and effective, the games and activites in this book offer your students alternatives to learning by rote or performing drills. This book makes it easy for you to develop their linguistic functions through active learning. The specific skills and vocabulary taught in each game or activity is highlighted, as are the easy-to-follow instructions, helpful charts, worksheets and other visuals. |
| 100 reasons to learn a foreign language: Fluent in 3 Months Benny Lewis, 2014-03-11 Benny Lewis, who speaks over ten languages—all self-taught—runs the largest language-learning blog in the world, Fluent In 3 Months. Lewis is a full-time language hacker, someone who devotes all of his time to finding better, faster, and more efficient ways to learn languages. Fluent in 3 Months: How Anyone at Any Age Can Learn to Speak Any Language from Anywhere in the World is a new blueprint for fast language learning. Lewis argues that you don't need a great memory or the language gene to learn a language quickly, and debunks a number of long-held beliefs, such as adults not being as good of language learners as children. |
| 100 reasons to learn a foreign language: Learning a Foreign Language Alex Poole, 2020-10-01 This text helps monolinguals achieve their dream of learning another language. Each chapter explains and exemplifies issues inherent in the language learning process that readers need to understand. These include maintaining motivation, dealing with errors, being strategic, and assessing progress. Readers receive advice on the practical steps they can take to make learning more effective and enjoyable. They also gain exposure to the methods and techniques used to research language learning. While doing so, they become aware of child language development, the evolution of language, language’s relationship to culture, and other fundamental areas of linguistics. Readers also confront limitations related to age and learn about the necessity of having realistic expectations concerning pronunciation, grammar production, word usage, and cultural knowledge. Questions following the end of every chapter encourage readers to reflect on the information presented and how they can use it. The text’s focus on first-time language learners and straightforward style make it accessible for high school students, college language majors, and those independently pursuing a language. |
| 100 reasons to learn a foreign language: E. United States Information Agency. Office of Research, 1974 |
| 100 reasons to learn a foreign language: New Trends in Foreign Language Teaching Raúl Ruiz Cecilia, António Lopes, 2019-01-15 Language teaching approaches, methods and procedures are constantly undergoing reassessment. New ideas keep emerging as the growing complexity of the means of communication and the opportunities created by technology put language skills to new uses. In addition, the political, social and economic impact of globalisation, the new demands of the labour market that result from it, the pursuit of competitiveness, the challenges of intercultural communication and the diversification of culture have opened new perspectives on the central role that foreign languages have come to play in the development of contemporary societies. This book provides an insight into the latest developments in the field and discusses the new trends in foreign language teaching in four major areas, namely methods and approaches, teacher training, innovation in the classroom, and evaluation and assessment. |
| 100 reasons to learn a foreign language: How to Improve Your Foreign Language Immediately Boris Shekhtman, 2003 This book provides a unique set of tools designed to enhance an individual's success in communicati0n in a foreign language environment. The devices presented allow the speaker of a foreign language to demonstrate the level of his/her language more impressively. These techniques were developed and tested by the author with adult professionals in such varied fields as journalism, diplomacy, government, and international business. |
| 100 reasons to learn a foreign language: ¿Por Qué? 101 Questions About Spanish Judy Hochberg, 2016-10-20 ¿Por qué? 101 Questions about Spanish is for anyone who wants to understand how Spanish really works. Standard textbooks and grammars describe the what of Spanish - its vocabulary, grammar, spelling, and pronunciation - but ¿Por qué? explains the why. Judy Hochberg draws on linguistic principles, Hispanic culture, and language history to answer questions such as: Why are so many Spanish verbs irregular? - Why does Spanish have different ways to say you? - Why is h silent? - Why doesn't Spanish use apostrophes? - Why does Castilian Spanish have the th sound? Packed with information, guidance, and links to further research, ¿Por qué? is an accessible study guide that is suitable for Spanish students, instructors, native speakers, and the general reader. It is a valuable supplementary text for serious students of Spanish at all levels, from beginning to advanced. ¿Por qué? also covers topics usually left to specialized books, including the evolution of Spanish, how children and adults learn Spanish, and the status of languages that co-exist with Spanish, from Catalan to Spanish sign language to the indigenous languages of Latin America. |
| 100 reasons to learn a foreign language: Mystery in Rome Mabel Esther Allan, 1974 A young English girl's temporary job takes her to Rome but doesn't prepare her for the intrigue she finds surrounding her hosts. |
| 100 reasons to learn a foreign language: Teaching and Learning Chinese as a Foreign Language Janet Zhiqun Xing, 2006-01-01 This book provides a research-based account of how to teach and learn Chinese as a foreign language. In addition to the discussion of relevant second/foreign language research, this volume gives detailed information on ways to develop a pedagogical modelthat is uniquely suited to teaching Chinese in five key areas: pronunciation (tones and pinyin), characters and words, sentences (when and why different sentence structures are used), discourse and pragmatic competence (coherence and genre), and cultural competence. Specially written for Chinese language teachers, student teachers and applied linguists, this is the first book written in English that systematically addresses all major aspects involved in teaching and learning Chinese as a foreign language. This book covers all the fundamental grammar elements in Chinese, explains their functions in discourse and communication, and explores different strategies for teaching and engaging students in learning the language. |
| 100 reasons to learn a foreign language: Carl Friedrich Gauss G. Waldo Dunnington, Jeremy Gray, Fritz-Egbert Dohse, 2004-10-14 Classic biography of Gauss, updated with new introduction, bibliography and new material. |
| 100 reasons to learn a foreign language: One Hundred Years of Solitude Gabriel García Márquez, 2022-10-11 Netflix’s series adaptation of One Hundred Years of Solitude premieres December 11, 2024! One of the twentieth century’s enduring works, One Hundred Years of Solitude is a widely beloved and acclaimed novel known throughout the world and the ultimate achievement in a Nobel Prize–winning career. The novel tells the story of the rise and fall of the mythical town of Macondo through the history of the Buendía family. Rich and brilliant, it is a chronicle of life, death, and the tragicomedy of humankind. In the beautiful, ridiculous, and tawdry story of the Buendía family, one sees all of humanity, just as in the history, myths, growth, and decay of Macondo, one sees all of Latin America. Love and lust, war and revolution, riches and poverty, youth and senility, the variety of life, the endlessness of death, the search for peace and truth—these universal themes dominate the novel. Alternately reverential and comical, One Hundred Years of Solitude weaves the political, personal, and spiritual to bring a new consciousness to storytelling. Translated into dozens of languages, this stunning work is no less than an account of the history of the human race. |
| 100 reasons to learn a foreign language: The Rise of English Rosemary C. Salomone, 2022 A sweeping account of the global rise of English and the high-stakes politics of languageSpoken by a quarter of the world's population, English is today's lingua franca- - its common tongue. The language of business, popular media, and international politics, English has become commodified for its economic value and increasingly detached from any particular nation. This meteoric riseof English has many obvious benefits to communication. Tourists can travel abroad with greater ease. Political leaders can directly engage their counterparts. Researchers can collaborate with foreign colleagues. Business interests can flourish in the global economy.But the rise of English has very real downsides as well. In Europe, imperatives of political integration and job mobility compete with pride in national language and heritage. In the United States and England, English isolates us from the cultural and economic benefits of speaking other languages.And in countries like India, South Africa, Morocco, and Rwanda, it has stratified society along lines of English proficiency.In The Rise of English, Rosemary Salomone offers a commanding view of the unprecedented spread of English and the far-reaching effects it has on global and local politics, economics, media, education, and business. From the inner workings of the European Union to linguistic battles over influence inAfrica, Salomone draws on a wealth of research to tell the complex story of English - and, ultimately, to argue for English not as a force for domination but as a core component of multilingualism and the transcendence of linguistic and cultural borders. |
| 100 reasons to learn a foreign language: Hacking Chinese Olle Linge, 2016-03-26 Learning Chinese can be frustrating and difficult, partly because it's very different from European languages. Following a teacher, textbook or language course is not enough. They show you the characters, words and grammar you need to become proficient in Chinese, but they don't teach you how to learn them! Regardless of what program you're in (if any), you need to take responsibility for your own learning. If you don't, you will miss many important things that aren't included in the course you're taking. If you study on your own, you need to be even more aware of what you need to do, what you're doing at the moment and the difference between them. Here are some of the questions I have asked and have since been asked many times by students: How do I learn characters efficiently? How do I get the most out of my course or teacher? Which are the best learning tools and resources? How can I become fluent in Mandarin? How can I improve my pronunciation? How do I learn successfully on my own? How can I motivate myself to study more? How can I fit learning Chinese into a busy schedule? The answers I've found to these questions and many others form the core of this book. It took eight years of learning, researching, teaching and writing to figure these things out. Not everybody has the time to do that! I can't go back in time and help myself learn in a better way, but I can help you! This book is meant for normal students and independent language learners alike. While it covers all major areas of learning, you won't learn Chinese just by reading this book. It's like when someone on TV teaches you how to cook: you won't get to eat the delicious dish just by watching the program; you have to do the cooking yourself. That's true for this book as well. When you apply what you learn, it will boost your learning, making every hour you spend count for more, but you still have to do the learning yourself. This is what a few readers have said about the book: The book had me nodding at a heap of things I'd learnt the hard way, wishing I knew them when I started, as well as highlighting areas that I'm currently missing in my study. - Geoff van der Meer, VP engineering This publication is like a bible for anyone serious about Chinese proficiency. It's easy for anyone to read and written with scientific precision. - Zachary Danz, foreign teacher, children's theatre artist About me I started learning Chinese when I was 23 (that's more than eight years ago now) and have since studied in many different situations, including serious immersion programs abroad, high-intensity programs in Sweden, online courses, as well as on the side while working or studying other things. I have also successfully used my Chinese in a graduate program for teaching Chinese as a second language, taught entirely in Chinese mostly for native speakers (the Graduate Institute for Teaching Chinese as a Second Language at National Taiwan Normal University). All these parts have contributed to my website, Hacking Chinese, where I write regularly about how to learn Mandarin. |
| 100 reasons to learn a foreign language: An Introduction to Foreign Language Learning and Teaching Keith Johnson, 2017-11-22 An Introduction to Foreign Language Learning and Teaching provides an engaging, student-friendly guide to the field of foreign language learning and teaching. Aimed at students with no background in the area and taking a task-based approach, this book: introduces the theoretical and practical aspects of both learning and teaching; provides discussion and workshop activities throughout each chapter of the book, along with further reading and reflection tasks; deals with classroom- and task-based teaching, and covers lesson planning and testing, making the book suitable for use on practical training courses; analyses different learning styles and suggests strategies to improve language acquisition; includes examples from foreign language learning in Russian, French, and German, as well as English; is accompanied by a brand new companion website at www.routledge.com/cw/johnson, which contains additional material, exercises, and weblinks. Written by an experienced teacher and author, An Introduction to Foreign Language Learning and Teaching is essential reading for students beginning their study in the area, as well as teachers in training and those already working in the field. |
| 100 reasons to learn a foreign language: Fun Learning Activities for Modern Foreign Languages Jake Hunton, 2014-03-26 Students learning modern foreign languages often comment that it is just too hard to learn, and remember, all of vocabulary presented to them. Yes, there is a lot of content that needs to be covered, and a lot of vocabulary that needs to be learned. But there is a way of making this process engaging and motivating. Language lessons needn't be full of grammar worksheets, endless drilling and rote learning lists of vocabulary. Learning languages isn't always fun and games. But these aren't games; they are fun learning activities. And they can help revolutionise language teaching; enabling teachers to authoritatively impart knowledge while fostering a thirst for knowledge and love of learning in their students. First, the Vocab Fun Learning Activities (VFLAs) learn the vocabulary in ways which will improve recognition and recall. Then, the Fun Learning Activities use this vocabulary knowledge to build sentences and paragraphs; explore and use this language while keeping the whole class engaged and actively learning. The activities are designed to encourage all students to participate and learn more through enjoyment. Based on the author's extensive classroom experience, and underpinned by research into how students learn best, each activity comes complete with a detailed explanation and plenty of ideas for variations, differentiations and extensions. The activities come with example vocabulary lists in French, German and Spanish as a starting point, which are all available for download via a link provided in the book. However, the activities will work effectively in any language and with any vocabulary list of the teacher's choosing, and can be adapted to suit every topic, learning objective and age range. Discover ready to use activities which will make for outstanding lessons in every class and ensure engagement, motivation, rapport, progress and attainment over time. |
| 100 reasons to learn a foreign language: How to Learn a Foreign Language Graham E. Fuller, 1987 Anyone struggling to learn any foreign language will benefit from the guidance and advice offered in this unique handbook. It will teach you how to get going and how to learn any new language quickly and effectively. |
| 100 reasons to learn a foreign language: How to Learn Any Language in a Few Months While Enjoying Yourself Nate Nicholson, 2015-05-01 How to Learn a New Language in as Little as a Few Months – and Have a Boatload of Fun Doing It Let me make a prediction. I predict that many, many hundreds of people who will read this description will close this page in a few seconds. “Learn a new language in a few months? Are you out of your mind?” they’ll say. “It’s just too good to be true.” And they will go back to their old language learning methods. You know which methods: toiling away at mind-numbing grammar exercises, learning words nobody uses, and, most importantly, never actually using your skills to communicate with another person. If you’re still with me, I expect you to be different. You think there must be something better. After all, how could people master more than one foreign language in their lives if it usually takes a regular person several years just to learn the basics? The answer is simple – in one way or another, they follow the methods I share in How to Learn Any Language in a Few Months While Enjoying Yourself. They not only learn up to ten times faster than other people, they also have a lot of fun while doing it. How to Learn Any Language in a Few Months While Enjoying Yourself is for you if you want to learn: - without this one thing, you’ll never learn a new language in just a few months. Learn what it is and how to apply it to your everyday life to practice your skills while doing your daily activities. - a completely free way to get native speakers to proofread your writings (and even explain to you all of your mistakes). This one site alone can dramatically improve your writing skills. - an extremely easy way to find a native speaker willing to help you learn her mother language. It’s almost like having a private tutor. - the proper way to improve your listening skills while watching movies. Most people learning a foreign language do it the wrong way and it does nothing to improve their abilities. - how to achieve more with less when learning languages. You don’t have to spend hours and hours cramming every single word and grammar rule. In fact, it works to your detriment. Learn what to do instead. - 9 common mistakes to avoid when learning languages. Reading this chapter alone can save you years of ineffective studies – especially mistake #3, so common among language learners. - a 5-step process to improve your reading skills. You can make your learning process much more enjoyable and effective by choosing the right things to read. Learn what these things are. - a fun idea to learn how to write the way native speakers do. You too can learn the slang and phrases only native speakers use – and know the language better than many academic professors. - how to dramatically improve your language skills when traveling. While it isn’t necessary to go abroad to learn a language, it’s a powerful way to cram a lot of learning into just a few days. - 5 common challenges of language learners and how to deal with them. Learn how to get over the fear of communicating with native speakers. Discover how to find more time to learn and practice your skills. Read three tips on how to deal with discouragement. If you’re ready to supercharge your progress and become fluent in a foreign language in as little as a few months, click the buy button. Why kill yourself doing things the old, non-effective way, if you could make the process much easier and enjoy it more, too? P.S. As a gift for buying my book, you’ll get a resource list with my favorite language learning sites. Keywords: learn a language in 3 months, learn a foreign language, learn another language, learn any language, become fluent in any language, be fluent in 3 months, learning languages, learn languages, learn languages fast, language learning methods, learning a new language, learning a language, learning foreign languages, learning another language, how to learn a new language, how to learn a foreign language |
| 100 reasons to learn a foreign language: Why We Travel Patricia Schultz, 2022-09-13 From the author of 1,000 Places to See Before You Die, a rallying cry to get off the couch and out into the world. WHY WE TRAVEL is filled with personal stories and anecdotes, quotes that inspire, and reasons to motivate–plus images so lush you can’t wait to be there. For years Patricia Schultz has been telling us where to travel, and we love listening. Now, in telling us why to travel, she reveals what makes her such a compelling guide and what makes travel such a richly rewarding experience. There’s the time she was on safari in Zambia yet found her most lasting memory in a classroom of five-year-olds. The comedy of mishaps that she and friends endured on a canal trip through southern France—and how it brought them together in an unexpected way. She quotes favorite authors and luminaries on the importance of travel and, in a series of memorable aphorisms, gets to the essence of why to travel. And gives us a few travel hacks, too. Travel is, as the writer Pico Iyer says, the thing that causes us to “stay up late, follow impulse, and find ourselves as wide open as when we are in love.” Why We Travel is all about rekindling that feeling. Just book a ticket, pack a bag, and dive headlong into an adventure. |
| 100 reasons to learn a foreign language: Early Learning of Modern Foreign Languages Marianne Nikolov, 2009 Modern languages are taught to young learners at an increasingly early age, yet few publications focus on what is available to children in different contexts and classrooms. This book represents the state-of-the-art in research on young language learners. Covering a range of languages, contexts and research methods, it provides insights into how young learners progress. |
| 100 reasons to learn a foreign language: AFFECT IN FOREIGN LANGUAGE AND SECOND LANGUAGE LEARNING Dolly J. Young, 1999 Affect in Foreign Language and Second Language Learning offers high school and college/university second language teachers, or teachers-in-training, practical suggestions for creating activities that take into account learner anxieties, frustrations or discomfort in the language learning process. The objective of the book is to offer concrete instructional approaches for language learning that are rooted in second language acquisition research and, at the same time, that promote a low-anxiety classroom environment. The authors of each chapter are specialists in specific areas of language learning and their essays, composed specifically for this volume, lay the groundwork for continued research on affect in language learning. This text is part of the McGraw-Hill Second Language Professional Series, edited by James F. Lee and Bill VanPatten. |
| 100 reasons to learn a foreign language: How to Learn a Foreign Language: A Practical Guide with Tips and Resources Jeff Blum, 2021-09-25 Learning a language can be a daunting process. Should you self-study? Take a course? Buy a software program? Hire a private tutor? What kinds of learning systems are available and which might be right for you? How about the myriad online resources available? And, very importantly, where should you begin? Oh, by the way, how long will all this effort take anyway? You will find the answers to these questions in this short but thorough guide to learning a foreign language. Author Jeff Blum has taught English and studied four languages (Japanese, Spanish, Portuguese and Thai), but he still struggles just as anyone must when learning a language. Jeff did extensive research on all aspects of language learning in an effort to improve his own efforts and he has carefully curated that research into this guide to help you with your efforts as well. In the book you will find: 1. A look at the systems and techniques advocated by various language learning experts and sites. 2. A consideration of personal factors in learning a language (motivation, personality, goals, etc.). 3. A discussion of the 8 language learning blocks with recommended resources for tackling each. 4. An overview of the most popular language learning products on the market (Duolingo, Rosetta Stone, Pimsleur, etc.). 5. A comprehensive set of resources to aid you with whatever approach to study you pursue. Whether you are young or old, beginner or advanced, studying your first foreign language or your fifth, there is something for you in this book. If you are a language teacher, this book might help you better understand what your students are up against while giving you ideas and extra resources to aid your teaching efforts. |
| 100 reasons to learn a foreign language: E-Learning and foreign languages Andreas Meißner, 2003-02-25 Inhaltsangabe:Abstract: Language learning software has been available on the market for a couple of years. So far the most common form of delivering the product is a CD-Rom. The Internet offers not only the possibility to deliver this product in an immaterial way, but also to add new features to it. The goal of the thesis is to find out, which additional features an online offered language learning software must possess, to satisfy the needs of the customer. This task is part of the so called new product development process. It is a very complex process and refers to all departments of a company, even though, for a long time it has been considered to be only the job of the R & D department. But to solve the above mentioned task, the technical component, of new product development is not important. For this piece of work only the point of view of the marketing department is important, as it is their duty to observe the market expectations. Therefore this thesis only covers the first part of new product development, the opportunity identification, and partly the design. Firstly the different environments were studied and secondary data were collected. A main part of the secondary data were delivered by a European Union study from the year 2000. This research was focused on the knowledge and habits of EU inhabitants regarding foreign languages. After the examination of the available secondary data, the required primary data were collected, to find out how the single features satisfy the requirements of the target group. Other secondary data were delivered by pedagogical departments of universities. They researched and evaluated, from the pedagogical point of view, possible online features like e-mail, newsgroups and chats, videoconferences, downloadable video / audio files and up to date articles. This thesis objective is to find out, how these possible features meet the requirements of the customer, or to be more precise of the target group. Therefore the target group had to be defined. Defined by profession, the target group consist of: Students in higher education and universities, managers and White Collar Workers. Thanks to the secondary data, the needs of the target group are known. To obtain the required primary data, on how the possible product features satisfy the market needs, a questionnaire was designed. The interviews took place in two countries and at international courses in order to be able to consider domestic differences. The [...] |
| 100 reasons to learn a foreign language: The ABCs of How We Learn: 26 Scientifically Proven Approaches, How They Work, and When to Use Them Daniel L. Schwartz, Jessica M. Tsang, Kristen P. Blair, 2016-07-26 Selected as one of NPR's Best Books of 2016, this book offers superior learning tools for teachers and students, from A to Z. An explosive growth in research on how people learn has revealed many ways to improve teaching and catalyze learning at all ages. The purpose of this book is to present this new science of learning so that educators can creatively translate the science into exceptional practice. The book is highly appropriate for the preparation and professional development of teachers and college faculty, but also parents, trainers, instructional designers, psychology students, and simply curious folks interested in improving their own learning. Based on a popular Stanford University course, The ABCs of How We Learn uses a novel format that is suitable as both a textbook and a popular read. With everyday language, engaging examples, a sense of humor, and solid evidence, it describes 26 unique ways that students learn. Each chapter offers a concise and approachable breakdown of one way people learn, how it works, how we know it works, how and when to use it, and what mistakes to avoid. The book presents learning research in a way that educators can creatively translate into exceptional lessons and classroom practice. The book covers field-defining learning theories ranging from behaviorism (R is for Reward) to cognitive psychology (S is for Self-Explanation) to social psychology (O is for Observation). The chapters also introduce lesser-known theories exceptionally relevant to practice, such as arousal theory (X is for eXcitement). Together the theories, evidence, and strategies from each chapter can be combined endlessly to create original and effective learning plans and the means to know if they succeed. |
| 100 reasons to learn a foreign language: Twelve Lectures on Multilingualism David Singleton, Larissa Aronin, 2018-11-20 This major new textbook offers an accessible introduction to many of the most interesting areas in the study of multilingualism. It consists of twelve lectures, written by leading researchers, each dedicated to a particular topic of importance. Each lecture offers a state-of-the-art, authoritative review of a subdiscipline of the field. The volume sheds light on the ways in which the use and acquisition of languages are changing, providing new insights into the nature of contemporary multilingualism. It will be of interest both to undergraduate and postgraduate students working in linguistics-related disciplines and students in associated social sciences. |
| 100 reasons to learn a foreign language: Foreign Languages for Everyone Irene Brouwer Konyndyk, 2011 ENDORSEMENTS This book is a conduit for students, teachers, and teacher educators -- a carefully guided path to making language learning not only possible, but meaningful and fun --Marjorie Hall Haley, PhD, Board of Directors of the American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages (ACTFL), Director of Foreign Language Teacher Licensure, George Mason University Professor Konyndyk has developed a foreign-language pedagogy that makes students' deserts bloom. Foreign-language instructors and special educators will find themselves grateful to her for this contribution. --Lynn E. Snyder, PhD, CCC-SLP, Professor Emerita and Former Director of the Center for Language and Learning, University of Colorado at Boulder Though I was told for such a long time 'No, you can't, ' you constantly were a voice saying 'Yes, you can and you will.' You not only helped show me that the world of language is one that is possible for me, but you also showed me the way that we . . . can have such a positive impact on the lives of others. --a personal note from one of Irene's own at-risk students ABOUT FOREIGN LANGUAGES FOR EVERYONE This book is about how I learned to teach a second language to those who either have failed before or were not really given a chance to succeed. I wrote it to help others to be smart, productive teachers of foreign languages to students with learning disabilities. The book called me. My life journey prepared and inspired me to write it. --Irene Brouwer Konyndyk, from her preface Foreign Languages for Everyone is based on Professor Irene Brouwer Konyndyk's careful study and classroom experience teaching foreign languages effectively to students with learning disabilities. The goal of serving at-risk students became highly personal for Irene when she realized that her own daughter had a learning disability but could succeed academically with the right combination of multisensory learning experiences. This is a wonderfully practical and inspiring book loaded with practical tips and pedagogical insights for successfully teaching foreign languages to children, young people, high school and college students, and older adults who have difficulty learning a second language. ABOUT IRENE AND HER FREE ONLINE RESOURCES Irene Brouwer Konyndyk has taught languages at all levels -- from elementary through college. She received the Calvin College Innovative Teaching Award for her groundbreaking work developing a successful curriculum for at-risk second-language learners. She leads workshops across North America. Her free website, FOREIGN LANGUAGES FOR EVERYONE, provides: (1) downloadable copies of book-related appendixes, forms, and lesson plans, (2) illustrative video and audio clips, (3) news about important developments at the intersections of special education, learning disabilities, and foreign-language instruction, and (4) a community for second-language instructors to share best practices. TEACHING ENGLISH AS A SECOND LANGUAGE (ESL) This book is ideal for educators and volunteers who teach English as a second language (ESL). |
| 100 reasons to learn a foreign language: Resources in Education , 2001 |
| 100 reasons to learn a foreign language: Language Centre Needs Analysis Solveig Lüdtke, Klaus Schwienhorst, 2010 What services should a modern university language centre offer its clients: students, departments, and faculties? How can language centres find out more about the language needs of the different actors at University level? The book pursues a double purpose: first, it offers a coherent theoretical framework for conducting a multiperspective, mixed-mode foreign language needs analysis in a university context. Its second purpose is to show in very detailed analysis what the practical results and consequences of such an analysis can be. After a critical view of data collection methods in foreign language needs analysis, the authors describe the framework of the Leibniz Universität Hannover, a German university dedicated to the process of internationalisation. The book examines and evaluates in detail the results of a foreign language needs analysis conducted among approximately 18,000 students and 1,800 staff members at that university. Finally, the book demonstrates how the results of such an analysis inform a re-evaluation of language course programmes and language services within the university context. |
| 100 reasons to learn a foreign language: The Art and Science of Language Teaching Lara Bryfonski, Alison Mackey, 2023-12-31 Designed for teachers of all levels and languages, this book seeks to inform their practices with cutting-edge language teaching research. |
| 100 reasons to learn a foreign language: Forum , 1982 |
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Immigrants differ in their language proficiency along …
distances from the average effort of foreign language students who share a common native language to reach …
How to Learn a Foreign Language - College of LSA
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Students and Teachers’ Reasons for Using the First …
students perceive the use of the first language as positive and part of the teaching and learning process. A …
Lads and languages: a mixed-methods study int…
developed. Acknowledging the importance of motivation in language learning achievement, this study …
The Struggling English Language Learners: Case St…
The term ‘struggling language learner’ is one that is usually ascribed to students who are trying, without much success …
Chinese University EFL Learners’ Foreign Languag…
English Language Teaching; Vol. 8, No. 3; 2015 ISSN 1916-4742 E-ISSN 1916-4750 Published by Canadian Center of …
