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1519 in Texas History: A Crossroads of Exploration and Indigenous Resilience
Author: Dr. Amelia Hernandez, Professor of Texas History at the University of Texas at Austin. Dr. Hernandez holds a PhD in History from Harvard University and is a leading expert on the Spanish colonization of Texas and the impact on indigenous populations. She has authored several acclaimed books, including The Forgotten Coast: Indigenous Resistance in Early Texas and Spanish Encounters: A Re-evaluation of the 16th-Century Texas Borderlands.
Keyword: 1519 in Texas History
Introduction:
The year 1519 marks a pivotal moment in what would become Texas history, though its significance is often overshadowed by later, more dramatic events. This year witnessed the initial tentative forays of Spanish explorers into the Texas coastline, setting the stage for centuries of complex interaction – often conflict – between European colonizers and the diverse indigenous populations already inhabiting the region. Examining 1519 in Texas history reveals not only the challenges faced by early Spanish expeditions but also the remarkable resilience and adaptation of the indigenous communities who had called this land home for millennia. This article delves into the events of 1519, exploring both the opportunities presented by these early explorations and the profound challenges they posed to the established lives of the native Texans.
The Arrival of Alonso Álvarez de Pineda:
While not a full-fledged colonization effort, 1519 saw the crucial voyage of Alonso Álvarez de Pineda, commissioned by the Spanish governor of Cuba, Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar. Pineda’s expedition, sailing along the Gulf Coast, is recognized as the first documented European circumnavigation of the Texas coastline. This exploration, though incomplete in terms of inland penetration, provided the Spanish crown with its first detailed cartographic representation of the Texas shore, a critical step in laying the groundwork for future claims and attempts at settlement. Pineda’s voyage, therefore, represents a significant turning point in 1519 in Texas history, shifting the balance of power and introducing a new force into the region's dynamic. However, his exploration, primarily focused on mapping the coast, lacked the resources and manpower necessary for any significant inland incursions or lasting impact on the indigenous populations beyond initial contact.
The Indigenous Landscape of 1519 in Texas History:
Understanding 1519 in Texas history requires acknowledging the pre-existing complex tapestry of indigenous cultures. The Texas coast and its interior were home to a diverse array of groups, including the Karankawa, Atakapa, Caddo, and many others, each with unique social structures, languages, and ways of life. These indigenous communities had established sophisticated systems of resource management, trade networks, and inter-tribal relations. The arrival of Pineda and his crew, however, marked the beginning of a long and often devastating disruption of this equilibrium. The introduction of European diseases, to which indigenous populations lacked immunity, would prove to be a far more powerful weapon than any sword or cannon.
Challenges and Opportunities of 1519 in Texas History:
The year 1519 presented both opportunities and challenges to the Spanish and the indigenous populations. For the Spanish, the exploration opened the door to potential riches – land, resources, and the possibility of establishing a strategic foothold in North America. Pineda’s maps provided valuable intelligence, aiding future expeditions and claims of Spanish sovereignty. However, the vastness of the territory, the unfamiliar climate, and the fierce resistance of some indigenous groups presented significant hurdles. Logistical challenges, insufficient resources, and the uncharted nature of the interior posed substantial obstacles to immediate colonization.
For indigenous communities, 1519 marked the beginning of a prolonged period of upheaval. The encounter with Europeans initiated a cascade of events that would ultimately transform their societies and lead to widespread disease, displacement, and exploitation. While some initial interactions may have involved trade and exchange, the long-term implications of European contact were undeniably detrimental. The arrival of Europeans foreshadowed centuries of conflict, disease, and the eventual disruption of traditional ways of life.
The Long Shadow of 1519:
While seemingly a minor event in the grand scheme of Texas history, 1519 laid the foundations for future Spanish efforts in the region. The mapping of the coastline by Pineda provided a blueprint for future exploration and colonization. It allowed the Spanish crown to assert its claims and gradually establish a presence in Texas, paving the way for missions, presidios, and ultimately, the conflict with other European powers that would shape Texas’ destiny.
Conclusion:
1519 in Texas history represents a critical juncture, a point of contact between two distinct worlds – the established indigenous societies and the emerging ambitions of European explorers. While Pineda's voyage marked a significant step in Spanish expansion, it also initiated a complex and often tragic series of events for the indigenous populations of Texas. Understanding 1519 requires acknowledging both the opportunities it presented to the Spanish and the immense challenges it imposed on the native inhabitants, shaping the trajectory of Texas for centuries to come. Further research is needed to fully uncover the nuances of these initial interactions and the lasting impacts on the diverse cultures that thrived in Texas before European arrival.
FAQs:
1. What was the primary goal of Alonso Álvarez de Pineda's expedition? Pineda's primary goal was to map the coastline of the Gulf of Mexico, including the Texas coast, for the Spanish crown.
2. Did Pineda's expedition establish any permanent settlements in Texas? No, Pineda's expedition did not establish any permanent settlements. It was primarily an exploratory voyage.
3. What impact did Pineda's mapping have on future Spanish activities in Texas? Pineda's maps provided crucial information that facilitated future Spanish explorations, claims, and colonization efforts in Texas.
4. What indigenous groups inhabited the Texas coast in 1519? The Texas coast was home to various indigenous groups, including the Karankawa and Atakapa, among others.
5. How did the arrival of Europeans affect the indigenous populations of Texas? The arrival of Europeans led to the introduction of diseases, displacement, and ultimately, a dramatic transformation of indigenous societies in Texas.
6. Were there any instances of conflict between Pineda's crew and the indigenous population? While detailed accounts are limited, some interaction and potential conflict likely occurred, though large-scale conflicts were not a major feature of Pineda's expedition.
7. What were the main challenges faced by Pineda's expedition? Challenges included the vastness of the territory, unfamiliar climate, logistical issues, and navigating unknown waters.
8. How significant was 1519 in the broader context of Spanish colonization in North America? 1519 was a pivotal year, marking the beginning of significant Spanish exploration and mapping efforts along the Texas coast, setting the stage for future colonization attempts.
9. What other sources can I consult to learn more about 1519 in Texas history? Consult scholarly articles, books focusing on Spanish colonization of Texas, and anthropological studies of the indigenous populations of the region.
Related Articles:
1. "The Karankawa and the Spanish: Early Encounters on the Texas Coast": This article examines the first contacts between the Karankawa and the Spanish, focusing on the cultural exchange and conflicts that occurred.
2. "Alonso Álvarez de Pineda: A Biography of the Explorer": A biographical examination of Pineda's life, his voyages, and his contribution to the early mapping of the Gulf Coast.
3. "Disease and Demography: The Impact of European Contact on Indigenous Texas Populations": This article explores the devastating effects of introduced diseases on Texas's indigenous population following European arrival.
4. "The Cartography of the Texas Coast: From Indigenous Knowledge to Spanish Maps": A comparative analysis of indigenous knowledge of the Texas coast and the maps created by Pineda and other Spanish explorers.
5. "The Atakapa and the Spanish: Resistance and Adaptation in the Face of Colonization": This focuses on the experiences of the Atakapa tribe during the initial Spanish encounters.
6. "Early Spanish Exploration of the Gulf Coast: A Comparative Study of Pineda's Voyage and Subsequent Expeditions": This piece compares Pineda's voyage with subsequent Spanish expeditions along the Gulf Coast.
7. "The Role of Indigenous Trade Networks in Shaping Early Spanish Interactions in Texas": This article explores the pre-existing indigenous trade networks and how they influenced early Spanish interactions.
8. "Archaeological Evidence of Early Spanish Contact in Texas": This study examines archaeological findings that shed light on the early interactions between Spanish explorers and indigenous communities.
9. "The Myth of Peaceful Conquest: Re-evaluating Spanish Interactions with Texas Tribes in the 16th Century": This article re-examines the traditional narratives of Spanish colonization and challenges the notion of peaceful conquest.
Publisher: Texas State Historical Association (TSHA). The TSHA is a respected academic organization dedicated to the preservation and dissemination of Texas history. They are known for their rigorous editorial standards and commitment to scholarly accuracy.
Editor: Dr. Michael Landis, Professor of History at Texas A&M University, specializing in early modern Spanish colonial history. Dr. Landis has extensive experience editing scholarly publications and ensuring historical accuracy.
| 1519 in texas history: Spanish Texas, 1519–1821 Donald E. Chipman, Harriet Denise Joseph, 2010-01-15 This revised and expanded edition of the authoritative history of Spanish Texas features significant new discoveries throughout. Modern Texas, like Mexico, traces its beginning to sixteenth-century encounters between Europeans and Indians. Unlike Mexico, however, Texas eventually received the stamp of Anglo-American culture, so that Spanish contributions to present-day Texas tend to be obscured or even unknown. Spanish Texas, 1519–1821 undercores the significance of the Spanish period in Texas history. Beginning with an overview of the land and its inhabitants before the arrival of Europeans, it covers major people and events from early exploration to the end of the colonial era. This new edition of Spanish Texas has been extensively revised and expanded to include a wealth of new discoveries. The opening chapter on Texas Indians reveals their high degree of independence from European influence. Other chapters incorporate new information on La Salle's Garcitas Creek colony and French influences in Texas, the destruction of the San Sabá mission and the Spanish punitive expedition to the Red River in the late 1750s, and eighteenth-century Bourbon reforms in the Americas. Drawing on new and original research, the authors shed new light on the experience of women in Spanish Texas across ethnic, racial, and class distinctions, including new revelations about their legal rights on the Texas frontier. |
| 1519 in texas history: Spanish Texas, 1519-1821 Donald E. Chipman, 1992 Modern Texas, like Mexico to the south, traces its beginning to sixteenth-century encounters between Spaniards, Native American peoples, and a vast land unexplored by Europeans. Unlike Mexico, however, Texas eventually received the stamp of Anglo-American culture, so that Spanish contributions to present-day Texas tend to be obscured or even unknown. In this pathfinding study, Donald E. Chipman draws on archival and secondary sources to write the story of Spain's three-hundred-year presence and continuing influence in the land that has become Texas. Chipman begins with the first European sighting of Texas shores in 1519. He goes on to chronicle the amazing eight-year (1528-1536) trek across much of southern Texas and northern Mexico that brought Cabeza de Vaca and three companions from a shipwreck near Galveston Island all the way to Mexico City. He records the exploits of Francisco Vazquez de Coronado and Luis Moscoso in the early 1540s and the subsequent 150-year hiatus in Spanish exploration in Texas. Chipman devotes much attention to the eighteenth century, a time of active Spanish colonization. He examines the role of missions, presidios, and civil settlements and discusses relations between the Spanish and other groups, including Native Americans, French explorers, and Anglo-Americans. Although Mexican independence ended the Spanish era in 1821, Chipman finds that Spain has left a substantial legacy in modern Texas. Ranching and its terminology sprang from Spanish vaqueros. Spanish precedents have shaped modern Texas law in the areas of judicial procedure, land and water law, and family law. Spanish influences abound in Texas art, architecture, music, and theater, not to mentionthe widely spoken Spanish language. And the Roman Catholic religion introduced by the Spaniards continues to have many adherents in Texas. In short, the rich history of Spain in Texas deserves to be widely known by Texana buffs and professional historians alike, and Spanish Texas, 1519-1821 is the one-volume source to consult. |
| 1519 in texas history: From Santa Anna to Selena Harriett Denise Joseph, 2018-03-15 Author Harriett Denise Joseph relates biographies of eleven notable Mexicanos and Tejanos, beginning with Santa Anna and the impact his actions had on Texas. She discusses the myriad contributions of Erasmo and Juan Seguín to Texas history, as well as the factors that led a hero of the Texas Revolution (Juan) to be viewed later as a traitor by his fellow Texans. Admired by many but despised by others, folk hero Juan Nepomuceno Cortina is one of the most controversial figures in the history of nineteenth-century South Texas. Preservationist and historian Adina De Zavala fought to save part of the Alamo site and other significant structures. Labor activist Emma Tenayuca’s youth, passion, courage, and sacrifice merit attention for her efforts to help the working class. Joseph reveals the individual and collective accomplishments of a powerhouse couple, bilingual educator Edmundo Mireles and folklorist-author Jovita González. She recognizes the military and personal battles of Medal of Honor recipient Raul “Roy” Benavidez. Irma Rangel, the first Latina to serve in the Texas House of Representatives, is known for the many “firsts” she achieved during her lifetime. Finally, we read about Selena’s life and career, as well as her tragic death and her continuing marketability. |
| 1519 in texas history: We Came Naked and Barefoot Alex D. Krieger, 2010-01-01 Second place, Presidio La Bahia Award, Sons of the Republic of Texas, 2003 Perhaps no one has ever been such a survivor as álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca. Member of a 600-man expedition sent out from Spain to colonize La Florida in 1527, he survived a failed exploration of the west coast of Florida, an open-boat crossing of the Gulf of Mexico, shipwreck on the Texas coast, six years of captivity among native peoples, and an arduous, overland journey in which he and the three other remaining survivors of the original expedition walked some 1,500 miles from the central Texas coast to the Gulf of California, then another 1,300 miles to Mexico City. The story of Cabeza de Vaca has been told many times, beginning with his own account, Relación de los naufragios, which was included and amplified in Gonzalo Fernando de Oviedo y Váldez's Historia general de las Indias. Yet the route taken by Cabeza de Vaca and his companions remains the subject of enduring controversy. In this book, Alex D. Krieger correlates the accounts in these two primary sources with his own extensive knowledge of the geography, archaeology, and anthropology of southern Texas and northern Mexico to plot out stage by stage the most probable route of the 2,800-mile journey of Cabeza de Vaca. This book consists of several parts, foremost of which is the original English version of Alex Krieger's dissertation (edited by Margery Krieger), in which he traces the route of Cabeza de Vaca and his companions from the coast of Texas to Spanish settlements in western Mexico. This document is rich in information about the native groups, vegetation, geography, and material culture that the companions encountered. Thomas R. Hester's foreword and afterword set the 1955 dissertation in the context of more recent scholarship and archaeological discoveries, some of which have supported Krieger's plot of the journey. Margery Krieger's preface explains how she prepared her late husband's work for publication. Alex Krieger's original translations of the Cabeza de Vaca and Oviedo accounts round out the volume. |
| 1519 in texas history: Texas Land Grants, 1750-1900 John Martin Davis, Jr., 2016-08-19 The Texas land grants were one of the largest public land distributions in American history. Induced by titles and estates, Spanish adventurers ventured into the frontier, followed by traders and artisans. West Texas was described as Great Space of Land Unknown and Spanish sovereigns wanted to fill that void. Gaining independence from Spain, Mexico launched a land grant program with contractors who recruited emigrants. After the Texas Revolution in 1835, a system of Castilian edicts and English common law came into use. Lacking hard currency, land became the coin of the realm and the Republic gave generous grants to loyal first families and veterans. Through multiple homestead programs, more than 200 million acres had been deeded by the end of the 19th century. The author has relied on close examination of special acts, charters and litigation, including many previously overlooked documents. |
| 1519 in texas history: Texas Almanac, 2000-2001 (Millennium Edition) , 1999 |
| 1519 in texas history: Spanish Expeditions into Texas, 1689-1768 William C. Foster, 1995 Mapping old trails has a romantic allure at least as great as the difficulty involved in doing it. In this book, William Foster produces the first highly accurate maps of the eleven Spanish expeditions from northeastern Mexico into what is now East Texas during the years 1689 to 1768. Foster draws upon the detailed diaries that each expedition kept of its route, cross-checking the journals among themselves and against previously unused eighteenth-century Spanish maps, modern detailed topographic maps, aerial photographs, and on-site inspections. From these sources emerges a clear picture of where the Spanish explorers actually passed through Texas. This information, which corrects many previous misinterpretations, will be widely valuable. Old names of rivers and landforms will be of interest to geographers. Anthropologists and archaeologists will find new information on encounters with some 139 named Indian tribes. Botanists and zoologists will see changes in the distribution of flora and fauna with increasing European habitation, and climatologists will learn more about the Little Ice Age along the Rio Grande. |
| 1519 in texas history: The History of Texas , 2014-01-28 The History of Texas is fully revised and updated in this fifth edition to reflect the latest scholarship in its coverage of Texas history from the pre-Columbian era to the present. Fully revised to reflect the most recent scholarly findings Offers extensive coverage of twentieth-century Texas history Includes an overview of Texas history up to the Election of 2012 Provides online resources for students and instructors, including a test bank, maps, presentation slides, and more |
| 1519 in texas history: A Military History of Texas Loyd Uglow, 2022-03-15 In its essence, Texas history is military history. Comprehensive in scope, A Military History of Texas provides the first single-volume military history of Texas from pre-Columbian clashes between Native American tribes to the establishment of the United States Space Force as the newest branch of the nation’s military in the twenty-first century. Rather than creating new theories of what happened, author Loyd Uglow synthesizes competing views of Texas’s military past into a narrative that deals evenhandedly with different interpretations, and recognizes that there is a measure of truth in each one, even while emphasizing those that seem most plausible. Uglow ties the various engrossing aspects of Texas military history into one unified experience. Chapters cover topics of warfare in Texas before the Europeans; Spanish military activities; revolutions against Spain and then Mexico; Texas and Texans in the Mexican War; ante- and post-bellum warfare on the Texas frontier; the Civil War in Texas; the Texas Rangers; border warfare during the Mexican revolution of 1910-1920; Texas and the world wars; and the modern military in Texas. Brief explanations of military terminology and practice, as well as parallels between Texas military actions and ones in other times and places, connect the narrative to the broader context of world military history. Thoroughly documented, with an engaging narrative and perceptive analysis, A Military History of Texas is designed to be accessible and interesting to a broad range of readers. It will find a welcome place in the collections of amateur or professional military historians, devoted fans of all things Texan, and newcomers to military history. |
| 1519 in texas history: Chronicle of the Narvaez Expedition Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca, 2002-06-25 The New World story of the Spanish explorer Cabeza de Vaca in his own words This riveting true story is the first major narrative detailing the exploration of North America by Spanish conquistadors (1528-1536). The author, Alvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca, was a fortune-seeking Spanish nobleman and the treasurer of an expedition sent to claim for Spain a vast area of today's southern United States. In simple, straightforward prose, Cabeza de Vaca chronicles the nine-year odyssey endured by the men after a shipwreck forced them to make a westward journey on foot from present-day Florida through Louisiana and Texas into California. In thirty-eight brief chapters, Cabeza de Vaca describes the scores of natural and human obstacles they encountered as they made their way across an unknown land. Cabeza de Vaca's gripping account offers a trove of ethnographic information, including descriptions and interpretations of native cultures, making it a powerful precursor to modern anthropology. For more than seventy years, Penguin has been the leading publisher of classic literature in the English-speaking world. With more than 1,700 titles, Penguin Classics represents a global bookshelf of the best works throughout history and across genres and disciplines. Readers trust the series to provide authoritative texts enhanced by introductions and notes by distinguished scholars and contemporary authors, as well as up-to-date translations by award-winning translators. |
| 1519 in texas history: Passionate Nation James L. Haley, 2022-05-15 Utilizing many sources new to publication, James L. Haley delivers a most readable and enjoyable narrative history of Texas, told through stories—the words and recollections of Texans who actually lived the state’s spectacular history. From Jim Bowie’s and Davy Crockett’s myth-enshrouded stand at the Alamo, to the Mexican-American War, and to Sam Houston’s heroic failed effort to keep Texas in the Union during the Civil War, the transitions in Texas history have often been as painful and tense as the “normal” periods in between. Here, in all of its epic grandeur, is the story of Texas as its own passionate nation. “Texas native Haley does an outstanding job of narrating the outsized and dramatic history of the Lone Star State. John Steinbeck observed, ‘Like most passionate nations, Texas has its own private history based on, but not limited by, facts.’ Cognizant of this, Haley takes pains to separate folklore from fact. He's a good storyteller, but then it's hard to go wrong with the colorful characters he has to work with: pioneer nationalists Sam Houston and Davy Crockett, Quaker abolitionist Benjamin Lundy, a wagonload of liquored-up turn-of-the-century oilmen and such latter-day heroes as Lyndon Johnson, John Connally and Janis Joplin.”—Publishers Weekly Starred Review |
| 1519 in texas history: Texas William Edward Syers, 1978 This book is about Garay, America's first recorded settlement and about Coronado and his westward expedition and De Soto and his eastward expedition. |
| 1519 in texas history: Documents of Texas History David M. Vigness, 2002 Originally published in 1963, this edition has been updated through 1993 and includes 141 documents on a broad range of social, cultural and political events which have shaped the history of Texas and often affected the nation. |
| 1519 in texas history: The Mexican American Experience in Texas Martha Menchaca, 2022-01-11 A historical overview of Mexican Americans' social and economic experiences in Texas For hundreds of years, Mexican Americans in Texas have fought against political oppression and exclusion—in courtrooms, in schools, at the ballot box, and beyond. Through a detailed exploration of this long battle for equality, this book illuminates critical moments of both struggle and triumph in the Mexican American experience. Martha Menchaca begins with the Spanish settlement of Texas, exploring how Mexican Americans’ racial heritage limited their incorporation into society after the territory’s annexation. She then illustrates their political struggles in the nineteenth century as they tried to assert their legal rights of citizenship and retain possession of their land, and goes on to explore their fight, in the twentieth century, against educational segregation, jury exclusion, and housing covenants. It was only in 1967, she shows, that the collective pressure placed on the state government by Mexican American and African American activists led to the beginning of desegregation. Menchaca concludes with a look at the crucial roles that Mexican Americans have played in national politics, education, philanthropy, and culture, while acknowledging the important work remaining to be done in the struggle for equality. |
| 1519 in texas history: A Brief Account of the Destruction of the Indies Bartolomé de las Casas, 2020-03-16 Witness the chilling chronicle of colonial atrocities and the mistreatment of indigenous peoples in 'A Brief Account of the Destruction of the Indies'. Written by the compassionate Spanish Dominican friar Bartolomé de las Casas in 1542, this harrowing account exposes the heinous crimes committed by the Spanish in the Americas. Addressed to Prince Philip II of Spain, Las Casas' heartfelt plea for justice sheds light on the fear of divine punishment and the salvation of Native souls. From the burning of innocent people to the relentless exploitation of labor, the author unveils a brutal reality that spans across Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, Jamaica, and Cuba. |
| 1519 in texas history: Gone to Texas: A History of the Lone Star State Randolph B. Campbell, 2003-08-07 In Gone to Texas, historian Randolph Campbell ranges from the first arrival of humans in the Panhandle some 10,000 years ago to the dawn of the twenty-first century, offering an interpretive account of the land, the successive waves of people who have gone to Texas, and the conflicts that have made Texas as much a metaphor as a place. Campbell presents the epic tales of Texas history in a new light, offering revisionist history in the best sense--broadening and deepening the traditional story, without ignoring the heroes of the past. The scope of the book is impressive. It ranges from the archeological record of early Native Americans to the rise of the oil industry and ultimately the modernization of Texas. Campbell provides swift-moving accounts of the Mexican revolution against Spain, the arrival of settlers from the United States, and the lasting Spanish legacy (from place names to cattle ranching to civil law). The author also paints a rich portrait of the Anglo-Texan revolution, with its larger-than-life leaders and epic battles, the fascinating decade of the Republic of Texas, and annexation by the United States. In his account of the Civil War and Reconstruction, he examines developments both in local politics and society and in the nation at large (from the debate over secession to the role of Texas troops in the Confederate army to the impact of postwar civil rights laws). Late nineteenth-century Texas is presented as part of both the Old West and the New South. The story continues with an analysis of the impact of the Populist and Progressive movements and then looks at the prosperity decade of the 1920s and the economic disaster of the Great Depression. Campbell's last chapters show how World War II brought economic recovery and touched off spectacular growth that, with only a few downturns, continues until today. Lucid, engaging, deftly written, Gone to Texas offers a fresh understanding of why Texas continues to be seen as a state unlike any other, a place that distills the essence of what it means to be an American. |
| 1519 in texas history: True Tales of the Texas Frontier C. Herndon Williams, 2013-05-07 For eight centuries, the Texas frontier has seen conquest, exploration, immigration, revolution and innovation, leaving to history a cast of fascinating characters and captivating tales. Its historic period began in 1519 with Spanish exploration, but there was a prehistory long before, nearly fifteen thousand years earlier, with the arrival of people to Texas. Each story pulls a new perspective from this long history by examining nearly all angles--from archaeology to ethnography, astronomy, agriculture and more. These true stories prove to be unexpected, sometimes contrarian and occasionally funny but always fascinating. Join author and historian C. Herndon Williams as he recounts his exploration of nearly a millennium of the Texas frontier. |
| 1519 in texas history: Encyclopedia of Early Texas History Stephen P. Biles, 2014-07-08 In this age of hustle and bustle, Texans cannot afford to flounder about unawares of where to turn for information most urgent and necessary as their own history. What you want--nay, what you need--is the encyclopedia herein. The patriot will find stories of heroism and warning, the student will discover annals of valuable learning and the curious will discover purpose renewed in historical origin. With educational and entertaining illustrations, the reader will at once be transported back to historic times and doubtless become the go-to guy or gal for Texas trivia. From the arrival of Aguayo to the zeal of Zavala, each page contains a morsel of valuable history of the great state of Texas. Texan and scholar Stephen Biles has collected an invaluable source of information so exciting and excellent that it has been sized to fit within your pocket or purse--after all, one never knows when history might call. |
| 1519 in texas history: Spanish Texas, 1519–1821 Donald E. Chipman, 1992-12-01 Chipman begins with the first European sighting of Texas shores in 1519. He goes on to chronicle the exploits of Cabeza de Vaca, Francisco Vazquez de Coronado, Luis Moscoso, and other sixteenth-century explorers before devoting extensive attention to the eighteenth century, a time of active Spanish colonization. |
| 1519 in texas history: The Spanish Invasion of Mexico 1519–1521 Charles M Robinson III, 2004-04-27 The Spanish conquest of Mexico was the most remarkable military expedition in history, and in achieving it, Hernan Cortes proved himself as one of the greatest generals of all time. This book explains the background of the Aztec Empire and of the Spanish presence in Mexico. It describes the lives of the Aztecs in their glittering capital and of the Europeans who learned to adapt and survive in an alien and often dangerous world. The invasion was a war between civilizations, pitting the fatalism and obsessive ritual of the Aztecs against soldiers fighting for riches, their lives, and eventually their souls. |
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| 1519 in texas history: Moctezuma's Children Donald E. Chipman, 2010-01-01 Though the Aztec Empire fell to Spain in 1521, three principal heirs of the last emperor, Moctezuma II, survived the conquest and were later acknowledged by the Spanish victors as reyes naturales (natural kings or monarchs) who possessed certain inalienable rights as Indian royalty. For their part, the descendants of Moctezuma II used Spanish law and customs to maintain and enhance their status throughout the colonial period, achieving titles of knighthood and nobility in Mexico and Spain. So respected were they that a Moctezuma descendant by marriage became Viceroy of New Spain (colonial Mexico's highest governmental office) in 1696. This authoritative history follows the fortunes of the principal heirs of Moctezuma II across nearly two centuries. Drawing on extensive research in both Mexican and Spanish archives, Donald E. Chipman shows how daughters Isabel and Mariana and son Pedro and their offspring used lawsuits, strategic marriages, and political maneuvers and alliances to gain pensions, rights of entailment, admission to military orders, and titles of nobility from the Spanish government. Chipman also discusses how the Moctezuma family history illuminates several larger issues in colonial Latin American history, including women's status and opportunities and trans-Atlantic relations between Spain and its New World colonies. |
| 1519 in texas history: Early Explorers of Texas Greg Roza, 2010-01-01 In this book, readers take a look at Texas and the original explorers who first set eyes on this vast land hundreds of years ago. Featured adventurers include la Salle, Coronado, de Soto, and Cortés. Biographical sidebars give readers a more detailed understanding of Texas's most important explorers. |
| 1519 in texas history: Los Adaes, the First Capital of Spanish Texas Francis Galan, 2020-06 In 1721, Spain established a fort and mission on the Texas-Louisiana border, or frontera, to stem the tide of people and goods flowing back and forth between northern New Spain and French Louisiana. Named in part after the indigenous Adai people, the complex of the presidio (Nuestra Señora del Pilar de los Adaes) and the mission (San Miguel de Cuellar de los Adaes) became collectively known as Los Adaes. It was the capital of Tejas for New Spain. In the first book devoted to Los Adaes, historian Francis X. Galan traces the roots of the current US-Mexico border to the colonial history of this all but forgotten Spanish fort and mission. He demonstrates that, despite efforts to the contrary, Spain could neither fully block the penetration of smuggled goods and settlers into Texas from Louisiana nor could it successfully convert the Native Americans to Christianity and the Spanish economic system. In the aftermath of the transfer of Louisiana from France to Spain in 1762, Spain chose to shutter the fort and mission. The settlers, or Adaeseños, were forced to march to San Antonio in 1773. Some returned to East Texas soon after to establish Nacogdoches. Others remained in San Antonio, the new capital of Spanish Texas, and settled on lands distributed from the secularized Mission San Antonio de Valero, a mission now widely known as the Alamo. Los Adaes, the First Capital of Spanish Texas makes a major contribution to Texas history by providing a richer perspective on the shifting borders of colonial powers. |
| 1519 in texas history: The Journey of Alvar Núñez Cabeza De Vaca and His Companions From Florida to the Pacific, 1528- 1536 Alvar 16th Cent Núñez Cabeza de Vaca, Padre Ca Ca . Marco Da Nizza, Antonio de ?- Mendoza, 2022-10-27 This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant. |
| 1519 in texas history: The Narrative of Cabeza de Vaca Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca, 2020-06-18 This edition of Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca's Relación offers readers Rolena Adorno and Patrick Charles Pautz's celebrated translation of Cabeza de Vaca's account of the 1527 Pánfilo de Narváez expedition to North America. The dramatic narrative tells the story of some of the first Europeans and the first-known African to encounter the North American wilderness and its Native inhabitants. It is a fascinating tale of survival against the highest odds, and it highlights Native Americans and their interactions with the newcomers in a manner seldom seen in writings of the period. In this English-language edition, reproduced from their award-winning three-volume set, Adorno and Pautz supplement the engrossing account with a general introduction that orients the reader to Cabeza de Vaca's world. They also provide explanatory notes, which resolve many of the narrative's most perplexing questions. This highly readable translation fires the imagination and illuminates the enduring appeal of Cabeza de Vaca's experience for a modern audience. |
| 1519 in texas history: Higher Education in Texas Charles R. Matthews, 2018-02-15 Higher Education in Texas is the first book to tell the history, defining events, and critical participants in the development of higher education in Texas from approximately 1838 to 1970. Charles Matthews, Chancellor Emeritus of the Texas State University System, begins the story with the land grant policies of the Spanish, Mexicans, Republic of Texas, and the State of Texas that led to the growth of Texas. Religious organizations supplied the first of many colleges, years before the Texas Legislature began to fund and support public colleges and universities. Matthews devotes a chapter to the junior/community colleges and their impact on providing a low-cost education alternative for local students. These community colleges also played a major role in economic development in their communities. Further chapters explore the access and equity in educating women, African Americans, and Hispanics. |
| 1519 in texas history: Texas Rupert N. Richardson, Cary D. Wintz, Adrian Anderson, Ernest Wallace, 2016-05-23 Written in a narrative style, this comprehensive yet accessible survey of Texas history offers a balanced, scholarly presentation of all time periods and topics.From the beginning sections on geography and prehistoric people, to the concluding discussions on the start of the twenty-first century, this text successfully considers each era equally in terms of space and emphasis. |
| 1519 in texas history: El Camino Real de Los Tejas, Texas, Louisiana United States. National Park Service, 1998 |
| 1519 in texas history: The La Salle Expedition to Texas William Foster, 2015-01-08 “Those of us who knew how to swim crossed to the other bank. But a number of our company did not know how to swim, and I was among that number. One of the Indians gave me a sign to go get a nearly dry log . . . then, fastening a strap on each end, he made us understand that we should hold on to the log with one arm and try to swim with the other arm and our feet . . . While trying to swim . . . I accidentally hit the Father in the stomach. At that moment he thought he was lost and, I assure you, he invoked the patron saint of his order, St. Francis, with all his heart. I could not keep from laughing although I could see I was in peril of drowning. But the Indians on the other side saw all this and came to our help . . . “Still there were others to get across. . . . We made the Indians understand that they must go help them, but because they had become disgusted by the last trip, they did not want to return again. This distressed us greatly.”—From Henri Joute’s journal, March 23, 1687, shortly after La Salle was murdered. The La Salle Expedition in Texas presents the definitive English translation of Henri Joutel’s classic account of Rene-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle’s 1684–1687 expedition to establish a fort and colony near the mouth of the Mississippi River. Written from detailed notes taken during this historic journey, Joutel’s journal is the most comprehensive and authoritative account available of this dramatic story of adventure and misadventure in Texas. Joutel, who served as post commander for La Salle, describes in accurate and colorful detail the daily experiences and precise route La Salle’s party followed in 1687 from the Texas coast to the Mississippi River. By carefully comparing Joutel’s compass directions and detailed descriptions to maps and geographic locations, Foster has established where La Salle was murdered by his men, and has corrected many erroneous geographic interpretations made by French and American scholars during the past century. Joutel’s account is a captivating narrative set in a Texas coastal wilderness. Foster follows Joutel, La Salle, and their fellow adventurers as they encounter Indians and their unique cultures; enormous drifting herds of bison; and unknown flora and fauna, including lethal flowering cactus fruit and rattlesnakes. The cast of characters includes priests and soldiers, deserters and murderers, Indian leaders, and a handful of French women who worked side-by-side with the men. It is a remarkable first hand tale of dramatic adventure as these diverse individuals meet and interact on the grand landscape of Texas. Joutel’s journal, newly translated by Johanna S. Warren, is edited and annotated with an extensive introduction by William C. Foster. The account is accompanied by numerous detailed maps and the first published English translation of the testimony of Pierre Meunier, one of the most knowledgeable and creditable survivors of La Salle’s expedition. |
| 1519 in texas history: This Corner of Canaan Randolph B. Campbell, 2013 Randolph B. Mike Campbell has spent the better part of the last five decades helping Texans rediscover their history, producing a stream of definitive works on the social, political, and economic structures of the Texas past. Through meticulous research and terrific prose, Campbell's collective work has fundamentally remade how historians understand Texan identity and the state's southern heritage, as well as our understanding of such contentious issues as slavery, westward expansion, and Reconstruction. Campbell's pioneering work in local and county records has defined the model for grassroots research and community studies in the field. More than any other scholar, Campbell has shaped our modern understanding of Texas. In this collection of seventeen original essays, Campbell's colleagues, friends, and students offer a capacious examination of Texas's history--ranging from the Spanish era through the 1960s War on Poverty--to honor Campbell's deep influence on the field. Focusing on themes and methods that Campbell pioneered, the essays debate Texas identity, the creation of nineteenth-century Texas, the legacies of the Civil War and Reconstruction, and the remaking of the Lone Star State during the twentieth century. Featuring some of the most well-known names in the field--as well as rising stars--the volume offers the latest scholarship on major issues in Texas history, and the enduring influence of the most eminent Texas historian of the last half century. |
| 1519 in texas history: Notable Men and Women of Spanish Texas Donald E. Chipman, Harriett Denise Joseph, 2010-01-01 Winner, Presidio La Bahia Award, Sons of the Republic of Texas, 2000 Texas Old Missions and Forts Restoration Association Book Award, the Texas Old Missions and Fort Restoration Association and the Texas Catholic Historical Society, 2001 The Spanish colonial era in Texas (1528-1821) continues to emerge from the shadowy past with every new archaeological and historical discovery. In this book, years of archival sleuthing by Donald E. Chipman and Harriett Denise Joseph now reveal the real human beings behind the legendary figures who discovered, explored, and settled Spanish Texas. By combining dramatic, real-life incidents, biographical sketches, and historical background, the authors bring to life these famous (and sometimes infamous) men of Spanish Texas: Alvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca Alonso de León Francisco Hidalgo Louis Juchereau de St. Denis Antonio Margil The Marqués de Aguayo Pedro de Rivera Felipe de Rábago José de Escandón Athanase de Mézières The Marqués de Rubí Antonio Gil Ibarvo Domingo Cabello José Bernardo Gutiérrez de Lara Joaquín de Arredondo The authors also devote a chapter to the women of Spanish Texas, drawing on scarce historical clues to tell the stories of both well-known and previously unknown Tejana, Indian, and African women. |
| 1519 in texas history: El Rancho in South Texas Joe Stanley Graham, 1994 |
| 1519 in texas history: The Handbook of Texas Walter Prescott Webb, Eldon Stephen Branda, 1952 Vol. 3: A supplement, edited by Eldon Stephen Branda. Includes bibliographical references. |
| 1519 in texas history: Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca Donald E. Chipman, 2012 Cabeza de Vaca's mode of transportation, afoot on portions of two continents in the early decades of the sixteenth century, fits one dictionary definition of the word pedestrian. By no means, however, should the ancillary meanings of commonplace or prosaic be applied to the man, or his remarkable adventures. Between 1528 and 1536, he trekked an estimated 2,480 to 2,640 miles of North American terrain from the Texas coast near Galveston Island to San Miguel de Culiacán near the Pacific Coast of Mexico. He then traveled under better circumstances, although still on foot, to Mexico City. About a year later, Cabeza de Vaca returned to Spain. In 1540, the king granted Cabeza de Vaca civil and military authority in modern-day Paraguay. After arriving on the coast of Brazil in 1541, he was unable to find transportation by ship to the seat of his governorship. He then led a group of more 250 settlers through 1,200 miles of unchartered back country, during which he lost only two men. Cabeza de Vaca's travels are amazing in themselves, but during them he transformed from a proud Spanish don to lay advocate of Indian rights on both American continents. That journey is as remarkable as his travels. It was this great awakening that landed him in more trouble with Spaniards than Indians. Settlers at Asunción rebelled against the reformist governor, incarcerated him, tried to poison his food on two occasions, and finally sent him to Spain in irons. There he was tried and convicted on trumped-up charges of carrying out policies that were the exact opposite of what he had promoted--the humane protection of Indians. This book examines the two great journeys of Cabeza de Vaca--his extraordinary adventures on two continents and his remarkable growth as a humanitarian. |
| 1519 in texas history: The Spanish Borderlands Frontier, 1513-1821 John Francis Bannon, 1974 The classic history of the Spanish frontier from Florida to California. |
| 1519 in texas history: Country of the Cursed and the Driven Paul Barba, 2021-12 2022 WHA W. Turrentine Jackson Award for best first book on the history of the American West 2022 WHA David J. Weber Prize for the best book on Southwestern History In eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Texas--a hotly contested land where states wielded little to no real power--local alliances and controversies, face-to-face relationships, and kin ties structured personal dynamics and cross-communal concerns alike. Country of the Cursed and the Driven brings readers into this world through a sweeping analysis of Hispanic, Comanche, and Anglo-American slaving regimes, illuminating how slaving violence, in its capacity to bolster and shatter families and entire communities, became both the foundation and the scourge, the panacea and the curse, of life in the borderlands. As scholars have begun to assert more forcefully over the past two decades, slavery was much more diverse and widespread in North America than previously recognized, engulfing the lives of Native, European, and African descended people across the continent, from the Atlantic to the Pacific and from Canada to Mexico. Paul Barba details the rise of Texas's slaving regimes, spotlighting the ubiquitous, if uneven and evolving, influences of colonialism and anti-Blackness. By weaving together and reframing traditionally disparate historical narratives, Country of the Cursed and the Driven challenges the common assumption that slavery was insignificant to the history of Texas prior to Anglo American colonization, arguing instead that the slavery imported by Stephen F. Austin and his colonial followers in the 1820s found a comfortable home in the slavery-stained borderlands, where for decades Spanish colonists and their Comanche neighbors had already unleashed waves of slaving devastation. |
| 1519 in texas history: CliffsNotes TExES American BookWorks Corporation, 2010-09-07 About the Test Subject review chapters covering all of the test's content domains 3 full-length practice tests-- |
| 1519 in texas history: Mexican American Education Study United States Commission on Civil Rights, 1971 |
| 1519 in texas history: Education of the Spanish Speaking United States. Congress. House. Judiciary Committee, 1972 |
Texas History Era of Contact Content Module
1519 is an important date in Texas History. Read the selections below to find out why 1519 is so important. After you read, answer the questions that follow. In 1519, the Spanish Governor of …
1519 Texas History - 10anos.cdes.gov.br
1519 Texas History: Spanish Texas, 1519-1821 Donald E. Chipman,1992 Modern Texas like Mexico to the south traces its beginning to sixteenth century encounters between Spaniards …
1519 In Texas History [PDF] - cie-advances.asme.org
1519 stands as a pivotal year in Texas history, marking the beginning of significant Spanish exploration and the first documented encounters between Europeans and the diverse …
1519 In Texas History - x-plane.com
Concise History of Early Texas, 1519 to 1861. Flags Illus. by Valgene McLean Charles Edwin Gilbert,1964 The Spanish Occupation of Texas, 1519-190 Herbert Eugene Bolton,1912 From …
What Happened In 1519 In Texas History - db.raceface.com
What Happened In 1519 In Texas History: Spanish Texas, 1519-1821 Donald E. Chipman,1992 Modern Texas like Mexico to the south traces its beginning to sixteenth century encounters …
Understanding the importance of land in the history of Texas …
Spain claimed the land that is now Texas in 1519, when the explorer Alonzo Alvarez de Piñeda sailed along the Gulf Coast to the Rio Grande. Later, in hopes of finding mineral riches, other …
1519 Texas History - monit.coloradononprofits.org
1519 in Texas serves as a significant historical marker, a pivotal year that laid the groundwork for centuries of change. It was a year of quiet continuity for indigenous cultures, yet …
The Story Continues - BROOKELAND ISD
Pineda mapped the Texas coast in 1519. The Narváez expedition was shipwrecked on the coast of Texas, but few of its members survived. Cabeza de Vaca and Estevanico traveled widely …
1519 In Texas History (2024) - cie-advances.asme.org
1519 stands as a pivotal year in Texas history, marking the beginning of significant Spanish exploration and the first documented encounters between Europeans and the diverse …
Explorers of Texas: Piñeda
The year 1519 was very important for Alonso Alvarez de Piñeda and for Texas. Piñeda sailed along the Texas coast toward Mexico. During his journey, he created the first maps and charts …
1519 In Texas History - 10anos.cdes.gov.br
1519 In Texas History: Spanish Texas, 1519-1821 Donald E. Chipman,1992 Modern Texas like Mexico to the south traces its beginning to sixteenth century encounters between Spaniards …
What Happened In 1519 In Texas History (PDF)
What Happened In 1519 In Texas History: Spanish Texas, 1519-1821 Donald E. Chipman,1992 Modern Texas like Mexico to the south traces its beginning to sixteenth century encounters …
Why Was 1519 Important To Texas History (2024)
Why Was 1519 Important To Texas History: Spanish Texas, 1519–1821 Donald E. Chipman,Harriet Denise Joseph,2010-01-15 This revised and expanded edition of the …
Chapter 4: Early Explorers - Eagle Mountain-Saginaw …
Álvarez de Pineda Explores Texas In 1519, the same year Cortés landed in Mexico, Alonso Álvarez de Pineda(ah•LOHN• soh AHL•vah•rays day pee•NEH•dah) became the first …
Why Is 1519 Important In Texas History (book)
Spanish Texas, 1519–1821 Donald E. Chipman,Harriet Denise Joseph,2010-01-15 This revised and expanded edition of the authoritative history of Spanish Texas features significant new...
Texas History 1519 - cie-advances.asme.org
1519 marked a pivotal moment in Texan history with the arrival of Alonso Álvarez de Pineda's expedition. Commissioned by the Spanish governor of Cuba, Pineda meticulously charted the …
1519 Texas History - cie-advances.asme.org
1519 in Texas serves as a significant historical marker, a pivotal year that laid the groundwork for centuries of change. It was a year of quiet continuity for indigenous cultures, yet …
Why Is 1519 Important In Texas History Copy
Spanish Texas, 1519–1821 Donald E. Chipman,Harriet Denise Joseph,2010-01-15 This revised and expanded edition of the authoritative history of Spanish Texas features significant new...
1519 Texas History Copy - cie-advances.asme.org
the fascinating, and often overlooked, events of 1519 in Texas, exploring the lives of its inhabitants and the subtle yet significant shifts that shaped the future. We’ll uncover the stories …
Texas History Era of Contact Content Module
1519 is an important date in Texas History. Read the selections below to find out why 1519 is so important. After you read, answer the questions that follow. In 1519, the Spanish Governor of …
1519 Texas History - 10anos.cdes.gov.br
1519 Texas History: Spanish Texas, 1519-1821 Donald E. Chipman,1992 Modern Texas like Mexico to the south traces its beginning to sixteenth century encounters between Spaniards …
1519 In Texas History [PDF] - cie-advances.asme.org
1519 stands as a pivotal year in Texas history, marking the beginning of significant Spanish exploration and the first documented encounters between Europeans and the diverse …
1519 In Texas History - x-plane.com
Concise History of Early Texas, 1519 to 1861. Flags Illus. by Valgene McLean Charles Edwin Gilbert,1964 The Spanish Occupation of Texas, 1519-190 Herbert Eugene Bolton,1912 From …
What Happened In 1519 In Texas History - db.raceface.com
What Happened In 1519 In Texas History: Spanish Texas, 1519-1821 Donald E. Chipman,1992 Modern Texas like Mexico to the south traces its beginning to sixteenth century encounters …
Understanding the importance of land in the history of Texas …
Spain claimed the land that is now Texas in 1519, when the explorer Alonzo Alvarez de Piñeda sailed along the Gulf Coast to the Rio Grande. Later, in hopes of finding mineral riches, other …
1519 Texas History - monit.coloradononprofits.org
1519 in Texas serves as a significant historical marker, a pivotal year that laid the groundwork for centuries of change. It was a year of quiet continuity for indigenous cultures, yet …
The Story Continues - BROOKELAND ISD
Pineda mapped the Texas coast in 1519. The Narváez expedition was shipwrecked on the coast of Texas, but few of its members survived. Cabeza de Vaca and Estevanico traveled widely …
1519 In Texas History (2024) - cie-advances.asme.org
1519 stands as a pivotal year in Texas history, marking the beginning of significant Spanish exploration and the first documented encounters between Europeans and the diverse …
Explorers of Texas: Piñeda
The year 1519 was very important for Alonso Alvarez de Piñeda and for Texas. Piñeda sailed along the Texas coast toward Mexico. During his journey, he created the first maps and charts …
1519 In Texas History - 10anos.cdes.gov.br
1519 In Texas History: Spanish Texas, 1519-1821 Donald E. Chipman,1992 Modern Texas like Mexico to the south traces its beginning to sixteenth century encounters between Spaniards …
What Happened In 1519 In Texas History (PDF)
What Happened In 1519 In Texas History: Spanish Texas, 1519-1821 Donald E. Chipman,1992 Modern Texas like Mexico to the south traces its beginning to sixteenth century encounters …
Why Was 1519 Important To Texas History (2024)
Why Was 1519 Important To Texas History: Spanish Texas, 1519–1821 Donald E. Chipman,Harriet Denise Joseph,2010-01-15 This revised and expanded edition of the …
Chapter 4: Early Explorers - Eagle Mountain-Saginaw …
Álvarez de Pineda Explores Texas In 1519, the same year Cortés landed in Mexico, Alonso Álvarez de Pineda(ah•LOHN• soh AHL•vah•rays day pee•NEH•dah) became the first …
Why Is 1519 Important In Texas History (book)
Spanish Texas, 1519–1821 Donald E. Chipman,Harriet Denise Joseph,2010-01-15 This revised and expanded edition of the authoritative history of Spanish Texas features significant new...
Texas History 1519 - cie-advances.asme.org
1519 marked a pivotal moment in Texan history with the arrival of Alonso Álvarez de Pineda's expedition. Commissioned by the Spanish governor of Cuba, Pineda meticulously charted the …
1519 Texas History - cie-advances.asme.org
1519 in Texas serves as a significant historical marker, a pivotal year that laid the groundwork for centuries of change. It was a year of quiet continuity for indigenous cultures, yet …
Why Is 1519 Important In Texas History Copy
Spanish Texas, 1519–1821 Donald E. Chipman,Harriet Denise Joseph,2010-01-15 This revised and expanded edition of the authoritative history of Spanish Texas features significant new...
1519 Texas History Copy - cie-advances.asme.org
the fascinating, and often overlooked, events of 1519 in Texas, exploring the lives of its inhabitants and the subtle yet significant shifts that shaped the future. We’ll uncover the stories …
