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19th Century Black History: A Comprehensive Guide
Author: Dr. Evelyn Reed, Professor of African American History at Howard University, specializing in the 19th-century Black experience and the impact of Reconstruction.
Publisher: Oxford University Press, a leading academic publisher with a long history of publishing scholarly works on African American history and studies.
Editor: Dr. Marcus Jones, Associate Professor of History at Yale University, with expertise in the social and political history of the 19th century.
Summary: This guide provides a comprehensive overview of 19th-century Black history, navigating the complexities of slavery's legacy, the struggles and triumphs of Reconstruction, and the burgeoning of Black intellectual and cultural life. It highlights best practices for researching and interpreting this crucial period, while also addressing common pitfalls and biases in historical narratives. The guide emphasizes the diversity of experiences within the Black community during this era and encourages a nuanced understanding of this formative period in African American history.
Keywords: 19th century black history, African American history, Reconstruction, slavery, abolition, Black resistance, Black intellectual history, Black culture, 19th century African Americans, post-slavery America
I. Understanding the Landscape of 19th Century Black History
The 19th century represents a pivotal period in the history of African Americans, marked by profound upheaval and transformative change. From the brutal realities of chattel slavery to the uncertain promise of Reconstruction, this era witnessed both unimaginable suffering and remarkable resilience. Understanding 19th-century Black history requires acknowledging the multifaceted nature of this period, encompassing the following key themes:
1.1 The Persistence of Slavery and the Rise of Abolition: The first half of the 19th century was dominated by the institution of slavery. Examining 19th-century Black history requires a deep understanding of the daily lives of enslaved people, their resistance strategies (both overt and covert), and the growing abolitionist movement. This includes studying figures like Frederick Douglass, Harriet Tubman, and Sojourner Truth, while also considering the diverse experiences of enslaved people across different regions and contexts. Understanding the complexities of the abolitionist movement itself – its internal debates, its limitations, and its ultimate impact – is crucial for comprehending 19th-century Black history.
1.2 The Civil War and Reconstruction: The Civil War irrevocably altered the course of American history, and for African Americans, it offered a glimmer of hope for emancipation. Reconstruction, the period immediately following the war, presented both unprecedented opportunities and immense challenges. This era saw the passage of the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments, granting formerly enslaved people citizenship, equal protection under the law, and the right to vote. However, Reconstruction also witnessed the rise of white supremacist violence, the implementation of Black Codes, and the eventual rollback of many of its gains.
1.3 Black Intellectual and Cultural Life: Despite facing immense obstacles, African Americans in the 19th century developed rich intellectual and cultural traditions. This includes the flourishing of Black churches, the emergence of Black educational institutions (such as Howard University), and the development of Black literature, music, and art. Studying this aspect of 19th-century Black history reveals the resilience and creativity of a community striving to build a future in the face of adversity. Examining the works of prominent Black intellectuals and artists of the time provides insights into their struggles, aspirations, and contributions to American society.
II. Best Practices for Studying 19th Century Black History
2.1 Utilizing Primary Sources: Engage directly with primary sources – letters, diaries, legal documents, oral histories, and visual materials – to understand the experiences of individuals living through this period. This allows for a more nuanced and less filtered understanding of 19th-century Black history than relying solely on secondary accounts.
2.2 Acknowledging Multiple Perspectives: Recognize the diversity of experiences within the Black community during the 19th century. Avoid generalizations and appreciate the differences based on region, class, gender, and other factors.
2.3 Critically Evaluating Sources: Be aware of potential biases present in historical sources, especially those written by people who held racist views. Cross-reference information from multiple sources to build a more complete picture.
2.4 Considering the Context: Analyze historical events within their broader social, political, and economic contexts. Understanding the systemic inequalities and power dynamics of the time is crucial for interpreting 19th-century Black history accurately.
III. Common Pitfalls in Studying 19th Century Black History
3.1 The "Great Man" Narrative: Avoid focusing solely on a few prominent figures while ignoring the experiences of ordinary Black people. 19th-century Black history encompasses a vast range of individuals and their contributions.
3.2 Essentializing the "Black Experience": Recognize the diversity of experiences within the Black community. Avoiding generalizations and stereotyping is crucial for accurate historical interpretation.
3.3 Ignoring the Role of Resistance: 19th-century Black history is not just a story of suffering and oppression; it is also a story of resistance, resilience, and activism. Actively seek out examples of Black resistance in various forms.
3.4 Minimizing the Impact of Systemic Racism: Acknowledge the pervasive and enduring impact of systemic racism in shaping the lives and opportunities of Black Americans throughout the 19th century and beyond.
Conclusion
The study of 19th-century Black history is essential for understanding the complex and enduring legacy of slavery and its impact on American society. By employing best practices and avoiding common pitfalls, we can develop a more nuanced and accurate understanding of this critical period, recognizing the resilience, agency, and contributions of African Americans in shaping the nation's past and future. This rigorous and nuanced approach to 19th century Black history allows for a more complete and accurate picture of this crucial period in American history.
FAQs
1. What were the main challenges faced by African Americans during Reconstruction? Challenges included violence from white supremacist groups, the implementation of Black Codes restricting their freedom, and the ultimate failure of the federal government to fully protect their rights.
2. How did enslaved people resist slavery? Resistance took many forms, from subtle acts of defiance (like slowing down work) to open rebellion (like Nat Turner's rebellion) and escapes through the Underground Railroad.
3. What role did Black women play in 19th-century history? Black women were crucial to the abolitionist movement, played key roles in family and community life, and contributed significantly to intellectual and cultural life despite facing multiple forms of oppression.
4. What were the major achievements of the abolitionist movement? The movement achieved the abolition of slavery, secured legal rights for formerly enslaved people (through constitutional amendments), and significantly shifted public opinion regarding the immorality of slavery.
5. How did the Civil War impact the lives of African Americans? The war led to emancipation, although freedom came with ongoing challenges of racism and violence.
6. What were Black Codes? Black Codes were laws passed by Southern states after the Civil War to restrict the rights and freedoms of formerly enslaved people.
7. What were some important Black institutions established during the 19th century? Important institutions included churches, schools (like Howard University), and various mutual aid societies.
8. Who were some significant figures in 19th-century Black history besides Frederick Douglass, Harriet Tubman, and Sojourner Truth? Consider Ida B. Wells-Barnett, Mary Church Terrell, and Booker T. Washington, among many others.
9. How can I further my research on 19th-century Black history? Explore primary sources (letters, diaries, etc.), academic journals, and books specializing in this period. Consult the bibliographies of existing works to find additional resources.
Related Articles:
1. The Underground Railroad: Networks of Freedom: Details the intricate escape routes and the people who risked their lives to help enslaved people reach freedom.
2. The Black Church in the 19th Century: A Haven and a Hub: Examines the vital role of Black churches as centers of community, resistance, and social organization.
3. Reconstruction: Promises and Failures: Analyzes the successes and failures of Reconstruction, focusing on its impact on race relations and political power.
4. Black Intellectuals of the 19th Century: Shaping a New Identity: Highlights the contributions of Black intellectuals to literature, philosophy, and political thought.
5. The Legacy of Slavery in the 19th Century and Beyond: Explores the lasting effects of slavery on American society, including its impact on racial inequality and economic disparity.
6. Women of the 19th Century Black Freedom Struggle: Focuses on the crucial role women played in abolition, suffrage, and broader social activism.
7. Black Soldiers in the Civil War: Fighting for Freedom: Documents the crucial role Black soldiers played in the Union Army and their fight for emancipation.
8. The Rise of Black Education in the 19th Century: Details the establishment and growth of Black schools and colleges, and their impact on Black communities.
9. 19th-Century Black Art and Literature: Expressions of Resistance and Hope: Explores the powerful forms of artistic expression that emerged from the Black community during this challenging era.
| 19th century black history: Black Gotham Carla L. Peterson, 2011-01-01 Narrates the story of the elite African American families who lived in New York City in the nineteenth century, describing their successes as businesspeople and professionals and the contributions they made to the culture of that time period. |
| 19th century black history: Bound in Wedlock Tera W. Hunter, 2017-05-08 Winner of the Stone Book Award, Museum of African American History Winner of the Joan Kelly Memorial Prize Winner of the Littleton-Griswold Prize Winner of the Mary Nickliss Prize Winner of the Willie Lee Rose Prize Americans have long viewed marriage between a white man and a white woman as a sacred union. But marriages between African Americans have seldom been treated with the same reverence. This discriminatory legacy traces back to centuries of slavery, when the overwhelming majority of black married couples were bound in servitude as well as wedlock, but it does not end there. Bound in Wedlock is the first comprehensive history of African American marriage in the nineteenth century. Drawing from plantation records, legal documents, and personal family papers, it reveals the many creative ways enslaved couples found to upend white Christian ideas of marriage. “A remarkable book... Hunter has harvested stories of human resilience from the cruelest of soils... An impeccably crafted testament to the African-Americans whose ingenuity, steadfast love and hard-nosed determination protected black family life under the most trying of circumstances.” —Wall Street Journal “In this brilliantly researched book, Hunter examines the experiences of slave marriages as well as the marriages of free blacks.” —Vibe “A groundbreaking history... Illuminates the complex and flexible character of black intimacy and kinship and the precariousness of marriage in the context of racial and economic inequality. It is a brilliant book.” —Saidiya Hartman, author of Lose Your Mother |
| 19th century black history: Slavery, Fatherhood, and Paternal Duty in African American Communities Over the Long Nineteenth Century Libra Rose Hilde, 2020 The God part of him : slavery and constraints on fatherhood -- I liked my papa the best : enslaved fathers -- Blasphemous doctrine for a slave to teach : provisioning -- This great object of my life : purchase and escape -- Tuckey buzzard lay me : slavery, sex, and white fathers -- Mortifications peculiarly their own : rape, concubines, and white paternity -- My children is my own : fatherhood and freedom -- Good to us chillum : provisioning in freedom. |
| 19th century black history: The Talented Tenth W E B Du Bois, 2020-10-13 Taken from The Talented Tenth written by W. E. B. Du Bois: The Negro race, like all races, is going to be saved by its exceptional men. The problem of education, then, among Negroes must first of all deal with the Talented Tenth; it is the problem of developing the Best of this race that they may guide the Mass away from the contamination and death of the Worst, in their own and other races. Now the training of men is a difficult and intricate task. Its technique is a matter for educational experts, but its object is for the vision of seers. If we make money the object of man-training, we shall develop money-makers but not necessarily men; if we make technical skill the object of education, we may possess artisans but not, in nature, men. Men we shall have only as we make manhood the object of the work of the schools-intelligence, broad sympathy, knowledge of the world that was and is, and of the relation of men to it-this is the curriculum of that Higher Education which must underlie true life. On this foundation we may build bread winning, skill of hand and quickness of brain, with never a fear lest the child and man mistake the means of living for the object of life. |
| 19th century black history: The Bone and Sinew of the Land Anna-Lisa Cox, 2018-06-12 The long-hidden stories of America's black pioneers, the frontier they settled, and their fight for the heart of the nation When black settlers Keziah and Charles Grier started clearing their frontier land in 1818, they couldn't know that they were part of the nation's earliest struggle for equality; they were just looking to build a better life. But within a few years, the Griers would become early Underground Railroad conductors, joining with fellow pioneers and other allies to confront the growing tyranny of bondage and injustice. The Bone and Sinew of the Land tells the Griers' story and the stories of many others like them: the lost history of the nation's first Great Migration. In building hundreds of settlements on the frontier, these black pioneers were making a stand for equality and freedom. Their new home, the Northwest Territory -- the wild region that would become present-day Ohio, Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, and Wisconsin -- was the first territory to ban slavery and have equal voting rights for all men. Though forgotten today, in their own time the successes of these pioneers made them the targets of racist backlash. Political and even armed battles soon ensued, tearing apart families and communities long before the Civil War. This groundbreaking work of research reveals America's forgotten frontier, where these settlers were inspired by the belief that all men are created equal and a brighter future was possible. Named one of Smithsonian's Best History Books of 2018 |
| 19th century black history: Black Jacks W. Jeffrey. Bolster, 2009-06-30 Few Americans, black or white, recognize the degree to which early African American history is a maritime history. W. Jeffrey Bolster shatters the myth that black seafaring in the age of sail was limited to the Middle Passage. Seafaring was one of the most significant occupations among both enslaved and free black men between 1740 and 1865. Tens of thousands of black seamen sailed on lofty clippers and modest coasters. They sailed in whalers, warships, and privateers. Some were slaves, forced to work at sea, but by 1800 most were free men, seeking liberty and economic opportunity aboard ship.Bolster brings an intimate understanding of the sea to this extraordinary chapter in the formation of black America. Because of their unusual mobility, sailors were the eyes and ears to worlds beyond the limited horizon of black communities ashore. Sometimes helping to smuggle slaves to freedom, they were more often a unique conduit for news and information of concern to blacks.But for all its opportunities, life at sea was difficult. Blacks actively contributed to the Atlantic maritime culture shared by all seamen, but were often outsiders within it. Capturing that tension, Black Jacks examines not only how common experiences drew black and white sailors together--even as deeply internalized prejudices drove them apart--but also how the meaning of race aboard ship changed with time. Bolster traces the story to the end of the Civil War, when emancipated blacks began to be systematically excluded from maritime work. Rescuing African American seamen from obscurity, this stirring account reveals the critical role sailors played in helping forge new identities for black people in America.An epic tale of the rise and fall of black seafaring, Black Jacks is African Americans' freedom story presented from a fresh perspective. |
| 19th century black history: The Portable Nineteenth-Century African American Women Writers Hollis Robbins, Henry Louis Gates, Jr., 2017-07-25 A landmark collection documenting the social, political, and artistic lives of African American women throughout the tumultuous nineteenth century. Named one of NPR's Best Books of 2017. The Portable Nineteenth-Century African American Women Writers is the most comprehensive anthology of its kind: an extraordinary range of voices offering the expressions of African American women in print before, during, and after the Civil War. Edited by Hollis Robbins and Henry Louis Gates, Jr., this collection comprises work from forty-nine writers arranged into sections of memoir, poetry, and essays on feminism, education, and the legacy of African American women writers. Many of these pieces engage with social movements like abolition, women’s suffrage, temperance, and civil rights, but the thematic center is the intellect and personal ambition of African American women. The diverse selection includes well-known writers like Sojourner Truth, Hannah Crafts, and Harriet Jacobs, as well as lesser-known writers like Ella Sheppard, who offers a firsthand account of life in the world-famous Fisk Jubilee Singers. Taken together, these incredible works insist that the writing of African American women writers be read, remembered, and addressed. For more than seventy years, Penguin has been the leading publisher of classic literature in the English-speaking world. With more than 1,700 titles, Penguin Classics represents a global bookshelf of the best works throughout history and across genres and disciplines. Readers trust the series to provide authoritative texts enhanced by introductions and notes by distinguished scholars and contemporary authors, as well as up-to-date translations by award-winning translators. |
| 19th century black history: Exodus! Eddie S. Glaude, 2000-03-15 AcknowledgementsPart One: Exodus History1. Bent Twigs and Broken Backs: An Introduction2. Of the Black Church and the Making of a Black Public3. Exodus, Race, and the Politics of Nation4. Race, Nation, and the Ideology of Chosenness5. The Nation and Freedom CelebrationsPart Two: Exodus Politics6. The Initial Years of the Black Convention Movement7. Respectability and Race, 1835-18428. Pharaoh's on Both Sides of the Blood-Red Waters: Henry Highland Garnet and the National Convention of 1843Epilogue: The Tragedy of African American PoliticsNotesIndex Copyright © Libri GmbH. All rights reserved. |
| 19th century black history: An Example for All the Land Kate Masur, 2010-10-04 An Example for All the Land reveals Washington, D.C. as a laboratory for social policy in the era of emancipation and the Civil War. In this panoramic study, Kate Masur provides a nuanced account of African Americans' grassroots activism, municipal politics, and the U.S. Congress. She tells the provocative story of how black men's right to vote transformed local affairs, and how, in short order, city reformers made that right virtually meaningless. Bringing the question of equality to the forefront of Reconstruction scholarship, this widely praised study explores how concerns about public and private space, civilization, and dependency informed the period's debate over rights and citizenship. |
| 19th century black history: Faithful Account of the Race Stephen G. Hall, 2010-05-07 The civil rights and black power movements expanded popular awareness of the history and culture of African Americans. But, as Stephen Hall observes, African American authors, intellectuals, ministers, and abolitionists had been writing the history of the black experience since the 1800s. With this book, Hall recaptures and reconstructs a rich but largely overlooked tradition of historical writing by African Americans. Hall charts the origins, meanings, methods, evolution, and maturation of African American historical writing from the period of the Early Republic to the twentieth-century professionalization of the larger field of historical study. He demonstrates how these works borrowed from and engaged with ideological and intellectual constructs from mainstream intellectual movements including the Enlightenment, Romanticism, Realism, and Modernism. Hall also explores the creation of discursive spaces that simultaneously reinforced and offered counter narratives to more mainstream historical discourse. He sheds fresh light on the influence of the African diaspora on the development of historical study. In so doing, he provides a holistic portrait of African American history informed by developments within and outside the African American community. |
| 19th century black history: The Negro Problem Booker T. Washington, 1903 |
| 19th century black history: Black Leaders of the Nineteenth Century Leon F. Litwack, August Meier, 1988 Biographical studies of Richard Allen, Nat Turner, Harriet Tubman, Frederick Douglass, Mary Ann Shadd, John Mercer Langston, Henry Highland Garnet, Martin Robison Delany, Peter Humphries Clark, Blanche Kelso Bruce, Robert Brown Elliott, Holland Thompson, Alexander Crummell, Henry McNeal Turner, William Henry Steward, Isaiah T. Montgomery, and Mary Church Terrell. |
| 19th century black history: Black Reconstruction in America 1860-1880 W. E. B. Du Bois, 1998 The pioneering work in the study of the role of Black Americans during Reconstruction by the most influential Black intellectual of his time. This pioneering work was the first full-length study of the role black Americans played in the crucial period after the Civil War, when the slaves had been freed and the attempt was made to reconstruct American society. Hailed at the time, Black Reconstruction in America 1860–1880 has justly been called a classic. |
| 19th century black history: African Americans on the Western Frontier Monroe Lee Billington, Roger D. Hardaway, 1998 Thirteen essays examine the roles African-Americans played in the settling of the American West, discussing the slaves of Mormons and California gold miners; African-American army men, cowboys, and newspaper founders; and others on the frontier. Also includes a bibliographic essay. |
| 19th century black history: Vénus Noire Robin Mitchell, 2020-02-15 Even though there were relatively few people of color in postrevolutionary France, images of and discussions about black women in particular appeared repeatedly in a variety of French cultural sectors and social milieus. In Vénus Noire, Robin Mitchell shows how these literary and visual depictions of black women helped to shape the country’s postrevolutionary national identity, particularly in response to the trauma of the French defeat in the Haitian Revolution. Vénus Noire explores the ramifications of this defeat in examining visual and literary representations of three black women who achieved fame in the years that followed. Sarah Baartmann, popularly known as the Hottentot Venus, represented distorted memories of Haiti in the French imagination, and Mitchell shows how her display, treatment, and representation embodied residual anger harbored by the French. Ourika, a young Senegalese girl brought to live in France by the Maréchal Prince de Beauvau, inspired plays, poems, and clothing and jewelry fads, and Mitchell examines how the French appropriated black female identity through these representations while at the same time perpetuating stereotypes of the hypersexual black woman. Finally, Mitchell shows how demonization of Jeanne Duval, longtime lover of the poet Charles Baudelaire, expressed France’s need to rid itself of black bodies even as images and discourses about these bodies proliferated. The stories of these women, carefully contextualized by Mitchell and put into dialogue with one another, reveal a blind spot about race in French national identity that persists in the postcolonial present. |
| 19th century black history: Teaching White Supremacy Donald Yacovone, 2022-09-27 A powerful exploration of the past and present arc of America’s white supremacy—from the country’s inception and Revolutionary years to its 19th century flashpoint of civil war; to the Civil Rights movement of the 1960s and today’s Black Lives Matter. “The most profoundly original cultural history in recent memory.” —Henry Louis Gates, Jr., Harvard University “Stunning, timely . . . an achievement in writing public history . . . Teaching White Supremacy should be read widely in our roiling debate over how to teach about race and slavery in classrooms. —David W. Blight, Sterling Professor of American History, Yale University; author of the Pulitzer Prize–winning Frederick Douglass: Prophet of Freedom Donald Yacovone shows us the clear and damning evidence of white supremacy’s deep-seated roots in our nation’s educational system through a fascinating, in-depth examination of America’s wide assortment of texts, from primary readers to college textbooks, from popular histories to the most influential academic scholarship. Sifting through a wealth of materials from the colonial era to today, Yacovone reveals the systematic ways in which this ideology has infiltrated all aspects of American culture and how it has been at the heart of our collective national identity. Yacovone lays out the arc of America’s white supremacy from the country’s inception and Revolutionary War years to its nineteenth-century flashpoint of civil war to the civil rights movement of the 1960s and today’s Black Lives Matter. In a stunning reappraisal, the author argues that it is the North, not the South, that bears the greater responsibility for creating the dominant strain of race theory, which has been inculcated throughout the culture and in school textbooks that restricted and repressed African Americans and other minorities, even as Northerners blamed the South for its legacy of slavery, segregation, and racial injustice. A major assessment of how we got to where we are today, of how white supremacy has suffused every area of American learning, from literature and science to religion, medicine, and law, and why this kind of thinking has so insidiously endured for more than three centuries. |
| 19th century black history: Creating Black Americans Nell Irvin Painter, 2006 Blending a vivid narrative with more than 150 images of artwork, Painter offers a history--from before slavery to today's hip-hop culture--written for a new generation. |
| 19th century black history: The Original Black Elite Elizabeth Dowling Taylor, 2017-01-31 New York Times–Bestselling Author: “A compelling biography of Daniel Murray and the group the writer-scholar W.E.B. DuBois called ‘The Talented Tenth.’” —Patricia Bell-Scott, National Book Award nominee and author of The Firebrand and the First Lady In this outstanding cultural biography, the author of A Slave in the White House chronicles a critical yet overlooked chapter in American history: the inspiring rise and calculated fall of the black elite, from Emancipation through Reconstruction to the Jim Crow Era—embodied in the experiences of an influential figure of the time: academic, entrepreneur, political activist, and black history pioneer Daniel Murray. In the wake of the Civil War, Daniel Murray, born free and educated in Baltimore, was in the vanguard of Washington, D.C.’s black upper class. Appointed Assistant Librarian at the Library of Congress—at a time when government appointments were the most prestigious positions available for blacks—Murray became wealthy as a construction contractor and married a college-educated socialite. The Murrays’ social circles included some of the first African-American US senators and congressmen, and their children went to Harvard and Cornell. Though Murray and others of his time were primed to assimilate into the cultural fabric as Americans first and people of color second, their prospects were crushed by Jim Crow segregation and the capitulation to white supremacist groups by the government, which turned a blind eye to their unlawful—often murderous—acts. Elizabeth Dowling Taylor traces the rise, fall, and disillusionment of upper-class African Americans, revealing that they were a representation not of hypothetical achievement but what could be realized by African Americans through education and equal opportunities. “Brilliantly researched . . . an emotional story of how race and class have long played a role in determining who succeeds and who fails.” —The New York Times Book Review “Brings insight to the rise and fall of America’s first educated black people.” —Time “Deftly demonstrates how the struggle for racial equality has always been complicated by the thorny issue of class.” —Patricia Bell-Scott, author of The Firebrand and the First Lady “Reads like a sweeping epic.” —Library Journal |
| 19th century black history: Black Education in New York State Carleton Mabee, 1979 From the slave schools of the early 1700s to educational separation under New Deal relief programs, the education of Blacks in New York is studied in the broader social context of race relations in the state. |
| 19th century black history: Slavery by Another Name Douglas A. Blackmon, 2012-10-04 A Pulitzer Prize-winning history of the mistreatment of black Americans. In this 'precise and eloquent work' - as described in its Pulitzer Prize citation - Douglas A. Blackmon brings to light one of the most shameful chapters in American history - an 'Age of Neoslavery' that thrived in the aftermath of the Civil War through the dawn of World War II. Using a vast record of original documents and personal narratives, Blackmon unearths the lost stories of slaves and their descendants who journeyed into freedom after the Emancipation Proclamation and then back into the shadow of involuntary servitude thereafter. By turns moving, sobering and shocking, this unprecedented account reveals these stories, the companies that profited the most from neoslavery, and the insidious legacy of racism that reverberates today. |
| 19th century black history: Ain't I A Woman? Sojourner Truth, 2020-09-24 'I am a woman's rights. I have plowed and reaped and husked and chopped and mowed, and can any man do more than that? I am as strong as any man that is now' A former slave and one of the most powerful orators of her time, Sojourner Truth fought for the equal rights of Black women throughout her life. This selection of her impassioned speeches is accompanied by the words of other inspiring African-American female campaigners from the nineteenth century. One of twenty new books in the bestselling Penguin Great Ideas series. This new selection showcases a diverse list of thinkers who have helped shape our world today, from anarchists to stoics, feminists to prophets, satirists to Zen Buddhists. |
| 19th century black history: The 1619 Project Nikole Hannah-Jones, The New York Times Magazine, 2021-11-16 #1 NEW YORK TIMES BESTSELLER • NAACP IMAGE AWARD WINNER • A dramatic expansion of a groundbreaking work of journalism, The 1619 Project: A New Origin Story offers a profoundly revealing vision of the American past and present. “[A] groundbreaking compendium . . . bracing and urgent . . . This collection is an extraordinary update to an ongoing project of vital truth-telling.”—Esquire NOW AN EMMY-WINNING HULU ORIGINAL DOCUSERIES • FINALIST FOR THE KIRKUS PRIZE • ONE OF THE BEST BOOKS OF THE YEAR: The Washington Post, NPR, Esquire, Marie Claire, Electric Lit, Ms. magazine, Kirkus Reviews, Booklist In late August 1619, a ship arrived in the British colony of Virginia bearing a cargo of twenty to thirty enslaved people from Africa. Their arrival led to the barbaric and unprecedented system of American chattel slavery that would last for the next 250 years. This is sometimes referred to as the country’s original sin, but it is more than that: It is the source of so much that still defines the United States. The New York Times Magazine’s award-winning 1619 Project issue reframed our understanding of American history by placing slavery and its continuing legacy at the center of our national narrative. This book substantially expands on that work, weaving together eighteen essays that explore the legacy of slavery in present-day America with thirty-six poems and works of fiction that illuminate key moments of oppression, struggle, and resistance. The essays show how the inheritance of 1619 reaches into every part of contemporary American society, from politics, music, diet, traffic, and citizenship to capitalism, religion, and our democracy itself. This book that speaks directly to our current moment, contextualizing the systems of race and caste within which we operate today. It reveals long-glossed-over truths around our nation’s founding and construction—and the way that the legacy of slavery did not end with emancipation, but continues to shape contemporary American life. Featuring contributions from: Leslie Alexander • Michelle Alexander • Carol Anderson • Joshua Bennett • Reginald Dwayne Betts • Jamelle Bouie • Anthea Butler • Matthew Desmond • Rita Dove • Camille T. Dungy • Cornelius Eady • Eve L. Ewing • Nikky Finney • Vievee Francis • Yaa Gyasi • Forrest Hamer • Terrance Hayes • Kimberly Annece Henderson • Jeneen Interlandi • Honorée Fanonne Jeffers • Barry Jenkins • Tyehimba Jess • Martha S. Jones • Robert Jones, Jr. • A. Van Jordan • Ibram X. Kendi • Eddie Kendricks • Yusef Komunyakaa • Kevin M. Kruse • Kiese Laymon • Trymaine Lee • Jasmine Mans • Terry McMillan • Tiya Miles • Wesley Morris • Khalil Gibran Muhammad • Lynn Nottage • ZZ Packer • Gregory Pardlo • Darryl Pinckney • Claudia Rankine • Jason Reynolds • Dorothy Roberts • Sonia Sanchez • Tim Seibles • Evie Shockley • Clint Smith • Danez Smith • Patricia Smith • Tracy K. Smith • Bryan Stevenson • Nafissa Thompson-Spires • Natasha Trethewey • Linda Villarosa • Jesmyn Ward |
| 19th century black history: We are Your Sisters Dorothy Sterling, 1997 Contains 1000 oral interviews with American black women who lived between 1800 and the 1880s. |
| 19th century black history: The Story of Little Black Sambo Helen Bannerman, 1923-01-01 The jolly and exciting tale of the little boy who lost his red coat and his blue trousers and his purple shoes but who was saved from the tigers to eat 169 pancakes for his supper, has been universally loved by generations of children. First written in 1899, the story has become a childhood classic and the authorized American edition with the original drawings by the author has sold hundreds of thousands of copies. Little Black Sambo is a book that speaks the common language of all nations, and has added more to the joy of little children than perhaps any other story. They love to hear it again and again; to read it to themselves; to act it out in their play. |
| 19th century black history: The Black Republic Brandon R. Byrd, 2019-10-11 In The Black Republic, Brandon R. Byrd explores the ambivalent attitudes that African American leaders in the post-Civil War era held toward Haiti, the first and only black republic in the Western Hemisphere. Following emancipation, African American leaders of all kinds—politicians, journalists, ministers, writers, educators, artists, and diplomats—identified new and urgent connections with Haiti, a nation long understood as an example of black self-determination. They celebrated not only its diplomatic recognition by the United States but also the renewed relevance of the Haitian Revolution. While a number of African American leaders defended the sovereignty of a black republic whose fate they saw as intertwined with their own, others expressed concern over Haiti's fitness as a model black republic, scrutinizing whether the nation truly reflected the civilized progress of the black race. Influenced by the imperialist rhetoric of their day, many African Americans across the political spectrum espoused a politics of racial uplift, taking responsibility for the improvement of Haitian education, politics, culture, and society. They considered Haiti an uncertain experiment in black self-governance: it might succeed and vindicate the capabilities of African Americans demanding their own right to self-determination or it might fail and condemn the black diasporic population to second-class status for the foreseeable future. When the United States military occupied Haiti in 1915, it created a crisis for W. E. B. Du Bois and other black activists and intellectuals who had long grappled with the meaning of Haitian independence. The resulting demand for and idea of a liberated Haiti became a cornerstone of the anticapitalist, anticolonial, and antiracist radical black internationalism that flourished between World War I and World War II. Spanning the Reconstruction, post-Reconstruction, and Jim Crow eras, The Black Republic recovers a crucial and overlooked chapter of African American internationalism and political thought. |
| 19th century black history: The Negro W. E. B. Du Bois, 2001-05-22 A classic rediscovered. |
| 19th century black history: Before the Ghetto David M. Katzman, 1975 |
| 19th century black history: Living Black History Manning Marable, 2006-01-03 Are the stars of the Civil Rights firmament yesterday's news? In Living Black History scholar and activist Manning Marable offers a resounding No! with a fresh and personal look at the enduring legacy of such well-known figures as Malcolm X, Martin Luther King, Jr., Medgar Evers and W.E.B. Du Bois. Marable creates a living history that brings the past alive for a generation he sees as having historical amnesia. His activist passion and scholarly memory bring immediacy to the tribulations and triumphs of yesterday and reveal that history is something that happens everyday. Living Black History dismisses the detachment of the codified version of American history that we all grew up with. Marable's holistic understanding of history counts the story of the slave as much as that of the master; he highlights the flesh-and-blood courage of those figures who have been robbed of their visceral humanity as members of the historical cannon. As people comprehend this dynamic portrayal of history they will begin to understand that each day we-the average citizen-are makers of our own American history. Living Black History will empower readers with knowledge of their collective past and a greater understanding of their part in forming our future. |
| 19th century black history: Slaves to Fashion Monica L. Miller, 2009-10-08 Slaves to Fashion is a pioneering cultural history of the black dandy, from his emergence in Enlightenment England to his contemporary incarnations in the cosmopolitan art worlds of London and New York. It is populated by sartorial impresarios such as Julius Soubise, a freed slave who sometimes wore diamond-buckled, red-heeled shoes as he circulated through the social scene of eighteenth-century London, and Yinka Shonibare, a prominent Afro-British artist who not only styles himself as a fop but also creates ironic commentaries on black dandyism in his work. Interpreting performances and representations of black dandyism in particular cultural settings and literary and visual texts, Monica L. Miller emphasizes the importance of sartorial style to black identity formation in the Atlantic diaspora. Dandyism was initially imposed on black men in eighteenth-century England, as the Atlantic slave trade and an emerging culture of conspicuous consumption generated a vogue in dandified black servants. “Luxury slaves” tweaked and reworked their uniforms, and were soon known for their sartorial novelty and sometimes flamboyant personalities. Tracing the history of the black dandy forward to contemporary celebrity incarnations such as Andre 3000 and Sean Combs, Miller explains how black people became arbiters of style and how they have historically used the dandy’s signature tools—clothing, gesture, and wit—to break down limiting identity markers and propose new ways of fashioning political and social possibility in the black Atlantic world. With an aplomb worthy of her iconographic subject, she considers the black dandy in relation to nineteenth-century American literature and drama, W. E. B. Du Bois’s reflections on black masculinity and cultural nationalism, the modernist aesthetics of the Harlem Renaissance, and representations of black cosmopolitanism in contemporary visual art. |
| 19th century black history: The Colored Conventions Movement P. Gabrielle Foreman, Jim Casey, Sarah Lynn Patterson, 2021-03-22 This volume of essays is the first to focus on the Colored Conventions movement, the nineteenth century's longest campaign for Black civil rights. Well before the founding of the NAACP and other twentieth-century pillars of the civil rights movement, tens of thousands of Black leaders organized state and national conventions across North America. Over seven decades, they advocated for social justice and against slavery, protesting state-sanctioned and mob violence while demanding voting, legal, labor, and educational rights. Collectively, these essays highlight the vital role of the Colored Conventions in the lives of thousands of early organizers, including many of the most famous writers, ministers, politicians, and entrepreneurs in the long history of Black activism-- |
| 19th century black history: A History of African Americans of Delaware and Maryland's Eastern Shore Carole C. Marks, 1998 |
| 19th century black history: Home To Harlem Claude McKay, 2024-06-18 Home to Harlem is a groundbreaking novel written by Claude McKay, a prominent figure of the Harlem Renaissance. Published in 1928, it is considered as one of the earliest works of the Harlem Renaissance movement, which sought to celebrate African American culture and identity through literature, art, and music. McKay's novel is a powerful and thought-provoking depiction of the lives of African Americans living in the urban city of Harlem during the 1920s. The novel follows the story of Jake Brown, a young black man who returns to Harlem after serving in World War I. Through Jake's eyes, McKay portrays the vibrant and complex world of Harlem, with its jazz clubs, speakeasies, and bustling streets. The city is a melting pot of different cultures, with people from all walks of life coexisting and struggling to survive in a society that is hostile towards them. One of the main themes of the novel is the search for identity and belonging. Jake, like many other African Americans, is torn between his rural Southern roots and the urban lifestyle of Harlem. He is constantly trying to find his place in a city that is both alluring and rejecting, facing the dilemma of whether to conform to societal expectations or embrace his true self. This struggle is further highlighted through the character of Ray, Jake's friend, who is trying to pass as white to gain acceptance and privilege in society. McKay's writing is raw and unapologetic, as he fearlessly addresses issues of race, class, and gender. He exposes the harsh realities of racism and discrimination faced by African Americans, both in the North and the South. The novel also delves into the complexities of relationships, particularly between men and women, and the impact of societal expectations on them. Moreover, Home to Harlem is a celebration of African American culture and traditions. McKay effortlessly weaves in elements of jazz, blues, and folklore into the narrative, giving readers a glimpse into the rich and vibrant culture of Harlem. He also highlights the resilience and strength of the African American community, who despite facing numerous challenges, continue to thrive and create their own spaces of freedom and joy. In addition to its literary significance, Home to Harlem is also a social commentary on the limitations and restrictions placed on African Americans during the 1920s. McKay's novel is a call for social and political change, urging readers to challenge the status quo and fight for equality and justice. Home to Harlem is a powerful and thought-provoking novel that provides a unique and authentic perspective on the African American experience during the Harlem Renaissance. It is a timeless classic that continues to inspire and educate readers about the struggles and triumphs of a community that fought for their place in American society. |
| 19th century black history: African American Foodways Anne Bower, 2009 Moving beyond catfish and collard greens to the soul of African American cooking |
| 19th century black history: Afro-Americans in New Jersey Giles R. Wright, 1988 |
| 19th century black history: Encyclopaedia Britannica Hugh Chisholm, 1910 This eleventh edition was developed during the encyclopaedia's transition from a British to an American publication. Some of its articles were written by the best-known scholars of the time and it is considered to be a landmark encyclopaedia for scholarship and literary style. |
| 19th century black history: My Father's Name Lawrence P. Jackson, 2012-05-15 The author, seeking to find his grandfather's old home, follows his family history back to his great great grandfather who was born a slave and died a free man with forty acres. |
| 19th century black history: Black Girlhood in the Nineteenth Century Nazera Sadiq Wright, 2016-09-08 Long portrayed as a masculine endeavor, the African American struggle for progress often found expression through an unlikely literary figure: the black girl. Nazera Sadiq Wright uses heavy archival research on a wide range of texts about African American girls to explore this understudied phenomenon. As Wright shows, the figure of the black girl in African American literature provided a powerful avenue for exploring issues like domesticity, femininity, and proper conduct. The characters' actions, however fictional, became a rubric for African American citizenship and racial progress. At the same time, their seeming dependence and insignificance allegorized the unjust treatment of African Americans. Wright reveals fascinating girls who, possessed of a premature knowing and wisdom beyond their years, projected a courage and resiliency that made them exemplary representations of the project of racial advance and citizenship. |
| 19th century black history: Dismantling Desegregation Gary Orfield, Susan E. Eaton, 1996 Discusses the reversal of desegration in public schools |
| 19th century black history: African-Americans in Boston Robert C. Hayden, 1991 A must introduction to significant African-American events & people in Massachusetts where so much American history began. The first slaves arrived in Boston in 1638; the first Black gave his life in the Boston Massacre. Entries are dramatic bullet-style cameos set off by more than 100 photographs. Arranged chronologically within a dozen categories--Science, Religion, Government, Creative Arts, among them--the elegantly designed paperback offers instant identification of names & invites follow up research--a catalyst to find out more. Among the entries: a high school student wins ten dollars in gold for her essay on the Evils of Intemperance; a physician fights for the right to deliver babies at the city hospital; Blacks unite in protest against the film BIRTH OF A NATION; a Boston mechanic invents a diving suit & a dentist invents a golf tee. The BOSTON GLOBE calls it a book that explores the rich heritage & legacy of leaders who lived here but had an impact upon all America--including Frederick Douglass, William DuBois, Phillis Wheatley, Malcolm X, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. An executive of Bank of Boston, which funded the publication, calls it a book about dreams. And the dreams came true. Available through Publisher's Sales Office--666 Boylston Street, Boston, MA 02116, Tele-(617)-536-5400. xt 346. |
| 19th century black history: Slavery and the British Country House Madge Dresser, Andrew Hann, 2013 The British country house has long been regarded as the jewel in the nation's heritage crown. But the country house is also an expression of wealth and power, and as scholars reconsider the nation's colonial past, new questions are being posed about these great houses and their links to Atlantic slavery.This book, authored by a range of academics and heritage professionals, grew out of a 2009 conference on 'Slavery and the British Country house: mapping the current research' organised by English Heritage in partnership with the University of the West of England, the National Trust and the Economic History Society. It asks what links might be established between the wealth derived from slavery and the British country house and what implications such links should have for the way such properties are represented to the public today.Lavishly illustrated and based on the latest scholarship, this wide-ranging and innovative volume provides in-depth examinations of individual houses, regional studies and critical reconsiderations of existing heritage sites, including two studies specially commissioned by English Heritage and one sponsored by the National Trust. |
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from 4 2025
Title Publication Subjects List ofRemoved Books from Nimitz Library Released: April 4, 2025 Date 22 Stone fruit / Lee Lai. [2021] 23 For today I am a boy/Kim Fu .[2014] 24 Sorrowland / Rivers …
United States Army Headgear 1855-1902 - Smithsonian …
Jan 15, 2016 · History, National Museum of History and Technology, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560. tions to be noticed. The hat to be looped up on the right side and …
A Short History of Russia - Stanford University
This short history has been compiled from the study of a number of other works, in particular H.A.L. Fisher's "History of Europe", Paul Crowson's "A History of the Russian People", and …
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Resources on the History of Psychiatry History of Medicine Division of the National Library of Medicine . Emily Martin, Professor of Anthropology, New York University . ... nineteenth …
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people, persons of every description, white and black, were to be found in every part of the multitude... crying out for mercy in the most extreme distress." Presbyterians, Methodists and …
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claim that black naming patterns existed in the antebellum era and that racial distinctiveness in naming patterns was an established practice before Emancipationwell . These findings further …
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1. Racism—Europe—History—19th century. 2. Racism—Europe— History—20th century. 3. Europe—Race relations. 4. Europe—Ethnic relations. 5. Social Darwinism—History—19th …
ASPECTS OF THE 19TH CENTURY HISTORY OF ETHIOPIA
bring together in the form of an outline, and only for the 19th century, those aspects of the history of the empire into which research has been made in the last few years, and to indicate the new …
African-American Historians and the Reclaiming of …
the 19th century and their writers would help to establish the early black press in the United States. Some of these writers became editors of such papers as Freedom's Journal, The …
Toni Morrison Martin Luther King, Jr. - Department of History
History 600: African-American Intellectual History Prof. Ratner-Rosenhagen ... intellectual life from the mid-nineteenth century up until today. We will examine the lives and ... Translation, and …
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Charles Fourierin NewEngland. Inthe 1850'stheIcarianco-operativecommunities sprangupintheMidwest.Inseveralofthese settlements,therewereatvaryingtimesa …
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Heritage Fire fighting helmets, - Fire and Rescue International
black brims on white caps were worn by fire wardens, red helmets were worn by firemen in hook-and-ladder companies and black hats were donned by members of engine companies. …
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priests, known as “Black Robes” learned the Lakota language and lived with tribal communities, from the late 16th- to early 19th-century. However, alongside this history of economic and …
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Martha Jones explains about black public culture in the nineteenth century, rather than being “patriarchal or male-dominated,” it was an “openly and often heatedly contested space in …
The Complex Relationship between Jews and African …
nineteenth century, “black nationalists such as Bishop Henry McNeal Turner and Marcus Garvey used [the movement] as a model for their own ‘Back-to-Africa’ movements.” 4. The …
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scholars, but there are clear starting references in the Negro or black history literature and an occasional one in the "regular" medical history ... (New York: Macmillan, 1969) gave the clue …
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second in modern history. The Peale Museum exhibited paintings, sculp-ture, and the bones of a mastodon excavated in upstate New York. Dur-ing the first half of the 19th century, Baltimore’s …
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ments for social and political change.”1 His analysis of 19th-century black scholar- activists should also be read as an autobiographical statement. Throughout his career, Franklin has tried to …
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The Black Experience of Colonialism and Imperialism The serious study of African history in American and European universities began only in the 1950s, and detailed studies of African …
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by Another Name begins in the late 19th century and poses the hypothetical ques-tion asked by many, both African Americans and whites: “If it is not racial inferi-ority, what explained the …
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“product of black culture.” Archaeologist Anne Elizabeth Yentsch suggested that the practice of storing valuables in pits may have African origins. Her interpretation was based on an English …
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From the earliest European settlement to the 19th century, Black communities the Hudson Valley have developed multi-ethnic identities. From Afro-Dutch and Afro-German to African …
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nineteenth century, mass-produced shingles made of materials available in a particular geographic area. A belfry was usually placed above the entrance to the schoolhouse. This …
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who have reframed France's history by thoroughly investigating the history of black migrants in France during the 1920s and 1930s, using sources produced by a surveillance system that …
Aristocrats of Color: South and North The Black Elite, …
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long-established theme in black women’s history and black women’s studies that gender matters—especially when addressing state violence against black women. Consider, ...
RACISM IN ART - JSTOR
painting before the late 19th century. Before then, black men were seldom shown in physical contact with white women. Theodore Chasseriau's "Othello beside Desdemona's Corpse" …
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It provides a brief history of Black Preaching. A Brief History of Black Preaching Fifty years ago, the African American (or Black) preaching tradition was looked down upon, ... the formerly few …
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After the Revolution, the subsequent history of the Wells horn is difficult to follow. Carved twice onto the Wells horn is the name “HENRY ELY,” first son of Benjamin Ely and brother to ...
