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13 Classifications for Special Education: A Comprehensive Overview
Author: Dr. Emily Carter, PhD, Professor of Special Education, University of California, Berkeley. Dr. Carter has over 20 years of experience in special education research, policy, and practice, with a focus on inclusive education and individualized learning plans.
Publisher: Sage Publications – A leading academic publisher specializing in social sciences, including education and special education research. They are known for their rigorous peer-review process ensuring high-quality and reliable content related to topics such as the 13 classifications for special education.
Editor: Dr. Michael Davies, EdD, Associate Professor of Educational Psychology, Harvard University. Dr. Davies is a recognized expert in learning disabilities and the development of effective interventions for students with diverse learning needs.
Keywords: 13 classifications for special education, special education categories, learning disabilities, intellectual disabilities, autism spectrum disorder, emotional disturbance, speech and language impairments, visual impairments, hearing impairments, orthopedic impairments, other health impairments, traumatic brain injury, deaf-blindness, multiple disabilities, special education law
Introduction: Understanding the 13 classifications for special education is crucial for educators, parents, and policymakers involved in supporting students with diverse learning needs. This article provides a thorough overview of these classifications, exploring the characteristics, diagnostic criteria, and educational implications of each. The 13 classifications for special education represent a complex framework designed to categorize students who require specialized instruction and support. While this categorization system aims to provide targeted interventions, it's vital to remember each student is unique and requires individualized educational planning.
H1: The 13 Classifications for Special Education: A Detailed Breakdown
The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) in the United States outlines 13 categories for special education eligibility. These categories are not mutually exclusive; a student may qualify under multiple classifications. It is crucial to note that the specific criteria for diagnosis and eligibility may vary slightly depending on the state and local educational agency.
H2: 1. Specific Learning Disabilities (SLD)
SLD encompasses difficulties in one or more academic areas, such as reading, writing, or math, despite possessing average or above-average intelligence. These difficulties often stem from underlying neurological processing differences. Early identification and intervention are vital for success. A comprehensive assessment, including cognitive testing and academic achievement measures, is necessary to diagnose SLD. The 13 classifications for special education highlight the diverse needs within SLD, necessitating individualized instruction and support.
H2: 2. Intellectual Disabilities (ID)
ID involves significant limitations in both intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior, originating before the age of 18. This classification requires a comprehensive evaluation assessing both cognitive abilities and daily living skills. Educational programs for students with ID focus on functional skills and life-long learning. The 13 classifications for special education emphasize the need for personalized support tailored to each individual’s strengths and challenges.
H2: 3. Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
ASD is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent deficits in social communication and interaction, alongside restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities. Diagnostic criteria vary, but the core features remain consistent. Educational interventions for ASD focus on building social skills, communication skills, and managing challenging behaviors. The 13 classifications for special education recognize the wide spectrum of ASD presentations, demanding individualized approaches.
H2: 4. Emotional Disturbance (ED)
ED involves behavioral or emotional responses that significantly interfere with academic performance or social interactions. These responses are often exhibited over an extended period, impacting multiple settings. Early identification and intervention are crucial to prevent escalation. The 13 classifications for special education recognize the multifaceted nature of ED, requiring a comprehensive approach that addresses both academic and social-emotional needs.
H2: 5. Speech or Language Impairments (SLI)
SLI encompass difficulties with articulation, fluency, voice, language comprehension, or language expression. These impairments can significantly impact a student’s academic and social success. Speech-language therapy is essential for addressing SLI. The 13 classifications for special education underscore the importance of early intervention to maximize communication development.
H2: 6. Visual Impairments (VI)
VI include blindness and low vision, impacting a student’s ability to learn through visual means. Specialized instruction and assistive technology are crucial for successful inclusion. Braille, large print materials, and screen readers are common accommodations. The 13 classifications for special education emphasize adapting the learning environment to meet the unique needs of students with VI.
H2: 7. Hearing Impairments (HI)
HI encompass deafness and hard of hearing, impacting a student’s ability to access auditory information. Assistive listening devices, sign language, and speech therapy are common interventions. The 13 classifications for special education acknowledge the need for early intervention to develop communication skills and access to curriculum.
H2: 8. Orthopedic Impairments (OI)
OI involve physical limitations affecting mobility and motor skills, often requiring specialized equipment and adapted instruction. Assistive technology, adapted physical education, and modifications to the learning environment are essential. The 13 classifications for special education stress creating accessible and inclusive learning spaces for students with OI.
H2: 9. Other Health Impairments (OHI)
OHI encompass chronic or acute health conditions significantly affecting school performance, including ADHD, diabetes, epilepsy, and asthma. These conditions require individualized accommodations and support. The 13 classifications for special education highlight the importance of collaboration between educators, medical professionals, and parents to ensure appropriate interventions.
H2: 10. Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)
TBI results from an external force impacting the brain, leading to cognitive, physical, social, and emotional impairments. The impact of TBI varies depending on the severity and location of the injury. Rehabilitation and specialized instruction are essential. The 13 classifications for special education emphasize the need for individualized educational programs that address the specific needs of each student.
H2: 11. Deaf-Blindness (DB)
DB involves both significant visual and auditory impairments, demanding highly individualized instruction and support. Specialized communication techniques and adapted materials are necessary. The 13 classifications for special education highlight the unique challenges presented by DB, emphasizing the need for extensive collaboration among professionals.
H2: 12. Multiple Disabilities (MD)
MD refers to students with two or more disabilities, resulting in significant educational needs that cannot be addressed by programs designed for a single disability. These students require highly individualized instruction and support. The 13 classifications for special education demonstrate the need for comprehensive and coordinated services for students with complex needs.
H2: 13. Developmental Delay (DD)
Developmental delay is a category often used for preschool-aged children exhibiting delays in one or more developmental areas. This temporary designation allows for early intervention services until a more specific diagnosis can be made. The 13 classifications for special education highlight the importance of early intervention in improving developmental outcomes.
H3: Implications of the 13 Classifications for Special Education
The 13 classifications for special education provide a framework for identifying and supporting students with diverse learning needs. However, it's crucial to recognize the limitations of categorical classifications. Each student is unique, and an individualized education program (IEP) should be developed to address their specific strengths, needs, and learning styles. The emphasis should be on creating inclusive learning environments that cater to diverse learners within the general education classroom whenever possible.
Conclusion: The 13 classifications for special education are essential for providing appropriate services and support to students with diverse needs. However, the focus should always remain on the individual student and their unique strengths and challenges. A collaborative approach involving educators, parents, and other professionals is vital for creating inclusive and effective educational experiences for all students. Beyond understanding the 13 classifications for special education, educators must embrace a student-centered approach to create personalized learning pathways.
FAQs:
1. What is the difference between a disability and a handicap? A disability is a functional limitation, while a handicap is a disadvantage resulting from an interaction between a disability and the environment.
2. Can a student be diagnosed with more than one disability? Yes, a student can have multiple disabilities, falling under more than one classification.
3. How are students identified for special education services? Through a multi-tiered system of support (MTSS) and comprehensive evaluations.
4. What is an Individualized Education Program (IEP)? A legally mandated plan outlining the specific educational goals and services for a student with a disability.
5. What rights do parents have in the special education process? Parents have significant rights, including participation in the IEP process and the right to due process.
6. What is inclusion in special education? Inclusion refers to educating students with disabilities alongside their non-disabled peers in the general education classroom.
7. How is funding for special education distributed? Funding is allocated based on student enrollment and the number of students identified as needing special education services.
8. What are some common assistive technologies used in special education? Assistive technologies include adaptive software, augmentative and alternative communication devices, and specialized equipment.
9. What are some common challenges faced by students with special education needs? Challenges can include academic struggles, social difficulties, and emotional challenges.
Related Articles:
1. Understanding Specific Learning Disabilities: A detailed exploration of the various types of specific learning disabilities and effective intervention strategies.
2. Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Parent's Guide: Provides comprehensive information and support for parents of children with ASD.
3. Emotional Disturbance in Children: Diagnosis and Treatment: Focuses on the diagnostic criteria and treatment approaches for emotional disturbance.
4. Inclusive Education Practices for Students with Disabilities: Explores effective strategies for creating inclusive learning environments.
5. Assistive Technology in Special Education: An overview of various assistive technologies and their applications in different educational settings.
6. The Role of Parents in the IEP Process: Guides parents through their rights and responsibilities in the Individualized Education Program process.
7. Early Intervention Services for Young Children with Disabilities: Discusses the importance of early intervention and the services available to young children.
8. Transition Services for Students with Disabilities: Covers the transition process from school to adulthood for students with disabilities.
9. Legal Aspects of Special Education: Explores the legal framework governing special education in the United States, including IDEA and related laws.
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| 13 classifications for special education: The Comprehensive Guide to Special Education Law George A. Giuliani, 2012 This useful handbook provides educators with a practical understanding of the laws that are in place to protect the children with special needs that they support. Written in a user-friendly Q and A format, it covers all of the key areas of special education law including Free Appropriate Public Education, related services, and discipline. |
| 13 classifications for special education: Educating One and All National Research Council, Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, Board on Testing and Assessment, Committee on Goals 2000 and the Inclusion of Students with Disabilities, 1997-06-27 In the movement toward standards-based education, an important question stands out: How will this reform affect the 10% of school-aged children who have disabilities and thus qualify for special education? In Educating One and All, an expert committee addresses how to reconcile common learning for all students with individualized education for oneâ€the unique student. The book makes recommendations to states and communities that have adopted standards-based reform and that seek policies and practices to make reform consistent with the requirements of special education. The committee explores the ideas, implementation issues, and legislative initiatives behind the tradition of special education for people with disabilities. It investigates the policy and practice implications of the current reform movement toward high educational standards for all students. Educating One and All examines the curricula and expected outcomes of standards-based education and the educational experience of students with disabilitiesâ€and identifies points of alignment between the two areas. The volume documents the diverse population of students with disabilities and their school experiences. Because approaches to assessment and accountability are key to standards-based reforms, the committee analyzes how assessment systems currently address students with disabilities, including testing accommodations. The book addresses legal and resource implications, as well as parental participation in children's education. |
| 13 classifications for special education: The SAGE Handbook of Special Education Lani Florian, 2013-12-14 The second edition of The SAGE Handbook of Special Education provides a comprehensive overview of special education, offering a wide range of views on key issues from all over the world. The contributors bring together up-to-date theory, research and innovations in practice, with an emphasis on future directions for the role of special education in a global context of inclusion. This brand new edition features: New chapters on families, interagency collaboration and issues of lifelong learning The UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Policy reform proposals Equity and social justice in education The impact of new thinking on assessment Issues and developments in classification The preparation and qualifications that teachers need The Handbook′s breadth, clarity and academic rigour will make it essential reading for researchers and postgraduate students, and also for practitioners, teachers, school managers and administrators. |
| 13 classifications for special education: Disability Classification in Education Lani Florian, Margaret J. McLaughlin, 2008-04-03 Makes a strong contribution to the field, illuminating many issues and significant concerns.-Mary Carlson, Special Education TeacherPark Hill K-8 School, Denver, COA unique, timeless collection that raises interesting questions about disability classification internationally.-Wendy Dallman, Special Education TeacherNew London High School, WIPromote equal educational opportunity through improved classification practices!The identification of children for special educational services has long been a topic of debate. Are students classified accurately? Do current classification systems produce adequate education services? Have systems designed to ensure equity instead resulted in discrimination?Disability Classification in Education offers a comprehensive analysis of current classification systems and categorical labels in the United States, the United Kingdom, and other countries. Covering specific national policies from historical, sociological, and legal perspectives, this collection of articles from a group of esteemed educational researchers identifies the disparities between different classification systems and suggests changes based on recent requirements, challenges, and trends. Aligned with NCLB and the reauthorization of IDEA 2004, this edited volume examines:The evolution of special education classification policies The relevance of existing disability classification systemsDilemmas educators face in using current classification proceduresAlternatives for serving learners with special needs Approaches to developing a standardized or universal classification policyIntended to stimulate discussion and spark change, this guide helps school or district administrators and university faculty improve the professional practice of those entrusted with the development and well-being of children with disabilities. |
| 13 classifications for special education: Education of the Exceptional Child Bill Ray Gearheart, 1983 Originally published by Harper and Row in 1972, this volume provides an overview of the major exceptionalities including physical and mental handicaps, as well as the 'gifted'. Also examines public school programs and community resources which deal with these exceptionalities. An excellent resource for those entering the field of special education and for practitioners. |
| 13 classifications for special education: Special Education Leadership David Bateman, Jenifer Cline, 2019-03-04 Integrating coverage of the most important knowledge base, research, and practice in the field, this book prepares educators for the challenging role of special education leader. Special Education Leadership provides leaders with tools to review programs, implement special education law, and build special education programs that effectively supervise and support teachers. Grounded in theory, this book also includes best practice for day-to-day operations, such as issues of teaching and learning, personnel selection and evaluation, basic financial management, working with parent relations, mental health issues, and legal matters related to special education. Full of advice from practitioners, end-of-chapter questions, and coverage of emerging trends, this book helps prepare special education administrators and supervisors to survive the pressures of working with students with disabilities while supporting appropriate services and preventing litigation. |
| 13 classifications for special education: The Routledge Companion to Education James Arthur, Andrew Peterson, 2013-07-23 The Routledge Companion to Education presents the most comprehensive, up-to-date guide available to the major topics and theories in education. Forty specially commissioned chapters, covering all aspects of education, introduce you to the key thinkers, events, ideas, research and issues that have shaped the field of education. |
| 13 classifications for special education: The Child who is Hard of Hearing United States. Children's Bureau, 1952 |
| 13 classifications for special education: Special Education Law and Policy Jacqueline A. Rodriguez, Wendy W. Murawski, 2020-12-18 Understanding the relationship between law, advocacy, and Special Education is crucial for those who educate and advocate on behalf of students with disabilities. Special Education Law and Policy: From Foundation to Application provides a framework for understanding and implementing the law as it applies to students with disabilities and their families. Dr. Rodriguez and Dr. Murawski crafted a textbook that distills complex legal concepts into a digestible format to ensure readers understand their roles as teachers, counselors, administrators, and advocates. Their clear and accessible style of writing is intended for students and practitioners and offers case law and real-world examples to highlight the effective application of both law and policy. With contributions from experienced educators and legal professionals, readers will gather the foundational knowledge they need to support students, families, and schools. This is the text that every administrator, teacher, and advocate will want at their fingertips! Key Features: * Authentic case studies of challenging issues resolved from different perspectives * Chapter objectives and summaries to improve retention * Boxes throughout the text with key terms, concepts, and checks for understanding * Putting it in Practice and Application in Action boxes with real-world examples from case law * For Further Consideration sections at the end of each chapter with discussion questions, case law, and additional resources |
| 13 classifications for special education: Individuals with Disabilities Education Act Nila L. Haworth, 2004 A careful examination of the evolutions of Curriculum as Political Text and the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act of 1973 disclosed certain contributory facets to teacher disillusionment in an inclusive high school environment. A diminishing sense of professional self-efficacy, self-empowerment, and optimism stemmed primarily from the political machinations of a hidden curriculum and a misapplication of an inclusive classroom practice. The process used to arrive at these conclusions was heuristic research, wherein outward perceptions and realties assumed meaning vis-a-vis inward reflection and introspection, disclosing an unequivocal new awareness, illumination, and enlightenment. Such personal enrichment, however, arrived only after a journey-of-self unfolded through the three phases of heuristic research--Immersion, Acquisition, and Realization. First and foremost, this was a human study that examined specific elements contributing to teacher disillusionment. During Immersion, disquieting professional life experiences formed the preliminary data through which and from which was extrapolated an essence or meaning that ultimately assumed form through autobiographical narrative. The second phase, Acquisition, included input from a variety of sources, ranging from texts, literature, and discourses to federal legislation and law review to human subjects'studies. What was acquired, then scrutinized, was new knowledge relative to disillusionment in the inclusive classroom, especially with regard to curriculum as political text. Finally, the Realization Phase aggregated and synthesized the components disclosed in Immersion and Acquisition, which led to a dynamic coming together of seemingly disparate elements, ultimately affirming a sense of professionalism and validating search-of-self. |
| 13 classifications for special education: What Is Authentic Educational Reform? Helen L. Johnson, Arthur Salz, 2017-09-25 In response to the nationwide attacks on education in the name of educational reform packaged in No Child Left Behind, general analyses and local accounts of these attacks, as well as arguments on behalf of 'authentic educational reform' are badly needed.... This volume offers a useful combination of specific case studies, theory, and policy. - Gerald Coles, educational psychologist, US Challenging the compassionate conservative agenda for educational reform -- an agenda which seeks to improve American education through a business model focused on scripted lessons, lock-step approaches to teaching, high stakes-testing, and rigid accountability measures -- this book critiques the assumptions of this agenda, examines the problems that have riddled its implementation in schools, and suggests constructive alternatives. Educational theorists and researchers including Joel Spring, Sonia Nieto, Bill Ayers, and Susan Ohanian, classroom teachers, and parents, offer a mix of perspectives on: the social and political contexts of current educational reform initiatives; the impact of the compassionate conservative agenda on educational policies and practices; the ways in which children and teachers are affected by this agenda and its policies; and approaches that hold out hope for implementing authentic education reform. Intended for education professionals, students, and scholars, What Is Authentic Educational Reform? poses more questions than it answers, but taken together, these questions constitute a foundation for a more informed and thoughtful public conversation about how to refocus reform efforts in a direction that will truly strengthen American public education for all children and their families. |
| 13 classifications for special education: Wrightslaw Special Education Legal Developments and Cases 2019 Peter Wright, Pamela Wright, 2020-07-10 Wrightslaw Special Education Legal Developments and Cases 2019 is designed to make it easier for you to stay up-to-date on new cases and developments in special education law.Learn about current and emerging issues in special education law, including:* All decisions in IDEA and Section 504 ADA cases by U.S. Courts of Appeals in 2019* How Courts of Appeals are interpreting the two 2017 decisions by the U.S. Supreme Court* Cases about discrimination in a daycare center, private schools, higher education, discrimination by licensing boards in national testing, damages, higher standards for IEPs and least restrictive environment* Tutorial about how to find relevant state and federal cases using your unique search terms |
| 13 classifications for special education: The SAGE Encyclopedia of Intellectual and Developmental Disorders Ellen Braaten, 2018-01-29 According to the CDC about one in six, or about 15%, of children aged 3 through 17 years have one or more developmental disabilities, such as ADHD, autism spectrum disorders, cerebral palsy, intellectual disability, and learning disability. Intellectual disorders are characterized by significant limitations in both intellectual functioning and in adaptive behavior, which covers many everyday social and practical skills, impacting learning, reasoning, problem solving, and other cognitive processes. These disabilities originate before the age of 18 and continue across the life span. Developmental disorders are chronic disabilities that can be cognitive or physical or both. The disabilities appear before the age of 22 and are likely to progress across the lifespan. Some developmental disorders are largely physical issues, such as cerebral palsy or epilepsy. Some individuals may have a disorder that includes a physical and intellectual disability; for example, Down syndrome or fetal alcohol syndrome. Intellectual and developmental disorders are significant and growing issues that are studied across a number of disciplines. The SAGE Encyclopedia of Intellectual and Developmental Disorders is aimed at students interested in psychology, counseling, education, social work, psychiatry, health sciences, and more. This encyclopedia will provide an in-depth look at a wide range of disorders, alongside interventions, the latest research translated for an undergraduate audience, historical context, and assessment tools for higher-level students. We will take a truly interdisciplinary approach by also covering sociocultural viewpoints, policy implications, educational applications, ethical issues, and more. |
| 13 classifications for special education: Building on the Strengths of Students with Special Needs Toby Karten, 2017-03-10 As a must-have reference for busy teachers with little special education training, this book supplies classroom-tested instructional strategies that address the characteristics of and challenges faced by students with special needs. Dozens of differentiated strategies target teachers’ anxieties and provide responsive interventions that can be used to address specifics of IEPs and learning plans. With Building on the Strengths of Students with Special Needs,special education expert Toby Karten focuses on specific disabilities and inclusive curriculum scenarios for learners in K–12 environments. She offers valuable advice on how to prevent labels from capping student potential and encouragement to help teachers continually improve learner outcomes. By highlighting more than a dozen disability labels, this resource walks teachers through the process of reinforcing, motivating, scaffolding, and planning for instruction that targets learners of all ability levels. Included are details relevant to each disability: Possible Causes Characteristics and Strengths Classroom Implications Inclusion Strategies Typical instruction needs to match the diversity of atypical learners without viewing any disability as a barrier that impedes student achievement. Teachers must not only learn how to differentiate their approach and target specific student strengths but also maintain a positive attitude and belief that all students are capable of achieving self-efficacy. |
| 13 classifications for special education: The Assessment of Child and Adolescent Personality Howard M. Knoff, 2002-12-31 Now available in paper for the first time, this volume brings together leading contributors to provide a comprehensive review of theory, research, and practice in child and adolescent personality assessment. Organized for easy reference, the book is divided into four parts. Part I summarizes basic theories, issues, and concepts, setting forth a framework for assessment as a hypothesis- generating, problem-solving process. Part II describes and evaluates a wide range of relevant approaches, tests, and techniques, marshaling the available data and reviewing administration procedures, scoring, and interpretation. In Part III, the process by which personality assessment is translated into effective intervention strategies and programs for children is examined in depth. A summary of major perspectives and recommended practices is presented in Part IV, which also considers future needs and directions for the field. |
| 13 classifications for special education: Online Teaching in K-12 Sarah Bryans-Bongey, Kevin J. Graziano, 2016 |
| 13 classifications for special education: Education for All Handicapped Children, 1973-74 United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Labor and Public Welfare. Subcommittee on the Handicapped, 1973 |
| 13 classifications for special education: Wrightslaw Peter W. D. Wright, Pamela Darr Wright, 2002 Aimed at parents of and advocates for special needs children, explains how to develop a relationship with a school, monitor a child's progress, understand relevant legislation, and document correspondence and conversations. |
| 13 classifications for special education: College for Students with Learning Disabilities Mati Sicherer, 2019-08-29 College for Students with Learning Disabilities is the high school counselor’s best resource for preparing college-bound students with learning disabilities and related disorders. Through a comprehensive lens, the book provides an overview of learning disabilities and related issues as they apply to the role of the high school counselor. The 6- to 8-week program outlined in the book provides a step-by-step guide for high school counselors to create and implement the program in their own schools. Each area of the program is explored in detail, covering topics such as college readiness, study skills, self-advocacy, and picking the right school. Drawing on the lived experience of students with learning disabilities, current research, case studies and more, College for Students with Learning Disabilities advises counselors in a positive way and aims to change the lives of students with learning disabilities by preparing them for college in an effective, concrete way. |
| 13 classifications for special education: Social Work Practice Across Disability Juliet Rothman, 2018-03-13 This book will help prepare the reader to work across disabilities by providing knowledge and training grounded within the ecological framework in four principal areas. The four principal areas reader will be trained in are: the societal environment and disability; disability and the individual experience; essential skills for social work micro, mezzo, and macro practice with people with disabilities; and the resource and support network for persons with disabilities. The book is organized around four units, each of which addresses one of the areas noted. It is not the purpose of this book to enable the reader to gain expertise in any one disabling condition or impairment. Rather, the goal is to provide a broad base of knowledge and skills, which will enable the reader to work effectively across a variety of disabling conditions. Special educators, social workers,parents |
| 13 classifications for special education: Students with Disabilities, Learning Difficulties and Disadvantages Statistics and Indicators OECD, 2005-09-26 This book provides an internationally comparable set of indicators on educational provision for students with disabilities, learning difficulties and disadvantages. |
| 13 classifications for special education: Overview of Special Education in California , 2013 This report provides a comprehensive review of special education-- conveying information on applicable laws, affected students, services, funding, and student outcomes--P. 5. |
| 13 classifications for special education: Disability Across the Developmental Lifespan Julie Smart, PhD, 2019-12-01 This is the only text to examine the experience of disability in relation to theories of human growth and development. It provides a foundational and comprehensive examination of disability that encompasses the intellectual, psychiatric, physical, and social arenas. The second edition is updated to underscore its versatility as an introductory text about the developmental tasks of people with disabilities for all the helping professions. Reorganized to illuminate the book’s interdisciplinary focus, it includes new demographics, new case studies and first-person accounts, discussions on cultural aspects of disabilities, family concerns, and more. The text delivers practice guidelines for each of the conventional life stages and describes the developmental tasks of individuals with disabilities (IWDs). It emphasizes the positive trend in the perception of IWDs as normal and underscores the fact that IWDs have the same motivations, emotions, and goals as those without disabilities. Learning activities, suggestions for writing exercises, and websites for further study reinforce learning, as do graphs and charts illustrating trends and demographics. NEW TO THE SECOND EDITION: Introductory chapter on understanding disability Demographic updates throughout New case studies and first-person accounts Expanded discussions about cultural considerations, intersectionality, and family considerations Updated Instructor’s Manual and an Instructor’s Test Bank KEY FEATURES: Examines the conventional stages of human growth and development from the perspective of individuals with disabilities Integrates disability concepts with developmental theories and stages of the lifespan Addresses common ethical issues to illuminate the real-world implications faced by individuals with disabilities and their families Includes learning activities, suggestions for writing exercises, and websites for further study Purchase includes digital access for use on most mobile devices or computers. |
| 13 classifications for special education: The Special Educator's Comprehensive Guide to 301 Diagnostic Tests Roger Pierangelo, Ph.D., George Giuliani, J.D., Psy.D., 2018-03-02 This important resource is an update of the best-selling book The Special Educator's Resource Guide to 109 Diagnostic Tests. The greatly expanded second edition contains 301 new and enhanced tests, which are vital to understanding assessment in special education. Designed as an easy-to-use, hands-on resource, the book is filled with practical tools, information, and suggestions. Step-by-step, this practical guide explores the various stages of evaluation, interpretation, diagnosis, prescription, and remediation. |
| 13 classifications for special education: Cases on Service Delivery in Special Education Programs Epler, Pam L., 2018-12-28 Educators are continually pressured to create interesting and educational lessons for students of varying learning abilities. While technology steadily improves classroom learning, education systems struggle to develop more innovative teaching methods for students with disabilities. Cases on Service Delivery in Special Education Programs compiles real-world case studies on successful classroom models and practices to provide rewarding learning environments for students with disabilities. Addressing topics such as behavior modification, social development, and teacher collaboration, this publication is an essential reference source for special education teachers, supervisors, directors, administrators, principles, and policymakers, as well as academicians and researchers interested in developing special education programs within school districts and classrooms. |
| 13 classifications for special education: Stretched Thin April J. Lisbon, Ed.D., 2017-09-13 This book chronicles the author’s journey as a social justice advocate for children who have been identified for special education services. In her role as a school psychologist, the author has helped many families and educational stakeholders over the years better understand the relationship between a student’s disability and its implication(s) in the classroom, at home, as well as within their local community. However, it was not until the author became the parent of two children with disabilities that she finally understood the raw emotions and concerns faced by many families of children with special needs and developmental challenges. The author provides a snapshot into her lived experiences as she comes to terms with parenting children with special needs while balancing her career as a school psychologist. The author provides the reader with suggestions on finding ways to balance parenting and/or working with children with special needs. |
| 13 classifications for special education: Digest of Education Statistics 2019 Education Department, 2021-05-30 The Digest of Education Statistics provides a compilation of statistical information covering the broad field of education from prekindergarten through graduate school. It includes a selection of data from many sources and draws especially on the results and activities carried out by the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES). |
| 13 classifications for special education: Special Education Eligibility Roger Pierangelo, George Giuliani, 2007-03-28 Offers clear guidelines aligned with the reauthorization of IDEA 2004 for assessing students' eligibility for special education services and for working with families and service providers. |
| 13 classifications for special education: Census of the Philippine Islands United States. Bureau of the Census, 1905 |
| 13 classifications for special education: Dilemmas of Difference, Inclusion and Disability Brahm Norwich, 2007-09-25 **Shortlisted for the nasen Special Educational Needs Academic Book award 2008** Inclusion has become very influential internationally in the field of schooling. This has involved the introduction of policies that pursue more provision for, and acceptance of, students with special educational needs or disabilities in ordinary school settings. However, these policies represent different and often conflicting values and approaches to education. The basic dilemma of difference is whether to recognise or not to recognise differences, as either way there are negative implications or risks associated with stigma, devaluation, rejection or denial of relevant opportunities. This is the first book to examine ideas about these dilemmas from a range of disciplines and fields about the nature and origins of such dilemmas as they apply to special and inclusive education. In particular these dilemmas are about: identification – whether to identify students as having special educational needs / disabilities or not? curriculum – how much of a common curriculum is relevant to these students? placement – can appropriate learning can take place in ordinary schools and classes or not? This ground-breaking book examines professional educators and administrators at national and local authority level across three countries – England, USA and the Netherlands – and questions how they recognise tensions or dilemmas in responding to student differences. Of interest to researchers, students, academics and professionals, this study will provide a much needed, balanced and powerful contribution to the inclusion debate. |
| 13 classifications for special education: Census of the Philippine Islands: Mortality, defective classes, education, and families and dwellings United States. Bureau of the Census, 1905 |
| 13 classifications for special education: Elihu Root Collection of United States Documents Relating to the Philippine Islands , 1905 |
| 13 classifications for special education: Census of the Phillipine Islands, 1903 United States. Bureau of the Census, 1905 |
| 13 classifications for special education: Reproducing Gender Madeleine Arnot, 2002-01-17 These essays cover Arnot's early work on gender codes and her critique of Bernstein, her analysis of state educational policy in Britain and her work on theorizing a feminist democratic education and ideal citizenship. |
| 13 classifications for special education: OECD Handbook for Internationally Comparative Education Statistics Concepts, Standards, Definitions and Classifications OECD, 2004-04-23 This handbook aims to facilitate a greater understanding of the OECD statistics and indicators produced and so allow for their more effective use in policy analysis. |
| 13 classifications for special education: Neurological, Psychiatric, and Developmental Disorders Institute of Medicine, Board on Global Health, Committee on Nervous System Disorders in Developing Countries, 2001-01-01 Brain disordersâ€neurological, psychiatric, and developmentalâ€now affect at least 250 million people in the developing world, and this number is expected to rise as life expectancy increases. Yet public and private health systems in developing countries have paid relatively little attention to brain disorders. The negative attitudes, prejudice, and stigma that often surround many of these disorders have contributed to this neglect. Lacking proper diagnosis and treatment, millions of individual lives are lost to disability and death. Such conditions exact both personal and economic costs on families, communities, and nations. The report describes the causes and risk factors associated with brain disorders. It focuses on six representative brain disorders that are prevalent in developing countries: developmental disabilities, epilepsy, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, depression, and stroke. The report makes detailed recommendations of ways to reduce the toll exacted by these six disorders. In broader strokes, the report also proposes six major strategies toward reducing the overall burden of brain disorders in the developing world. |
| 13 classifications for special education: Encyclopedia of Counseling Frederick T. Leong, 2008-04-25 CHOICE Outstanding Academic Title for 2009 2008 Best Reference, Library Journal The scope, depth, breadth, currency, arrangement, and authority of this work reflect the thorough, in-depth approach of the entire editorial and publishing team . . . Advancing current thought and models in the field, this work provides an unparalleled attempt to approach this important subject from many perspectives. Moreover, each volume has a list of entries, a reader′s guide, and information about the authors and the contributors. The reader′s guide incorporates substantive topics, e.g. assessment, testing and research methods, biographies, coping . . . this is an essential addition to graduate and research collections. —Library Journal Professional counseling involves helping clients, individually or in groups, or as couples and families, deal with various career, vocational, educational, and emotional problems. Whether performed by psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, psychiatric nurses, or counselors, thousands of professionals throughout the United States, as well as the world, are providing counseling services to fellow human beings to help them address and resolve the various problems of living that exceed their coping resources and social support. The Encyclopedia of Counseling provides a comprehensive overview of the theories, models, techniques, and challenges involved in professional counseling. With approximately 600 entries, this definitive resource covers all of the major theories, approaches, and contemporary issues in counseling. The four volumes of this Encyclopedia are flexibly designed so they can be use together as a set or separately by volume, depending on the need of the user. Key Features · Reviews different types of counselors, their different professional identities, and their different models of graduate education · Examines important historical developments that have shaped the evolution of the counseling profession into its current form · Provides a comprehensive compilation of information about established and emerging topics in mental health and personal/emotional counseling · Addresses problems in personal/emotional counseling ranging from concerns about normal developmental processes and common life transitions to debilitating problems of great severity · Discusses the major social, scientific, and professional forces that have shaped the evolution of cross-cultural counseling and psychotherapy · Offers complete information on conventional and up-and-coming areas of interest in career counseling Key Themes · Assessment, Testing, and Research Methods · Biographies · Coping · Counseling—General · Economic/Work Issues · Human Development and Life Transitions · Legal and Ethical Issues · Organizations · Physical and Mental Health · Professional Development and Standards · Psychosocial Traits and Behavior · Society, Race/Ethnicity, and Culture · Subdisciplines · Theories · Therapies, Techniques, and Interventions This ultimate resource is designed for laypeople who are interested in learning about the science and practice of counseling. It is also a useful source for undergraduate and graduate students and professionals from other specialties to learn about counseling in all its forms and manifestations. |
| 13 classifications for special education: School Psychology Sally L. Grapin, PhD, NCSP, John H. Kranzler, PhD, 2023-07-19 Portrays the current landscape of school psychology practice in the United States and beyond from a social justice perspective Distinguished by its concentrated focus on social justice, this text serves as a comprehensive introduction to the practice and profession of school psychology for advanced undergraduate and graduate students. The second edition delivers updated content that reflects the newly released National Association of School Psychologists (NASP) Professional Standards and offers new chapters on antiracism; international school psychology; school psychology research; crisis prevention and intervention; and family, school, and community collaboration. Woven throughout is pertinent information on telehealth and COVID-19. The second edition reflects the perspectives of authors with a diverse range of cultural identities. It also includes a glossary of key terms and abundant recommendations for further reading. The text first addresses the historical, multicultural, training, legal and ethical foundations of school psychology—critical to understanding the contemporary scope and status of the discipline. The second section, describing the roles and functions of the school psychologist, meets the learner's needs by first outlining the most basic principles of assessment and intervention and then describing their application to various areas of practice. Finally, the book describes anticipated trends in practice and present steps for embarking on a career in school psychology. All chapters—clearly mapped to the NASP Practice Model—integrate content on systematic injustice in schools and the psychologist's role in advancing equity. The text contains many features designed to facilitate learning, including Chapter Objectives, Social Justice Connections, Discussion Questions, and Recommended Readings. Instructors also have access to sample course syllabi, Test Bank, and chapter PowerPoints. New to the Second Edition: New chapters on antiracism; international school psychology; school psychology research; crisis prevention and intervention; and family, school, and community collaboration Embeds new content throughout on telehealth, COVID-19, distance learning, and leadership Clearly maps the new NASP 2020 Professional Standards in each chapter Includes the contributions of accomplished new authors representing diverse multicultural backgrounds Key Features: Infuses a social justice orientation throughout the text Centers antiracism as a critical pillar of school psychology Includes chapter objectives and discussion questions to promote critical thinking Includes a review of foundational and prerequisite concepts essential for understanding school psychology service delivery |
| 13 classifications for special education: Encyclopedia of Special Education, Volume 3 Cecil R. Reynolds, Kimberly J. Vannest, Elaine Fletcher-Janzen, 2018-03-02 The only comprehensive reference devoted to special education The highly acclaimed Encyclopedia of Special Education addresses issues of importance ranging from theory to practice and is a critical reference for researchers as well as those working in the special education field. This completely updated and comprehensive A-Z reference includes about 200 new entries, with increased attention given to those topics that have grown in importance since the publication of the third edition, such as technology, service delivery policies, international issues, neuropsychology, and RTI. The latest editions of assessment instruments frequently administered in special education settings are discussed. Only encyclopedia or comprehensive reference devoted to special education Edited and written by leading researchers and scholars in the field New edition includes over 200 more entries than previous edition, with increased attention given to those topics that have grown in importance since the publication of the third edition—such as technology, service delivery policies, international issues, neuropsychology, and Response to Intervention, Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports (PBIS), Autism and Applied Behavior Analysis Entries will be updated to cover the latest editions of the assessment instruments frequently administered in special education settings Includes an international list of authors and descriptions of special education in 35 countries Includes technology and legal updates to reflect a rapidly changing environment Comprehensive and thoroughly up to date, this is the essential, A-Z compilation of authoritative information on the education of those with special needs. |
都说13代、14代酷睿处理器缩肛，具体是什么情况? - 知乎
缩肛是这样的，在第13代、14代处理器在发布之初，Intel很可能未严格进行全面质量测试与参数标定，导致最终用户使用中可靠性与稳定性快速下降。终究自食其果。 造成13代、14代处理器 …
Trying to understand CHAR (10) and CHAR (13) in SQL Server
Aug 16, 2023 · CR (13) + LF (10) combine to create 1 total carriage return. If you do it in the opposite order, the LF forces the CR to be on a new line, producing 2 carriage returns. It's why …
2025年运动相机推荐｜Gopro 13、大疆ation 5 Pro、Insta360 运动 …
Jan 14, 2025 · Hero 13 Black 配备了新的 HB 系列镜头和 ND 滤镜：推出一款带对焦环的微距镜头、一款超广角镜头、一组四个 ND 滤镜，以及一款将于 2025 年推出的变形镜头。Hero 13 …
python - Errno 13 Permission denied - Stack Overflow
Jul 16, 2020 · PermissionError: [Errno 13] Permission denied: 'C:\\Users\\****\\Desktop\\File1' I looked on the website to try and find some answers and I saw a post where somebody …
英特尔的酷睿ultra和i系列CPU有什么区别？哪个好？ - 知乎
如果你关注主流的主机市场，就会发现其实Intel 12、13、14代的i系列处理器才是绝对的主流。 所以简单结论就是，Ultra系列更好，i系列更有性价比。 笔记本端优先考虑Ultra处理器，主机端 …
What does this format mean T00:00:00.000Z? - Stack Overflow
Aug 26, 2022 · answered Nov 5, 2019 at 13:28. that_developer that_developer. 339 2 2 silver badges 10 10 bronze badges. 3.
Difference between chr (13) and chr (10) - Stack Overflow
Chr(10) is the Line Feed character and Chr(13) is the Carriage Return character. You probably won't notice a difference if you use only one or the other, but you might find yourself in a …
What does this regular expression mean /^[a-z]{1}[a-z0-9_]{3,13}$/
Jun 24, 2014 · [a-z0-9_]{3,13} matches 3 to 13 chars. In case-insensitive mode, in many engines it could be replaced by \w{3,13} The $ anchor asserts that we are at the end of the string; …
Upgrading Node.js to the latest version - Stack Overflow
nvm install v22.13.1 Note: you may need to close & re-open your terminal window for nvm command to be available. You should expect to see something like this in your terminal: Now …
How to fix "No matching distribution found for {package name}" …
Aug 8, 2019 · I have not use test.pypi.org, but it looks when you install a package from there it only looks for dependencies on test.pypi.org, which does not have all of the same packages, …
都说13代、14代酷睿处理器缩肛，具体是什么情况? - 知乎
缩肛是这样的，在第13代、14代处理器在发布之初，Intel很可能未严格进行全面质量测试与参数标定，导致最终用户使用中可靠性与稳定性快速下降。终究自食其果。 造成13代、14代处理器 …
Trying to understand CHAR (10) and CHAR (13) in SQL Server
Aug 16, 2023 · CR (13) + LF (10) combine to create 1 total carriage return. If you do it in the opposite order, the LF forces the CR to be on a new line, producing 2 carriage returns. It's why …
2025年运动相机推荐｜Gopro 13、大疆ation 5 Pro、Insta360 运 …
Jan 14, 2025 · Hero 13 Black 配备了新的 HB 系列镜头和 ND 滤镜：推出一款带对焦环的微距镜头、一款超广角镜头、一组四个 ND 滤镜，以及一款将于 2025 年推出的变形镜头。Hero 13 …
python - Errno 13 Permission denied - Stack Overflow
Jul 16, 2020 · PermissionError: [Errno 13] Permission denied: 'C:\\Users\\****\\Desktop\\File1' I looked on the website to try and find some answers and I saw a post where somebody …
英特尔的酷睿ultra和i系列CPU有什么区别？哪个好？ - 知乎
如果你关注主流的主机市场，就会发现其实Intel 12、13、14代的i系列处理器才是绝对的主流。 所以简单结论就是，Ultra系列更好，i系列更有性价比。 笔记本端优先考虑Ultra处理器，主机端 …
What does this format mean T00:00:00.000Z? - Stack Overflow
Aug 26, 2022 · answered Nov 5, 2019 at 13:28. that_developer that_developer. 339 2 2 silver badges 10 10 bronze badges. 3.
Difference between chr (13) and chr (10) - Stack Overflow
Chr(10) is the Line Feed character and Chr(13) is the Carriage Return character. You probably won't notice a difference if you use only one or the other, but you might find yourself in a …
What does this regular expression mean /^[a-z]{1}[a-z0-9_]{3,13}$/
Jun 24, 2014 · [a-z0-9_]{3,13} matches 3 to 13 chars. In case-insensitive mode, in many engines it could be replaced by \w{3,13} The $ anchor asserts that we are at the end of the string; …
Upgrading Node.js to the latest version - Stack Overflow
nvm install v22.13.1 Note: you may need to close & re-open your terminal window for nvm command to be available. You should expect to see something like this in your terminal: Now …
How to fix "No matching distribution found for {package name}" …
Aug 8, 2019 · I have not use test.pypi.org, but it looks when you install a package from there it only looks for dependencies on test.pypi.org, which does not have all of the same packages, …
