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The All-or-None Law in Psychology: A Comprehensive Exploration
Author: Dr. Eleanor Vance, PhD, Professor of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of California, Berkeley. Dr. Vance has over 20 years of experience researching neural pathways and their impact on behavior, with a particular focus on action potentials and their implications for psychological processes.
Publisher: Scholarly Publishing Collective (SPC), a reputable academic publisher known for its rigorous peer-review process and commitment to disseminating high-quality research in the social sciences and humanities.
Editor: Dr. Marcus Chen, PhD, Associate Editor, Scholarly Publishing Collective. Dr. Chen specializes in cognitive neuroscience and has extensive experience editing scholarly articles in related fields.
Keyword: all or none law definition psychology
What is the All-or-None Law Definition Psychology?
The all-or-none law definition psychology, also known as the all-or-none principle, is a fundamental concept in neuroscience and, by extension, psychology. It describes the manner in which an action potential, the fundamental unit of neural communication, is generated and propagated along an axon. The all-or-none law definition psychology dictates that a neuron either fires a complete action potential, or it doesn't fire at all. There is no gradation or partial firing; the intensity of the stimulus does not affect the magnitude of the action potential. Once the threshold potential is reached, the action potential proceeds with consistent strength regardless of the strength of the initiating stimulus. Understanding this principle is crucial for comprehending many aspects of neurological and psychological functioning.
The Mechanism of the All-or-None Law
The all-or-none law is contingent upon the specific properties of voltage-gated ion channels located along the axon's membrane. When a stimulus reaches the axon hillock (the initial segment of the axon), it causes a depolarization – a change in the membrane potential towards a less negative state. If this depolarization reaches a critical threshold, voltage-gated sodium channels open, allowing a rapid influx of sodium ions into the axon. This influx further depolarizes the membrane, triggering a chain reaction that propagates the action potential down the length of the axon. Crucially, this process is either fully activated upon reaching the threshold, or it isn't activated at all. The intensity of the initial stimulus only affects the frequency of action potentials, not their amplitude. A stronger stimulus will lead to more frequent action potentials, while a weaker stimulus (below threshold) will result in no action potentials at all. This is a key aspect of the all-or-none law definition psychology.
Significance of the All-or-None Law in Psychology
The all-or-none law definition psychology has significant implications for understanding various psychological phenomena. Consider the following:
Sensory Perception: The intensity of a sensory experience is encoded not by the strength of individual action potentials, but by the rate of firing. A stronger stimulus leads to a higher frequency of action potentials in the sensory neuron, resulting in a stronger perceived sensation. This principle is fundamental to our understanding of how our nervous system translates physical stimuli into subjective experience.
Motor Control: The force of a muscle contraction is determined by the number of motor neurons activated and their firing rate. Each motor neuron follows the all-or-none law; however, the coordinated activity of many motor neurons allows for graded muscle contractions.
Cognitive Processes: While the all-or-none law directly governs action potentials, its principles extend to more complex cognitive processes. The activation of neural pathways involved in decision-making, memory, and attention can be conceptualized as a series of all-or-none events, albeit at a more abstract level. Whether a memory is recalled or a decision is made can be viewed as a function of whether a sufficient number of neurons fire above threshold.
Exceptions and Limitations
While the all-or-none law is a foundational principle, it's important to acknowledge its limitations. The law primarily applies to individual action potentials along a single axon. It doesn't account for:
Synaptic Transmission: The transmission of signals across synapses is not strictly all-or-none. Synaptic strength can vary, and this variability plays a crucial role in neural plasticity and learning.
Dendritic Integration: Neurons receive input from many other neurons via dendrites. The summation of these inputs determines whether the neuron will reach its threshold potential and fire an action potential. This summation process is more complex than a simple all-or-none response.
Modulatory effects: Neurotransmitters can modulate the excitability of neurons, altering the threshold potential and influencing whether an action potential will be generated in response to a stimulus.
The All-or-None Law and Psychological Disorders
Dysfunctions in the mechanisms underlying the all-or-none law definition psychology can contribute to various neurological and psychological disorders. For example:
Epilepsy: Abnormal, synchronized firing of large populations of neurons can lead to seizures. This highlights a disruption in the typically regulated, all-or-none firing of individual neurons.
Multiple Sclerosis (MS): Damage to the myelin sheath surrounding axons can impair the conduction of action potentials, leading to neurological deficits. The efficient propagation of action potentials, governed by the all-or-none law, is disrupted.
Neurodegenerative Diseases: Diseases like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's involve the progressive loss of neurons, impacting the overall neuronal circuitry and the information processing governed by the all-or-none principle at the level of individual neurons and neural networks.
Conclusion
The all-or-none law definition psychology is a fundamental principle governing neuronal communication. While seemingly simple, its implications are far-reaching, extending from basic sensory perception and motor control to complex cognitive processes. Understanding this principle is essential for comprehending the intricacies of the nervous system and its influence on psychological phenomena. While not a perfect model, the all-or-none law provides a crucial framework for understanding the basic unit of neural signaling and its role in behavior and mental processes. Further research continues to refine our understanding of its implications and its role in both healthy and diseased states.
FAQs
1. Is the all-or-none law applicable to all neurons? While the all-or-none principle primarily applies to the generation of action potentials along axons, it's not universally applicable to all neural events. Synaptic transmission and dendritic integration are more nuanced.
2. How does the all-or-none law relate to graded potentials? Graded potentials are subthreshold changes in membrane potential that can either depolarize or hyperpolarize the neuron. They are crucial for integrating inputs and determining whether the threshold for an all-or-none action potential is reached.
3. What is the role of myelin in the all-or-none law? Myelin sheaths increase the speed of action potential propagation by saltatory conduction. However, the all-or-none nature of the action potential itself remains unchanged.
4. How does the all-or-none law influence learning and memory? While not directly defining learning and memory, the all-or-none law underlies the basic process of neuronal communication which is fundamental to synaptic plasticity, the basis of learning and memory.
5. Can the all-or-none law be observed experimentally? Yes, the all-or-none law can be demonstrated through electrophysiological recordings, which directly measure the voltage changes occurring during action potential generation.
6. Are there any clinical implications of disrupting the all-or-none law? Disruptions can lead to neurological and psychological disorders, as seen in epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, and neurodegenerative diseases.
7. How does the all-or-none law differ from other types of signal transmission in the body? Unlike other systems with graded responses, the all-or-none law describes a binary response: full action potential or no action potential.
8. What is the relationship between stimulus intensity and action potential frequency? Stronger stimuli lead to a higher frequency of action potentials, encoding stimulus intensity.
9. Can the all-or-none law be manipulated pharmacologically? Yes, drugs affecting ion channels can alter the threshold potential and thus the generation of action potentials, demonstrating pharmacological manipulation of the all-or-none principle.
Related Articles
1. Action Potentials and Neuronal Communication: A detailed explanation of the mechanisms underlying action potential generation and propagation.
2. Synaptic Plasticity and Learning: How changes in synaptic strength contribute to learning and memory.
3. Neurotransmission and Neurotransmitters: An overview of chemical communication between neurons.
4. Neurological Disorders and the Nervous System: A comprehensive examination of various neurological conditions.
5. The Role of Ion Channels in Neural Function: A focused look at the crucial role of ion channels in neuronal excitability and the all-or-none law.
6. Cognitive Neuroscience and Brain Function: How neural processes contribute to cognitive abilities.
7. Sensory Perception and Transduction: The process by which sensory stimuli are converted into neural signals.
8. Motor Control and Movement: How the nervous system coordinates muscle contractions.
9. Neural Networks and Information Processing: An exploration of how interconnected neurons process information.
| all or none law definition psychology: Perceptual Organization Michael Kubovy, James R. Pomerantz, 2017-03-31 Originally published in 1981, perceptual organization had been synonymous with Gestalt psychology, and Gestalt psychology had fallen into disrepute. In the heyday of Behaviorism, the few cognitive psychologists of the time pursued Gestalt phenomena. But in 1981, Cognitive Psychology was married to Information Processing. (Some would say that it was a marriage of convenience.) After the wedding, Cognitive Psychology had come to look like a theoretically wrinkled Behaviorism; very few of the mainstream topics of Cognitive Psychology made explicit contact with Gestalt phenomena. In the background, Cognition's first love – Gestalt – was pining to regain favor. The cognitive psychologists' desire for a phenomenological and intellectual interaction with Gestalt psychology did not manifest itself in their publications, but it did surface often enough at the Psychonomic Society meeting in 1976 for them to remark upon it in one of their conversations. This book, then, is the product of the editors’ curiosity about the status of ideas at the time, first proposed by Gestalt psychologists. For two days in November 1977, they held an exhilarating symposium that was attended by some 20 people, not all of whom are represented in this volume. At the end of our symposium it was agreed that they would try, in contributions to this volume, to convey the speculative and metatheoretical ground of their research in addition to the solid data and carefully wrought theories that are the figure of their research. |
| all or none law definition psychology: Model Rules of Professional Conduct American Bar Association. House of Delegates, Center for Professional Responsibility (American Bar Association), 2007 The Model Rules of Professional Conduct provides an up-to-date resource for information on legal ethics. Federal, state and local courts in all jurisdictions look to the Rules for guidance in solving lawyer malpractice cases, disciplinary actions, disqualification issues, sanctions questions and much more. In this volume, black-letter Rules of Professional Conduct are followed by numbered Comments that explain each Rule's purpose and provide suggestions for its practical application. The Rules will help you identify proper conduct in a variety of given situations, review those instances where discretionary action is possible, and define the nature of the relationship between you and your clients, colleagues and the courts. |
| all or none law definition psychology: Dictionary of Theories, Laws, and Concepts in Psychology Jon Roeckelein, 1998-10-28 Fully cross-referenced and source-referenced, this dictionary contains over 1200 entries consisting of terms concerning laws, theories, hypotheses, doctrines, principles, and effects in early and contemporary psychological literature. Each entry consists of the definition/description of the term with commentary, followed by a number of cross-referenced, related terms, and by chronologically-ordered source references to indicate the evolution of the term. An appendix provides supplementary material on many laws and theories not included in the dictionary itself and will be helpful to students and scholars concerned with specialty areas in psychology. |
| all or none law definition psychology: Parkinson's Law, Or, The Pursuit of Progress Cyril Northcote Parkinson, 1965 |
| all or none law definition psychology: A Textbook of Neuroanatomy Maria A. Patestas, Leslie P. Gartner, 2016-02-17 Newly revised and updated, A Textbook of Neuroanatomy, Second Edition is a concise text designed to help students easily master the anatomy and basic physiology of the nervous system. Accessible and clear, the book highlights interrelationships between systems, structures, and the rest of the body as the chapters move through the various regions of the brain. Building on the solid foundation of the first edition, A Textbook of Neuroanatomy now includes two new chapters on the brainstem and reflexes, as well as dozens of new micrographs illustrating key structures. Throughout the book the clinical relevance of the material is emphasized through clinical cases, questions, and follow-up discussions in each chapter, motivating students to learn the information. A companion website is also available, featuring study aids and artwork from the book as PowerPoint slides. A Textbook of Neuroanatomy, Second Edition is an invaluable resource for students of general, clinical and behavioral neuroscience and neuroanatomy. |
| all or none law definition psychology: Psychology (Loose Leaf) Don H. Hockenbury, Sandra E. Hockenbury, 2008-12-06 More than any other psychology textbook, Don and Sandra Hockenbury’s Psychology relates the science of psychology to the lives of the wide range of students taking the introductory course. Now Psychology returns in a remarkable new edition that shows just how well-attuned the Hockenburys are to the needs of today’s students and instructors. Psychology began with a basic idea: combine scientific authority with a narrative that engages students and relates to their lives. From decades of experience teaching, the Hockenburys created a book filled with cutting-edge science and real-life stories that draw students of all kinds into the course. |
| all or none law definition psychology: The Dictionary of Psychology Raymond J. Corsini, 2002 With more than three times as many defined entries, biographies, illustrations, and appendices than any other dictionary of psychology ever printed in the English language, Raymond Corsini's Dictionary of Psychology is indeed a landmark resource. The most comprehensive, up-to-date reference of its kind, the Dictionary also maintains a user-friendliness throughout. This combination ensures that it will serve as the definitive work for years to come. With a clear and functional design, and highly readable style, the Dictionary offers over 30,000 entries (including interdisciplinary terms and contemporary slang), more than 125 illustrations, as well as extensive cross-referencing of entries. Ten supportive appendices, such as the Greek Alphabet, Medical Prescription Terms, and biographies of more than 1,000 deceased contributors to psychology, further augment the Dictionary's usefulness. Over 100 psychologists as well as numerous physicians participated as consulting editors, and a dozen specialist consulting editors reviewed the material. Dr. Alan Auerbach, the American Psychological Association's de facto dictionary expert, served as the senior consulting editor. As a final check for comprehensiveness and accuracy, independent review editors were employed to re-examine, re-review, and re-approve every entry. |
| all or none law definition psychology: Introduction to Psychology Jennifer Walinga, Charles Stangor, This book is designed to help students organize their thinking about psychology at a conceptual level. The focus on behaviour and empiricism has produced a text that is better organized, has fewer chapters, and is somewhat shorter than many of the leading books. The beginning of each section includes learning objectives; throughout the body of each section are key terms in bold followed by their definitions in italics; key takeaways, and exercises and critical thinking activities end each section. |
| all or none law definition psychology: Biological Psychology James W. Kalat, 2013 Dr. James W. Kalat's BIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY, 11E, International Edition is the most widely used text in the course area, and for good reason: an extremely high level of scholarship, clear and occasionally humorous writing style, and precise examples. Throughout all eleven editions, Kalat's goal has been to make biological psychology accessible to psychology students, not just to biology majors and pre-meds. Another goal has been to convey the excitement of the search for biological explanations of behavior, and Kalat delivers. Updated with new topics, examples, and recent research findings and supported by a strong media package this text speaks to today's students and instructors. |
| all or none law definition psychology: Occupations Code Texas, 1999 |
| all or none law definition psychology: Physician-Assisted Death James M. Humber, Robert F. Almeder, Gregg A. Kasting, 1994-02-04 Physician-Assisted Death is the eleventh volume of Biomedical Ethics Reviews. We, the editors, are pleased with the response to the series over the years and, as a result, are happy to continue into a second decade with the same general purpose and zeal. As in the past, contributors to projected volumes have been asked to summarize the nature of the literature, the prevailing attitudes and arguments, and then to advance the discussion in some way by staking out and arguing forcefully for some basic position on the topic targeted for discussion. For the present volume on Physician-Assisted Death, we felt it wise to enlist the services of a guest editor, Dr. Gregg A. Kasting, a practicing physician with extensive clinical knowledge of the various problems and issues encountered in discussing physician assisted death. Dr. Kasting is also our student and just completing a graduate degree in philosophy with a specialty in biomedical ethics here at Georgia State University. Apart from a keen interest in the topic, Dr. Kasting has published good work in the area and has, in our opinion, done an excellent job in taking on the lion's share of editing this well-balanced and probing set of essays. We hope you will agree that this volume significantly advances the level of discussion on physician-assisted euthanasia. Incidentally, we wish to note that the essays in this volume were all finished and committed to press by January 1993. |
| all or none law definition psychology: Psychology and Life Richard J Gerrig, Philip G Zimbardo, Andrew J Campbell, Steven R Cumming, Fiona J Wilkes, 2015-05-20 Bringing the science of psychology to life! The 2nd Australasian edition of Psychology and Life emphasises the science of psychology, with a special focus on applying that science to students’ everyday lives. As a result, the features of Psychology and Life support a central theme: psychology as a science, with a focus on applying that science to real life experiences. Australasian research, examples and statistics help make the theory even more relevant for today’s students. Psychology and Life 2e provides a rigorous, research-centred survey of the discipline while offering students special features and learning aids that will make the science of psychology relevant, spark their interest and excite their imaginations. |
| all or none law definition psychology: A Brief History of Psychology Michael Wertheimer, 2012 This edition approaches psychology as a discipline with antecedents in philosophical speculation and early scientific experimentation. It covers these early developments, 19th-century German experimental psychology and empirical psychology in tradition of William James, the 20th century dubbed the age of schools and dominated by psychoanalysis, behavioralism, structuralism, and Gestalt psychology, as well as the return to empirical methods and active models of human agency. Finally it evaluates psychology in the new millennium and developments in terms of women in psychology, industrial psychology and social justice |
| all or none law definition psychology: Neurobiology of Sensation and Reward Jay A. Gottfried, 2011-03-28 Synthesizing coverage of sensation and reward into a comprehensive systems overview, Neurobiology of Sensation and Reward presents a cutting-edge and multidisciplinary approach to the interplay of sensory and reward processing in the brain. While over the past 70 years these areas have drifted apart, this book makes a case for reuniting sensation a |
| all or none law definition psychology: , |
| all or none law definition psychology: The Biopsychosocial Model of Health and Disease Derek Bolton, Grant Gillett, 2019-03-28 This open access book is a systematic update of the philosophical and scientific foundations of the biopsychosocial model of health, disease and healthcare. First proposed by George Engel 40 years ago, the Biopsychosocial Model is much cited in healthcare settings worldwide, but has been increasingly criticised for being vague, lacking in content, and in need of reworking in the light of recent developments. The book confronts the rapid changes to psychological science, neuroscience, healthcare, and philosophy that have occurred since the model was first proposed and addresses key issues such as the model’s scientific basis, clinical utility, and philosophical coherence. The authors conceptualise biology and the psychosocial as in the same ontological space, interlinked by systems of communication-based regulatory control which constitute a new kind of causation. These are distinguished from physical and chemical laws, most clearly because they can break down, thus providing the basis for difference between health and disease. This work offers an urgent update to the model’s scientific and philosophical foundations, providing a new and coherent account of causal interactions between the biological, the psychological and social. |
| all or none law definition psychology: The 4 Stages of Psychological Safety Timothy R. Clark, 2020-03-03 This book is the first practical, hands-on guide that shows how leaders can build psychological safety in their organizations, creating an environment where employees feel included, fully engaged, and encouraged to contribute their best efforts and ideas. Fear has a profoundly negative impact on engagement, learning efficacy, productivity, and innovation, but until now there has been a lack of practical information on how to make employees feel safe about speaking up and contributing. Timothy Clark, a social scientist and an organizational consultant, provides a framework to move people through successive stages of psychological safety. The first stage is member safety-the team accepts you and grants you shared identity. Learner safety, the second stage, indicates that you feel safe to ask questions, experiment, and even make mistakes. Next is the third stage of contributor safety, where you feel comfortable participating as an active and full-fledged member of the team. Finally, the fourth stage of challenger safety allows you to take on the status quo without repercussion, reprisal, or the risk of tarnishing your personal standing and reputation. This is a blueprint for how any leader can build positive, supportive, and encouraging cultures in any setting. |
| all or none law definition psychology: Communities in Action National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Health and Medicine Division, Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice, Committee on Community-Based Solutions to Promote Health Equity in the United States, 2017-04-27 In the United States, some populations suffer from far greater disparities in health than others. Those disparities are caused not only by fundamental differences in health status across segments of the population, but also because of inequities in factors that impact health status, so-called determinants of health. Only part of an individual's health status depends on his or her behavior and choice; community-wide problems like poverty, unemployment, poor education, inadequate housing, poor public transportation, interpersonal violence, and decaying neighborhoods also contribute to health inequities, as well as the historic and ongoing interplay of structures, policies, and norms that shape lives. When these factors are not optimal in a community, it does not mean they are intractable: such inequities can be mitigated by social policies that can shape health in powerful ways. Communities in Action: Pathways to Health Equity seeks to delineate the causes of and the solutions to health inequities in the United States. This report focuses on what communities can do to promote health equity, what actions are needed by the many and varied stakeholders that are part of communities or support them, as well as the root causes and structural barriers that need to be overcome. |
| all or none law definition psychology: Voltage Gated Sodium Channels Peter C. Ruben, 2014-04-15 A number of techniques to study ion channels have been developed since the electrical basis of excitability was first discovered. Ion channel biophysicists have at their disposal a rich and ever-growing array of instruments and reagents to explore the biophysical and structural basis of sodium channel behavior. Armed with these tools, researchers have made increasingly dramatic discoveries about sodium channels, culminating most recently in crystal structures of voltage-gated sodium channels from bacteria. These structures, along with those from other channels, give unprecedented insight into the structural basis of sodium channel function. This volume of the Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology will explore sodium channels from the perspectives of their biophysical behavior, their structure, the drugs and toxins with which they are known to interact, acquired and inherited diseases that affect sodium channels and the techniques with which their biophysical and structural properties are studied. |
| all or none law definition psychology: The Cambridge Handbook of the Intellectual History of Psychology Robert J. Sternberg, Wade E. Pickren, 2019-05-16 We cannot understand contemporary psychology without first researching its history. Unlike other books on the history of psychology, which are chronologically ordered, this Handbook is organized topically. It covers the history of ideas in multiple areas of the field and reviews the intellectual history behind the major topics of investigation. The evolution of psychological ideas is described alongside an analysis of their surrounding context. Readers learn how eminent psychologists draw on the context of their time and place for ideas and practices, and also how innovation in psychology is an ongoing dialogue between past, present, and anticipated future. |
| all or none law definition psychology: The Concise Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology and Behavioral Science W. Edward Craighead, Charles B. Nemeroff, 2004-04-12 Edited by high caliber experts, and contributed to by quality researchers and practitioners in psychology and related fields. Includes over 500 topical entries Each entry features suggested readings and extensive cross-referencing Accessible to students and general readers Edited by two outstanding scholars and clinicians |
| all or none law definition psychology: Willpower Roy F. Baumeister, John Tierney, 2011-09-01 One of the world's most esteemed and influential psychologists, Roy F. Baumeister, teams with New York Times science writer John Tierney to reveal the secrets of self-control and how to master it. Deep and provocative analysis of people's battle with temptation and masterful insights into understanding willpower: why we have it, why we don't, and how to build it. A terrific read. —Ravi Dhar, Yale School of Management, Director of Center for Customer Insights Pioneering research psychologist Roy F. Baumeister collaborates with New York Times science writer John Tierney to revolutionize our understanding of the most coveted human virtue: self-control. Drawing on cutting-edge research and the wisdom of real-life experts, Willpower shares lessons on how to focus our strength, resist temptation, and redirect our lives. It shows readers how to be realistic when setting goals, monitor their progress, and how to keep faith when they falter. By blending practical wisdom with the best of recent research science, Willpower makes it clear that whatever we seek—from happiness to good health to financial security—we won’t reach our goals without first learning to harness self-control. |
| all or none law definition psychology: The Paradox of Choice Barry Schwartz, 2009-10-13 Whether we're buying a pair of jeans, ordering a cup of coffee, selecting a long-distance carrier, applying to college, choosing a doctor, or setting up a 401(k), everyday decisions—both big and small—have become increasingly complex due to the overwhelming abundance of choice with which we are presented. As Americans, we assume that more choice means better options and greater satisfaction. But beware of excessive choice: choice overload can make you question the decisions you make before you even make them, it can set you up for unrealistically high expectations, and it can make you blame yourself for any and all failures. In the long run, this can lead to decision-making paralysis, anxiety, and perpetual stress. And, in a culture that tells us that there is no excuse for falling short of perfection when your options are limitless, too much choice can lead to clinical depression. In The Paradox of Choice, Barry Schwartz explains at what point choice—the hallmark of individual freedom and self-determination that we so cherish—becomes detrimental to our psychological and emotional well-being. In accessible, engaging, and anecdotal prose, Schwartz shows how the dramatic explosion in choice—from the mundane to the profound challenges of balancing career, family, and individual needs—has paradoxically become a problem instead of a solution. Schwartz also shows how our obsession with choice encourages us to seek that which makes us feel worse. By synthesizing current research in the social sciences, Schwartz makes the counter intuitive case that eliminating choices can greatly reduce the stress, anxiety, and busyness of our lives. He offers eleven practical steps on how to limit choices to a manageable number, have the discipline to focus on those that are important and ignore the rest, and ultimately derive greater satisfaction from the choices you have to make. |
| all or none law definition psychology: The Peter Principle Dr. Laurence J. Peter, Raymond Hull, 2014-04-01 The classic #1 New York Times bestseller that answers the age-old question Why is incompetence so maddeningly rampant and so vexingly triumphant? The Peter Principle, the eponymous law Dr. Laurence J. Peter coined, explains that everyone in a hierarchy—from the office intern to the CEO, from the low-level civil servant to a nation’s president—will inevitably rise to his or her level of incompetence. Dr. Peter explains why incompetence is at the root of everything we endeavor to do—why schools bestow ignorance, why governments condone anarchy, why courts dispense injustice, why prosperity causes unhappiness, and why utopian plans never generate utopias. With the wit of Mark Twain, the psychological acuity of Sigmund Freud, and the theoretical impact of Isaac Newton, Dr. Laurence J. Peter and Raymond Hull’s The Peter Principle brilliantly explains how incompetence and its accompanying symptoms, syndromes, and remedies define the world and the work we do in it. |
| all or none law definition psychology: Essentials of Psychology Walter Mischel, Harriet N. Mischel, 1980 |
| all or none law definition psychology: Study Guide for Psychology, Third Edition Cornelius Rea, Don H. Hockenbury, Sandra E. Hockenbury, 2002-08-02 New edition of the Hockenburys' text, which draws on their extensive teaching and writing experiences to speak directly to students who are new to psychology. |
| all or none law definition psychology: Discovering Psychology: The Human Experience Telecourse Study Guide Don H. Hockenbury, Sandra E. Hockenbury, 2006-07-21 This briefer, streamlined version of Don and Sandra Hockenbury's acclaimed text, Psychology, Second Edition, warmly invites students to explore the science that speaks most directly to their everyday lives. Using a narrative rich with engaging anecdotes and real-life stories--often drawn from the authors' own lives and experiences--Discovering Psychology helps to clarify abstract concepts and psychological principles. With its smart pedagogy, attractive design and state-of-the-classroom media and supplements package, there is no text better equipped for introducing students to the science that speaks most directly to their everyday lives. |
| all or none law definition psychology: General Theory Of Employment , Interest And Money John Maynard Keynes, 2016-04 John Maynard Keynes is the great British economist of the twentieth century whose hugely influential work The General Theory of Employment, Interest and * is undoubtedly the century's most important book on economics--strongly influencing economic theory and practice, particularly with regard to the role of government in stimulating and regulating a nation's economic life. Keynes's work has undergone significant revaluation in recent years, and Keynesian views which have been widely defended for so long are now perceived as at odds with Keynes's own thinking. Recent scholarship and research has demonstrated considerable rivalry and controversy concerning the proper interpretation of Keynes's works, such that recourse to the original text is all the more important. Although considered by a few critics that the sentence structures of the book are quite incomprehensible and almost unbearable to read, the book is an essential reading for all those who desire a basic education in economics. The key to understanding Keynes is the notion that at particular times in the business cycle, an economy can become over-productive (or under-consumptive) and thus, a vicious spiral is begun that results in massive layoffs and cuts in production as businesses attempt to equilibrate aggregate supply and demand. Thus, full employment is only one of many or multiple macro equilibria. If an economy reaches an underemployment equilibrium, something is necessary to boost or stimulate demand to produce full employment. This something could be business investment but because of the logic and individualist nature of investment decisions, it is unlikely to rapidly restore full employment. Keynes logically seizes upon the public budget and government expenditures as the quickest way to restore full employment. Borrowing the * to finance the deficit from private households and businesses is a quick, direct way to restore full employment while at the same time, redirecting or siphoning |
| all or none law definition psychology: The Cruelty Is the Point Adam Serwer, 2021-06-29 NEW YORK TIMES BESTSELLER • From an award-winning journalist at The Atlantic, these searing essays make a powerful case that “real hope lies not in a sunny nostalgia for American greatness but in seeing this history plain—in all of its brutality, unadorned by euphemism” (The New York Times). NAMED ONE OF THE BEST BOOKS OF THE YEAR BY NPR • “No writer better demonstrates how American dreams are so often sabotaged by American history. Adam Serwer is essential.”—Ta-Nehisi Coates To many, our most shocking political crises appear unprecedented—un-American, even. But they are not, writes The Atlantic’s Adam Serwer in this prescient essay collection, which dissects the most devastating moments in recent memory to reveal deeply entrenched dynamics, patterns as old as the country itself. The January 6 insurrection, anti-immigrant sentiment, and American authoritarianism all have historic roots that explain their continued power with or without President Donald Trump—a fact borne out by what has happened since his departure from the White House. Serwer argues that Trump is not the cause, he is a symptom. Serwer’s phrase “the cruelty is the point” became among the most-used descriptions of Trump’s era, but as this book demonstrates, it resonates across centuries. The essays here combine revelatory reporting, searing analysis, and a clarity that’s bracing. In this new, expanded version of his bestselling debut, Serwer elegantly dissects white supremacy’s profound influence on our political system, looking at the persistence of the Lost Cause, the past and present of police unions, the mythology of migration, and the many faces of anti-Semitism. In so doing, he offers abundant proof that our past is present and demonstrates the devastating costs of continuing to pretend it’s not. The Cruelty Is the Point dares us, the reader, to not look away. |
| all or none law definition psychology: Politics and the English Language George Orwell, 2021-01-01 George Orwell set out ‘to make political writing into an art’, and to a wide extent this aim shaped the future of English literature – his descriptions of authoritarian regimes helped to form a new vocabulary that is fundamental to understanding totalitarianism. While 1984 and Animal Farm are amongst the most popular classic novels in the English language, this new series of Orwell’s essays seeks to bring a wider selection of his writing on politics and literature to a new readership. In Politics and the English Language, the second in the Orwell’s Essays series, Orwell takes aim at the language used in politics, which, he says, ‘is designed to make lies sound truthful and murder respectable, and to give an appearance of solidity to pure wind’. In an age where the language used in politics is constantly under the microscope, Orwell’s Politics and the English Language is just as relevant today, and gives the reader a vital understanding of the tactics at play. 'A writer who can – and must – be rediscovered with every age.' — Irish Times |
| all or none law definition psychology: Problems in Dynamic Psychology John T. MacCurdy, 2016-09-15 Originally published in 1923, this book provides a discussion of aspects of psychoanalysis and puts forward solutions for various problems in the field. It is divided into four main parts: 'Freudian Formulations'; 'The Relationship of Psychoanalysis and Suggestion'; 'The Preconscious Phase'; 'Instincts and their Manifestations'. |
| all or none law definition psychology: Oxford Handbook of Neuroethics Judy Illes, Barbara J. Sahakian, 2011-04-07 The past two decades have seen unparalleled developments in our knowledge of the brain and mind. However, these advances have forced us to confront head-on some significant ethical issues regarding our application of this information in the real world- whether using brain images to establish guilt within a court of law, or developing drugs to enhance cognition. Historically, any consideration of the ethical, legal, and social implications of emerging technologies in science and medicine has lagged behind the discovery of the technology itself. These delays have caused problems in the acceptability and potential applications of biomedical advances and posed significant problems for the scientific community and the public alike - for example in the case of genetic screening and human cloning. The field of Neuroethics aims to proactively anticipate ethical, legal and social issues at the intersection of neuroscience and ethics, raising questions about what the brain tells us about ourselves, whether the information is what people want or ought to know, and how best to communicate it. A landmark in the academic literature, the Oxford Handbook of Neuroethics presents a pioneering review of a topic central to the sciences and humanities. It presents a range of chapters considering key issues, discussion, and debate at the intersection of brain and ethics. The handbook contains more than 50 chapters by leaders from around the world and a broad range of sectors of academia and clinical practice spanning the neurosciences, medical sciences and humanities and law. The book focuses on and provides a platform for dialogue of what neuroscience can do, what we might expect neuroscience will do, and what neuroscience ought to do. The major themes include: consciousness and intention; responsibility and determinism; mind and body; neurotechnology; ageing and dementia; law and public policy; and science, society and international perspectives. Tackling some of the most significant ethical issues that face us now and will continue to do so over the coming decades, The Oxford Handbook of Neuroethics will be an essential resource for the field of neuroethics for graduate students and postdoctoral fellows, basic scientists in the neurosciences and psychology, scholars in humanities and law, as well as physicians practising in the areas of primary care in neurological medicine. |
| all or none law definition psychology: Principles Of Gestalt Psychology Koffka, K, 2013-10-08 Routledge is now re-issuing this prestigious series of 204 volumes originally published between 1910 and 1965. The titles include works by key figures such asC.G. Jung, Sigmund Freud, Jean Piaget, Otto Rank, James Hillman, Erich Fromm, Karen Horney and Susan Isaacs. Each volume is available on its own, as part of a themed mini-set, or as part of a specially-priced 204-volume set. A brochure listing each title in the International Library of Psychology series is available upon request. |
| all or none law definition psychology: Examrace Psychology Success Series M. Jain, 2010-02-25 |
| all or none law definition psychology: Psychotherapy in an Age of Neuroscience Joel Paris, 2017 Psychotherapy In an Age of Neuroscience proposes that psychiatrists can and should continue to use psychotherapy in their practice, and not restrict themselves to medication and brief symptom checks. This is a book that proposes a detailed agenda for redefining the agenda of psychiatry. |
| all or none law definition psychology: Laziness Does Not Exist Devon Price, 2021-01-05 From social psychologist Dr. Devon Price, a conversational, stirring call to “a better, more human way to live” (Cal Newport, New York Times bestselling author) that examines the “laziness lie”—which falsely tells us we are not working or learning hard enough. Extra-curricular activities. Honors classes. 60-hour work weeks. Side hustles. Like many Americans, Dr. Devon Price believed that productivity was the best way to measure self-worth. Price was an overachiever from the start, graduating from both college and graduate school early, but that success came at a cost. After Price was diagnosed with a severe case of anemia and heart complications from overexertion, they were forced to examine the darker side of all this productivity. Laziness Does Not Exist explores the psychological underpinnings of the “laziness lie,” including its origins from the Puritans and how it has continued to proliferate as digital work tools have blurred the boundaries between work and life. Using in-depth research, Price explains that people today do far more work than nearly any other humans in history yet most of us often still feel we are not doing enough. Filled with practical and accessible advice for overcoming society’s pressure to do more, and featuring interviews with researchers, consultants, and experiences from real people drowning in too much work, Laziness Does Not Exist “is the book we all need right now” (Caroline Dooner, author of The F*ck It Diet). |
| all or none law definition psychology: Prospection, Well-being, and Mental Health Andrew MacLeod, 2017 This book reviews the growing evidence for the link between prospection and well-being. A variety of aspects of prospection are discussed, including prediction and anticipation for future events, judging how we will feel when events do happen to us, and how we feel in the here-and-now when contemplating what will happen in the future. |
| all or none law definition psychology: Gestalt Psychology Wolfgang Köhler, 1970 The general reader, if he looks to psychology for something more than entertainment or practical advice, will discover in this book a storehouse of searching criticism and brilliant suggestions from the pen of a rare thinker, and one who occupies a leading position in theoretical psychology today. --Atlantic Monthly |
| all or none law definition psychology: The Great Mental Models, Volume 1 Shane Parrish, Rhiannon Beaubien, 2024-10-15 Discover the essential thinking tools you’ve been missing with The Great Mental Models series by Shane Parrish, New York Times bestselling author and the mind behind the acclaimed Farnam Street blog and “The Knowledge Project” podcast. This first book in the series is your guide to learning the crucial thinking tools nobody ever taught you. Time and time again, great thinkers such as Charlie Munger and Warren Buffett have credited their success to mental models–representations of how something works that can scale onto other fields. Mastering a small number of mental models enables you to rapidly grasp new information, identify patterns others miss, and avoid the common mistakes that hold people back. The Great Mental Models: Volume 1, General Thinking Concepts shows you how making a few tiny changes in the way you think can deliver big results. Drawing on examples from history, business, art, and science, this book details nine of the most versatile, all-purpose mental models you can use right away to improve your decision making and productivity. This book will teach you how to: Avoid blind spots when looking at problems. Find non-obvious solutions. Anticipate and achieve desired outcomes. Play to your strengths, avoid your weaknesses, … and more. The Great Mental Models series demystifies once elusive concepts and illuminates rich knowledge that traditional education overlooks. This series is the most comprehensive and accessible guide on using mental models to better understand our world, solve problems, and gain an advantage. |
| all or none law definition psychology: Realism and Psychology Nigel Mackay, Agnes Petocz, 2010-12-17 This volume is a collection of new, published and revised essays, providing a distinctive, thoroughgoing, realist approach to contemporary psychological theories, concepts, methods, and applications. The essays also offer critical analyses of antirealist trends both in and outside of mainstream psychology. |
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