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Alternate Communication Systems During Disaster: Ensuring Resilience in the Face of Crisis
Author: Dr. Emily Carter, PhD, Professor of Emergency Management and Disaster Response at the University of California, Berkeley. Dr. Carter has over 20 years of experience researching and developing resilient communication strategies, with a specific focus on the deployment and effectiveness of alternate communication systems during disaster events. Her work has been published extensively in peer-reviewed journals and she serves as a consultant to various governmental and non-governmental organizations on disaster preparedness.
Publisher: The National Institute for Disaster Resilience (NIDR), a leading authority on disaster mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery. NIDR publishes rigorously reviewed research and guidelines, ensuring their materials are credible and evidence-based.
Editor: Mr. David Lee, former Chief Communications Officer for FEMA (Federal Emergency Management Agency), brings decades of hands-on experience managing communications during major national disasters. His expertise in crisis communication and the practical application of alternate communication systems during disaster situations ensures the accuracy and relevance of this report.
Keywords: alternate communication system during disaster, disaster communication, emergency communication, resilient communication, crisis communication, off-grid communication, two-way radio, satellite communication, mesh networks, community resilience.
Abstract: This report delves into the critical role of alternate communication systems during disaster events. We will explore the limitations of traditional communication infrastructure during crises and present a comprehensive analysis of viable alternatives, supported by empirical data and research findings. The report examines various technologies, their strengths and weaknesses, and best practices for implementation and integration into comprehensive disaster preparedness plans.
1. The Vulnerability of Traditional Communication Infrastructure During Disasters
Natural disasters and large-scale emergencies frequently overwhelm conventional communication networks. Power outages, physical damage to infrastructure (cell towers, landlines), and network congestion render traditional phone lines, mobile networks, and the internet unusable. This communication breakdown significantly hampers emergency response efforts, hindering the dissemination of crucial information to affected populations and impeding coordination among emergency responders. A study published in the International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction (2020) found that communication failures accounted for a significant portion of casualties and economic losses following Hurricane Katrina. This highlights the urgent need for robust alternate communication systems during disaster.
2. Exploring Alternate Communication Systems During Disaster
A range of alternate communication systems during disaster can provide resilience and redundancy:
Two-Way Radios: These offer reliable, short-range communication even without cellular service or internet access. Their simplicity and robustness make them particularly valuable in immediate response phases. However, range limitations and the need for trained personnel are drawbacks. A 2018 study by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) demonstrated the effectiveness of two-way radio networks in coordinating search and rescue operations during a simulated earthquake.
Satellite Phones: Satellite phones provide communication even in remote areas with no terrestrial infrastructure. However, they can be expensive, require clear line-of-sight to the satellite, and may have limited bandwidth. Research by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) shows that satellite phones are increasingly utilized in disaster response for high-priority communication.
Mesh Networks: These self-organizing networks use multiple devices to relay messages, creating a resilient system even if some nodes fail. Their decentralized nature makes them robust against targeted attacks or widespread infrastructure damage. Research into mesh network performance during simulated disasters indicates significant potential for enhancing community-based communication.
High-Frequency (HF) Radio: HF radio utilizes the ionosphere for long-range communication, transcending geographical limitations. This technology is invaluable for coordinating large-scale operations across vast areas or connecting with remote locations. However, it requires specialized equipment and trained operators.
Amateur Radio (Ham Radio): A network of licensed radio operators provides valuable supplementary communication during disasters. Amateur radio operators often volunteer their expertise and equipment to support emergency response and community communication. Studies demonstrate the significant contribution of ham radio networks in disaster relief efforts.
Community-Based Messaging Systems: Leveraging existing community structures (e.g., neighborhood watch groups, faith-based organizations) to disseminate information through trusted local networks can be highly effective. This approach complements technological solutions, enhancing reach and building community resilience.
3. Implementing and Integrating Alternate Communication Systems
The effective implementation of alternate communication systems during disaster requires careful planning and coordination. Key considerations include:
Pre-disaster planning: Developing comprehensive communication plans that identify potential communication failures, select appropriate alternate systems, and outline procedures for deployment and operation.
Training and education: Training personnel on the use and maintenance of chosen systems, fostering familiarity and competency.
Testing and evaluation: Regularly testing the systems to identify weaknesses and ensure functionality. Simulations and drills help to refine operational procedures and identify potential problems.
Interoperability: Ensuring seamless communication between different systems and agencies to avoid information silos.
Community engagement: Involving community members in the planning and implementation process, leveraging local knowledge and fostering collaboration.
4. Data and Research Findings Supporting Alternate Communication Systems
Numerous studies demonstrate the critical role of alternate communication systems during disaster. Data from post-disaster assessments consistently reveal that the lack of effective communication contributes significantly to increased casualties, delayed response times, and heightened economic losses. The successful utilization of alternate systems, as demonstrated in various case studies (e.g., Hurricane Maria in Puerto Rico, the 2011 Tohoku earthquake and tsunami), underscores their crucial role in building resilience. Analysis of these case studies highlights the importance of pre-disaster planning, system interoperability, and community involvement.
5. Challenges and Limitations
Despite the benefits, alternate communication systems during disaster face challenges:
Cost: The acquisition and maintenance of some systems can be expensive, particularly for smaller communities or organizations with limited budgets.
Technical expertise: Operating certain systems (e.g., HF radio, mesh networks) requires specialized knowledge and skills.
Interoperability issues: Ensuring seamless communication between different systems can be technically complex.
Regulatory hurdles: Obtaining licenses and permits for certain systems (e.g., amateur radio, satellite phones) may involve bureaucratic processes.
6. Future Directions and Recommendations
Future research should focus on developing more affordable and user-friendly alternate communication systems, improving interoperability standards, and exploring innovative technologies such as software-defined radio and hybrid communication approaches. Governments and organizations should prioritize investing in disaster preparedness and communication infrastructure, supporting community-based initiatives, and promoting training and education programs. The widespread adoption and integration of resilient communication strategies are crucial for building community resilience and minimizing the impact of future disasters. The development of adaptable and scalable alternate communication systems during disaster represents a critical step in improving disaster response and enhancing public safety.
Conclusion:
The reliance on traditional communication systems during disasters is inherently risky. The implementation of robust alternate communication systems during disaster is not merely desirable; it's essential for effective emergency response, community safety, and minimizing the devastating consequences of crises. A multi-faceted approach, incorporating a range of technologies and community-based strategies, is crucial to building a resilient communication infrastructure capable of weathering the storm.
FAQs:
1. What is the most reliable alternate communication system during a disaster? There is no single "most reliable" system. The optimal choice depends on the specific disaster context, geographical location, and available resources. A combination of systems is often the most effective approach.
2. How can I prepare my community for communication failures during a disaster? Develop a community communication plan, train volunteers in the use of alternate communication systems, and regularly test your plans through drills and simulations.
3. What is the role of amateur radio in disaster communication? Amateur radio operators provide valuable supplementary communication, often filling critical gaps when other systems fail. Their extensive network and voluntary service are invaluable assets.
4. Are satellite phones always reliable? While offering wide coverage, satellite phones can be affected by atmospheric conditions, require clear line-of-sight to the satellite, and may have limited bandwidth.
5. How can I obtain funding for alternate communication systems? Explore grants from government agencies, private foundations, and corporate sponsorships. Collaborate with local organizations and community groups.
6. What are the legal requirements for using alternate communication systems? Regulations vary by country and system type. Check with relevant regulatory bodies to ensure compliance.
7. How do mesh networks enhance communication resilience? Mesh networks create a decentralized communication infrastructure, meaning the failure of one node doesn't necessarily disrupt the entire network.
8. What is the importance of interoperability in disaster communication? Interoperability ensures that different communication systems can seamlessly communicate with each other, enabling efficient coordination among responders and stakeholders.
9. How can technology help improve community resilience to communication disruptions? Technological advancements in areas such as mesh networking, software-defined radio, and community-based messaging platforms are improving the resilience of communication systems in disaster situations.
Related Articles:
1. "The Impact of Communication Failures on Disaster Response: A Case Study of Hurricane Katrina": This article analyzes the communication breakdown during Hurricane Katrina, highlighting the significant consequences and emphasizing the need for resilient communication strategies.
2. "Mesh Networks for Disaster Relief: A Comparative Analysis of Different Architectures": This research paper compares various mesh network architectures, assessing their suitability for disaster relief communication scenarios.
3. "The Role of Amateur Radio in Disaster Response: A Global Perspective": This article explores the contributions of amateur radio operators to disaster response efforts worldwide.
4. "Satellite Communication for Disaster Management: Challenges and Opportunities": This article examines the challenges and opportunities associated with using satellite communication in disaster response.
5. "Developing a Community-Based Communication Plan for Disaster Preparedness": This guide provides a step-by-step approach to developing a robust community communication plan, emphasizing local participation.
6. "Evaluating the Effectiveness of Two-Way Radio Systems in Search and Rescue Operations": This research study evaluates the performance of two-way radio systems during simulated search and rescue operations.
7. "The Economic Impact of Communication Disruptions During Natural Disasters": This analysis assesses the economic costs associated with communication failures following natural disasters.
8. "High-Frequency (HF) Radio Communication for Long-Range Disaster Response": This technical paper explains the principles and applications of HF radio in disaster communication, focusing on its long-range capabilities.
9. "Building Resilient Communication Infrastructure: A Framework for Disaster Preparedness": This policy brief proposes a framework for strengthening communication infrastructure resilience in the face of disasters.
| alternate communication system during disaster: Alternative Communication Systems Used in the Situation of Natural Disaster Keshav Anand Bhagat, Alternative Communication Systems Used in the Situation of Natural Disaster |
| alternate communication system during disaster: Disaster Nursing and Emergency Preparedness for Chemical, Biological, and Radiological Terrorism and Other Hazards Tener Goodwin Veenema, PhD, MPH, MS, CPNP, FAAN, 2012-08-24 The new edition of this AJN Book of the Year continues to provide nurses with the most comprehensive, current, and reliable information available so they can develop the skills to efficiently and effectively respond to disasters or public health emergencies. Meticulously researched and reviewed by the worldís foremost experts in preparedness for terrorism, natural disasters, and other unanticipated health emergencies, the text has been revised and updated with significant new content, including 10 new chapters and a digital adjunct teacher's guide with exercises and critical thinking questions. This new edition has strengthened its pediatric focus with updated and expanded chapters on caring for children's physical, mental, and behavioral health following a disaster. New chapters address climate change, global complex human emergencies, caring for patients with HIV/AIDS following a disaster, information technology and disaster response, and hospital and emergency department preparedness. The text provides a vast amount of evidence-based information on disaster planning and response for natural and environmental disasters and those caused by chemical, biological, and radiological elements, as well as disaster recovery. It also addresses leadership, management, and policy issues in disaster nursing and deepens our understanding of the importance of protecting mental health throughout the disaster life cycle. Each chapter is clearly formatted and includes Key Messages and Learning Objectives. Appendices present diagnosis and treatment regimens, creating personal disaster plans, a damage assessment guide, a glossary of terms, and more. Consistent with the Federal Disaster Response Framework, the book promotes competency-based expert nursing care during disasters and positive health outcomes for small and large populations. Key Features: Provides 10 new chapters and new content throughout the text Includes digital teacherís guide with exercises and critical thinking questions Consistent with current U.S. federal guidelines for disaster response Disseminates state-of-the-science, evidence-based information New Chapters: Management of the Pregnant Woman and Newborn During Disasters Management of Patients With HIV/AIDS During Disasters Disaster Nursing in Schools and Other Child Congregate Care Settings Global Complex Human Emergencies Climate Change and the Role of the Nurse in Policy and Practice Human Services Needs Following Disaster Events and Disaster Case Management Hospital and Emergency Department Preparedness National Nurse Preparedness: Achieving Competency-Based Expert Practice Medical Countermeasures Dispensing |
| alternate communication system during disaster: Effective Communication During Disasters Girish Bobby Kapur, Sarah Bezek, Jonathan Dyal, 2016-12-08 This title includes a number of Open Access chapters. In today’s world, there are new opportunities for disaster communications through modern technology and social media. Social network applications such as Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram can connect friends, family, first responders, and those providing relief and assistance. However, social media and other modern communication tools have their limitations. They can be affected by disaster situations where there are power outages or interrupted cellular service. The research contained in this valuable compendium offers much-needed information for emergency responders, utility companies, relief organizations, and governments as they invest in infrastructure to support post-disaster communications. In order to make use of modern communication methods, as well as fully utilize more traditional communication networks, it is imperative that we understand how people actually communicate in the wake of a disaster situation and how various communication strategies can best be utilized. Communication during and immediately after a disaster situation is a vital component of response and recovery. Effective communication connects first responders, support systems, and family members with the communities and individuals immersed in the disaster. Reliable communication also plays a key role in a community’s resilience. With research from internationally recognized experts, this volume provides an overview of communication challenges and best-practice analyses, looks at the internet and social media and mobile phones and other technology for disaster communication, and explores the challenges to effective communication. Presents a quality improvement project that gathered expert consensus on best practices used to improve disaster communication Analyzes the information dissemination mechanisms of different media to establish an efficient information dissemination plan for disaster pre-warning, including short message service (SMS), microblogs, news portals, cell phones, television, and oral communication Gauges the effectiveness of disaster risk communication Looks at the future of social media use during emergencies and afterwards Proposes a disaster resilient network that integrates various wireless networks into a cognitive wireless network in the event of disaster occurrences Effective Communication During Disasters: Making Use of Technology, Media, and Human Resources is an informative, multi-faceted resource on preparedness planning for effective communication before, during, and after a disaster occurs. |
| alternate communication system during disaster: Emergency Alert and Warning Systems National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences, Computer Science and Telecommunications Board, Committee on the Future of Emergency Alert and Warning Systems: Research Directions, 2018-04-19 Following a series of natural disasters, including Hurricane Katrina, that revealed shortcomings in the nation's ability to effectively alert populations at risk, Congress passed the Warning, Alert, and Response Network (WARN) Act in 2006. Today, new technologies such as smart phones and social media platforms offer new ways to communicate with the public, and the information ecosystem is much broader, including additional official channels, such as government social media accounts, opt-in short message service (SMS)-based alerting systems, and reverse 911 systems; less official channels, such as main stream media outlets and weather applications on connected devices; and unofficial channels, such as first person reports via social media. Traditional media have also taken advantage of these new tools, including their own mobile applications to extend their reach of beyond broadcast radio, television, and cable. Furthermore, private companies have begun to take advantage of the large amounts of data about users they possess to detect events and provide alerts and warnings and other hazard-related information to their users. More than 60 years of research on the public response to alerts and warnings has yielded many insights about how people respond to information that they are at risk and the circumstances under which they are most likely to take appropriate protective action. Some, but not all, of these results have been used to inform the design and operation of alert and warning systems, and new insights continue to emerge. Emergency Alert and Warning Systems reviews the results of past research, considers new possibilities for realizing more effective alert and warning systems, explores how a more effective national alert and warning system might be created and some of the gaps in our present knowledge, and sets forth a research agenda to advance the nation's alert and warning capabilities. |
| alternate communication system during disaster: Crisis Standards of Care Institute of Medicine, Board on Health Sciences Policy, Committee on Crisis Standards of Care: A Toolkit for Indicators and Triggers, 2013-10-27 Disasters and public health emergencies can stress health care systems to the breaking point and disrupt delivery of vital medical services. During such crises, hospitals and long-term care facilities may be without power; trained staff, ambulances, medical supplies and beds could be in short supply; and alternate care facilities may need to be used. Planning for these situations is necessary to provide the best possible health care during a crisis and, if needed, equitably allocate scarce resources. Crisis Standards of Care: A Toolkit for Indicators and Triggers examines indicators and triggers that guide the implementation of crisis standards of care and provides a discussion toolkit to help stakeholders establish indicators and triggers for their own communities. Together, indicators and triggers help guide operational decision making about providing care during public health and medical emergencies and disasters. Indicators and triggers represent the information and actions taken at specific thresholds that guide incident recognition, response, and recovery. This report discusses indicators and triggers for both a slow onset scenario, such as pandemic influenza, and a no-notice scenario, such as an earthquake. Crisis Standards of Care features discussion toolkits customized to help various stakeholders develop indicators and triggers for their own organizations, agencies, and jurisdictions. The toolkit contains scenarios, key questions, and examples of indicators, triggers, and tactics to help promote discussion. In addition to common elements designed to facilitate integrated planning, the toolkit contains chapters specifically customized for emergency management, public health, emergency medical services, hospital and acute care, and out-of-hospital care. |
| alternate communication system during disaster: Communicating Risk in Public Health Emergencies World Health Organization, 2017 During public health emergencies, people need to know what health risks they face, and what actions they can take to protect their health and lives. Accurate information provided early, often, and in languages and channels that people understand, trust and use, enables individuals to make choices and take actions to protect themselves, their families and communities from threatening health hazards. -- Publisher's description. |
| alternate communication system during disaster: Large-scale Disasters Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2004-04-30 Analyses the economic and social impacts of recent large-scale disasters, and draws some initial lessons for the monitoring and the management of future disasters. - introduction. |
| alternate communication system during disaster: , |
| alternate communication system during disaster: A Textbook Of Social Science -X N. K. Chowdhary, A Textbook Of Social Science -X |
| alternate communication system during disaster: Case Studies in Disaster Response Shirley Feldmann-Jensen, Steven J. Jensen, Jean Slick, 2024-02-13 Case Studies in Disaster Response, the latest release in the Disaster and Emergency Management: Case Studies in Adaptation and Innovation series, focuses on the key functions performed in the emergency response to a disaster, how these functions are coordinated, and typical challenges and issues that emerge. Cases address both hazard- and response-generated needs. Also explored are the needs generated by emergent threats (e.g., Ebola crisis), emergent technologies (e.g., social media), and emergent groups (e.g., social innovation teams) that set the stage for innovation and adaption. - Presents in-depth cases studies in disaster response, one of the phases of disaster management - Unites practice and research from multiple disciplines to highlight the complexity of disasters preparedness, including environmental and earth sciences, engineering, public health, geography, sociology, and anthropology, humanitarian aid, emergent threats, disaster response and resilience - Examines policy and ethical dilemmas faced by decision-makers in disaster response situations |
| alternate communication system during disaster: Disaster Nursing and Emergency Preparedness Tener Goodwin Veenema, PhD, MPH, MS, CPNP, FAAN, 2018-07-28 “What a wonderful resource!--Doody's Medical Reviews “The 4th Edition is unique in recognizing the rapid changes in both the causes of crises and the latest attempts to provide timely multidisciplinary approaches to the practice of this growing specialty...Evident throughout this edition is the call to identify crisis leadership among the increasingly talented base of nurses who have responsibility to move the profession to recognize and accept that they can be advocates for better planning, coordination, education and training.” - Frederick M. Burkle, Jr., MD, MPH, DTM, PhD(Hon.), FAAP, FACEP Senior Fellow & Scientist, Harvard Humanitarian Initiative, Harvard University & T.C. Chan School of Public Health From the Foreword “This impressive edition builds upon the solid foundation of the first three award-winning editions with an expanded focus on climate change related disasters, globalization and its implications for emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases, the accommodation of high-risk, high-vulnerability populations, and the potential for disaster arising from a world witnessing increasing community violence and civil unrest.” -Patricia M. Davidson, PhD, MED, RN, FAAN Professor & Dean, Johns Hopkins School of Nursing From the Foreword “The contributing authors read like a “Who’s Who” of disaster leaders. They lend their special expertise and insights, which are supported and elucidated by cogent learning strategies in the use of case studies, student questions, and packed content in all areas of disaster participation, preparedness, policies, and research. For over 16 years [this book] has been the hallmark text in its field and this edition proves to be the best ever.” -Loretta C. Ford, RN, PNP, EdD Dean Emeritus, University of Rochester School of Nursing Founder of the National Nurse Practitioner Program Member, National Women’s Hall of Fame Featuring the most current, valid, and reliable evidence-based content available, this three-time AJN winner once again presents an unparalleled resource for disaster and emergency preparedness. Disasters lay heavy burdens upon healthcare systems that stretch all levels of society. While natural and man-made disasters are not new, the global nature, rate, type, and totality of their impact has only increased. The fourth edition of this foundational text uniquely addresses the rapid changes in these crises and analyzes the latest attempts to provide timely, multidisciplinary healthcare. Nurses consistently comprise seventy or more percent of responders to local, national, regional, and global crises, and represent a potentially untapped resource to achieve surge capacity goals and optimize population health outcomes. Considering recent world events and increasing geopolitical tensions, Disaster Nursing and Emergency Preparedness, Fourth Edition now features expanded content on the ubiquitous threat of terrorism, potential detonation of thermonuclear weapons, emerging and reemerging infectious diseases, and increasing frequency and intensity of natural disasters from climate change. This text promotes competency-based expert nursing care during disasters and positive health outcomes for small and large populations consistent with the Federal Disaster Response Framework. Whenever possible, content is mapped to published core competencies for preparing health professions’ students for response to terrorism, disaster events, and public health emergencies. The fourth edition retains the clearly organized format in each chapter that includes an overview, learning objectives, a summary, and case study with reflective questions. New to the Fourth Edition: Addresses the most recent landmark agreements Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030, the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals, and the Paris Climate Agreement Covers public health emergencies involving community violence and civil unrest Expands coverage of planning for and accommodating high-risk, high-vulnerability populations Aligns with the U.S. National Health Security Strategy and the National Planning Frameworks Provides focused content on medical countermeasures Includes an improved instructor package with guide, PowerPoint slides, and case studies with questions for reflection in every chapter |
| alternate communication system during disaster: Science and Technology in Disaster Risk Reduction in Asia Rajib Shaw, Koichi Shiwaku, Takako Izumi, 2017-10-13 Science and Technology in Disaster Risk Reduction in Asia: Potentials and Challenges provides both a local and global perspective on how to implement the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction. Topics demonstrate the advancement of scientific research as it applies to early warning systems, including identifying risk and the strengthening of infrastructure for different types of hazards. Through different major disasters, it has become evident that there must be a balance between hard and soft technology and physical, process and social solutions. This book demonstrates how this has been successfully implemented in Asia, and how these applications can apply on a global basis. - Covers new research on the role of science in Disaster Risk Reduction and lessons learned when research has been applied - Utilizes case studies to outline the broader lessons learned - Focuses on the Sendai Framework, which was adopted in the Third UN World Conference in 2015 |
| alternate communication system during disaster: Disaster Communications in a Changing Media World George Haddow, Kim S Haddow, 2013-12-14 Communications are key to the success of disaster mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery. Accurate information disseminated to the general public, to elected officials and community leaders, as well as to the media, reduces risk, saves lives and property, and speeds recovery. Disaster Communications in a Changing Media World, Second Edition, provides valuable information for navigating these priorities in the age of evolving media. The emergence of new media like the Internet, email, blogs, text messaging, cell phone photos, and the increasing influence of first informers are redefining the roles of government and media. The tools and rules of communications are evolving, and disaster communications must also evolve to accommodate these changes and exploit the opportunities they provide. Disaster Communications in a Changing Media World, Second Edition, illuminates the path to effective disaster communication, including the need for transparency, increased accessibility, trustworthiness and reliability, and partnerships with the media. - Includes case studies from recent disasters including Hurricane Sandy, the 2011 tsunami in Japan, and the Boston Marathon bombings - Demonstrates how to use blogs, text messages, and cell phone cameras, as well as government channels and traditional media, to communicate during a crisis - Examines current social media programs conducted by FEMA, the American Red Cross, state and local emergency managers, and the private sector - Updated information in each chapter, especially on how social media has emerged as a force in disaster communications |
| alternate communication system during disaster: Issues in Urban Earthquake Risk B.E. Tucker, Mustafa Özder Erdik, Christina N. Hwang, 2013-03-09 Urban seismic risk is growing worldwide and is, increasingly, a problem of developing countries. In 1950, one in four of the people living in the world's fifty largest cities was earthquake-threatened, while in the year 2000, about one in two will be. Further, ofthose people living in earthquake-threatened cities in 1950, about two in three were located in developing countries, while in the year 2000, about nine in ten will be. Unless urban seismic safety is improved, particularly in developing countries, future earthquakes will have ever more disastrous social and economic consequences. In July 1992, an international meeting was organized with the purpose of examining one means ofimproving worldwide urban safety. Entitled Uses ofEarthquake Damage Scenarios for Cities of the 21st Century, this meeting was held in conjunction with the Tenth World Conference ofEarthquake Engineering, in Madrid, Spain. An earthquake damage scenario (EDS) is adescription of the consequences to an urban area of a large, but expectable earthquake on the critical facilities of that area. In Californian and Japanese cities, EDSes have been used for several decades, mainly for the needs of emergency response officials. The Madrid meeting examined uses of this technique for other purposes and in other, less developed countries. As a result of this meeting, it appeared that EDSes bad significant potential to improve urban seismic safety worldwide. |
| alternate communication system during disaster: Social Science-Term-1 Dr Malti Malik, Dinesh Bhatt, D R Khullar, Dr S K Jha, Anita Jain, Mala Aggarwal, A book on social science |
| alternate communication system during disaster: Guide for All-Hazard Emergency Operations Planning Kay C. Goss, 1998-05 Meant to aid State & local emergency managers in their efforts to develop & maintain a viable all-hazard emergency operations plan. This guide clarifies the preparedness, response, & short-term recovery planning elements that warrant inclusion in emergency operations plans. It offers the best judgment & recommendations on how to deal with the entire planning process -- from forming a planning team to writing the plan. Specific topics of discussion include: preliminary considerations, the planning process, emergency operations plan format, basic plan content, functional annex content, hazard-unique planning, & linking Federal & State operations. |
| alternate communication system during disaster: Telecommunications in Disaster Areas Nicola Marchetti, 2011-01-29 Coordinated relief to the affected areas needs to be given as soon as possible, so to minimize further nefarious effects. In such scenarios it is vital that communications between interested parties, i.e. relief and security groups, are established as quickly and as easily as possible, ideally in a plug & play or zero configuration fashion. |
| alternate communication system during disaster: National Emergency Communications Plan U. s. Department of Homeland Security, 2012-12-11 Every day in cities and towns across the Nation, emergency response personnel respond to incidents of varying scope and magnitude. Their ability to communicate in real time is critical to establishing command and control at the scene of an emergency, to maintaining event situational awareness, and to operating overall within a broad range of incidents. However, as numerous after-action reports and national assessments have revealed, there are still communications deficiencies that affect the ability of responders to manage routine incidents and support responses to natural disasters, acts of terrorism, and other incidents. Recognizing the need for an overarching emergency communications strategy to address these shortfalls, Congress directed the Department of Homeland Security's (DHS) Office of Emergency Communications (OEC) to develop the first National Emergency Communications Plan (NECP). Title XVIII of the Homeland Security Act of 2002 (6 United States Code 101 et seq.), as amended, calls for the NECP to be developed in coordination with stakeholders from all levels of government and from the private sector. In response, DHS worked with stakeholders from Federal, State, local, and tribal agencies to develop the NECP—a strategic plan that establishes a national vision for the future state of emergency communications. To realize this national vision and meet these goals, the NECP established the following seven objectives for improving emergency communications for the Nation's Federal, State, local, and tribal emergency responders: 1. Formal decision-making structures and clearly defined leadership roles coordinate emergency communications capabilities. 2. Federal emergency communications programs and initiatives are collaborative across agencies and aligned to achieve national goals. 3. Emergency responders employ common planning and operational protocols to effectively use their resources and personnel. 4. Emerging technologies are integrated with current emergency communications capabilities through standards implementation, research and development, and testing and evaluation. 5. Emergency responders have shared approaches to training and exercises, improved technical expertise, and enhanced response capabilities. 6. All levels of government drive long-term advancements in emergency communications through integrated strategic planning procedures, appropriate resource allocations, and public-private partnerships. 7. The Nation has integrated preparedness, mitigation, response, and recovery capabilities to communicate during significant events. The NECP also provides recommended initiatives and milestones to guide emergency response providers and relevant government officials in making measurable improvements in emergency communications capabilities. The NECP recommendations help to guide, but do not dictate, the distribution of homeland security funds to improve emergency communications at the Federal, State, and local levels, and to support the NECP implementation. Communications investments are among the most significant, substantial, and long-lasting capital investments that agencies make; in addition, technological innovations for emergency communications are constantly evolving at a rapid pace. With these realities in mind, DHS recognizes that the emergency response community will realize this national vision in stages, as agencies invest in new communications systems and as new technologies emerge. |
| alternate communication system during disaster: Improving Disaster Management National Research Council, Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences, Computer Science and Telecommunications Board, Committee on Using Information Technology to Enhance Disaster Management, 2007-05-01 Information technology (IT) has the potential to play a critical role in managing natural and human-made disasters. Damage to communications infrastructure, along with other communications problems exacerbated the difficulties in carrying out response and recovery efforts following Hurricane Katrina. To assist government planning in this area, the Congress, in the E-government Act of 2002, directed the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) to request the NRC to conduct a study on the application of IT to disaster management. This report characterizes disaster management providing a framework for considering the range and nature of information and communication needs; presents a vision of the potential for IT to improve disaster management; provides an analysis of structural, organizational, and other non-technical barriers to the acquisition, adoption, and effective use of IT in disaster; and offers an outline of a research program aimed at strengthening IT-enabled capabilities for disaster management. |
| alternate communication system during disaster: Developments and Applications of Geomatics Shashi Mesapam, |
| alternate communication system during disaster: Planning Emergency Medical Communications: State-level planning guide United States. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 1995 |
| alternate communication system during disaster: Using Social and Information Technologies for Disaster and Crisis Management Jennex, Murray E., 2013-01-31 Using Social and Information Technologies for Disaster and Crisis Management highlights examples of disaster situations in recent years in which social and information technologies were useful in distributing and receiving information updates. This comprehensive collection brings together research for practitioners and researchers interested in the uses of information technology in crisis management. |
| alternate communication system during disaster: Planning Emergency Medical Communications United States. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 1995 |
| alternate communication system during disaster: Ubiquitous Computing and Ambient Intelligence Sergio F. Ochoa, Pritpal Singh, José Bravo, 2017-10-05 This book constitutes the refereed conference proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Ubiquitous Computing and Ambient Intelligence, UCAmI 2017, held in Philadelphia, PA, USA in November 2017. The 60 revised full papers and 22 short papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 100 submissions. The papers are presented in six tracks and two special sessions. These are Ambient Assisted Living, Human-Computer Interaction, Ambient Intelligence for Health, Internet of Things and Smart Cities, Ad-hoc and Sensor Networks, Sustainability, Socio-Cognitive and Affective Computing, AmI-Systems and Machine Learning. |
| alternate communication system during disaster: Medical Planning for Disaster Casualty Control United States. Department of the Air Force, 1962 |
| alternate communication system during disaster: Koenig and Schultz's Disaster Medicine Kristi L. Koenig, Carl H. Schultz, 2016-02-16 As societies become more complex and interconnected, the global risk for catastrophic disasters is increasing. Demand for expertise to mitigate the human suffering and damage these events cause is also high. A new field of disaster medicine is emerging, offering innovative approaches to optimize disaster management. Much of the information needed to create the foundation for this growing specialty is not objectively described or is scattered among multiple different sources. This definitive work brings together a coherent and comprehensive collection of scientific observations and evidence-based recommendations with expert contributors from around the globe. This book identifies essential subject matter, clarifies nomenclature, and outlines necessary areas of proficiency for healthcare professionals handling mass casualty crises. It also describes in-depth strategies for the rapid diagnosis and treatment of victims suffering from blast injuries or exposure to chemical, biological, and radiological agents. |
| alternate communication system during disaster: Principles of Emergency Planning and Management David E. Alexander, 2014-10-01 David Alexander provides a concise yet comprehensive and systematic primer on how to prepare for a disaster. The book introduces the methods, procedures, protocols and strategies of emergency planning. |
| alternate communication system during disaster: Paratransit Emergency Preparedness and Operations Handbook M. Annabelle Boyd, 2013 TRB's Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Report 160: Paratransit Emergency Preparedness and Operations Handbook includes guidance, strategies, tools, and resources to help paratransit service providers plan and prepare for, respond to, and recover from a range of emergencies. The guidance has applicability to urban, suburban, rural, and tribal paratransit operating environments. The project that developed TCRP Report 160 also a PowerPoint presentation describing the entire project. A link to the HTML version of TCRP Report 160 will be available on this site by the second week of March 2013.--Pub. info. |
| alternate communication system during disaster: Terror Attacks United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions, 2005 |
| alternate communication system during disaster: Medical Response to Terrorism Daniel C. Keyes, 2005 This comprehensive reference provides all the information emergency departments and personnel need to prepare for and respond to terrorist events. The first section covers all agents potentially used in terrorist attacks—chemical, biologic, toxicologic, nuclear, and explosive—in a systematic format that includes background, triage, decontamination, signs and symptoms, medical management, personnel protection, and guidelines for notifying public health networks. Algorithms show when to suspect and how to recognize exposure and detail signs and symptoms and management protocols. The second section focuses on all-hazards preparedness for hospitals, communities, emergency medical services, and the media, and includes an important chapter on simulation of disasters. |
| alternate communication system during disaster: Emergency Medicine John Marx, Robert Hockberger, Ron Walls, 2009-09-09 In an emergency, you only have one chance...and usually very little time...to make the right decision. How can you be certain you have the knowledge you need? Through six editions, Rosen’s Emergency Medicine has set the standard in emergency medicine, offering unparalleled comprehensiveness, clarity, and authority. Now, the seventh edition places the latest knowledge at your fingertips, while a more streamlined format makes it easy to find the exact information you seek more rapidly and conveniently than ever before. Presents more than 1,200 exquisite color illustrations that accurately capture the real-life appearance of patient symptoms and diagnostic imaging findings, helping you to reach a definitive diagnosis more easily. Includes Cardinal Presentations sections that provide quick and easy guidance on differential diagnosis and directed testing. Presents greatly expanded coverage of emergency ultrasound and emergency gynecological disorders to place the latest knowledge at your fingertips, as well as state-of-the-art coverage of emergency ultrasound, management of sepsis, new airway devices, updated protocols for adult and pediatric cardiac arrest, STEMI and NSTEMI/ACS, DVT and PTE, and much, much more. Features a streamlined format that focuses on the most need-to-know information so you can find answers more quickly. |
| alternate communication system during disaster: Foodservice Operations and Management: Concepts and Applications Karen Eich Drummond, Mary Cooley, Thomas J. Cooley, 2021-08-23 Foodservice Operations & Management: Concepts and Applications is written for Nutrition and Dietetics students in undergraduate programs to provide the knowledge and learning activities required by ACEND's 2017 Standards in the following areas: • Management theories and business principles required to deliver programs and services. • Continuous quality management of food and nutrition services. • Food science and food systems, environmental sustainability, techniques of food preparation and development and modification and evaluation of recipes, menus, and food products acceptable to diverse populations. (ACEND Accreditation Standards for Nutrition and Dietetics Didactic Programs, 2017) The textbook can also be used to meet the competencies in Unit 3 (Food Systems Management) and Unit 5 (Leadership, Business, Management, and Organization) in the Future Education Model for both bachelor's and graduate degree programs. |
| alternate communication system during disaster: Rosen's Emergency Medicine - Concepts and Clinical Practice, 2-Volume Set,Expert Consult Premium Edition - Enhanced Online Features and Print,7 James Adams, 2010-01-01 This reference places the latest information at users' fingertips, and a more streamlined format makes it easy to find the exact information quickly and conveniently. Includes access to a companion Web site for additional resources. |
| alternate communication system during disaster: Managing Health Organizations for Quality and Performance L. Fleming Fallon (Jr.), 2013 |
| alternate communication system during disaster: Engineering Resilient Systems on AWS Kevin Schwarz, Jennifer Moran, Nate Bachmeier, 2024-10-11 To ensure that applications are reliable and always available, more businesses today are moving applications to AWS. But many companies still struggle to design and build these cloud applications effectively, thinking that because the cloud is resilient, their applications will be too. With this practical guide, software, DevOps, and cloud engineers will learn how to implement resilient designs and configurations in the cloud using hands-on independent labs. Authors Kevin Schwarz, Jennifer Moran, and Dr. Nate Bachmeier from AWS teach you how to build cloud applications that demonstrate resilience with patterns like back off and retry, multi-Region failover, data protection, and circuit breaker with common configuration, tooling, and deployment scenarios. Labs are organized into categories based on complexity and topic, making it easy for you to focus on the most relevant parts of your business. You'll learn how to: Configure and deploy AWS services using resilience patterns Implement stateless microservices for high availability Consider multi-Region designs to meet business requirements Implement backup and restore, pilot light, warm standby, and active-active strategies Build applications that withstand AWS Region and Availability Zone impairments Use chaos engineering experiments for fault injection to test for resilience Assess the trade-offs when building resilient systems, including cost, complexity, and operational burden |
| alternate communication system during disaster: Information Technology in Disaster Risk Reduction Yuko Murayama, Dimiter Velev, Plamena Zlateva, 2019-10-01 This volume constitutes the refereed post-conference proceedings of the Third IFIP TC 5 DCITDRR International Conference on Information Technology in Disaster Risk Reduction, ITDRR 2018, held as part of the 24th IFIP World Computer Congress, WCC 2018, in Poznan, Poland, in September 2018. The 12 revised full papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 32 submissions. The papers focus on various aspects and challenges of coping with disaster risk reduction. The main topics include areas such as natural disasters, big data, cloud computing, Internet of Things, mobile computing, emergency management, disaster information processing, and disaster risk assessment and management. |
| alternate communication system during disaster: Disaster Preparedness for Health Care Facilities Daniel Kollek, 2013 This text covers disaster preparedness for health care facilities such as hospitals and long-term care homes. It covers how to assess the risk to and readiness of a health care facility for potential disasters and how to deal with any deficiencies found. |
| alternate communication system during disaster: Computerworld , 2001-09-24 For more than 40 years, Computerworld has been the leading source of technology news and information for IT influencers worldwide. Computerworld's award-winning Web site (Computerworld.com), twice-monthly publication, focused conference series and custom research form the hub of the world's largest global IT media network. |
| alternate communication system during disaster: Public Health Leadership Louis Rowitz, 2013-01-28 During the last twenty years, the interest in public health leadership has continued to increase with the need to strengthen the infrastructure of public health, the events of September 11, 2001, the health reform movement, scientific breakthroughs, the increasing role for primary care programs in the public health agenda, and the increasing deficit at the federal, state, and local level. Since the publication of the first edition in 2003, Public Health Leadership: Putting Principles Into Practice has become a standard reference for future and practicing public health leaders. In five parts, it explores the basic theories and principles of leadership and then describes how they may be applied in the public health setting. Leadership skills and competencies, as well as methods for measuring and evaluating leaders are all thoroughly covered. This new third editioin is an exhaustive revision that now includes extensive coverage of the leadership skills and tools that are critical to managing public health emergencies. It also offers: • Updated exercises and case studies throughout • New chapter on Building Infrastructure, • New chapter on Accreditation, • New chapter on the Global Public Health Leader • New accompanying online Instructor’s Manual with over 100 references on leadership, additional case studies, curriculum guide, toolkit, and additional exercises. |
| alternate communication system during disaster: AF Manual United States. Department of the Air Force, 1970 |
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Feedback and Suggestions (Path of Exile 1) - Can we hav…
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