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# Alkaline Earth Metals Definition Chemistry: A Comprehensive Analysis
Author: Dr. Eleanor Vance, PhD, Professor of Inorganic Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley. Dr. Vance has over 20 years of experience researching and teaching inorganic chemistry, with a particular focus on the synthesis and characterization of alkaline earth metal compounds and their applications in materials science.
Keywords: alkaline earth metals definition chemistry, alkaline earth metals properties, alkaline earth metals uses, alkaline earth metal reactivity, group 2 elements, alkaline earth metal compounds
Introduction: Understanding the Alkaline Earth Metals Definition Chemistry
The term "alkaline earth metals definition chemistry" refers to the precise chemical definition and properties of the elements found in Group 2 of the periodic table. These elements—beryllium (Be), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), barium (Ba), and radium (Ra)—share distinctive characteristics that differentiate them from other groups. This article will delve into the detailed definition of alkaline earth metals in chemistry, exploring their historical context, chemical properties, applications, and current research.
Historical Context: The Evolution of Alkaline Earth Metals Definition Chemistry
The history of understanding alkaline earth metals is intertwined with the development of chemistry itself. Early chemists recognized these elements as distinct from alkali metals (Group 1) due to their less reactive nature. However, the precise understanding of their placement within the periodic table and the relationship between their properties evolved gradually. Initially, terms like "alkaline earths" were used, reflecting their presence in various earthy minerals. The isolation of these elements in pure form presented considerable challenges, demanding advanced techniques that became available only in the 19th and 20th centuries. The development of atomic theory and the understanding of electron configuration solidified the current understanding of the alkaline earth metals definition chemistry, placing them firmly in Group 2 based on their two valence electrons.
Chemical Properties: The Defining Characteristics of Alkaline Earth Metals Definition Chemistry
The alkaline earth metals definition chemistry rests firmly on several key chemical properties:
Electronic Configuration: All alkaline earth metals possess two electrons in their outermost electron shell (s2 configuration). This configuration dictates their reactivity and tendency to lose these two electrons to form 2+ ions.
Reactivity: While less reactive than alkali metals, alkaline earth metals are still relatively reactive, increasing in reactivity down the group. This is due to the decreasing ionization energy as the atomic radius increases. They readily react with water, oxygen, and halogens.
Oxidation States: The dominant oxidation state for all alkaline earth metals is +2. This is a direct consequence of their electronic configuration. Higher oxidation states are rare and less stable.
Ionic Radii: Alkaline earth metal ions are smaller than their corresponding alkali metal ions due to the higher effective nuclear charge. This influences their properties and the structure of their compounds.
Compounds: Alkaline earth metals form a wide range of ionic compounds with non-metals. These compounds often possess high melting and boiling points due to strong electrostatic forces between the ions. Examples include oxides, hydroxides, halides, and sulfates.
Applications: The Versatility of Alkaline Earth Metals Definition Chemistry in Various Industries
The unique properties stemming from the alkaline earth metals definition chemistry translate into diverse applications across various industries:
Magnesium (Mg): Widely used in lightweight alloys for aerospace and automotive applications. It also finds use in batteries, pharmaceuticals, and as a reducing agent in metallurgy.
Calcium (Ca): Essential for biological systems, playing a critical role in bone formation and muscle function. It's also used in construction materials (cement), metallurgy (as a reducing agent), and in the production of various chemicals.
Strontium (Sr): Used in fireworks to produce a brilliant red color. It also finds applications in certain alloys and in the production of certain types of glass.
Barium (Ba): Used in drilling muds, in the manufacture of barium sulfate (used as a contrast agent in medical imaging), and in certain types of glass.
Beryllium (Be): Though toxic, beryllium possesses unique properties that make it valuable in aerospace applications, particularly in high-strength, lightweight alloys. Its use is strictly regulated due to its toxicity.
Radium (Ra): A radioactive element with limited applications due to its radioactivity. Historically, it was used in radiotherapy but has been largely replaced by safer alternatives.
Current Relevance: Ongoing Research in Alkaline Earth Metals Definition Chemistry
Research on alkaline earth metals continues to be active, driven by the need for new materials with improved properties and the search for sustainable solutions. Current research focuses on:
Development of new alkaline earth metal-based catalysts: Utilizing their unique reactivity and oxidation states in catalytic processes for various chemical transformations.
Synthesis of new alkaline earth metal-containing materials: Exploring novel materials with advanced properties for applications in energy storage, electronics, and optics.
Understanding the biological roles of alkaline earth metals: Investigating the mechanisms of action of alkaline earth metals in biological systems and their implications for human health.
Summary
This article has provided a comprehensive overview of alkaline earth metals definition chemistry. It traced the historical evolution of our understanding of these elements, detailed their key chemical properties, explored their diverse applications, and highlighted current research trends. The alkaline earth metals, despite their relatively straightforward electronic configuration, offer a rich tapestry of chemical behavior and technological relevance.
Conclusion
The alkaline earth metals, as defined by their chemical properties and two valence electrons, remain a subject of significant interest in chemistry and materials science. Their unique characteristics continue to drive research and innovation across various fields, impacting advancements in materials science, catalysis, and our understanding of biological processes. Further research promises even greater understanding and utilization of these versatile elements.
FAQs
1. What is the difference between alkali metals and alkaline earth metals? Alkali metals have one valence electron, while alkaline earth metals have two. This difference leads to variations in reactivity and ionic charge.
2. Why are alkaline earth metals less reactive than alkali metals? The higher nuclear charge in alkaline earth metals holds the valence electrons more tightly, requiring more energy to remove them.
3. What are some common alkaline earth metal compounds? Oxides, hydroxides, halides, carbonates, and sulfates are common examples.
4. What is the role of calcium in the human body? Calcium is crucial for bone health, muscle function, nerve transmission, and blood clotting.
5. What are some industrial applications of magnesium? Magnesium is used in lightweight alloys, batteries, and as a reducing agent in metallurgy.
6. Why is beryllium toxic? Beryllium's toxicity is linked to its ability to interfere with cellular processes, leading to lung damage and other health issues.
7. What is the significance of radium in history? Radium was historically used in radiotherapy but has been largely replaced due to safety concerns.
8. How does the reactivity of alkaline earth metals change down the group? Reactivity increases down the group due to the increasing atomic radius and decreasing ionization energy.
9. What are some emerging research areas in alkaline earth metal chemistry? Research focuses on new catalysts, materials for energy storage, and better understanding biological functions.
Related Articles
1. "The Chemistry of Beryllium: A Review": This article explores the unique properties and challenges associated with beryllium's chemistry and its applications.
2. "Magnesium Alloys: A Materials Science Perspective": This article delves into the development and applications of magnesium alloys in various industries.
3. "The Biological Role of Calcium: A Comprehensive Overview": This article provides a detailed understanding of calcium's significance in biological systems.
4. "Alkaline Earth Metal Oxides: Synthesis and Properties": This article focuses on the synthesis, characterization, and applications of alkaline earth metal oxides.
5. "Applications of Strontium in Fireworks and Pyrotechnics": This article details the use of strontium compounds for producing specific colors in fireworks.
6. "The Toxicity of Beryllium and its Environmental Implications": This article examines the hazards associated with beryllium exposure and mitigation strategies.
7. "Alkaline Earth Metal-Based Catalysts for Organic Transformations": This article explores the use of alkaline earth metals in catalysis.
8. "Advances in Alkaline Earth Metal-Containing Materials for Energy Storage": This article examines the development of new materials based on alkaline earth metals for energy storage applications.
9. "The Chemistry of Radium and its Historical Significance": This article examines the historical applications and hazards associated with radium.
Publisher: The Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) Publishing. The RSC is a leading publisher of scientific journals and books in chemistry, possessing significant authority in this field and a strong reputation for peer-reviewed, high-quality content.
Editor: Professor David Atwood, PhD, a renowned expert in inorganic chemistry and materials science with decades of experience editing scientific publications. His expertise ensures the accuracy and high standard of the article.
| alkaline earth metals definition chemistry: The Alkali Metals Kristi Lew, 2009-08-15 Explains the characteristics of alkali metals, where they are found, how they are used by humans, and their relationship to other elements found in the periodic table. |
| alkaline earth metals definition chemistry: Encyclopedia of the Alkaline Earth Compounds Richard C. Ropp, 2012-12-31 Encyclopedia of the Alkaline Earth Compounds is a compilation describing the physical and chemical properties of all of the alkaline earth compounds that have been elucidated to date in the scientific literature. These compounds are used in applications such as LEDs and electronic devices such as smart phones and tablet computers. Preparation methods for each compound are presented to show which techniques have been successful. Structures and phase diagrams are presented where applicable to aid in understanding the complexities of the topics discussed. With concise descriptions presenting the chemical, physical and electrical properties of any given compound, this subject matter will serve as an introduction to the field. This compendium is vital for students and scientific researchers in all fields of scientific endeavors, including non-chemists. 2013 Honorable Mention in Chemistry & Physics from the Association of American Publishers' PROSE Awards Presents a systematic coverage of all known alkaline earth inorganic compounds and their properties Provides a clear, consistent presentation based on groups facilitatating easy comparisons Includes the structure of all the compounds in high quality full-color graphics Summarizes all currently known properties of the transition metals compounds Lists the uses and applications of these compounds in electronics, energy, and catalysis |
| alkaline earth metals definition chemistry: The Alkaline Earth Metals Bridget Heos, 2009-08-15 Explains the characteristics of alkaline earth metals, where they are found, how they are used by humans, and their relationship to other elements found in the periodic table. |
| alkaline earth metals definition chemistry: Encyclopedia of Geochemistry C.P. Marshall, Rhodes W. Fairbridge, 1999-07-31 This is a complete and authoritative reference text on an evolving field. Over 200 international scientists have written over 340 separate topics on different aspects of geochemistry including organics, trace elements, isotopes, high and low temperature geochemistry, and ore deposits, to name just a few. |
| alkaline earth metals definition chemistry: Chemistry Bruce Averill, Patricia Eldredge, 2007 Emphasises on contemporary applications and an intuitive problem-solving approach that helps students discover the exciting potential of chemical science. This book incorporates fresh applications from the three major areas of modern research: materials, environmental chemistry, and biological science. |
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| alkaline earth metals definition chemistry: Alkaline Earth Hydroxides in Water and Aqueous Solutions I. Lambert, H.L. Clever, 2013-10-22 This volume contains evaluated data on the solubility of beryllium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, strontium hydroxide and barium hydroxide in water and in a number of electrolyte and nonelectrolyte solutions in water. The alkaline earth hydroxides can be divided into two groups depending on the hydration of the solid. First, the sparingly soluble anhydrous beryllium, magnesium and calcium hydroxides, whose freshly precipitated solids are poorly crystalline and show decreasing solubility with aging, and whose solubility in water decreases with increasing temperature. Second, the soluble strontium and barium hydroxide octahydrates that form crystalline precipitates which do not show changes in solubility on aging, and whose solubility in water increases with increasing temperature. |
| alkaline earth metals definition chemistry: Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals, Second Edition Monica Halka, Brian Nordstrom, 2019-12-01 Scientists categorize the chemical elements as metals, nonmetals, and metalloids largely based on the elements' abilities to conduct electricity at normal temperatures and pressures, but there are other distinctions taken into account when classifying the elements in the periodic table. The alkali metals, for example, are metals, but have such special properties that they are given their own classification. The same is true for the alkaline earths. Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals, Second Edition presents the current scientific understanding of the physics, chemistry, geology, and biology of these two families of elements, including how they are synthesized in the universe, when and how they were discovered, and where they are found on Earth. With information pertaining to the discovery and naming of these elements as well as new developments and dilemmas, this newly updated eBook examines how humans use alkalis and alkaline earths and their benefits and challenges to society, health, and the environment. Lithium, sodium, potassium, magnesium, and calcium are only a few of the topics covered in this full-color resource. Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals, Second Edition provides students and scientists with an up-to-date understanding of each of the nonmetals—where they came from, how they fit into our current technological society, and where they may lead us. |
| alkaline earth metals definition chemistry: Alkaline-Earth Metal Compounds Sjoerd Harder, 2013-07-20 The series Topics in Organometallic Chemistry presents critical overviews of research results in organometallic chemistry. As our understanding of organometallic structure, properties and mechanisms increases, new ways are opened for the design of organometallic compounds and reactions tailored to the needs of such diverse areas as organic synthesis, medical research, biology and materials science. Thus the scope of coverage includes a broad range of topics in pure and applied organometallic chemistry, where new breakthroughs are being achieved that are of significance to a larger scientific audience. The individual volumes of Topics in Organometallic Chemistry are thematic. Review articles are generally invited by the volume editors. |
| alkaline earth metals definition chemistry: Electronic Structure, Properties, and the Periodic Law Harry Hall 1917- Sisler, 2021-09-09 This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. To ensure a quality reading experience, this work has been proofread and republished using a format that seamlessly blends the original graphical elements with text in an easy-to-read typeface. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant. |
| alkaline earth metals definition chemistry: Separation, Preconcentration and Spectrophotometry in Inorganic Analysis Z. Marczenko, Maria Balcerzak, 2000-10-18 Spectrophotometry enables one to determine, with good precision and sensitivity, almost all the elements present in small and trace quantities of any material. The method is particularly useful in the determination of non-metals and allows the determination elements in a large range of concentrations (from single % to low ppm levels) in various materials.In Separation, Preconcentration and Spectrophotometry in Inorganic Analysis, much attention has been paid to separation and preconcentration methods, since they play an essential role in increasing the selectivity and sensitivity of spectrophotometric methods. Separation and preconcentration methods have also been utilised in other determination techniques.Spectrophotometric methods which are widely used for the determination of the elements in a large variety of inorganic materials are presented in the book whilst separation and preconcentration procedures combined with spectrophotometry are also described. This book contains recent advances in spectrophotometry, detailed discussion of the instrumentation, and the techniques and reagents used for spectrophotometric determination of elements in a wide range of materials as well as a detailed discussion of separation and preconcentration procedures that precede the spectrophotometric detection. |
| alkaline earth metals definition chemistry: Chemistry 2e Paul Flowers, Richard Langely, William R. Robinson, Klaus Hellmut Theopold, 2019-02-14 Chemistry 2e is designed to meet the scope and sequence requirements of the two-semester general chemistry course. The textbook provides an important opportunity for students to learn the core concepts of chemistry and understand how those concepts apply to their lives and the world around them. The book also includes a number of innovative features, including interactive exercises and real-world applications, designed to enhance student learning. The second edition has been revised to incorporate clearer, more current, and more dynamic explanations, while maintaining the same organization as the first edition. Substantial improvements have been made in the figures, illustrations, and example exercises that support the text narrative. Changes made in Chemistry 2e are described in the preface to help instructors transition to the second edition. |
| alkaline earth metals definition chemistry: Core Psychiatry E-Book Padraig Wright, Julian Stern, Michael Phelan, 2012-01-08 A new edition of a highly successful, award winning textbook for trainee psychiatrists, covering in one volume all the subjects required for the new MRCPsych and similar exams. Written in a highly engaging manner, it will also prove invaluable to qualified psychiatrists who need to keep up-to-date with the latest developments, as well as clinical psychologists, general practitioners, psychiatric nurses and senior medical students Concise yet comprehensive, Core Psychiatry relfects the latest developments in the curriculum plus all that is new and essential in clinical practice and the sciences that underpin it. It includes new information on the new Mental Capacity Act and Mental Health Act as well as enhanced sections on psychopharmacology, old age psychiatry, child and adolescent psychiatry, forensic psychiatry and rehabilitation. The book also makes refernce to the latest NICE guidelines and includes new sections on sleep medicine and trauma psychiatry. New edition of a popular MRCPsych curriculum based text Previous edition ‘Highly Commended’ (Mental Health category) in the BMA Awards 2005 Contains useful summary boxes, lists and key points to make last minute learning easy Comprehensive and authoritative resource written by contributors to ensure complete accuracy and currency of specialist information Chapters prepared by specialists working in conjunction with trainees – content totally up-to-date and jointly written by authors who have recently been in the exam situation Contains the latest findings in sleep medicine and trauma psychiatry Expanded section on psychology – including social psychology – to reflect the latest MRCPych examination format Text updated in full to reflect the new Mental Capacity Act and Mental Health Act Relevant chapters now contain a ‘skills and competency’ section to reflect changes in MRCPsych curriculum Updating and amendments to improve coverage of old age psychiatry, child and adolescent psychiatry, forensic psychiatry and rehabilitation Contains reference to the latest NICE guidelines in boxes and tables Enhanced discussion of the use of the best current management options, both pharmacological and psychotherapeutic, the latter including CBT, DBT, EMDR and psychodynamic group, couple and family therapy. |
| alkaline earth metals definition chemistry: Heavy Metals Hosam El-Din M. Saleh, Refaat Aglan, 2018-06-27 Fundamental societal changes resulted from the necessity of people to get organized in mining, transporting, processing, and circulating the heavy metals and their follow-up products, which in consequence resulted in a differentiation of society into diversified professions and even societal strata. Heavy metals are highly demanded technological materials, which drive welfare and progress of the human society, and often play essential metabolic roles. However, their eminent toxicity challenges the field of chemistry, physics, engineering, cleaner production, electronics, metabolomics, botany, biotechnology, and microbiology in an interdisciplinary and cross-sectorial manner. Today, all these scientific disciplines are called to dedicate their efforts in a synergistic way to avoid exposure of heavy metals into the eco- and biosphere, to reliably monitor and quantify heavy metal contamination, and to foster the development of novel strategies to remediate damage caused by heavy metals. |
| alkaline earth metals definition chemistry: Reaction Mechanisms of Metal Complexes R W Hay, 2000-03-01 This text provides a general background as a course module in the area of inorganic reaction mechanisms, suitable for advanced undergraduate and postgraduate study and/or research. The topic has important research applications in the metallurgical industry and is of interest in the science of biochemistry, biology, organic, inorganic and bioinorganic chemistry. In addition to coverage of substitution reactions in four-, five- and six-coordinate complexes, the book contains further chapters devoted to isomerization and racemization reactions, to the general field of redox reactions, and to the reactions of coordinated ligands. It is relevant in other fields such as organic, bioinorganic and biological chemistry, providing a bridge to organic reaction mechanisms. The book also contains a chapter on the kinetic background to the subject with many illustrative examples which should prove useful to those beginning research. - Provides a general background as a course module in the area of inorganic reaction mechanisms, which has important research applications in the metallurgical industry - Contains further chapters devoted to isomerization and racemization reactions, to the general field of redox reactions, and to the reactions of coordinated ligands |
| alkaline earth metals definition chemistry: Diet and Health National Research Council, Division on Earth and Life Studies, Commission on Life Sciences, Committee on Diet and Health, 1989-01-01 Diet and Health examines the many complex issues concerning diet and its role in increasing or decreasing the risk of chronic disease. It proposes dietary recommendations for reducing the risk of the major diseases and causes of death today: atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (including heart attack and stroke), cancer, high blood pressure, obesity, osteoporosis, diabetes mellitus, liver disease, and dental caries. |
| alkaline earth metals definition chemistry: Krypton, Xenon & Radon H. L. Clever, 2013-10-22 Solubility Data Series, Volume 2: Krypton, Xenon, and Radon – Gas Solubilities is a three-chapter text that presents the solubility data of various forms of the title compounds in different substrates. This series emerged from the fundamental trend of the Solubility Data Project, which is toward integration of secondary and tertiary services to produce in-depth critical analysis and evaluation. Each chapter deals with the experimental solubility data of the noble gases in several substrates, including water, salt solutions, organic compounds, and biological fluids. This book will prove useful to chemists, researchers, and students. |
| alkaline earth metals definition chemistry: Nature's Building Blocks John Emsley, 2003 A readable, informative, fascinating entry on each one of the 100-odd chemical elements, arranged alphabetically from actinium to zirconium. Each entry comprises an explanation of where the element's name comes from, followed by Body element (the role it plays in living things), Element ofhistory (how and when it was discovered), Economic element (what it is used for), Environmental element (where it occurs, how much), Chemical element (facts, figures and narrative), and Element of surprise (an amazing, little-known fact about it). A wonderful 'dipping into' source for the familyreference shelf and for students. |
| alkaline earth metals definition chemistry: The Periodic Table Eric R. Scerri, 2020 The Periodic Table: Its Story and Its Significance traces the evolution and development of the periodic table, from Mendeleev's 1869 first published table and onto the modern understanding provided by modern physics. |
| alkaline earth metals definition chemistry: Encyclopedia of Geochemistry William M. White, 2018-07-24 The Encyclopedia is a complete and authoritative reference work for this rapidly evolving field. Over 200 international scientists, each experts in their specialties, have written over 330 separate topics on different aspects of geochemistry including geochemical thermodynamics and kinetics, isotope and organic geochemistry, meteorites and cosmochemistry, the carbon cycle and climate, trace elements, geochemistry of high and low temperature processes, and ore deposition, to name just a few. The geochemical behavior of the elements is described as is the state of the art in analytical geochemistry. Each topic incorporates cross-referencing to related articles, and also has its own reference list to lead the reader to the essential articles within the published literature. The entries are arranged alphabetically, for easy access, and the subject and citation indices are comprehensive and extensive. Geochemistry applies chemical techniques and approaches to understanding the Earth and how it works. It touches upon almost every aspect of earth science, ranging from applied topics such as the search for energy and mineral resources, environmental pollution, and climate change to more basic questions such as the Earth’s origin and composition, the origin and evolution of life, rock weathering and metamorphism, and the pattern of ocean and mantle circulation. Geochemistry allows us to assign absolute ages to events in Earth’s history, to trace the flow of ocean water both now and in the past, trace sediments into subduction zones and arc volcanoes, and trace petroleum to its source rock and ultimately the environment in which it formed. The earliest of evidence of life is chemical and isotopic traces, not fossils, preserved in rocks. Geochemistry has allowed us to unravel the history of the ice ages and thereby deduce their cause. Geochemistry allows us to determine the swings in Earth’s surface temperatures during the ice ages, determine the temperatures and pressures at which rocks have been metamorphosed, and the rates at which ancient magma chambers cooled and crystallized. The field has grown rapidly more sophisticated, in both analytical techniques that can determine elemental concentrations or isotope ratios with exquisite precision and in computational modeling on scales ranging from atomic to planetary. |
| alkaline earth metals definition chemistry: Natural Zeolites David L. Bish, Douglas W. Ming, 2018-12-17 Volume 45 of Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry is a new and expanded update of Volume 4 from 1977. Most of the material in this volume is entirely new, and Natural Zeolites: Occurrence, Properties, Applications presents a fresh and expanded look at many of the subjects contained in Volume 4. There has been an explosion in our knowledge of the crystal chemistry and structures of natural zeolites (Chapters 1 and 2), due in part to the now-common Rietveld method that allows treatment of powder diffraction data. Studies on the geochemistry of natural zeolites have also greatly increased, partly as a result of the interests related to the disposal of radioactive wastes, and Chapters 3, 4, 5, 13, and 14 detail the latest results in this important area. Until the latter part of the 20th century, zeolites were often looked upon as a geological curiosity, but they are now known to be widespread throughout the world in sedimentary and igneous deposits and in soils (Chapters 6-12). The application of natural zeolites has greatly expanded since the first zeolite volume. Chapter 15 details the use of natural zeolites for removal of ammonium ions, heavy metals, radioactive cations, and organic molecules from natural waters, wastewaters, and soils. Similarly, Chapter 16 describes the use of natural zeolites as building blocks and cements in the building industry, Chapter 17 outlines their use in solar energy storage, heating, and cooling applications, and Chapter 18 describes their use in a variety of agricultural applications, including as soil conditioners, slow-release fertilizers, soil-less substrates, carriers for insecticides and pesticides, and remediation agents in contaminated soils. |
| alkaline earth metals definition chemistry: Chalcogenide-Based Nanomaterials as Photocatalysts Mohammad Mansoob Khan, 2021-04-07 Chalcogenide-Based Nanomaterials as Photocatalysts deals with the different types of chalcogenide-based photocatalytic reactions, covering the fundamental concepts of photocatalytic reactions involving chalcogenides for a range of energy and environmental applications. Sections focus on nanostructure control, synthesis methods, activity enhancement strategies, environmental applications, and perspectives of chalcogenide-based nanomaterials. The book offers guidelines for designing new chalcogenide-based nanoscale photocatalysts at low cost and high efficiency for efficient utilization of solar energy in the areas of energy production and environment remediation. - Provides information on the development of novel chalcogenide-based nanomaterials - Outlines the fundamentals of chalcogenides-based photocatalysis - Includes techniques for heterogeneous catalysis based on chalcogenide-based nanomaterials |
| alkaline earth metals definition chemistry: General Chemistry Donald Allan McQuarrie, Peter A. Rock, Ethan B. Gallogly, 2011 Atoms First seems to be the flavor of the year in chemistry textbooks, but many of them seem to be little more than rearrangement of the chapters. It takes a master like McQuarrie to go back to the drawing board and create a logical development from smallest to largest that makes sense to students.---Hal Harris, University of Missouri-St. Louis McQuarrie's book is extremely well written, the order of topics is logical, and it does a great job with both introductory material and more advanced concepts. Students of all skill levels will be able to learn from this book.---Mark Kearley, Florida State University This new fourth edition of General Chemistry takes an atoms-first approach from beginning to end. In the tradition of McQuarrie's many previous works, it promises to be another ground-breaking text. This superb new book combines the clear writing and wonderful problems that have made McQuarrie famous among chemistry professors and students worldwide. Presented in an elegant design with all-new illustrations, it is available in a soft-cover edition to offer professors a fresh choice at an outstanding value. Student supplements include an online series of descriptive chemistry Interchapters, a Student Solutions Manual, and an optional state-of-the-art Online Homework program. For adopting professors, an Instructor's Manual and a CD of the art are also available. |
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| alkaline earth metals definition chemistry: Physics at Surfaces Andrew Zangwill, 1988-03-24 Physics at Surfaces is a unique graduate-level introduction to the physics and chemical physics of solid surfaces, and atoms and molecules that interact with solid surfaces. A subject of keen scientific inquiry since the last century, surface physics emerged as an independent discipline only in the late 1960s as a result of the development of ultra-high vacuum technology and high speed digital computers. With these tools, reliable experimental measurements and theoretical calculations could at last be compared. Progress in the last decade has been truly striking. This volume provides a synthesis of the entire field of surface physics from the perspective of a modern condensed matter physicist with a healthy interest in chemical physics. The exposition intertwines experiment and theory whenever possible, although there is little detailed discussion of technique. This much-needed text will be invaluable to graduate students and researchers in condensed matter physics, physical chemistry and materials science working in, or taking graduate courses in, surface science. |
| alkaline earth metals definition chemistry: Handbook of Carbon-Based Nanomaterials Sabu Thomas, Sarathchandran C., S.A Ilangovan, Juan Carlos Moreno-Piraján, 2021-07-23 Handbook of Carbon-Based Nanomaterials provides a comprehensive overview of carbon-based nanomaterials and recent advances in these specialized materials. This book opens with a brief introduction to carbon, including the different forms of carbon and their range of uses. Each chapter systematically covers a different type of carbon-based nanomaterial, including its individual characteristics, synthesis techniques and applications in industry, biomedicine and research. This book offers a broad handbook on carbon-based nanomaterials, detailing the materials aspects, applications and recent advances of this expansive topic. With its global team of contributing authors, Handbook of Carbon-Based Nanomaterials collates specific technical expertise from around the world, for each type of carbon-based nanomaterial. Due to the broad nature of the coverage, this book will be useful to an interdisciplinary readership, including researchers in academia and industry in the fields of materials science, engineering, chemistry, energy and biomedical engineering. - Covers a range of carbon-based nanomaterials, including graphene, fullerenes and much more - Describes key properties, synthesis techniques and characterization of each carbon-based nanomaterial - Discusses a range of applications of carbon-based nanomaterials, from biomedicine to energy applications |
| alkaline earth metals definition chemistry: Glencoe Chemistry: Matter and Change, Student Edition McGraw-Hill Education, 2016-06-15 |
| alkaline earth metals definition chemistry: Electronic Structure and Chemical Bonding J. R. Lalanne, R. Boisgard, 1996 This book addresses the problem of teaching the Electronic Structure and Chemical Bonding of atoms and molecules to high school and university students. It presents the outcomes of thorough investigations of some teaching methods as well as an unconventional didactical approach which were developed during a seminar for further training organized by the University of Bordeaux I for teachers of the physical sciences.The text is the result of a collective effort by eleven scientists and teachers: physicists and chemists doing research at the university or at the CRNS, university professors, and science teachers at high-school or university level.While remaining wide open to the latest discoveries of science, the text also offers a large number of problems along with their solutions and is illustrated by several pedagogic suggestions. It is intended for the use of teachers and students of physics, chemistry, and of the physical sciences in general. |
| alkaline earth metals definition chemistry: Comprehensive Supramolecular Chemistry II George W. Gokel, Len Barbour, 2017-06-22 Comprehensive Supramolecular Chemistry II, Second Edition, Nine Volume Set is a ‘one-stop shop’ that covers supramolecular chemistry, a field that originated from the work of researchers in organic, inorganic and physical chemistry, with some biological influence. The original edition was structured to reflect, in part, the origin of the field. However, in the past two decades, the field has changed a great deal as reflected in this new work that covers the general principles of supramolecular chemistry and molecular recognition, experimental and computational methods in supramolecular chemistry, supramolecular receptors, dynamic supramolecular chemistry, supramolecular engineering, crystallographic (engineered) assemblies, sensors, imaging agents, devices and the latest in nanotechnology. Each section begins with an introduction by an expert in the field, who offers an initial perspective on the development of the field. Each article begins with outlining basic concepts before moving on to more advanced material. Contains content that begins with the basics before moving on to more complex concepts, making it suitable for advanced undergraduates as well as academic researchers Focuses on application of the theory in practice, with particular focus on areas that have gained increasing importance in the 21st century, including nanomedicine, nanotechnology and medicinal chemistry Fully rewritten to make a completely up-to-date reference work that covers all the major advances that have taken place since the First Edition published in 1996 |
| alkaline earth metals definition chemistry: Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals Monica Halka, Brian Nordstrom, 2010 Scientists categorize the chemical elements as metals, nonmetals, and metalloids largely based on the elements' abilities to conduct electricity at normal temperatures and pressures, but there are other distinctions taken into account when classifying the elements in the periodic table. The alkali metals, for example, are metals, but have such special properties that they are given their own classification. The same is true for the alkaline earths. Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals presents the current scientific understanding of the physics, chemistry, geology, and biology of these two families of elements, including how they are synthesized in the universe, when and how they were discovered, and where they are found on Earth. With information pertaining to the discovery and naming of these elements as well as new developments and dilemmas, this new book examines how humans use alkalis and alkaline earths and their benefits and challenges to society, health, and the environment. Lithium, sodium, potassium, magnesium, and calcium are only a few of the topics covered in this full-color resource. Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals provides students and scientists with an up-to-date understanding of each of the nonmetals—where they came from, how they fit into our current technological society, and where they may lead us. |
| alkaline earth metals definition chemistry: Molecular Biology of the Cell , 2002 |
| alkaline earth metals definition chemistry: Inorganic Chemistry Catherine E. Housecroft, 2001 This manual contains Catherine Housecroft's detailed worked solutions to all the end of chapter problems within Inorganic Chemistry. It provides fully worked answers to all non-descriptive problems; bullet-point essay plans; general notes of further explanation of particular topics and tips on completing problems; cross-references to main text and to other relevant problems; margin notes for guidance and graphs, structures and diagrams. It includes Periodic table and Table of Physical Constants for reference. This manual should be a useful tool in helping students to grasp problem-solving skills and to both lecturers and students who are using the main Inorganic Chemistry text. |
| alkaline earth metals definition chemistry: Crown Ethers and Cryptands George W Gokel, 2016-11-08 Crown Ethers and Cryptands introduces the broad and basic principles of crown ether and cryptand chemistry at the advanced undergraduate, graduate and working professional level. The book provides a brief introduction, outlining the history of the field and goes on to cover syntheses, complexation of cations and molecules, complex structures, applications and recent developments. It aims to acquaint readers with the scope and principles of the field, providing a bibliography of reviews and books as reference to further reading and citations of the original literature. |
| alkaline earth metals definition chemistry: Heterogeneous Catalytic Materials Guido Busca, 2014-05-23 Heterogeneous Catalytic Materials discusses experimental methods and the latest developments in three areas of research: heterogeneous catalysis; surface chemistry; and the chemistry of catalysts. Catalytic materials are those solids that allow the chemical reaction to occur efficiently and cost-effectively. This book provides you with all necessary information to synthesize, characterize, and relate the properties of a catalyst to its behavior, enabling you to select the appropriate catalyst for the process and reactor system. Oxides (used both as catalysts and as supports for catalysts), mixed and complex oxides and salts, halides, sulfides, carbides, and unsupported and supported metals are all considered. The book encompasses applications in industrial chemistry, refinery, petrochemistry, biomass conversion, energy production, and environmental protection technologies. - Provides a systematic and clear approach of the synthesis, solid state chemistry and surface chemistry of all solid state catalysts - Covers widely used instrumental techniques for catalyst characterization, such as x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and more - Includes characterization methods and lists all catalytic behavior of the solid state catalysts - Discusses new developments in nanocatalysts and their advantages over conventional catalysts |
| alkaline earth metals definition chemistry: Early Main Group Metal Catalysis Sjoerd Harder, 2020-04-06 Early Main Group Metal Catalysis gives a comprehensive overview of catalytic reactions in the presence of group 1 and group 2 metals. Chapters are ordered to reaction type, contain educational elements and deal with concepts illustrated by examples that cover the main developments. After a short introduction on polar organometallic chemistry and synthesis of early main group metal complexes, a variety of catalytic reactions are described, e.g. polymerization of alkenes, hydroamination and phosphination reactions, hydrosilylation, hydroboration and hydrogenation catalysis, as well as enantioselective and Lewis-acid catalysis. The book addresses organic chemists and researchers in industry interested in the state-of-the-art and new possibilities of early main group metal catalysis as well as newcomers to the field. Written by a team of leaders in the field, it is a very welcome addition to the area of main group metal chemistry, and to the field of catalysis. |
| alkaline earth metals definition chemistry: Mineral Commodity Summaries 2017 Government Publishing Office, 2017-03-15 This illustrated report is published annually to furnish estimates covering nonfuel mineral industry data. Data sheets contain information on the domestic industry structure, Government programs, tariffs, and 5-year salient statistics for more than 90 individual minerals and materials. Each chapter includes information on events, trends, and issues for each mineral commodity, as well as discussions and tabular presentations on domestic industry structure. Maps, charts, presentations, tables, and graphs are included throughout this text. Geoscientists, petroleum engineers, global community traders, construction industry engineering executives soil scientists, miners, economists, trade brokers specializing in mineral commodities and imports/exports, mineral manufacturers, statistical professionals, and American citizens may be interested in this updated historical reference. Students pursuing coursework for a Bachelor of Science or advanced degree in environmental science, geosciences, or geology may be interested in this volume for research. It is highly recommended that academic libraries with geology and mining engineering programs, special libraries within these fields, and public libraries place an updated annual copy of this primary source work in their business/economic and reference collections. Related collections: Minerals & Metals resources collection is available here: https://bookstore.gpo.gov/catalog/minerals-metals Environmental Protection & Conservation collection can be found here: https://bookstore.gpo.gov/catalog/environmental-protection-conservation Engineering: https://bookstore.gpo.gov/catalog/engineering Economic Indicators: https://bookstore.gpo.gov/catalog/economic-indicators |
| alkaline earth metals definition chemistry: Matter and Materials Robin Kerrod, 1996 Discusses the nature and states of matter and examines both natural and synthetic materials such as forest products, rocks, minerals, and metals. |
| alkaline earth metals definition chemistry: Applications of Anionic Polymerization Research Roderic P. Quirk, 1998 After introductory chapters outlining principles and industrial applications, papers from a symposium of the August 1996 American Chemical Society meeting in Orlando, Florida are arranged in sections on fundamentals and processes, block copolymers, star polymers, diene polymers, other applications of controlled aniionic polymerization, and polymerization of polar and inorganic monomers. A sampling of topics: UV spectrophotometry as a practical tool for process monitoring, preparation of branched polystyrenes with known architecture, preparation of lithographic resist polymers by anionic polymerization. Annotation copyrighted by Book News, Inc., Portland, OR |
| alkaline earth metals definition chemistry: Rubidium and Caesium Fani︠a︡ Moiseevna Perelʹman, 1965 |
| alkaline earth metals definition chemistry: Encyclopedia of Inorganic Chemistry, 10 Volume Set R. Bruce King, 2005-10-14 The ultimate resource on inorganic chemistry – new and completely revised, 10 years after publication of the First Edition The first edition of the Encyclopedia of Inorganic Chemistry treated the elements of the periodic system in alphabetical order, with multiple entries for key elements. The articles from the First Edition were written more than 10 years ago and all areas of inorganic chemistry have seen such a vigorous development that it was necessary to update most articles and to add a considerable number of new articles. The result of this major work is the proud Encylopedia of Inorganic Chemistry Second Edition (EIC-2). New – now includes colour 30% growth on previous edition – now 6,640 pages, published in 10 volumes EIC-2 continues to present articles in alphabetical order, but the content has been slightly reorganized to the following subject areas: Main Group Elements; Transition Metals and Coordination Chemistry; Organometallic Chemistry; Bioinorganic Chemistry; Solid State, Materials, Nanomaterials and Catalysis; and General Inorganic Chemistry, Theoretical and Computational Methods. |
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Alkaline water: Better than plain water? - Mayo Clinic
Feb 20, 2025 · Alkaline water has a higher pH than that of plain tap water. So proponents say that alkaline water can neutralize acid in the body. Some say that alkaline water can help prevent …
Hypophosphatasia: Clinical updates and therapeutic advances
Jan 17, 2020 · However, the availability of alkaline phosphatase enzyme replacement therapy (asfotase alfa) has significantly altered the natural history of perinatal HPP and most children …
Liver function tests - Mayo Clinic
Jan 18, 2025 · This test is sometimes referred to as SGOT. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP). ALP is an enzyme found in the liver and bone and is important for breaking down proteins. Higher …
Potassium citrate (oral route) - Mayo Clinic
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Elevated liver enzymes - Mayo Clinic
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