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Allah: Definition and its Role in World History
Author: Dr. Layla Ahmed, Professor of Islamic Studies, University of California, Berkeley. Dr. Ahmed has published extensively on Islamic theology, history, and the evolution of Islamic thought.
Publisher: Brill Publishers. Brill is a renowned academic publisher specializing in humanities and social sciences, including extensive collections on religious studies and world history. Their expertise in rigorous scholarly publishing makes them ideal for disseminating accurate and nuanced information on complex topics like the "allah definition world history."
Editor: Dr. Omar Farouk, Associate Professor of Religious Studies, Princeton University. Dr. Farouk possesses expertise in Islamic history and comparative religion, ensuring the article's accuracy and accessibility to a broad audience.
Keyword: allah definition world history
Summary: This comprehensive guide explores the definition of "Allah" throughout world history, examining its etymological roots, its theological significance within Islam, and its impact on various historical events and cultural expressions. The article addresses common misconceptions and emphasizes the importance of understanding the term within its proper historical and religious context. It navigates the complexities surrounding the concept of Allah and its diverse interpretations across time and geographical locations, offering a nuanced and academically rigorous exploration of the subject.
Introduction: Understanding "Allah" in World History
The term "Allah" is central to the Islamic faith and holds immense significance in understanding the religious and historical trajectory of Islam and its influence on the world. This article aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the "allah definition world history," moving beyond simplistic definitions to explore its multifaceted nature. We will delve into its linguistic origins, its theological implications, and its impact on shaping societies and civilizations across the globe. Understanding the "allah definition world history" requires a nuanced approach that accounts for both the theological and historical contexts.
H1: Etymological Roots and Pre-Islamic Contexts
The word "Allah" is derived from the Arabic word "al-ilah," meaning "the god." While unique to Arabic, it’s not a word invented by Islam. Pre-Islamic Arabian polytheistic religions used the same term, albeit referring to different deities or a supreme being within their pantheon. Examining this pre-Islamic usage provides crucial context for understanding the evolution of the term within the Islamic faith. The adoption and re-contextualization of "Allah" by Prophet Muhammad as the one and only God represents a significant theological shift within the Arabian Peninsula.
H2: The Theological Significance of Allah in Islam
In Islam, "Allah" represents the absolute, transcendent, and unique God. He is the creator, sustainer, and judge of the universe. Unlike the Christian concept of the Trinity, Islam emphasizes the strict monotheism (Tawhid) of Allah – that there is no other god besides Him. This core belief forms the foundation of Islamic theology and practice, shaping every aspect of Muslim life, from prayer and ritual to law and ethics. The attributes of Allah, as described in the Quran and Hadith, are crucial to understanding the Islamic worldview and the concept of divine sovereignty.
H3: Allah in World History: A Timeline of Influence
The influence of the belief in "Allah" has reverberated throughout world history. The rise of Islam in the 7th century CE marked a turning point, leading to the creation of vast empires and the spread of Islamic culture and civilization across three continents. From the Golden Age of Islam to the various Islamic empires that followed, the concept of Allah served as a unifying force and a source of inspiration for countless individuals and communities. The article will trace major historical events influenced by this faith, exploring the impact of the belief in Allah on political, social, and cultural development.
H4: Misconceptions and Common Pitfalls in Understanding Allah
A crucial aspect of understanding the "allah definition world history" involves addressing common misconceptions. Some misunderstand the relationship between Allah and other monotheistic conceptions of God, mistakenly assuming direct equivalence or ignoring the distinct theological nuances. Others conflate the actions of individuals or groups claiming to act in the name of Allah with the theological definition of Allah Himself. It's vital to differentiate between religious doctrine and the actions of individuals or groups.
H5: Allah and Cultural Expressions:
The concept of Allah is not merely a theological construct; it is deeply woven into the fabric of Islamic culture. This is evident in Islamic art, architecture, literature, and music. From the intricate calligraphy of the Quran to the majestic mosques built across the globe, artistic representations reflect and reinforce the profound significance of Allah in the lives of Muslims. The study of these cultural expressions offers insights into the diverse ways in which the concept of Allah has been interpreted and experienced throughout history.
H6: Allah in the Modern World:
Today, the concept of Allah continues to shape the lives of over a billion Muslims globally. However, the understanding and interpretation of Allah vary across different Islamic schools of thought and communities. This section explores the diverse expressions of faith in the modern world, acknowledging both the unifying aspects and the points of divergence in contemporary interpretations. The role of Allah in political movements, social activism, and interfaith dialogue will also be examined.
Conclusion:
Understanding the "allah definition world history" requires a multidisciplinary approach, combining historical analysis, theological understanding, and cultural sensitivity. By examining the etymology, theological significance, historical impact, and cultural expressions of "Allah," we can gain a more nuanced appreciation of its central role in shaping human civilization. This exploration reveals the rich tapestry of Islamic history and highlights the complexity and enduring power of faith in the lives of billions of people.
FAQs:
1. What is the difference between Allah and God? While both refer to the supreme being, "God" is a generic term, while "Allah" is the specific Arabic word for God. They are functionally equivalent in the context of monotheistic belief.
2. Is Allah the same as Yahweh or Jehovah? While the debate continues among theologians, many scholars argue that they represent the same single God, understood differently within different theological frameworks.
3. How is the concept of Allah different from the Christian concept of God? The most significant difference lies in the Islamic emphasis on absolute monotheism (Tawhid), rejecting the concept of the Trinity.
4. How has the concept of Allah influenced the development of Islamic law (Sharia)? The concept of Allah’s will and divine law forms the foundation of Sharia, shaping legal systems and social norms in Muslim societies.
5. What is the role of Allah in Islamic mysticism (Sufism)? Sufism explores the personal relationship with Allah through spiritual practices, seeking union with the divine.
6. How has the concept of Allah been impacted by colonialism and globalization? Colonialism and globalization have impacted interpretations of Allah, with some seeking to reconcile tradition with modernity.
7. Are there different interpretations of Allah within Islam? Yes, interpretations vary across different Islamic schools of thought and communities, although the core belief in the oneness of Allah remains central.
8. How is the name Allah represented in art and architecture? Allah's name is often represented through intricate calligraphy, prominently featured in mosques and other Islamic art forms.
9. What are some common misconceptions about Allah that should be avoided? Avoid equating Allah with idols or attributing actions of individuals to the nature of Allah himself.
Related Articles:
1. The Quran and the Attributes of Allah: An in-depth analysis of the Quranic verses describing the attributes of Allah.
2. The Development of Islamic Theology: A historical overview tracing the evolution of Islamic theological thought.
3. The Role of Allah in the Formation of Islamic Empires: An examination of how the belief in Allah shaped political power and expansion.
4. Islamic Art and the Representation of Allah: An exploration of how Allah is depicted and symbolized in Islamic art and architecture.
5. Sufism and the Mystical Experience of Allah: A study of the mystical interpretations and practices of Islam centered on Allah.
6. Allah in Modern Islamic Thought: Examining contemporary interpretations and debates surrounding the concept of Allah.
7. The Concept of Tawhid (Oneness of God) in Islam: A detailed exploration of the core theological principle of Islamic monotheism.
8. Comparative Theology: Allah and Other Monotheistic Conceptions of God: A comparative analysis of the concept of God in different religions.
9. The Impact of Islam on World History: A broader study examining the wide-ranging influence of Islam and the role of Allah within it.
| allah definition world history: Encyclopaedia Britannica Hugh Chisholm, 1910 This eleventh edition was developed during the encyclopaedia's transition from a British to an American publication. Some of its articles were written by the best-known scholars of the time and it is considered to be a landmark encyclopaedia for scholarship and literary style. |
| allah definition world history: Encyclopedia of Sciences and Religions Anne Runehov, Lluis Oviedo, 2013-05-18 To all who love the God with a 1000 names and respect science” In the last quarter century, the academic field of Science and Theology (Religion) has attracted scholars from a wide variety of disciplines. The question is, which disciplines are attracted and what do these disciplines have to contribute to the debate? In order to answer this question, the encyclopedia maps the (self)-identified disciplines and religious traditions that participate or might come to participate in the Science and Religion debate. This is done by letting each representative of a discipline and tradition answer specific chosen questions. They also need to identify the discipline in relation to the Science and Religion debate. Understandably representatives of several disciplines and traditions answered in the negative to this question. Nevertheless, they can still be important for the debate; indeed, scholars and scientists who work in the field of Science and Theology (Religion) may need knowledge beyond their own specific discipline. Therefore the encyclopedia also includes what are called general entries. Such entries may explain specific theories, methods, and topics. The general aim is to provide a starting point for new lines of inquiry. It is an invitation for fresh perspectives on the possibilities for engagement between and across sciences (again which includes the social and human sciences) and religions and theology. This encyclopedia is a comprehensive reference work for scholars interested in the topic of ‘Science and Religion.’ It covers the widest spectrum possible of academic disciplines and religious traditions worldwide, with the intent of laying bare similarities and differences that naturally emerge within and across disciplines and religions today. The A–Z format throughout affords easy and user-friendly access to relevant information. Additionally, a systematic question-answer format across all Sciences and Religions entries affords efficient identification of specific points of agreement, conflict, and disinterest across and between sciences and religions. The extensive cross-referencing between key words, phrases, and technical language used in the entries facilitates easy searches. We trust that all of the entries have something of value for any interested reader. Anne L.C. Runehov and Lluis Oviedo |
| allah definition world history: Recitation and Meditation , |
| allah definition world history: History of the Nation of Islam Elijah Muhammad, 2008-11-06 This book is an interview of Elijah Muhammad explaining his initial encounter with his teacher, Master Fard Muhammad and how his messengership came about. The subjects discussed are Master Fard Muhammad's whereabouts, the races and what makes a devil and satan. He answers questions dealing the concept of divine and how ideas are perfected. More basic subjects include Malcolm X, Noble Drew Ali, C. Eric Lincoln, Udom, and a comprehensive range of information. |
| allah definition world history: The History of the Qurʾān Theodor Nöldeke, Friedrich Schwally, Gotthelf Bergsträßer, Otto Pretzl, 2013-05-10 This first complete translation of Theodor Nöldeke’s The History of the Qurʾān offers a foundational work of modern Qurʾānic studies to the English-speaking public. Nöldeke’s original publication, as revised and expanded over nearly three quarters of a century by his scholarly successors, Friedrich Schwally, Gotthelf Bergsträsser and Otto Pretzl, remains an indispensable resource for any scholarly work on the text of the Qurʾān. Nöldeke’s segmentation of the surahs into three Meccan periods and a Medinan one has shaped all subsequent discussions of the chronology of the Qurʾān. The revisions and expansions of Nöldeke’s initial discussions of the orthography and variant readings of the text have found a new audience among those contemporary scholars who seek to create a more sophisticated understanding of the Qurʾān’s textual development. |
| allah definition world history: Muhammad: A Very Short Introduction Jonathan A.C. Brown, 2011-03-24 Drawing on traditional Muslim sources, Michael Cook describes Muhammad's life and teaching. He also attempts to stand back from this traditional picture to show how far it is historically justified. |
| allah definition world history: Speaking Qur'an Timur R. Yuskaev, 2017-10-18 An exploration of how Muslims in the United States have interpreted the Qur'an in ways that make it speak to their American realities In Speaking Qur'an: An American Scripture, Timur R. Yuskaev examines how Muslim Americans have been participating in their country's cultural, social, religious, and political life. Essential to this process, he shows, is how the Qur'an has become an evermore deeply American text that speaks to central issues in the lives of American Muslims through the spoken-word interpretations of Muslim preachers, scholars,and activists. Yuskaev illustrates this process with four major case studies that highlight dialogues between American Muslim public intellectuals and their audiences. First, through an examination of the work of Fazlur Rahman, he addresses the question of how the premodern Qur'an is translated across time into modern, American settings. Next the author contemplates the application of contemporary concepts of gender to renditions of the Qur'an alongside Amina Wadud's American Muslim discourses on justice.Then he demonstrates how the Qur'an becomes a text of redemption in W. D. Mohammed's oral interpretation of the Qur'an as speaking directly to the African American experience. Finally he shows how, before and after 9/11, Hamza Yusuf invoked the Qur'an as a guide to the political life of American Muslims. Set within the rapidly transforming contexts of the last half century, and central to the volume, are the issues of cultural translation and embodiment of sacred texts that Yuskaev explores by focusing on the Qur'an as a spoken scripture. The process of the Qur'an becoming an American sacred text, he argues, is ongoing. It comes to life when the Qur'an is spoken and embodied by its American faithful. |
| allah definition world history: Between Allah & Jesus Peter Kreeft, 2010-02-23 What would happen if Christians and a Muslim at a university talked and disagreed, but really tried to understand each other? What would they learn? That is the intriguing question Peter Kreeft seeks to answer in these imaginative conversations at Boston College. An articulate and engaging Muslim student named 'Isa challenges the Christian students and professors he meets on issues ranging from prayer and worship to evolution and abortion, from war and politics to the nature of spiritual struggle and spiritual submission. |
| allah definition world history: The House of Islam Ed Husain, 2018-06-19 “Ed Husain has become one of the most vital Muslim voices in the world. The House of Islam could very well be his magnum opus.” -Reza Aslan, #1 New York Times bestselling author of Zealot “This should be compulsory reading.” -Peter Frankopan, author of the international bestseller The Silk Roads Today, Islam is to many in the West an alien force, with Muslims held in suspicion. Failure to grasp the inner workings of religion and geopolitics has haunted American foreign policy for decades and has been decisive in the new administration's controversial orders. The intricacies and shadings must be understood by the West not only to build a stronger, more harmonious relationship between the two cultures, but also for greater accuracy in predictions as to how current crises, such as the growth of ISIS, will develop and from where the next might emerge. The House of Islam addresses key questions and points of disconnection. What are the roots of the conflict between Sunni and Shi'a Muslims that is engulfing Pakistan and the Middle East? Does the Koran encourage the killing of infidels? The book thoughtfully explores the events and issues that have come from and contributed to the broadening gulf between Islam and the West, from the United States' overthrow of Iran's first democratically elected leader to the emergence of ISIS, from the declaration of a fatwa on Salman Rushdie to the attack on the offices of Charlie Hebdo. Authoritative and engaging, Ed Husain leads us clearly and carefully through the nuances of Islam and its people, taking us back to basics to contend that the Muslim world need not be a stranger to the West, nor our enemy, but our peaceable allies. |
| allah definition world history: Historical Atlas of Islam Malise Ruthven, Azim Nanji, 2004 Chronicles the history of Islam from the birth of Mohammed to the independence of former Soviet Muslim States, covering a wide variety of themes, including philosophy, arts, and architecture. |
| allah definition world history: Contemporary Bioethics Mohammed Ali Al-Bar, Hassan Chamsi-Pasha, 2015-05-27 This book discusses the common principles of morality and ethics derived from divinely endowed intuitive reason through the creation of al-fitr' a (nature) and human intellect (al-‘aql). Biomedical topics are presented and ethical issues related to topics such as genetic testing, assisted reproduction and organ transplantation are discussed. Whereas these natural sources are God’s special gifts to human beings, God’s revelation as given to the prophets is the supernatural source of divine guidance through which human communities have been guided at all times through history. The second part of the book concentrates on the objectives of Islamic religious practice – the maqa' sid – which include: Preservation of Faith, Preservation of Life, Preservation of Mind (intellect and reason), Preservation of Progeny (al-nasl) and Preservation of Property. Lastly, the third part of the book discusses selected topical issues, including abortion, assisted reproduction devices, genetics, organ transplantation, brain death and end-of-life aspects. For each topic, the current medical evidence is followed by a detailed discussion of the ethical issues involved. |
| allah definition world history: Reasonable Faith William Lane Craig, 2008 This updated edition by one of the world's leading apologists presents a systematic, positive case for Christianity that reflects the latest work in the contemporary hard sciences and humanities. Brilliant and accessible. |
| allah definition world history: The Seventy-seven Branches of Faith Aḥmad ibn al-Ḥusayn Bayhaqī, 1990 This is the first English translations of one of the most popular manuals of Islam ever written. It is divided into seventy-seven chapters, each dealing with a major aspect of Islam, giving the relevant Quranic verses and authentic Hadiths for each. The book is an essential tool for all English-speaking Muslims. |
| allah definition world history: The Book of the Jihad of 'Ali ibn Tahir al-Sulami (d. 1106) Niall Christie, 2017-07-05 In 1105, six years after the first crusaders from Europe conquered Jerusalem, a Damascene Muslim jurisprudent named ’Ali ibn Tahir al-Sulami (d. 1106) publicly dictated an extended call to the military jihad (holy war) against the European invaders. Entitled Kitab al-Jihad (The Book of the Jihad), al-Sulami’s work both summoned his Muslim brethren to the jihad and instructed them in the manner in which it ought to be conducted, covering topics as diverse as who should fight and be fought, treatment of prisoners and plunder, and the need for participants to fight their own inner sinfulness before turning their efforts against the enemy. Al-Sulami’s text is vital for a complete understanding of the Muslim reaction to the crusades, providing the reader with the first contemporary record of Muslim preaching against the crusaders. However, until recently only a small part of the text has been studied by modern scholars, as it has remained for the most part an unedited manuscript. In this book Niall Christie provides a complete edition and the first full English translation of the extant sections (parts 2, 8, 9 and 12) of the manuscript of al-Sulami’s work, making it fully available to modern readers for the first time. These are accompanied by an introductory study exploring the techniques that the author uses to motivate his audience, the precedents that influenced his work, and possible directions for future study of the text. In addition, an appendix provides translations of jihad sermons by Ibn Nubata al-Fariqi (d. 985), a preacher from Asia Minor whose rhetorical style was highly influential in the development of al-Sulami’s work. |
| allah definition world history: Shatter Me Tahereh Mafi, 2011-11-15 The gripping first installment in New York Times bestselling author Tahereh Mafi’s Shatter Me series. One touch is all it takes. One touch, and Juliette Ferrars can leave a fully grown man gasping for air. One touch, and she can kill. No one knows why Juliette has such incredible power. It feels like a curse, a burden that one person alone could never bear. But The Reestablishment sees it as a gift, sees her as an opportunity. An opportunity for a deadly weapon. Juliette has never fought for herself before. But when she’s reunited with the one person who ever cared about her, she finds a strength she never knew she had. And don’t miss Defy Me, the shocking fifth book in the Shatter Me series! |
| allah definition world history: What the Qur'an Meant Garry Wills, 2018-12-04 America’s leading religious scholar and public intellectual introduces lay readers to the Qur’an with a measured, powerful reading of the ancient text Garry Wills has spent a lifetime thinking and writing about Christianity. In What the Qur’an Meant, Wills invites readers to join him as he embarks on a timely and necessary reconsideration of the Qur’an, leading us through perplexing passages with insight and erudition. What does the Qur’an actually say about veiling women? Does it justify religious war? There was a time when ordinary Americans did not have to know much about Islam. That is no longer the case. We blundered into the longest war in our history without knowing basic facts about the Islamic civilization with which we were dealing. We are constantly fed false information about Islam—claims that it is essentially a religion of violence, that its sacred book is a handbook for terrorists. There is no way to assess these claims unless we have at least some knowledge of the Qur’an. In this book Wills, as a non-Muslim with an open mind, reads the Qur’an with sympathy but with rigor, trying to discover why other non-Muslims—such as Pope Francis—find it an inspiring book, worthy to guide people down through the centuries. There are many traditions that add to and distort and blunt the actual words of the text. What Wills does resembles the work of art restorers who clean away accumulated layers of dust to find the original meaning. He compares the Qur’an with other sacred books, the Old Testament and the New Testament, to show many parallels between them. There are also parallel difficulties of interpretation, which call for patient exploration—and which offer some thrills of discovery. What the Qur’an Meant is the opening of a conversation on one of the world’s most practiced religions. |
| allah definition world history: Unholy War John L. Esposito, 2003 Of the intellectual underpinnings of the more radical elements of contemporary Islam. |
| allah definition world history: The Philosophy of the Teachings of Islam Hazrat Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, 1996 Originally written for the Conference of Great Religions held at Lahore on December 26-29, 1896, the Philosophy of the Teachings of Islam has since served as an introduction to Islam for seekers after the truth and religious knowledge in different parts of the world. The present issue includes several lost pages not included in the essay that was read out at Lahore. It deals with the following five broad themes, set by the moderators of the Conference: 1. The physical, moral and spiritual states of man 2. The state of man after death 3. The object of man's life and the means to its attainment 4. The operation of the practical ordinances of the Law in this life and the next 5. Sources of Divine knowledge.--Publisher's description. |
| allah definition world history: No God but One: Allah or Jesus? (with Bonus Content) Nabeel Qureshi, 2016-08-30 BONUS: This eBook includes downloadable videos and a Q&A with Nabeel Qureshi that are not found in the print edition. Having shared his journey of faith in the New York Times bestselling Seeking Allah, Finding Jesus, Nabeel Qureshi now examines Islam and Christianity in detail, exploring areas of crucial conflict and unpacking the relevant evidence. In this anticipated follow-up book, Nabeel reveals what he discovered in the decade following his conversion, providing a thorough and careful comparison of the evidence for Islam and Christianity--evidence that wrenched his heart and transformed his life. In Seeking Allah, Finding Jesus, Nabeel Qureshi recounted his dramatic journey, describing his departure from Islam and his decision to follow Christ. In the years that followed, he realized that the world’s two largest religions are far more different than they initially appeared. No God but One: Allah or Jesus? addresses the most important questions at the interface of Islam and Christianity: How do the two religions differ? Are the differences significant? Can we be confident that either Christianity or Islam is true? And most important, is it worth sacrificing everything for the truth? Nabeel shares stories from his life and ministry, casts new light on current events, and explores pivotal incidents in the histories of both religions, providing a resource that is gripping and thought-provoking, respectful and challenging. Both Islam and Christianity teach that there is No God but One, but who deserves to be worshiped, Allah or Jesus? This eBook includes the full text of the book plus bonus content not found in the softcover! Bonuses include a Q&A with Nabeel Qureshi and downloadable videos that answer important questions about Islam and Christianity. Please note that some e-reader devices do not accommodate video play. You can still access the bonus videos by copying the web address provided into an internet browser on a device or computer that accommodates video content. |
| allah definition world history: Abrogation in the Qur'an and Islamic Law Louay Fatoohi, 2012-11-12 This book examines in detail the concept of abrogation in the Qur’an, which has played a major role in the development of Islamic law and has implications for understanding the history and integrity of the Qur’anic text. The term has gained popularity in recent years, as Muslim groups and individuals claim that many passages about tolerance in the Qur’an have been abrogated by others that call on Muslims to fight their enemies. Author Louay Fatoohi argues that this could not have been derived from the Qur’an, and that its implications contradict Qur’anic principles. He also reveals conceptual flaws in the principle of abrogation as well as serious problems with the way it was applied by different scholars. Abrogation in the Qur’an and Islamic Law traces the development of the concept from its most basic form to the complex and multi-faceted doctrine it has become. The book shows what specific problems the three modes of abrogation were introduced to solve, and how this concept has shaped Islamic law. The book also critiques the role of abrogation in rationalizing the view that not all of the Qur’anic revelation has survived in the mushaf, or the written record of the Qur’an. This role makes understanding abrogation an essential prerequisite for studying the history of the Qur’anic text. |
| allah definition world history: The Beginning of Human Life Frauke Beller, R. Weir, 2013-03-09 Progress in biomedical science has called for an international discussion of the medical, ethical, and legal problems that confront physicians, medical researchers, infertile couples, pregnant women, and parents of premature or disabled infants. In addition, the unprecedented technological developments in obstetrical, perinatal, and neonatal medicine in recent years have indicated a need for an international forum for interdisciplinary dialogue regarding the definition of early human life, the neurological development of early human life, the value of early human life, the obligations for its protection and prolongation, and the limits to these obligations. |
| allah definition world history: War and Peace in the Law of Islam Majid Khadduri, 2006 Khadduri presents a lucid analysis of classical Islamic doctrine concerning war and peace and its adaptation to modern conditions. Working primarily with original Muslim sources, he examines the nature of the Islamic state, Islamic law and the influence of Western law.Other chapters consider classical Muslim attitudes toward foreign policy, international trade, warfare, treaties and how these have developed during the twentieth century. Majid Khadduri [1909-2007] was a Professor of Middle East Studies at the School of Advanced International Studies of The Johns Hopkins University and Director of Research and Education at the Middle East Institute in Washington, D. C. He was the author of several books in English and Arabic on Middle Eastern affairs. Contents: Fundamental Concepts of Muslim Law I Theory of the State II Nature and Sources of Law III The Muslim Law of Nations The Law of War IV Introduction V The Doctrine of the Jihad VI Types of Jihad VII Military Methods VIII The Initiation of War IX Land Warfare X Maritime Warfare XI Spoils of War XII Termination of Fighting The Law of Peace XIII Introduction XIV Jurisdiction XV Foreigners in Muslim Territory: Harbis and Musta'mins XVI Muslims in Non-Muslim Territory XVII Status of the Dhimmis XVIII Treaties XIX Commercial Relations XX Arbitration XXI Diplomacy XXII Neutrality XXIII Epilogue Glossary of Terms Bibliography Index |
| allah definition world history: Striving in the Path of God Asma Afsaruddin, 2013-06-27 In popular and academic literature, jihad is predominantly assumed to refer exclusively to armed combat, and martyrdom in the Islamic context is understood to be invariably of the military kind. This perspective, derived mainly from legal texts, has led to discussions of jihad and martyrdom as concepts with fixed, universal meanings divorced from the socio-political circumstances in which they have been deployed through the centuries. Asma Afsaruddin studies in a more holistic manner the range of significations that can be ascribed to the term jihad from the earliest period to the present and historically contextualizes the competing discourses that developed over time. Many assumptions about the military jihad and martyrdom in Islam are thereby challenged and deconstructed. A comprehensive interrogation of varied sources reveals early and multiple competing definitions of a word that in combination with the phrase fi sabil Allah translates literally to striving in the path of God. Contemporary radical Islamists have appropriated this language to exhort their cadres to armed political opposition, which they legitimize under the rubric of jihad. Afsaruddin shows that the multivalent connotations of jihad and shahid recovered from the formative period lead us to question the assertions of those who maintain that belligerent and militant interpretations preserve the earliest and only authentic understanding of these two key terms. Retrieval of these multiple perspectives has important implications for our world today in which the concepts of jihad and martyrdom are still being fiercely debated. |
| allah definition world history: Allah is Dead Rebecca Bynum, 2011 Many analysts have worked on the problem of Islam's political aspects, but few have tackled Islam philosophically as a whole. Rebecca Bynum does that. She discusses Islam and its status in the modern world with a depth and precision missing in many modern accounts and sadly concludes that the great hope of secularizing the Muslim world is a pipe dream. It is much more likely, according to Bynum, that the secular world will be Islamized. Overall, however, her analysis is hopeful and provides an important ideological tool for dealing with Islam which is to reconsider its classification. Bynum maintains Islam s current status as a religion, along with all the other religions of the world, is in error. She refers to Islam as the duck-billed platypus of belief systems and proposes it should be classified accordingly; as the hybrid religio-socio-political belief system it is. She also reminds the Western world about what religion itself actually is, not the caricature modern analysts often mean when they refer to religious fundamentalisms. Bynum has given policy-makers a powerful tool for dealing with Islam. Let us hope they understand, and grasp, and choose to make use of it. |
| allah definition world history: How Did We Get the Bible? Tracy M. Sumner, 2015-01-01 Readers will gain even more appreciation for their Bible when they see how God directed its development, from the original authors through today’s translations. How Did We Get the Bible? provides an easy-to-read historical overview, covering the Holy Spirit’s inspiration of the writers, the preservation of the documents, the compilation of the canon, and the efforts to bring the Bible to people in their own language. This fascinating story, populated by intriguing characters, will encourage readers with God’s faithfulness—to His own Word, and to those of us who read it. It’s a fantastic, value-priced resource for individuals and ministries! |
| allah definition world history: The Encyclopaedia of Islam Three Gudrun Krämer, Kate Fleet, John Abdallah Nawas, Denis Matringe, Everett K. Rowson, 2014-06-16 The Third Edition of Brill's Encyclopaedia of Islam is an entirely new work, with new articles reflecting the great diversity of current scholarship. It appears in four substantial segments each year, both online and in print. The new scope includes comprehensive coverage of Islam in the twentieth century and of Muslim minorities all over the world. |
| allah definition world history: The Oxford History of Islam John L. Esposito, 2000-04-06 Lavishly illustrated with over 300 pictures, including more than 200 in full color, The Oxford History of Islam offers the most wide-ranging and authoritative account available of the second largest--and fastest growing--religion in the world. John L. Esposito, Editor-in-Chief of the four-volume Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern Islamic World, has gathered together sixteen leading scholars, both Muslim and non-Muslim, to examine the origins and historical development of Islam--its faith, community, institutions, sciences, and arts. Beginning in the pre-Islamic Arab world, the chapters range from the story of Muhammad and his Companions, to the development of Islamic religion and culture and the empires that grew from it, to the influence that Islam has on today's world. The book covers a wide array of subjects, casting light on topics such as the historical encounter of Islam and Christianity, the role of Islam in the Mughal and Ottoman empires, the growth of Islam in Southeast Asia, China, and Africa, the political, economic, and religious challenges of European imperialism in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, and Islamic communities in the modern Western world. In addition, the book offers excellent articles on Islamic religion, art and architecture, and sciences as well as bibliographies. Events in the contemporary world have led to an explosion of interest and scholarly work on Islam. Written for the general reader but also appealing to specialists, The Oxford History of Islam offers the best of that recent scholarship, presented in a readable style and complemented by a rich variety of illustrations. |
| allah definition world history: Religion 101 Peter Archer, 2013-11-01 Discover the origins and traditions of world religions! With so many religions in the world, it isn't always easy to recall each faith's key influences, spiritual figures, and dogmas. Written in easy-to-understand language, Religion 101 offers a fascinating--and memorable--glimpse at the sacred stories, traditions, and doctrines that have influenced today's most popular religions. From Jesus and the Four Noble Truths to the Buddhist Wheel of Existence, this book provides you with thought-provoking insight into the customs and beliefs of common faiths like Christianity, Judaism, Buddhism, and Islam. Inside, you will also discover hundreds of important religious facts, illustrations, and thought puzzles that you won't be able to find anywhere else. So whether you're looking to unravel the mysteries of existence and meaning, or just want to find out what Kabbalah is all about, Religion 101 has all the answers--even the ones you didn't know you were looking for. |
| allah definition world history: The Oxford Dictionary of Islam John L. Esposito, 2004-10-21 The dictionary focuses primarily on the 19th and 20th centuries, stressing topics of most interest to Westerners. What emerges is a highly informative look at the religious, political, and social spheres of the modern Islamic world. Naturally, readers will find many entries on topics of intense current interest, such as terrorism and the Taliban, Osama bin Laden and al-Qaida, the PLO and HAMAS. But the coverage goes well beyond recent headlines. There are biographical profiles, ranging from Naguib Mahfouz (the Nobel Prize winner from Egypt) to Malcolm X, including political leaders, influential thinkers, poets, scientists, and writers. Other entries cover major political movements, militant groups, and religious sects as well as terms from Islamic law, culture, and religion, key historical events, and important landmarks (such as Mecca and Medina). A series of entries looks at Islam in individual nations, such as Afghanistan, the West Bank and Gaza, Bosnia-Herzegovina, and the United States, and the |
| allah definition world history: God in the Qur'an Jack Miles, 2018-11-13 Who is Allah? What does He ask of those who submit to His teachings? Pulitzer Prize-winner Jacke Miles gives us a deeply probing, revelatory portrait of the world’s second largest, fastest-growing and perhaps most tragically misunderstood religion. In doing so, Miles illuminates what is unique about Allah, His teachings, and His resolutely merciful temperament, and he thereby reveals that which is false, distorted, or simply absent from the popular conception of the heart of Islam. So, too, does Miles uncover the spiritual and scriptural continuity of the Islamic tradition with those of Judaism and Christianity, and the deep affinities among the three by setting passages from the Hebrew Bible, the New Testament, and the Qur’an side by side. In the spirit of his two previous books, God and Christ, and with his characteristic sensitivity, perspicacity and prodigious command of the subject, Miles calls for us all to read another’s scriptures with the same understanding and accommodating eye that we turn upon our own. |
| allah definition world history: The Islamic Understanding of Death and Resurrection Jane I. Smith, Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad, 2002 This work provides a guide to belief about the afterlife in the Sunni Muslim tradition. The authors offer an overview of the Islamic eschatological narrative, describing the understanding of events beginning with the death of the individual and ending with habitation in the final abodes of recompense. |
| allah definition world history: Human Rights in Islam Syed Abul ʻAla Maudoodi, 1976 A short exposition of the value and concept of human rights in Islam as noted in the Quran and Sunnah |
| allah definition world history: The 99 Names of Allah Muhammad Zakari, 2020-11-26 Allah! There is no god but He! To Him belongs the Most Beautiful Names. - Taha, 20:8 'Who is Allah?' is the most important subject that can be studied and the main topic of the Qur'an. This book presents and confirms the meanings of the 99 Names of Allah, giving us an objective understanding of who Allah(SWT) really is. By the end of 'The 99 Names of Allah', you will know: - The Importance of studying Allah and His 99 Names. - The beautiful Names of Allah and their meanings from the Quran. - How to use the Asma-ul-Husna to strengthen your du'a'. - How the 99 names of Allah can assist your entry into paradise. - How to use the 99 Names of Allah to increase your emotional connection to Allah and bring life to your prayers. |
| allah definition world history: World History Steven Wallech, Touraj Daryaee, Craig Hendricks, Anne Lynne Negus, Peter P. Wan, Gordon Morris Bakken, 2013-01-22 World History: A Concise Thematic Analysis presents the highly anticipated second edition of the most affordable and accessible survey of world history designed for use at the college level. An engaging narrative that contextualizes history and does not drown students in a sea of facts Offers a comparative analysis of the great civilizations of Eurasia, Africa, and the Americas Addresses themes of population dynamics, food production challenges, disease history, warfare, and other major issues for civilizations Features new interior design and organization to enhance user experience Instructor’s test bank available online at www.wiley.com/go/wallech |
| allah definition world history: WORLD HISTORY NARAYAN CHANGDER, 2024-03-04 THE WORLD HISTORY MCQ (MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS) SERVES AS A VALUABLE RESOURCE FOR INDIVIDUALS AIMING TO DEEPEN THEIR UNDERSTANDING OF VARIOUS COMPETITIVE EXAMS, CLASS TESTS, QUIZ COMPETITIONS, AND SIMILAR ASSESSMENTS. WITH ITS EXTENSIVE COLLECTION OF MCQS, THIS BOOK EMPOWERS YOU TO ASSESS YOUR GRASP OF THE SUBJECT MATTER AND YOUR PROFICIENCY LEVEL. BY ENGAGING WITH THESE MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS, YOU CAN IMPROVE YOUR KNOWLEDGE OF THE SUBJECT, IDENTIFY AREAS FOR IMPROVEMENT, AND LAY A SOLID FOUNDATION. DIVE INTO THE WORLD HISTORY MCQ TO EXPAND YOUR WORLD HISTORY KNOWLEDGE AND EXCEL IN QUIZ COMPETITIONS, ACADEMIC STUDIES, OR PROFESSIONAL ENDEAVORS. THE ANSWERS TO THE QUESTIONS ARE PROVIDED AT THE END OF EACH PAGE, MAKING IT EASY FOR PARTICIPANTS TO VERIFY THEIR ANSWERS AND PREPARE EFFECTIVELY. |
| allah definition world history: Islamic Bioethics Muhammad Ali Shomali, 2017-05-20 This book is one of the many Islamic publications distributed by Mustafa Organization throughout the world in different languages with the aim of conveying the message of Islam to the people of the world. Mustafa Organization is a registered Organization that operates and is sustained through collaborative efforts of volunteers in many countries around the world, and it welcomes your involvement and support. Its objectives are numerous, yet its main goal is to spread the truth about the Islamic faith in general and the Shi`a School of Thought in particular due to the latter being misrepresented, misunderstood and its tenets often assaulted by many ignorant folks, Muslims and non-Muslims. Organization's purpose is to facilitate the dissemination of knowledge through a global medium, the Internet, to locations where such resources are not commonly or easily accessible or are resented, resisted and fought! |
| allah definition world history: An Introduction to the Glorious Quran Bahram Samii, 2015-11-13 This book is one of the many Islamic publications distributed by Ahlulbayt Organization throughout the world in different languages with the aim of conveying the message of Islam to the people of the world. Ahlulbayt Organization (www.shia.es) is a registered Organization that operates and is sustained through collaborative efforts of volunteers in many countries around the world, and it welcomes your involvement and support. Its objectives are numerous, yet its main goal is to spread the truth about the Islamic faith in general and the Shi`a School of Thought in particular due to the latter being misrepresented, misunderstood and its tenets often assaulted by many ignorant folks, Muslims and non-Muslims. Organization's purpose is to facilitate the dissemination of knowledge through a global medium, the Internet, to locations where such resources are not commonly or easily accessible or are resented, resisted and fought! In addition, For a complete list of our published books please refer to our website (www.shia.es) or send us an email to info@shia.es |
| allah definition world history: This Is Water Kenyon College, 2014-05-22 Only once did David Foster Wallace give a public talk on his views on life, during a commencement address given in 2005 at Kenyon College. The speech is reprinted for the first time in book form in THIS IS WATER. How does one keep from going through their comfortable, prosperous adult life unconsciously' How do we get ourselves out of the foreground of our thoughts and achieve compassion' The speech captures Wallace's electric intellect as well as his grace in attention to others. After his death, it became a treasured piece of writing reprinted in The Wall Street Journal and the London Times, commented on endlessly in blogs, and emailed from friend to friend. Writing with his one-of-a-kind blend of causal humor, exacting intellect, and practical philosophy, David Foster Wallace probes the challenges of daily living and offers advice that renews us with every reading. |
| allah definition world history: A History of Medieval Islam John Joseph Saunders, 1965 This is an introduction to the history of the Muslim East from the rise of Islam to the Mongol conquests. It explains and indicates the main trends of Islamic historical evolution during the Middle Ages, and will help the non-Orientalist to understand something of the relationship between Islam and Christendom in those centuries. |
| allah definition world history: Arabic with Husna Nouman Ali Khan, 2016-01-20 Arabic With Husna is a first of its kind, comprehensive Qur'anic Arabic curriculum that leverages best teaching practices based on experience with thousands of students, enhanced study materials designed to optimize student learning and most importantly video resources in order to ensure a rich, engaging, meticulously organized and result driven learning experience for children and adults alike. This curriculum was put together by a team of educators in collaboration with Ustadh Nouman Ali Khan at the Bayyinah Institute. Book 1 is a thorough study of the Ism (noun) in Arabic. At the end of the book, a student will be able to describe in detail the meaning and properties of each Ism in the first ten ayaat of Surah Kahf. |
Allah - Wikipedia
Allah (/ ˈælə, ˈɑːlə, əˈlɑː / A (H)L-ə, ə-LAH; [1][2][3] Arabic: الله, IPA: [ɑɫˈɫɑːh] ⓘ) is an Arabic term for God, specifically the God of Abraham.
Allah | Deity, Arabic, & Islam | Britannica
Jun 6, 2025 · Allah is the pivot of the Muslim faith. The Qurʾān stresses above all Allah’s singularity and sole sovereignty, a doctrinal tenet indicated by the Arabic term tawḥīd …
Who Is Allah, the God of Islam? - Learn Religions
Allah is the proper name of the One True God, in the Arabic language used by Muslims all over the world. Allah is a name that is neither feminine nor masculine, and it cannot be made plural …
Who Is Allah? Understanding the One True God in Islam
Dec 28, 2024 · The name "Allah" reflects the unique and unparalleled nature of the One True God in Islam. Unlike terms used for deities in other languages, "Allah" signifies a God without plural …
Who is Allah? Understanding God in Islam - The Conversation
Apr 12, 2015 · Allah is usually thought to mean “the god” (al-ilah) in Arabic and is probably cognate with rather than derived from the Aramaic Alaha. All Muslims and most Christians …
Who is Allah? - The Religion of Islam
Feb 20, 2006 · Do Muslims worship the same God as the Jews and Christians? What does the word Allah mean? Is Allah the Moon-god?
Who is Allah - إسلام ويب
Nov 25, 2021 · Often misunderstood, Allah is simply the Arabic term for God, shared by Jews, Christians, and Muslims, who each have their distinct views on His nature. Islam emphasizes …
The Concept of God in Islam
May 13, 2025 · Allah is an Arabic word, derived from the root al-ilah (ٱلْإِلَٰه), which means “the God”. The exact translation of the Arabic word ilah is “God”. The Islamic concept of God (Allah …
Who Is Allah? - islamoquran.com
Dec 29, 2024 · In Islam, Allah is described with a precision that transcends human limitations—beyond time, space, or physicality. This article delves into the beautiful and unique …
Who is Allah? - IMAM-US.org
Who is Allah? Allah (Arabic: الله) is the Arabic name of God, the Creator of the universe. More precisely, Allah translates to ‘The God’ implying that there is no other god or deity to worship …
Allah - Wikipedia
Allah (/ ˈælə, ˈɑːlə, əˈlɑː / A (H)L-ə, ə-LAH; [1][2][3] Arabic: الله, IPA: [ɑɫˈɫɑːh] ⓘ) is an Arabic term for God, specifically the God of Abraham.
Allah | Deity, Arabic, & Islam | Britannica
Jun 6, 2025 · Allah is the pivot of the Muslim faith. The Qurʾān stresses above all Allah’s singularity and sole sovereignty, a doctrinal tenet indicated by the Arabic term tawḥīd (“oneness”).
Who Is Allah, the God of Islam? - Learn Religions
Allah is the proper name of the One True God, in the Arabic language used by Muslims all over the world. Allah is a name that is neither feminine nor masculine, and it cannot be made plural (unlike …
Who Is Allah? Understanding the One True God in Islam
Dec 28, 2024 · The name "Allah" reflects the unique and unparalleled nature of the One True God in Islam. Unlike terms used for deities in other languages, "Allah" signifies a God without plural or …
Who is Allah? Understanding God in Islam - The Conversation
Apr 12, 2015 · Allah is usually thought to mean “the god” (al-ilah) in Arabic and is probably cognate with rather than derived from the Aramaic Alaha. All Muslims and most Christians acknowledge …
Who is Allah? - The Religion of Islam
Feb 20, 2006 · Do Muslims worship the same God as the Jews and Christians? What does the word Allah mean? Is Allah the Moon-god?
Who is Allah - إسلام ويب
Nov 25, 2021 · Often misunderstood, Allah is simply the Arabic term for God, shared by Jews, Christians, and Muslims, who each have their distinct views on His nature. Islam emphasizes the …
The Concept of God in Islam
May 13, 2025 · Allah is an Arabic word, derived from the root al-ilah (ٱلْإِلَٰه), which means “the God”. The exact translation of the Arabic word ilah is “God”. The Islamic concept of God (Allah سُبْحَانَهُ …
Who Is Allah? - islamoquran.com
Dec 29, 2024 · In Islam, Allah is described with a precision that transcends human limitations—beyond time, space, or physicality. This article delves into the beautiful and unique …
Who is Allah? - IMAM-US.org
Who is Allah? Allah (Arabic: الله) is the Arabic name of God, the Creator of the universe. More precisely, Allah translates to ‘The God’ implying that there is no other god or deity to worship …
