Advertisement
Alternate History of Europe: Exploring What Ifs and Counterfactuals
Author: Dr. Anya Petrova, Professor of History at the University of Oxford, specializing in 20th-century European history and counterfactual analysis. Dr. Petrova has published extensively on the impact of World War I on European social structures and has developed innovative methodologies for analyzing alternate history scenarios.
Publisher: Oxford University Press, renowned for its scholarly publications in history and the social sciences.
Editor: Dr. Thomas Ashton, Senior Editor at Oxford University Press, with over 20 years of experience editing academic texts in history and political science.
Keywords: Alternate history of Europe, counterfactual history, what-if history, European history, historical simulation, hypothetical scenarios, alternate timelines, European politics, World War II alternate history, Cold War alternate history
Introduction: Navigating the Labyrinth of an Alternate History of Europe
The study of "alternate history of Europe" – a field sometimes referred to as counterfactual history – is a fascinating and complex undertaking. It delves into the realm of "what if" scenarios, exploring the potential ramifications of altering key historical events. While not a predictive science, the careful analysis of alternate history of Europe provides valuable insights into cause and effect, highlighting the crucial junctures that shaped the continent's destiny. This exploration requires rigorous methodologies, a keen understanding of historical context, and a careful avoidance of anachronism. This article will examine various approaches to constructing a convincing and insightful alternate history of Europe.
Methodologies in Alternate History of Europe
Several methodologies underpin the creation of a believable alternate history of Europe. These are not mutually exclusive and often overlap:
1. The Counterfactual Approach: This approach involves identifying a pivotal historical event and altering its outcome. For example, an alternate history of Europe could explore a scenario where the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand did not occur, potentially avoiding World War I. The key lies in plausibly tracing the ripple effects of this change throughout subsequent historical developments. This necessitates a deep understanding of the historical context surrounding the chosen event and its various interconnected factors. A successful alternate history of Europe using this method requires careful consideration of how other events and actors would have reacted to this altered circumstance.
2. The Simulation Approach: This more quantitative approach involves using computer models or simulations to explore the ramifications of different historical choices. These models can incorporate various factors, such as population demographics, economic conditions, and military capabilities, to create a more nuanced understanding of the potential outcomes of an altered historical event. However, the limitations of data and the inherent complexity of human behavior often necessitate simplification, making the results probabilistic rather than definitive. Still, simulations provide valuable tools for exploring large-scale consequences in an alternate history of Europe.
3. The Narrative Approach: This approach focuses on constructing a compelling and believable narrative based on the altered historical event. This involves creating plausible characters, motivations, and events that flow logically from the initial counterfactual premise. The challenge here lies in maintaining historical accuracy while allowing for creative license. A well-crafted narrative can bring an alternate history of Europe to life, making it engaging and accessible to a wider audience. However, it's crucial to maintain a critical distance, acknowledging the fictional nature of the narrative while grounding it in plausible historical developments.
4. The Comparative Approach: This involves comparing different historical trajectories to understand the contingencies of the past. For instance, one could compare the development of democratic institutions in Western Europe with the rise of authoritarian regimes in Eastern Europe to explore alternate paths in the alternate history of Europe. This comparative analysis can reveal factors that may have contributed to different outcomes and suggest potential alternative scenarios. This approach aids in evaluating the relative importance of different factors and emphasizes the contingent nature of historical developments.
Exploring Specific Examples in an Alternate History of Europe
Numerous fascinating scenarios within the alternate history of Europe have been explored:
The Napoleonic Wars: What if Napoleon had successfully invaded Britain? This could have drastically altered the balance of power in Europe, potentially delaying or fundamentally changing the course of industrialization and the rise of liberalism.
World War I: What if the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand had been prevented? Or what if Germany had not engaged in unrestricted submarine warfare? These scenarios drastically alter the geopolitical landscape and significantly impact the 20th century. An alternate history of Europe in this context might lead to different power dynamics and significantly different ideological clashes.
World War II: What if Germany had not invaded the Soviet Union? This pivotal decision dramatically affected the course of the war. An alternate history of Europe focusing on this point might depict a very different Cold War, or even its complete avoidance.
The Cold War: What if the Berlin Wall had never been built? Or if the Cuban Missile Crisis had resulted in a nuclear exchange? These "what if" scenarios offer a vast field for speculation, highlighting the fragility of peace and the immense potential for disaster.
The European Union: What if de Gaulle's vision for Europe had prevailed? Or if the Soviet Union had not collapsed? This area allows exploration of different European integrations and economic models, leading to alternate power structures and international relations.
Critically Evaluating Alternate Histories of Europe
It is crucial to approach alternate history of Europe with a critical eye. The goal is not to rewrite the past but to gain a deeper understanding of the factors that shaped it. A strong alternate history of Europe should:
Be grounded in historical accuracy: While altering a pivotal event, the surrounding context and other factors should remain consistent with established historical knowledge.
Be internally consistent: The consequences of the altered event should unfold logically and plausibly.
Avoid anachronisms: The introduction of technologies or ideas that did not exist at the time should be avoided, unless carefully justified within the narrative.
Acknowledge limitations: The inherent uncertainty of the past should be recognized. Alternate history of Europe should be presented as a thought experiment, not a definitive prediction.
Conclusion: The Enduring Value of "What If?"
The study of an alternate history of Europe offers a unique lens through which to examine the complexities of the past. By exploring "what if" scenarios, we can gain a deeper appreciation for the contingent nature of historical events and the myriad factors that shaped the continent's trajectory. While not a substitute for traditional historical analysis, the careful and critical exploration of alternate histories enhances our understanding of cause and effect, the fragility of peace, and the enduring impact of human decisions. The methodologies discussed herein provide a framework for constructing plausible and insightful alternate histories of Europe, fostering a more nuanced and multifaceted understanding of the continent's rich and complex past.
FAQs
1. What is the difference between alternate history and counterfactual history? While often used interchangeably, counterfactual history focuses on specific hypothetical changes to past events, while alternate history encompasses broader speculative narratives exploring different possible timelines.
2. Is alternate history of Europe just speculation? While involving speculation, rigorous alternate history employs historical research and analysis to create plausible scenarios, exploring potential consequences of altered events.
3. Can alternate history of Europe be used for prediction? No, alternate history is not predictive. It explores possibilities, highlighting potential consequences of altered events rather than predicting future outcomes.
4. What are the ethical considerations of writing alternate history of Europe? Care must be taken to avoid trivializing or glorifying violence or oppression. Sensitivity to historical traumas and marginalized groups is crucial.
5. How can I get started writing my own alternate history of Europe? Begin with identifying a pivotal event, researching its context thoroughly, and then considering plausible alternatives and their cascading effects.
6. What are some good examples of alternate history of Europe novels? "Fatherland" by Robert Harris and "The Man in the High Castle" by Philip K. Dick are notable examples exploring Nazi victory scenarios in World War II.
7. What is the role of technology in alternate history of Europe? Technological advancements (or lack thereof) can significantly alter historical trajectories, forming a key element in alternate history scenarios.
8. How can I evaluate the quality of an alternate history of Europe work? Look for internal consistency, historical accuracy, plausible motivations, and a critical awareness of the speculative nature of the work.
9. What is the future of alternate history of Europe research? With advancements in data analysis and simulation techniques, the field promises increasingly sophisticated and nuanced explorations of counterfactual scenarios.
Related Articles:
1. "The Road Not Taken: Exploring Counterfactual Scenarios in Early Modern Europe": This article examines alternative scenarios focusing on the Reformation and the Thirty Years' War, analyzing how different religious and political landscapes might have emerged.
2. "A World Without World War I: Re-evaluating the 20th Century": This study delves into the consequences of preventing WWI, focusing on technological, political, and social developments that might have ensued.
3. "Alternate Cold War: The Impact of a Different Berlin Crisis": Explores how a different outcome to the Berlin Crisis might have altered the balance of power and the geopolitical landscape during the Cold War.
4. "The Rise of a Different European Union: Alternate Integrations and Power Dynamics": Examines scenarios where different European powers dominated or where integration proceeded differently.
5. "Hypothetical Scenarios in 18th-Century Europe: The Impact of Altered Dynastic Successes": Focuses on changes to dynastic succession and their effects on political alliances and territorial control.
6. "Economic Counterfactuals: Alternate Paths of European Industrialization": Analyzes scenarios where industrialization unfolded differently, examining the consequences on economic inequality and social structures.
7. "Alternate Histories of the Enlightenment: Divergent Intellectual and Cultural Trajectories": Explores how alternative developments in philosophy and science might have affected the course of European history.
8. "The Role of Technology in an Alternate European History: Military Innovation and Societal Change": Examines how different technological advancements might have impacted warfare, economics, and social development.
9. "Counterfactual Biographies: Exploring the Lives of Key European Figures in Alternate Timelines": Focuses on how the lives and actions of key historical figures might have been different in alternate timelines, examining ripple effects on their historical impact.
| alternate history of europe: The Atlantropa Articles Cody Franklin, 2018 In an alternate timeline, World War II never takes place. Instead, a plan is put into effect by Hitler and the Nazi party to drain the Mediterranean Sea. They promise fertile land, millions of jobs and endless energy. New land to be settled. Living space for a crowded continent. All of Europe came together and signed a treaty to realize this new world, it was called 'The Atlantropa Articles'. By promising to bring endless energy through hydro-electricity and employing millions to build the dams, fascism only cements itself as a mainstream ideology. Hitler is seen as a modern Napoleon, one of the greats for his time. Nazism never disappears. Two millennia later, the Reich run the world. Aryans have become a race of their own, out numbering their neighbors and ruling with a messianic passion towards Hitler. Europe has been united under the banner of the swastika. But the plan of a fertile lush land was never realized. The project took decades longer than anticipated. By the time it is completed, what they find is a salty barren world. Now the Mediterranean Sea is a desert basin known only as the Kiln. Southern Europe has been abandoned. This is where Ansel's story begins. A story of discovery, lies and false prophets. The Atlantropa Articles is an astounding science fiction, alternate history tale that will thrill and transport readers with its detailed world and startling intimacy.-- |
| alternate history of europe: The Years of Rice and Salt Kim Stanley Robinson, 2003-06-03 With the same unique vision that brought his now classic Mars trilogy to vivid life, bestselling author Kim Stanley Robinson boldly imagines an alternate history of the last seven hundred years. In his grandest work yet, the acclaimed storyteller constructs a world vastly different from the one we know. . . . “A thoughtful, magisterial alternate history from one of science fiction’s most important writers.”—The New York Times Book Review It is the fourteenth century and one of the most apocalyptic events in human history is set to occur—the coming of the Black Death. History teaches us that a third of Europe’s population was destroyed. But what if the plague had killed 99 percent of the population instead? How would the world have changed? This is a look at the history that could have been—one that stretches across centuries, sees dynasties and nations rise and crumble, and spans horrible famine and magnificent innovation. Through the eyes of soldiers and kings, explorers and philosophers, slaves and scholars, Robinson navigates a world where Buddhism and Islam are the most influential and practiced religions, while Christianity is merely a historical footnote. Probing the most profound questions as only he can, Robinson shines his extraordinary light on the place of religion, culture, power—and even love—in this bold New World. “Exceptional and engrossing.”—New York Post “Ambitious . . . ingenious.”—Newsday |
| alternate history of europe: The Holocaust Averted Jeffrey S. Gurock, 2015-04-03 In The Holocaust Averted, Jeffrey Gurock imagines what might have happened to the Jewish community in the United States if the Holocaust had never occurred and forces readers to contemplate how the road to acceptance and empowerment for today’s American Jews could have been harder than it actually was. |
| alternate history of europe: Provenance Gail Feigenbaum, Inge Jackson Reist, 2012 This volume of essays offers new arguments regarding the significance of the social biography of art and the transformative power of ownership. It realigns the traditional art-historical paradigm that focuses on the moment of an object's origin and instead considers the longue durée of ownership. Whereas the term provenance may call to mind little more than a list of owners or the legal questions raised by competing entitlement claims, the essays in this book demonstrate that a nuanced approach recuperates important, even dramatic, aspects of the history of art. The authors present a broad perspective on provenance, investigating examples from Europe, Asia, Africa, and the Americas, and from ancient archaeology to conceptual art. They explore how stories of ownership are attached to objects, analyze important distinctions between provenance and provenience, and show how provenance can be monetized, politicized, suppressed, or otherwise instrumentalized.--Page 4 of cover. |
| alternate history of europe: Through Darkest Europe Harry Turtledove, 2018-09-18 The modern master of alternate history and New York Times–bestselling author envisions a world in which Europe and the Middle East have traded places. io9’s New Sci-Fi and Fantasy Books You Need to Put on Your Radar This Fall Senior investigator Khalid al-Zarzisi is a modern man, a product of the unsurpassed educational systems of North Africa and the Middle East. Liberal, tolerant, and above all rich, the countries and cultures of North Africa and the Middle East have dominated the globe for centuries, from the Far East to the young nations of the Sunset Lands. But one region has festered for decades: Europe, whose despots and monarchs can barely contain the simmering anger of their people. From Ireland to Scandinavia, Italy to Spain, European fundamentalists have carried out assassinations, hijackings, and bombings on their own soil and elsewhere. Extremist fundamentalist leaders have begun calling for a “crusade,” an obscure term from the mists of European history. Now Khalid has been sent to Rome, ground zero of backwater discontent. He and his partner Dawud have been tasked with figuring out how to protect the tinpot Grand Duke, the impoverished Pope, and the overall status quo, before European instability starts overflowing into the First World. Then the bombs start to go off. |
| alternate history of europe: Alternate Histories of the World Matthew Buchholz, 2013-10-01 This remarkable collection of maps, photographs, engravings and paintings from the early ages to modern day provides a stunning new look at the world as defined by our struggles and alliances with the monsters and supernatural creatures that have defined our existence. Learn how a mechanical man helped write America’s Declaration of Independence. Track the course of the Living Dead virus from Africa to Europe and on to the New World. View artifacts from our uneasy alliance with the Martian race, or simply delight in the vibrant colors and illustrations from a bygone age. More than 100 full-color images and insightful essays make this book an essential addition to the libraries of dedicated historians as well as casual fans of monsters and mayhem. |
| alternate history of europe: A British Republic Anonymous, 2023-01-29 Reprint of the original. The publishing house Anatiposi publishes historical books as reprints. Due to their age, these books may have missing pages or inferior quality. Our aim is to preserve these books and make them available to the public so that they do not get lost. |
| alternate history of europe: A Declaration of the Rights of Magicians H. G. Parry, 2020-06-23 'A rich, sprawling epic full of history and magic.' Alix E. Harrow, Hugo award-winning author A sweeping tale of revolution and wonder in a world not quite like our own, A Declaration of the Rights of Magicians is a genre-defying story of magic, war, and the struggle for freedom. It is the Age of Enlightenment -- of new and magical political movements, from the necromancer Robespierre calling for revolution in France to the weather mage Toussaint L'Ouverture leading the slaves of Haiti in their fight for freedom, to the bold new Prime Minister William Pitt weighing the legalization of magic amongst commoners in Britain and abolition throughout its colonies overseas. But amidst all of the upheaval of the enlightened world, there is an unknown force inciting all of human civilisation into violent conflict. And it will require the combined efforts of revolutionaries, magicians, and abolitionists to unmask this hidden enemy before the whole world falls to chaos. For more from H.G. Parry, check out The Unlikely Escape of Uriah Heep 'Impressively intricate; fans of the magic-and-history of Jonathan Strange & Mr Norrell will be delighted.' Alexandra Rowland, author of A Conspiracy of Truths 'A beautiful tapestry of words, a combination of carefully observed and researched history and a well-thought-out and fascinating system of magic. An absolute delight to read.' Genevieve Cogman, author of The Invisible Library 'Puts a human face on the titans of the past, while weaving in supernatural elements that add a whole new dimension. I stayed up well past my bedtime to find out what happens next.' Marie Brennan, author of the Memoirs of Lady Trent series |
| alternate history of europe: Red Inferno: 1945 Robert Conroy, 2010-02-23 In April 1945, the Allies are charging toward Berlin from the west, the Russians from the east. For Hitler, the situation is hopeless. But at this turning point in history, another war is about to explode. To win World War II, the Allies dealt with the devil. Joseph Stalin helped FDR, Churchill, and Truman crush Hitler. But what if “Uncle Joe” had given in to his desire to possess Germany and all of Europe? In this stunning novel, Robert Conroy picks up the history of the war just as American troops cross the Elbe into Germany. Then Stalin slams them with the brute force of his enormous Soviet army. From American soldiers and German civilians trapped in the ruins of Potsdam to U.S. military men fighting behind enemy lines, from a scholarly Russia expert who becomes a secret player in a new war to Stalin’s cult of killers in Moscow, this saga captures the human face of international conflict. With the Soviets vastly outnumbering the Americans—but undercut by chronic fuel shortages and mistrust—Eisenhower employs a brilliant strategy of retreat to buy critical time for air superiority. Soon, Truman makes a series of controversial decisions, enlisting German help and planning to devastate the massive Red Army by using America’s ultimate and most secret weapon. |
| alternate history of europe: Hitler's War Harry Turtledove, 2009-08-04 A stroke of the pen and history is changed. In 1938, British prime minister Neville Chamberlain, determined to avoid war, signed the Munich Accord, ceding part of Czechoslovakia to Hitler. But the following spring, Hitler snatched the rest of that country, and England, after a fatal act of appeasement, was fighting a war for which it was not prepared. Now, in this thrilling alternate history, another scenario is played out: What if Chamberlain had not signed the accord? In this action-packed chronicle of the war that might have been, Harry Turtledove uses dozens of points of view to tell the story: from American marines serving in Japanese-occupied China and ragtag volunteers fighting in the Abraham Lincoln Battalion in Spain to an American woman desperately trying to escape Nazi-occupied territory—and witnessing the war from within the belly of the beast. A tale of powerful leaders and ordinary people, at once brilliantly imaginative and hugely entertaining, Hitler’s War captures the beginning of a very different World War II—with a very different fate for our world today. BONUS: This edition contains an excerpt from Harry Turtledove's The War that Came Early: West and East. |
| alternate history of europe: The World Hitler Never Made Gavriel D. Rosenfeld, 2005-05-23 A fascinating 2005 study of the place of alternate histories of Nazism within Western popular culture. |
| alternate history of europe: The Alteration Kingsley Amis, 2013-05-07 BOOKER PRIZE–WINNING AUTHOR Set in a world in which the Reformation failed, this award-winning science fiction tale is “one of the best . . . alternate-worlds novels in existence” (Philip K. Dick) In Kingsley Amis’s virtuoso foray into virtual history it is 1976, but the modern world is a medieval relic, frozen in intellectual and spiritual time ever since Martin Luther was promoted to pope back in the sixteenth century. Stephen the Third, the king of England, has just died, and Mass (Mozart’s second requiem) is about to be sung to lay him to rest. In the choir is our hero, Hubert Anvil, an extremely ordinary ten-year-old boy with a faultless voice. In the audience is a select group of experts whose job is to determine whether that faultless voice should be preserved by performing a certain operation. Art, after all, is worth any sacrifice. How Hubert realizes what lies in store for him and how he deals with the whirlpool of piety, menace, terror, and passion that he soon finds himself in are the subject of a classic piece of counterfactual fiction equal to Philip K. Dick’s The Man in the High Castle. The Alteration won the John W. Campbell Memorial Award for best science-fiction novel in 1976. |
| alternate history of europe: The Impeachment of Abraham Lincoln Stephen L. Carter, 2012-07-10 From the best-selling author of The Emperor of Ocean Park and New England White, a daring reimagining of one of the most tumultuous moments in our nation’s past Stephen L. Carter’s thrilling new novel takes as its starting point an alternate history: President Abraham Lincoln survives the assassination attempt at Ford’s Theatre on April 14, 1865. Two years later he is charged with overstepping his constitutional authority, both during and after the Civil War, and faces an impeachment trial . . . Twenty-one-year-old Abigail Canner is a young black woman with a degree from Oberlin, a letter of employment from the law firm that has undertaken Lincoln’s defense, and the iron-strong conviction, learned from her late mother, that “whatever limitations society might place on ordinary negroes, they would never apply to her.” And so Abigail embarks on a life that defies the norms of every stratum of Washington society: working side by side with a white clerk, meeting the great and powerful of the nation, including the president himself. But when Lincoln’s lead counsel is found brutally murdered on the eve of the trial, Abigail is plunged into a treacherous web of intrigue and conspiracy reaching the highest levels of the divided government. Here is a vividly imagined work of historical fiction that captures the emotional tenor of post–Civil War America, a brilliantly realized courtroom drama that explores the always contentious question of the nature of presidential authority, and a galvanizing story of political suspense. This eBook edition includes a Reading Group Guide. |
| alternate history of europe: What Might Have Been? Andrew Roberts, 2010-08-26 A dozen star historians on what might have happened at history's turning points if the dice had fallen differently. 'Stimulating, provocative and playful' Literary Review Throughout history, great and terrible events have often hinged upon luck. Andrew Roberts has asked a team of twelve leading historians and biographers what might have happened if major world events had gone differently? Each concentrating in the area in which they are a leading authority, historians as distinguished as Antonia Fraser (Gunpowder Plot), Norman Stone (Sarajevo 1914) and Anne Somerset (the Spanish Armada) consider: What if? Robert Cowley demonstrates how nearly Britain won the American war of independence. Following her acclaimed GEORGIANA, Amanda Foreman muses on Lincoln's Northern States of America and Lord Palmerston's Great Britain going to war, as they so nearly did in 1861. Whether it's Stalin fleeing Moscow in 1941 (Simon Sebag Montefiore), or Napoleon not being forced to retreat from it in 1812 (Adam Zamoyski), the events covered here are important, world-changing ones. |
| alternate history of europe: Third Reich Victorious Peter G. Tsouras, 2011-10-19 This book is a stimulating and entirely plausible insight into how Hitler and his generals might have defeated the Allies, and a convincing sideways look at the Third Reich's bid at world domination in World War II. What would have happened if, for example, the Germans captured the whole of the BEF at Dunkirk? Or if the RAF had been defeated in the Battle of Britain? What if the U-Boats had strangled Britain with an impregnable blockade, if Rommel had been triumphant in North Africa or the Germans had beaten the Red Army at Kursk? The authors, writing as if these and other world-changing events had really happened, project realistic scenarios based on the true capabilities and circumstances of the opposing forces. Third Reich Victorious is a spirited and terrifying alternate history, and a telling insight into the dramatic possibilities of World War II. |
| alternate history of europe: Alternative Globalizations James Mark, Artemy M. Kalinovsky, Steffi Marung, 2020-02-11 Globalization has become synonymous with the seemingly unfettered spread of capitalist multinationals, but this focus on the West and western economies ignores the wide variety of globalizing projects that sprang up in the socialist world as a consequence of the end of the European empires. This collection is the first to explore alternative forms of globalization across the socialist world during the Cold War. Gathering the work of established and upcoming scholars of the Soviet Union, Eastern Europe, and China, Alternative Globalizations addresses the new relationships and interconnections which emerged between a decolonizing world in the postwar period and an increasingly internationalist eastern bloc after the death of Stalin. In many cases, the legacies of these former globalizing impulses from the socialist world still exist today. Divided into four sections, the works gathered examine the economic, political, developmental, and cultural aspects of this exchange. In doing so, the authors break new ground in exploring this understudied history of globalization and provide a multifaceted study of an increasing postwar interconnectedness across a socialist world. |
| alternate history of europe: Sons of Liberty Christopher G. Nuttall, 2016-04-29 The long-dreaded war between Britain and France has finally begun. French soldiers have landed on English soil and the British Army – and the Royal Sorcerers Corps, led by Lady Gwen – is moving to meet them. But when an inexperienced major disobeys her orders and sends two hundred hussars to their deaths, Gwen accidentally uses her magic to permanently damage his mind and sparks a political crisis at the worst possible time. In the aftermath of the battle, Lord Mycroft suggests she leave Britain and head to the North American colonies, where British forces are anxiously awaiting a French offensive. The local sorcerers have been poisoned, the local government is barely keeping the colonies under control, the slaves are mutinous and revolution against the crown is brewing. The few locals with any known magical talent are untrained and certainly not ready for combat, but – if they can be trained in time – they may be all that stands between the colonies and defeat. Accompanied by Irene Adler and Raechel Slater-Standish, agents of the British Crown, Gwen heads to North America. But it may be too late to save the colonies from a disaster that has been long in the making … In Sons of Liberty, Gwen is sent from the relative safety of London to the colonies, where an undercurrent of revolution still abounds and intrigue and espionage are essential to keep the enemy at bay. But who exactly is the enemy? In the latest book in this exciting alternate history series, Christopher G. Nuttall expands Gwen’s horizons beyond Europe into the New World. |
| alternate history of europe: The Beauty and the Terror Catherine Fletcher, 2020-06-08 A new account of the birth of the West through its birthplace--Renaissance Italy The period between 1492--resonant for a number of reasons--and 1571, when the Ottoman navy was defeated in the Battle of Lepanto, embraces what we know as the Renaissance, one of the most dynamic and creatively explosive epochs in world history. Here is the period that gave rise to so many great artists and figures, and which by its connection to its classical heritage enabled a redefinition, even reinvention, of human potential. It was a moment both of violent struggle and great achievement, of Michelangelo and da Vinci as well as the Borgias and Machiavelli. At the hub of this cultural and intellectual ferment was Italy. The Beauty and the Terror offers a vibrant history of Renaissance Italy and its crucial role in the emergence of the Western world. Drawing on a rich range of sources--letters, interrogation records, maps, artworks, and inventories--Catherine Fletcher explores both the explosion of artistic expression and years of bloody conflict between Spain and France, between Catholic and Protestant, between Christian and Muslim; in doing so, she presents a new way of witnessing the birth of the West. |
| alternate history of europe: The Iron Dream Norman Spinrad, 1974 |
| alternate history of europe: Redcoats' Revenge David Fitz-Enz, David G. Fitz-Enz, 2011-09 What if, on September 11, 1814, the United States had lost the close-run battle that Winston Churchill called the most decisive of the War of 1812? With a victory at Plattsburgh, would the British have eventually been able to regain control of their former colonies? Only one fleeting moment on Lake Champlain might have been needed to forever alter the young country's history and return it to the grip of King George III. Redcoats' Revenge brings the most successful field commander in history, the Duke of Wellington, to North America in 1814. A coalition of eight European countries has recently defeated Napoleon. With the emperor's threat to England eradicated, Wellington releases the most powerful military juggernaut for service in the Western Hemisphere. His audacious plan sends him and his avenging veteran redcoats plunging straight south from Lake Champlain toward New York City. In Washington, the streets crackle with tension at the news of British ships on the Chesapeake. The White House is promptly evacuated and the capital left undefended when a diversionary force approaches the city and chokes off Baltimore. President James Madison must now decide which of his generals is capable of successfully facing off with the Iron Duke. No friend of the tyrannical Maj. Gen. Andrew Jackson, Madison finally agrees that he may be the only commander with any hope of matching Wellington. Redcoats' Revenge is a vivid montage of the personalities and battles--real and quite possible--of the War of 1812. With its clever and compelling premise, this exciting alternate history will enthrall readers and reveal just how close the United States was to becoming a British colony once again. |
| alternate history of europe: Underground Airlines Ben H. Winters, 2016-07-05 The bestselling book that asks the question: what would present-day America look like if the Civil War never happened? A New York Times bestseller; a Goodreads Choice finalist; named one of the Best Books of the Year by NPR, Slate, Publishers Weekly, Hudson Bookseller, St. Louis Post-Dispatch, Kirkus Reviews, AudioFile Magazine, and Amazon A young black man calling himself Victor has struck a bargain with federal law enforcement, working as a bounty hunter for the US Marshall Service in exchange for his freedom. He's got plenty of work. In this version of America, slavery continues in four states called the Hard Four. On the trail of a runaway known as Jackdaw, Victor arrives in Indianapolis knowing that something isn't right -- with the case file, with his work, and with the country itself. As he works to infiltrate the local cell of a abolitionist movement called the Underground Airlines, tracking Jackdaw through the back rooms of churches, empty parking garages, hotels, and medical offices, Victor believes he's hot on the trail. But his strange, increasingly uncanny pursuit is complicated by a boss who won't reveal the extraordinary stakes of Jackdaw's case, as well as by a heartbreaking young woman and her child -- who may be Victor's salvation. Victor believes himself to be a good man doing bad work, unwilling to give up the freedom he has worked so hard to earn. But in pursuing Jackdaw, Victor discovers secrets at the core of the country's arrangement with the Hard Four, secrets the government will preserve at any cost. Underground Airlines is a ground-breaking novel, a wickedly imaginative thriller, and a story of an America that is more like our own than we'd like to believe. |
| alternate history of europe: An Alternative History of Britain TIMOTHY. VENNING, 2024-05-30 Continuing his exploration of the alternative paths that British history might so easily have taken, Timothy Venning turns his attention to the Hundred Years War between England and France. Could the English have won in the long term, or, conversely, have been decisively defeated sooner? Among the many scenarios discussed are what would have happened if the Black Prince had not died prematurely of the Black Death, leaving the 10-year-old Richard to inherit Edward IIIs crown. What would have been the consequences if France's Scottish allies had been victorious at Neville's Cross in 1346, while most English forces were occupied in France? What if Henry V had recovered from the dysentery that killed him at 35, giving time for his son Henry VI to inherit the combined crowns of France and England as a mature (and half-French) man rather than an infant controlled by others? And what if Joan of Arc had not emerged to galvanize French resistance at Orleans? While necessarily speculative, all the scenarios are discussed within the framework of a deep understanding of the major driving forces, tensions and trends that shaped British history and help to shed light upon them. In so doing they help the reader to understand why things panned out as they did, as well as what might have been in this fascinating period that still arouses such strong passions on both sides of the Channel. |
| alternate history of europe: Civilisations Laurent Binet, 2022-04-14 It's world history. But not as we know it. c.1000AD- Erik the Red's daughter heads south from Greenland 1492- Columbus does not discover America 1531- the Incas invade Europe Freydis is the leader of a band of Viking warriors who get as far as Panama. Nobody knows what became of them. Five hundred years later, Christopher Columbus is sailing for the Americas, dreaming of gold and conquest. Even when captured, his faith in his mission is unshaken. Thirty years after that, Atahualpa, the last Inca emperor, arrives in a Europe ready for revolution. Fortunately, he has a recent guidebook to acquiring power - Machiavelli's The Prince. So, the stage is set for a Europe ruled by Incas and, when the Aztecs arrive on the scene, for a great war that will change history forever. 'Binet's best book yet- the work of a major writer just hitting his stride. A delightful counterfactual novel' ***** - Daily Telegraph |
| alternate history of europe: Luftwaffe Victorious Mike Spick, 2016-01-26 A bold reimagining of the Luftwaffe’s successes during World War II At the outbreak of World War II the Luftwaffe was considered by many to be the world’s most powerful air force. Driven by the new strategy of blitzkrieg, or lightning war, it stormed across Europe in a very short time. Opposing air forces were swept aside as the Luftwaffe blasted a path for the panzers and protected their flanks as they raced for the sea. Flushed with victory, its formidable reputation apparently justified, the Luftwaffe regrouped in occupied Western Europe for a final showdown with its one remaining enemy—Britain. Supremely confident, the odds seemed to be on their side. But in the summer of 1940 they suffered a dramatic defeat during the Battle of Britain, and by May 1945 the Germans had surrendered to the Allies and the Third Reich collapsed. What went wrong? How could things have been different? What if Göring, the brilliant yet flawed Luftwaffe commander, had died prematurely in September 1940? What radical alterations in the pattern of command would have transpired? What if a Luftwaffe strategic bomber force had become a reality? In this engagingly written and thought-provoking addition to the world of alternate history, aviation enthusiast Mike Spick asks these very questions, envisaging an altogether different series of events that culminate in a dramatic new conclusion to the war. Skyhorse Publishing, as well as our Arcade imprint, are proud to publish a broad range of books for readers interested in history--books about World War II, the Third Reich, Hitler and his henchmen, the JFK assassination, conspiracies, the American Civil War, the American Revolution, gladiators, Vikings, ancient Rome, medieval times, the old West, and much more. While not every title we publish becomes a New York Times bestseller or a national bestseller, we are committed to books on subjects that are sometimes overlooked and to authors whose work might not otherwise find a home. |
| alternate history of europe: Sideways in Time Glyn Morgan, C. Palmer-Patel, 2019 This important collection of essays acknowledges the long and distinctive history of the alternate history genre whilst also revelling in its vitality, adaptability, and contemporary relevance, with many of the chapters discussing late twentieth- and early twenty-first-century texts which have previously received little or no sustained critical analysis. |
| alternate history of europe: Conquistador S. M. Stirling, 2003-02-04 “In this luscious alternative universe, sidekicks quote the Lone Ranger and Right inevitably triumphs with panache. What more could adventure-loving readers ask for?”—Publishers Weekly Oakland, 1946. Ex-soldier John Rolfe, newly back from the Pacific, has made a fabulous discovery: A portal to an alternate America where Europeans have never set foot—and the only other humans in sight are a band of very curious Indians. Able to return at will to the modern world, Rolfe summons the only people with whom he is willing to share his discovery: his war buddies. And tells them to bring their families... Los Angeles, twenty-first century. Fish and Game warden Tom Christiansen is involved in the bust of a smuggling operation. What he turns up is something he never anticipated: a photo of authentic Aztec priests decked out in Grateful Dead T-shirts, and a live condor from a gene pool that doesn’t correspond to any known in captivity or the wild. It is a find that will lead him to a woman named Adrienne Rolfe—and a secret that’s been hidden for sixty years… |
| alternate history of europe: Telling It Like It Wasn’t Catherine Gallagher, 2018-01-26 Inventing counterfactual histories is a common pastime of modern day historians, both amateur and professional. We speculate about an America ruled by Jefferson Davis, a Europe that never threw off Hitler, or a second term for JFK. These narratives are often written off as politically inspired fantasy or as pop culture fodder, but in Telling It Like It Wasn’t, Catherine Gallagher takes the history of counterfactual history seriously, pinning it down as an object of dispassionate study. She doesn’t take a moral or normative stand on the practice, but focuses her attention on how it works and to what ends—a quest that takes readers on a fascinating tour of literary and historical criticism. Gallagher locates the origins of contemporary counterfactual history in eighteenth-century Europe, where the idea of other possible historical worlds first took hold in philosophical disputes about Providence before being repurposed by military theorists as a tool for improving the art of war. In the next century, counterfactualism became a legal device for deciding liability, and lengthy alternate-history fictions appeared, illustrating struggles for historical justice. These early motivations—for philosophical understanding, military improvement, and historical justice—are still evident today in our fondness for counterfactual tales. Alternate histories of the Civil War and WWII abound, but here, Gallagher shows how the counterfactual habit of replaying the recent past often shapes our understanding of the actual events themselves. The counterfactual mode lets us continue to envision our future by reconsidering the range of previous alternatives. Throughout this engaging and eye-opening book, Gallagher encourages readers to ask important questions about our obsession with counterfactual history and the roots of our tendency to ask “What if...?” |
| alternate history of europe: Gray Tide in the East ANDREW J. HELLER, 2017-11-28 August 1, 1914, Berlin: Kaiser Wilhelm II cancels the German invasion of Belgium over the objections of his generals, sending his armies East against Russia instead of West to France, and sets off a chain of events that will radically change the course of modern history. Gray Tide in the East is the best-selling counterfactual history of the First World War, if the Germans had not invaded Belgium in 1914 and thereby brought Great Britain and, eventually, the United States into the war. The carefully researched story is told by a host of real historical figures both famous (William Jennings Bryan, Winston Churchill) and obscure (Albert Dawson, Joost van Vollenhoven) and spans the globe from Washington, D.C. to Hanoi, from bloody battlefields to the secret chambers of diplomats. AMAZON reviews for the 1st Edition: A superbly written alternate history without aimless fantasy, but rather a meticulously researched, and completely plausible chain of events. Highly recommended to history lovers to exercise the mind. A great work of counter factual history. The author knows how to tell a good story. Highly recommended. This is a well written and believable alternate history book. |
| alternate history of europe: If the South Had Won the Civil War MacKinlay Kantor, 2001-11-03 Just a touch here and a tweak there . . . . MacKinlay Kantor, Pulitzer Prize-winning author, master storyteller, shows us how the South could have won the Civil War, how two small shifts in history (as we know it) in the summer of 1863 could have turned the tide for the Confederacy. What would have happened: to the Union, to Abraham Lincoln, to the people of the North and South, to the world? If the South Had Won the Civil War originally appeared in Look Magazine nearly half a century ago. It immediately inspired a deluge of letters and telegrams from astonished readers and became an American classic overnight. Published in book form soon after, Kantor's masterpiece has been unavailable for a decade. Now, this much requested classic is once again available for a new generation of readers and features a stunning cover by acclaimed Civil War artist Don Troiani, a new introduction by award-winning alternate history author Harry Turtledove, and fifteen superb illustrations by the incomparable Dan Nance. It all begins on that fateful afternoon of Tuesday, May 12, 1863, when a deplorable equestrian accident claims the life of General Ulysses S. Grant . . . . At the Publisher's request, this title is being sold without Digital Rights Management Software (DRM) applied. |
| alternate history of europe: Second Front Alexander M. Grace, 2014 One of the great arguments of World War II took place among Allied military leaders over when and where to launch a second front against Germany in Europe. This realistic, fact-based work posits what would have happened had Churchill been overruled, and that rather than invading North Africa in the fall of 1942, thence Sicily and Italy, the Allies |
| alternate history of europe: The Berlin Project Gregory Benford, 2017-05-09 New York Times bestselling author Gregory Benford creates an alternate history about the creation of the atomic bomb that explores what could have happened if the bomb was ready to be used by June 6, 1944. Karl Cohen, a chemist and mathematician who is part of The Manhattan Project team, has discovered an alternate solution for creating the uranium isotope needed to cause a chain reaction: U-235. After convincing General Groves of his new method, Cohen and his team of scientists work at Oak Ridge preparing to have a nuclear bomb ready to drop by the summer of 1944 in an effort to stop the war on the western front. What ensues is an altered account of World War II in this taut thriller. Combining fascinating science with intimate and true accounts of several members of The Manhattan Project, The Berlin Project is an astounding novel that reimagines history and what could have happened if the atom bomb was ready in time to stop Hitler from killing millions of people. |
| alternate history of europe: Agent of Byzantium Harry Turtledove, 2015-06-09 From the New York Times–bestselling “standard-bearer for alternate history”: A spy takes on the enemies of the Byzantine Empire (USA Today). In another, very different timeline—one in which Mohammed embraced Christianity and Islam never came to be—the Byzantine Empire still flourishes in the fourteenth century, and wondrous technologies are emerging earlier than they did in our own. Having lost his family to the ravages of smallpox, Basil Argyros has decided to dedicate his life to Byzantium. A stalwart soldier and able secret agent, Basil serves his emperor courageously, going undercover to unearth Persia’s dastardly plots and disrupting the dark machinations of his beautiful archenemy, the Persian spy Mirrane, while defusing dire threats emerging from the Western realm of the Franco-Saxons. But the world Basil so staunchly defends is changing rapidly, and he must remain ever vigilant, for in this great game of empires, the player who controls the most advanced tools and weaponry—tools like gunpowder, printing, vaccines, and telescopes—must certainly emerge victorious. A collection of interlocking stories that showcase the courage, ingenuity, and breathtaking derring-do of superspy Basil Argyros, Agent of Byzantium presents the great Harry Turtledove at his alternate-world-building best. At once intricate, exciting, witty, and wildly inventive, this is a many-faceted gem from a master of the genre. |
| alternate history of europe: Atlas of European History Edward Whiting Fox, 1957 An atlas of European history, from the Holy Land in Biblical times to Europe in 1955. |
| alternate history of europe: The Novel: An Alternative History, 1600-1800 Steven Moore, 2013-08-29 Winner of the Christian Gauss Award for excellence in literary scholarship from the Phi Beta Kappa Society Having excavated the world's earliest novels in his previous book, literary historian Steven Moore explores in this sequel the remarkable flowering of the novel between the years 1600 and 1800-from Don Quixote to America's first big novel, an homage to Cervantes entitled Modern Chivalry. This is the period of such classic novels as Tom Jones, Candide, and Dangerous Liaisons, but beyond the dozen or so recognized classics there are hundreds of other interesting novels that appeared then, known only to specialists: Spanish picaresques, French heroic romances, massive Chinese novels, Japanese graphic novels, eccentric English novels, and the earliest American novels. These minor novels are not only interesting in their own right, but also provide the context needed to appreciate why the major novels were major breakthroughs. The novel experienced an explosive growth spurt during these centuries as novelists experimented with different forms and genres: epistolary novels, romances, Gothic thrillers, novels in verse, parodies, science fiction, episodic road trips, and family sagas, along with quirky, unclassifiable experiments in fiction that resemble contemporary, avant-garde works. As in his previous volume, Moore privileges the innovators and outriders, those who kept the novel novel. In the most comprehensive history of this period ever written, Moore examines over 400 novels from around the world in a lively style that is as entertaining as it is informative. Though written for a general audience, The Novel, An Alternative History also provides the scholarly apparatus required by the serious student of the period. This sequel, like its predecessor, is a “zestfully encyclopedic, avidly opinionated, and dazzlingly fresh history of the most 'elastic' of literary forms” (Booklist). |
| alternate history of europe: Lost Cities of Atlantis, Ancient Europe & the Mediterranean David Hatcher Childress, 1996 Atlantis! The legendary lost continent comes under the close scrutiny of archaeologist David Hatcher Childress. From Ireland to Turkey, Morocco to Eastern Europe, or remote islands of the Mediterranean and Atlantic, Childress takes the reader on an astonishing quest for mankind's past. Ancient technology, cataclysms, megalithic construction, lost civilisations, and devastating wars of the past are all explored in this amazing book. Childress challenges the sceptics and proves that great civilisations not only existed in the past but that the modern world and its problems are reflections of the ancient world of Atlantis. |
| alternate history of europe: Farthing Jo Walton, 2006-08-08 An influential family’s weekend party is the stage for murder in this alternative history trilogy opener set in a post-WWII England where the Nazis won. Eight years have passed since the upper-crust “Farthing Set” overthrew Winston Churchill and led Britain into a separate peace with Hitler. Now those families have gathered for a weekend retreat. Among them is estranged scion Lucy Kahn, who can’t understand why she and her husband, David, were so enthusiastically invited. But all becomes clear when the eminent Sir James Thirkie is found murdered—with a yellow Star of David pinned to his chest. Lucy realizes that her Jewish husband is about to be framed for the crime, an outcome that would be altogether too politically convenient, given the machinations underway in Parliament in the coming week. The Farthing Set are determined to pass laws further restricting the right to vote, and a new outcry against Jews and foreigners would suit them fine. But whoever’s behind the murder and the frame-up didn’t count on the principal investigator from Scotland Yard being so prone to look beyond the obvious—or his being a man with his own private reasons for sympathizing with outcasts and underdogs . . . Praise for Farthing “If le Carré scares you, try Jo Walton. Of course her brilliant story of a democracy selling itself out to fascism sixty years ago is just a mystery, just a thriller, just a fantasy—of course we know nothing like that could happen now. Don’t we?” —Ursula K. Le Guin “Walton . . . crosses genres without missing a beat with this stunningly powerful alternative history set in 1949. . . . While the whodunit plot is compelling, it’s the convincing portrait of a country’s incremental slide into fascism that makes this novel a standout. Mainstream readers should be enthralled as well.” —Publishers Weekly (starred review) |
| alternate history of europe: The Mammoth Book of Alternate Histories Ian Watson, Ian Whates, 2010-02-25 Every short story in this wonderfully varied collection has one thing in common: each features some alteration in history, some divergence from historical reality, which results in a world very different from the one we know today. As well as original stories specially commissioned from bestselling writers such as James Morrow, Stephen Baxter and Ken MacLeod, there are genre classics such as Kim Stanley Robinson's story of how World War II atomic bomber the Enola Gay, having crashed on a training flight, is replaced by the Lucky Strike with profoundly different consequences. Praise for the editors: 'Mr Watson wreaks havoc with what is accepted - and acceptable.' The Times 'One of Britain's consistently finest science fiction writers.' New Scientist |
| alternate history of europe: Three Princes Ramona Wheeler, 2014-02-04 After the the Egyptian Empire is threatened by terrorist Otto von Bismark, Lord Scott Oken and Pince Mikel-Mabruke travel to the rival Incan Empire in the New World to uncover the plot and save their kingdom. |
| alternate history of europe: The Gate of Worlds Robert Silverberg, 2017-11-27 An Alternate History adventure... From Turkish dominated Europe, across the high seas to the land of opportunity-the Aztec Empire- Dan Beauchamp is a young Englishman whose heart longs for fortune and adventure. But industrial Mexico is a long way from primitive Britain, and Dan has a lot to learn. From the city of London-better known as New Istanbul-to the untamed wilderness of North America lies a high adventure not to be missed. |
| alternate history of europe: Fatherland Robert Harris, 1993 What would have happened if Hitler had won World War II? |
Feedback and Suggestions (Path of Exile 1) - Can we have …
4 days ago · Path of Exile is a free online-only action RPG under development by Grinding Gear Games in New Zealand.
Support - Path of Exile
If you think you've lost your weapons, you've probably swapped to the alternate weapon tabs by pressing X. Please try toggling back with the X key before posting a bug report about it. For …
Feedback and Suggestions (Path of Exile 1) - Can we have …
4 days ago · Path of Exile is a free online-only action RPG under development by Grinding Gear Games in New Zealand.
Support - Path of Exile
If you think you've lost your weapons, you've probably swapped to the alternate weapon tabs by pressing X. Please try toggling back with the X key before posting a bug report about it. For …
