Advertisement
Altitude Control Technologies Cost: A Comprehensive Overview
Author: Dr. Evelyn Reed, PhD, Aerospace Engineering, Senior Research Scientist at the National Institute for Aerospace Research (NIAR)
Publisher: Aerospace Engineering Journal (AEJ), a leading peer-reviewed journal in the field of aerospace engineering, publishing cutting-edge research and analyses on various aerospace topics including cost analysis and technological advancements.
Editor: Professor Michael Davies, PhD, Aerospace Economics, University of California, Berkeley. Professor Davies has over 20 years of experience in aerospace cost analysis and economic modeling.
Keywords: altitude control technologies cost, UAV altitude control cost, aircraft altitude control systems cost, satellite altitude control cost, rocket altitude control cost, altitude control system pricing, altitude hold cost, altitude control technology market, altitude control system components cost, factors affecting altitude control technologies cost.
Summary: This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the costs associated with altitude control technologies, examining various factors influencing these costs across different applications. It covers various altitude control technologies, including those used in aircraft, spacecraft, rockets, and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). The article explores the diverse cost components, from hardware and software to research and development, maintenance, and operational expenses. It also investigates how factors like technology maturity, performance requirements, and regulatory compliance impact the overall altitude control technologies cost. Finally, the article examines future trends and projections regarding the cost of altitude control technologies and their potential impact on various industries.
Introduction:
The precise control of altitude is crucial across various aerospace applications, from commercial airliners and military aircraft to satellites and rockets. This precise control relies on sophisticated altitude control technologies, the cost of which can significantly impact project budgets and overall operational efficiency. Understanding the altitude control technologies cost is essential for stakeholders involved in the design, development, operation, and maintenance of aerospace systems. This in-depth analysis explores the multifaceted aspects of altitude control technologies cost, offering a comprehensive overview across different platforms and applications.
1. Altitude Control Technologies: A Diverse Landscape
Altitude control systems vary significantly depending on the application. For instance:
Aircraft Altitude Control: Commercial and military aircraft utilize sophisticated autopilots and flight control systems, incorporating barometric altimeters, inertial navigation systems (INS), and GPS for precise altitude maintenance. The altitude control technologies cost here is influenced by factors such as aircraft size, complexity, and the level of automation required.
Spacecraft Altitude Control: Satellites and other spacecraft employ diverse methods, including reaction wheels, thrusters, and momentum wheels, to maintain their orbital altitude and orientation. The altitude control technologies cost for spacecraft can be substantial, influenced by the mission duration, orbital altitude, and required precision. These systems often involve complex software and specialized hardware, contributing significantly to the overall cost.
Rocket Altitude Control: Rockets utilize a combination of guidance systems, thrust vectoring, and aerodynamic control surfaces for precise trajectory control during ascent and descent. The altitude control technologies cost for rockets is heavily dependent on the rocket size, payload capacity, and the complexity of the trajectory profile.
Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Altitude Control: UAVs, ranging from small drones to larger unmanned aircraft systems (UAS), utilize a variety of altitude control technologies, often incorporating GPS, barometric altimeters, and inertial measurement units (IMUs). The altitude control technologies cost for UAVs varies greatly, influenced by the size, capabilities, and intended application of the UAV.
2. Cost Components of Altitude Control Technologies
The altitude control technologies cost encompasses various components:
Hardware Costs: This includes sensors (altimeters, IMUs, GPS receivers), actuators (thrusters, reaction wheels), control computers, and power systems. The cost of these components varies depending on their performance characteristics, technological maturity, and availability.
Software Costs: The development and integration of sophisticated control algorithms and software are crucial for effective altitude control. Software costs include design, development, testing, and verification, significantly contributing to the overall altitude control technologies cost.
Research and Development (R&D) Costs: Investing in R&D is crucial for developing advanced altitude control technologies. These costs can be significant, particularly for cutting-edge technologies with high performance requirements.
Maintenance and Operational Costs: Ongoing maintenance, calibration, and repair of altitude control systems contribute to the lifecycle cost. Operational costs include fuel consumption (for systems relying on thrusters) and power consumption (for electrically powered systems).
Integration Costs: Integrating the altitude control system into the larger platform (aircraft, spacecraft, etc.) involves significant engineering effort and can contribute substantially to the total altitude control technologies cost.
Regulatory Compliance Costs: Meeting regulatory requirements, such as those related to safety and certification, adds to the overall cost.
3. Factors Influencing Altitude Control Technologies Cost
Several factors influence the altitude control technologies cost:
Technology Maturity: More mature technologies generally have lower costs due to economies of scale and readily available components. Emerging technologies, while offering potentially superior performance, often come with higher development and integration costs.
Performance Requirements: High-precision altitude control systems generally involve more sophisticated components and algorithms, leading to increased costs. Similarly, systems designed for harsh environments (e.g., extreme temperatures, high radiation) tend to be more expensive.
Regulatory Compliance: Stringent safety and certification requirements necessitate thorough testing and validation, adding to the overall altitude control technologies cost.
Customization: Customized altitude control systems designed for specific applications are usually more expensive than off-the-shelf solutions.
Supply Chain and Manufacturing: The cost of components and the manufacturing process significantly influence the overall altitude control technologies cost. Geopolitical factors and supply chain disruptions can also affect pricing.
4. Future Trends and Projections
The altitude control technologies cost is expected to evolve alongside technological advancements. Miniaturization, increased efficiency, and the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) are expected to reduce costs in the long term. However, the demand for higher precision and more robust systems will likely counterbalance these cost reductions in some areas. The development of new materials and manufacturing processes could further impact the altitude control technologies cost.
Conclusion:
The altitude control technologies cost is a complex issue influenced by a multitude of factors. Understanding these factors is crucial for making informed decisions regarding the design, development, and deployment of aerospace systems. While technological advancements promise to reduce costs in the future, careful planning and consideration of various cost components remain essential for effective cost management throughout the lifecycle of altitude control systems.
FAQs:
1. What are the most common sensors used in altitude control systems? Barometric altimeters, GPS receivers, and Inertial Measurement Units (IMUs) are commonly used.
2. How does the size of the aircraft/spacecraft impact altitude control system costs? Larger platforms generally require more powerful and complex systems, leading to higher costs.
3. What is the role of software in altitude control system costs? Software development, testing, and integration represent a significant portion of the overall cost.
4. How do regulatory compliance requirements affect altitude control system costs? Meeting stringent safety and certification standards adds to development and testing expenses.
5. What are the major maintenance challenges associated with altitude control systems? Calibration, sensor degradation, and potential actuator failures are key maintenance concerns.
6. How do advancements in AI and ML impact altitude control system costs? AI/ML can improve efficiency and reduce reliance on expensive hardware, potentially lowering costs over time.
7. What are the environmental factors that influence altitude control system costs? Harsh environments (extreme temperatures, high radiation) necessitate robust and more expensive systems.
8. How do supply chain issues affect the cost of altitude control technologies? Disruptions can lead to component shortages and price increases.
9. What are the future trends in altitude control technology costs? A combination of miniaturization, improved efficiency, and AI/ML integration is likely to lead to cost reductions in the long term.
Related Articles:
1. "Cost Analysis of Autopilot Systems in Commercial Aircraft": This article focuses specifically on the cost breakdown of autopilot systems, a crucial component of aircraft altitude control.
2. "The Economics of Satellite Altitude Control: A Case Study": A detailed analysis of the economic aspects of maintaining satellite altitude in specific orbital scenarios.
3. "Comparative Analysis of Altitude Control Technologies for UAVs": This study compares various altitude control methods used in UAVs and their associated costs.
4. "Impact of Sensor Technology on Altitude Control System Costs": Examines how advancements in sensor technology influence the overall cost of altitude control systems.
5. "Lifecycle Cost Analysis of Rocket Altitude Control Systems": A comprehensive analysis of the total cost of ownership for rocket altitude control systems.
6. "The Role of Software in Driving Down the Cost of Altitude Control": This article explores the potential for software advancements to reduce the overall cost.
7. "Altitude Control System Certification Costs: A Regulatory Perspective": A focus on the costs associated with meeting regulatory certification requirements.
8. "Predictive Maintenance and its Impact on Altitude Control System Costs": This article discusses how predictive maintenance can help to reduce long-term maintenance costs.
9. "The Future of Altitude Control: Technological Advancements and Cost Implications": A forward-looking analysis of emerging technologies and their potential impact on future costs.
| altitude control technologies cost: Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports , 1995 |
| altitude control technologies cost: Research and Technology Objectives and Plans Summary , A compilation of the summary portions of each of the RTOPs used for management review and control of research currently in progress throughout NASA--P. i. |
| altitude control technologies cost: Stratospheric Balloons Manfred “Dutch” von Ehrenfried, 2021-03-04 Stratospheric balloons are powerful tools used to study the Earth and its atmosphere, as well as the greater cosmos beyond. This book describes the science and technology behind modern stratospheric ballooning, along with the surprising ways it has impacted our daily lives. The book takes you through every step of the process, starting with an in-depth introduction to basic balloon types and their uses before delving into balloon construction and mission planning. Along the way, you will learn about the novel technologies that have radically changed these balloons and their ability to launch, control and navigate them over specific ground targets. Next follows an exploration of their incredible applications, including research in atmospheric science, cosmology and astronomy, earth studies, meteorology, and aerobiology, and also commercial capabilities such as Internet networks and high-altitude tourism. The community of scientists, engineers, and entrepreneurs involved in stratospheric ballooning is only ever growing. This book shows you how these national and international efforts have truly soared in recent years, and it will be an enjoyable read for anybody interested in learning more about how science and commerce are conducted in the stratosphere, at the edge of space. |
| altitude control technologies cost: Military Communications Satellite Program United States. Congress. House. Government Operations, 1963 |
| altitude control technologies cost: The Benefits and Costs of the Clean Air Act, 1970 to 1990 United States. Environmental Protection Agency, 1997 |
| altitude control technologies cost: OAST Space Technology Workshop , 1975 |
| altitude control technologies cost: Guidance and Control , 2004 |
| altitude control technologies cost: Technology for Large Space Systems , 1983 |
| altitude control technologies cost: The International Handbook of Space Technology Malcolm Macdonald, Viorel Badescu, 2014-07-08 This comprehensive handbook provides an overview of space technology and a holistic understanding of the system-of-systems that is a modern spacecraft. With a foreword by Elon Musk, CEO and CTO of SpaceX, and contributions from globally leading agency experts from NASA, ESA, JAXA, and CNES, as well as European and North American academics and industrialists, this handbook, as well as giving an interdisciplinary overview, offers, through individual self-contained chapters, more detailed understanding of specific fields, ranging through: · Launch systems, structures, power, thermal, communications, propulsion, and software, to · entry, descent and landing, ground segment, robotics, and data systems, to · technology management, legal and regulatory issues, and project management. This handbook is an equally invaluable asset to those on a career path towards the space industry as it is to those already within the industry. |
| altitude control technologies cost: Diagram of a Spaceflight Adrian Hamilton, 2023-03-19 The purpose of writing this work was to inform people that the new age of science is upon us. That we are now more than ever before responsible for the out come of every mission and event. |
| altitude control technologies cost: StarBriefs 2001 , 2012-12-06 This compilation probably looks like one of the craziest things a human being could spend his or her time on. Yet nobody would wonder at someone taking a short walk every day - after twenty five years that person would have covered a surprisingly long distance. This is exactly the story behind this list, which appeared first as a few pages within the directory StarGuides (or whatever name it had at that time) and as a distinct sister publication since 1990. The idea behind this dictionary is to offer astronomers and related space scientists practical assistance in decoding the numerous abbreviations, acronyms, contractions and symbols which they might encounter in all aspects of the vast range of their professional activities, including traveling. Perhaps it is a bit paradoxical, but if scientists quickly grasp the meaning of an acronym solely in their own specific discipline, they will probably encounter more difficulties when dealing with adjacent fields. It is for this purpose that this dictionary might be most often used. Scientists might also refer to this compilation in order to avoid identifying a project by an acronym which already has too many meanings or confused definitions. |
| altitude control technologies cost: Sensing, Data Managing, and Control Technologies for Agricultural Systems Shaochun Ma, Tao Lin, Enrong Mao, Zhenghe Song, Kuan-Chong Ting, 2022-06-06 Agricultural automation is the emerging technologies which heavily rely on computer-integrated management and advanced control systems. The tedious farming tasks had been taken over by agricultural machines in last century, in new millennium, computer-aided systems, automation, and robotics has been applied to precisely manage agricultural production system. With agricultural automation technologies, sustainable agriculture is being developed based on efficient use of land, increased conservation of water, fertilizer and energy resources. The agricultural automation technologies refer to related areas in sensing & perception, reasoning & learning, data communication, and task planning & execution. Since the literature on this diverse subject is widely scattered, it is necessary to review current status and capture the future challenges through a comprehensive monograph. In this book we focus on agricultural automation and provide critical reviews of advanced control technologies, their merits and limitations, application areas and research opportunities for further development. This collection thus serves as an authoritative treatise that can help researchers, engineers, educators, and students in the field of sensing, control, and automation technologies for production agriculture. |
| altitude control technologies cost: Technical Information Indexes , 1975 |
| altitude control technologies cost: Federal Register , 1979-07 |
| altitude control technologies cost: Technology for Large Space Systems , 1983 |
| altitude control technologies cost: NASA Office of Aeronautics and Space Technology Summer Workshop, August 3 Through 16, 1975, Conducted at Madison College, Harrisonburg, Virginia: Structures and dynamics , 1975 |
| altitude control technologies cost: Small Business Administration's Pollution Control Bond Guarantee Program and S. 580, a Bill to Increase Its Program Levels United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Small Business, 1981 |
| altitude control technologies cost: Smaller Satellites: Bigger Business? Michael J Rycroft, Norma Crosby, 2013-06-29 Y. Fujimori, Symposium Programme Committee Chair, and Faculty Member, International Space University e-mail: fujimori@isu.isunet.edu M.Rycroft, Faculty Member, International Space University e-mail: rycroft@isu.isunet.edu N. Crosby, International Space University e-mail: norma@bock-crosby.fsbusines.co.uk For the sixth annual ISU Symposium the theme was Smaller Satellites: Bigger Business? Concepts, Applications and Markets for Micro/Nanosatellites in a New Information World. Thus, the Symposium addressed the crucial question: are small satellites the saviour of space programmes around the world It did this from the unique perspective of the International Space today? University - the interdisciplinary, international and intercultural perspective. This Symposium brought together a variety of people working on small satellites - engineers, scientists, planners, providers, operators, policy makers and business executives, together with representatives from regulatory bodies, from national and international organizations, and from the finance sector, and also entrepreneurs. Discussion and debate were encouraged, based on the papers presented and those published here. |
| altitude control technologies cost: Observation of the Earth and Its Environment Herbert J. Kramer, 2012-12-06 In sum, I believe that every organization active in remote sensing will find Dr. Kramer's book to be an essential addition to its technical library, and I believe that every serious practitioner of remote sensing will find it a permanently useful and vital reference. John H. McElroy, Dean of Engineering, The University of Texas and Chair of the Committee on Earth studies of the U.S. National Research Council's Space Studies Board) |
| altitude control technologies cost: Microengineering Technology for Space Systems Henry Helvajian, 1997 A follow-on to Micro- and Nanotechnology for Space Systems, this second monograph in the series uses the more universal term microengineering to define the discipline and processes that lead to the development of an integrated and intelligent microinstrument. Microengineering Technology for Space Systems addresses specific issues concerning areas for ASIM application in current space systems, operation in the space environment, ultra-high-density packaging and nonsilicon materials-processing tools, and the feasibility of the nanosatellite concept. |
| altitude control technologies cost: Environmental Investments Alan Carlin, 1994-04 A comprehensive report on the commitment the U.S. has made to protect the environment. Shows that over $115 billion a year is going to protect and restore the nation1s air, water, and land. This report looks at what the U.S. has spent, what is being spent, and what is projected to be spent on all types of pollution controls. Numerous charts and tables. |
| altitude control technologies cost: Micro- and Nanotechnology for Space Systems Henry Helvajian, Ernest Y. Robinson, 1997 Microengineering and microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) are a subject of considerable current interest involving research and development throughout the world. This first volume of a series on this topic reviews and evaluates micro- and nanotechnologies applicable to U.S. Air Force and commercial space systems. It introduces the concept of application-specific integrated microinstrument (ASIM), an intelligent microinstrument. |
| altitude control technologies cost: The Impact of Competitive Technology on Engineering Management , 1973 |
| altitude control technologies cost: Technology for Large Space Systems: A Bibliography with Indexes (supplement 20) United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Scientific and Technical Information Division, 1989 |
| altitude control technologies cost: To Breathe Clean Air United States. National Commission on Air Quality, 1981 |
| altitude control technologies cost: Aviation Week & Space Technology , 1919 |
| altitude control technologies cost: Dynamic Inversion-based Adaptive/reconfigurable Control of the X-33 on Ascent David B. Doman, Anhtuan D. Ngo, 2002 A quaternion-based attitude control system is developed for the X-33 in the ascent flight phase. A nonlinear control law commands body-axis rotation rates that align the angular velocity vector with an Euler axis defining the axis of rotation that will rotate the body-axis system into a desired-axis system. The magnitudes of the commanded body rates are determined by the magnitude of the rotation error. The commanded body rates form the input to a dynamic inversion-based adaptive/reconfigurable control law. The indirect adaptive control portion of the control law uses online system identification to estimate the current control effectiveness matrix to update a control allocation module. The control allocation nominally operates in a minimum deflection mode; however, if a fault is detected, it can operate in a null-space injection mode that excites and decorrelates the effectors without degrading the vehicle response to enable online system identification. The overall 5 stem is designed to provide fault and damage tolerance for the X-33 on ascent. |
| altitude control technologies cost: Modern Engineering for Design of Liquid-Propellant Rocket Engines Dieter K. Huzel, 1992 |
| altitude control technologies cost: Inspection and Monitoring Technologies of Transmission Lines with Remote Sensing Yi Hu, Kai Liu, 2017-03-17 Inspection and Monitoring Technologies of Transmission Lines with Remote Sensing helps readers build a thorough understanding of new technologies and world-class practices developed by the State Grid Corporation of China—the organization responsible for the world's largest power distribution network. Monitoring the operational status of high-voltage transmission lines is critical in supply assurance and continuity. Given the physical size, geographical, and climate variances that transmission lines are subject to, remote sensing and inspection is a critical technology for power distribution organizations. This reference covers current and developing technologies, equipment, and methods for the safe and secure operation and maintenance of transmission lines, including satellite remote sensing technology, infrared and ultraviolet detection technology, helicopter inspection technology, and condition monitoring technology. - Covers operational and technical principles, and equipment used in transmission line inspection and monitoring, with a focus on remote sensing technologies and solutions - Covers power line fundamentals, remote sensing technologies, inspection technologies, fault detection technologies, and on-line monitoring - Focuses on practical equipment and systems parameters to ensure readers are able to meet operational needs - Covers control technologies that ensure safe and consistent transmission operation |
| altitude control technologies cost: Aviation Week, Including Space Technology , 1927 Includes a mid-December issue called Buyer guide edition. |
| altitude control technologies cost: International Aerospace Abstracts , 1998 |
| altitude control technologies cost: Communications Satellites. A Continuing Bibliography with Indexes , 1968 |
| altitude control technologies cost: NASA SP. , 1983 |
| altitude control technologies cost: An Illustrated Dictionary of Aviation Bharat Kumar, Dale DeRemer, Douglas Marshall, 2005-01-12 This authoritative, heavily-illustrated reference features a comprehensive A-Z compilation of 7,000 terms and definitions encompassing all key areas of aviation: military, commercial, and general aviation -- highlighted by 2,400 illustrations that clarify and illuminate the expert text. If it concerns aviation, you'll find it in Illustrated Dictionary of Aviation: Navigation Meteorology Air Traffic Control Airports Aviation Medicine Avionics Aircraft Equipment Aircraft Engineering Aerial Photography Aircraft Operations Aviation Acronyms Aerodynamics And much more Written by an author with almost four decades of air military experience, this combination dictionary, reference, and learning tool will be of value to the full-spectrum of aviation industry professionals -- pilots, engineers, administrators, government agency personnel, air traffic controllers, mechanics and technicians, corporate flight departments -- as well as students and serious aviation hobbyists. |
| altitude control technologies cost: Research and Technology Goddard Space Flight Center, |
| altitude control technologies cost: The New Encyclopaedia Britannica , 1980 |
| altitude control technologies cost: Evaluation of Active Control Technology for Short Haul Aircraft , 1975 |
| altitude control technologies cost: A Collection of Technical Papers, 3rd Urban Technology Conference and Technical Display Boston, Massachusetts, September 25-28, 1973 , 1973 |
| altitude control technologies cost: NASA Technical Memorandum , 1982 |
| altitude control technologies cost: Journal of the House of Representatives of the United States United States. Congress. House, 1978 Some vols. include supplemental journals of such proceedings of the sessions, as, during the time they were depending, were ordered to be kept secret, and respecting which the injunction of secrecy was afterwards taken off by the order of the House. |
Terrain Elevation - NASA Earthdata
Jun 9, 2025 · NASA's terrain elevation data measure current height and changes in land altitude and are useful for creating digital elevation models.
What is the altitude of the International Space Station?
Jan 5, 2025 · The International Space Station (ISS) orbits Earth at an average altitude of approximately 420 kilometers (260 miles) above the Earth's surface. This altitude allows the …
Why does atmospheric pressure decrease as you ascend in …
Mar 12, 2025 · As you go higher in altitude, the air becomes less dense, meaning there are fewer air molecules above you exerting pressure. This decrease in air density leads to a decrease in …
At what altitude can you observe the curvature of the Earth?
Feb 10, 2025 · The curvature of the Earth can be observed at an altitude of around 35,000 feet or higher, such as when flying in a commercial airplane.
How does altitude affect biome? - Answers
Jun 21, 2024 · Altitude affects biomes by influencing temperature, precipitation, and atmospheric pressure. As altitude increases, temperature typically decreases, leading to different …
How can I calculate altitude from pressure? - Answers
Mar 11, 2025 · To calculate altitude from pressure, you can use the barometric formula, which relates pressure to altitude. This formula takes into account the atmospheric pressure at sea …
On what date does sun appear to be at its highest altitude at
Jun 24, 2024 · The altitude of the sun is the angle between the sun and the observer's horizontal plane. It changes throughout the day as the sun rises and sets. At solar noon, when the sun is …
Does humidity change with altitude - Answers
Aug 11, 2023 · Humidity is not directly affected by altitude. However, humidity is affected by air density and temperature. At high altitudes, the air is usually much thinner (lower pressure) and …
When is the altitude of the sun highest? - Answers
May 22, 2024 · The altitude of the sun is the angle between the sun and the observer's horizontal plane. It changes throughout the day as the sun rises and sets.
Digital Elevation/Terrain Model (DEM) | NASA Earthdata
Jun 9, 2025 · NASA's data for digital elevation models (DEM) comes from airborne and space-based sources and are useful for analyzing a majority of Earth's terrain.
Terrain Elevation - NASA Earthdata
Jun 9, 2025 · NASA's terrain elevation data measure current height and changes in land altitude and are useful for creating digital elevation models.
What is the altitude of the International Space Station?
Jan 5, 2025 · The International Space Station (ISS) orbits Earth at an average altitude of approximately 420 kilometers (260 miles) above the Earth's surface. This altitude allows the …
Why does atmospheric pressure decrease as you ascend in …
Mar 12, 2025 · As you go higher in altitude, the air becomes less dense, meaning there are fewer air molecules above you exerting pressure. This decrease in air density leads to a decrease in …
At what altitude can you observe the curvature of the Earth?
Feb 10, 2025 · The curvature of the Earth can be observed at an altitude of around 35,000 feet or higher, such as when flying in a commercial airplane.
How does altitude affect biome? - Answers
Jun 21, 2024 · Altitude affects biomes by influencing temperature, precipitation, and atmospheric pressure. As altitude increases, temperature typically decreases, leading to different …
How can I calculate altitude from pressure? - Answers
Mar 11, 2025 · To calculate altitude from pressure, you can use the barometric formula, which relates pressure to altitude. This formula takes into account the atmospheric pressure at sea …
On what date does sun appear to be at its highest altitude at
Jun 24, 2024 · The altitude of the sun is the angle between the sun and the observer's horizontal plane. It changes throughout the day as the sun rises and sets. At solar noon, when the sun is …
Does humidity change with altitude - Answers
Aug 11, 2023 · Humidity is not directly affected by altitude. However, humidity is affected by air density and temperature. At high altitudes, the air is usually much thinner (lower pressure) and …
When is the altitude of the sun highest? - Answers
May 22, 2024 · The altitude of the sun is the angle between the sun and the observer's horizontal plane. It changes throughout the day as the sun rises and sets.
Digital Elevation/Terrain Model (DEM) | NASA Earthdata
Jun 9, 2025 · NASA's data for digital elevation models (DEM) comes from airborne and space-based sources and are useful for analyzing a majority of Earth's terrain.
