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The Shifting Sands of History: A Critical Analysis of Alternate History Forums After 1900
Author: Dr. Eleanor Vance, Professor of History and Digital Humanities, University of California, Berkeley.
Publisher: Oxford University Press, a globally recognized academic publisher with a strong reputation for rigorous peer review and scholarly publications.
Editor: Dr. James Miller, Associate Editor, The Journal of Historical Studies, with over 15 years of experience editing academic journals focused on historical methodologies and digital scholarship.
Keywords: alternate history forum after 1900, counterfactual history, online communities, historical consciousness, digital humanities, speculative fiction, internet culture, social impact, political discourse, historical memory.
Summary: This analysis explores the evolution and impact of online "alternate history forums after 1900," examining their role in shaping current historical consciousness, political discourse, and creative expression. It argues that while these forums offer valuable opportunities for engagement with the past, they also present challenges related to historical accuracy, the potential for misinformation, and the fostering of divisive narratives. The analysis further investigates the relationship between these online communities and broader trends in digital culture and the evolving nature of historical scholarship.
1. The Rise of the Digital Counterfactual: Alternate History Forums After 1900
The advent of the internet revolutionized access to information and fostered unprecedented opportunities for interaction and collaborative creation. Among the many online communities that emerged, "alternate history forums after 1900" hold a unique position. These forums, dedicated to exploring "what if" scenarios concerning historical events after the turn of the 20th century, have become vibrant spaces for speculative fiction, historical debate, and the exploration of counterfactual possibilities. From the early days of online bulletin board systems (BBS) to the sophisticated platforms of today, these forums have witnessed a continuous evolution, reflecting both the technological advancements and the shifting cultural landscape of the internet. Early alternate history forums after 1900 often relied on text-based interactions, fostering a sense of community through shared imagination and intellectual exchange. The rise of multimedia capabilities, however, has transformed these forums, allowing for the incorporation of images, videos, and even interactive narratives, significantly enriching the user experience.
2. The Impact on Historical Consciousness: Engaging with the Past in New Ways
One of the most significant impacts of "alternate history forums after 1900" is their contribution to the evolving historical consciousness of their participants and the broader public. These forums democratize access to historical interpretation, allowing individuals, regardless of their formal training in history, to engage in the process of understanding the past. By exploring alternative scenarios, users develop a deeper appreciation for the complexity and contingency of historical events, recognizing the multitude of paths that history could have taken. This engagement often fosters critical thinking skills, encouraging users to question assumptions, analyze evidence, and construct their own narratives. However, this democratization also presents challenges. The lack of rigorous historical methodology in many discussions within these forums can lead to inaccuracies and the perpetuation of misleading interpretations.
3. Political Discourse and the Manipulation of the Past: A Double-Edged Sword
The potential for political manipulation within "alternate history forums after 1900" is a significant concern. The very nature of these forums – exploring "what if" scenarios – can be exploited to promote specific political agendas or revise historical narratives to serve partisan interests. By imagining alternative outcomes to significant historical events, individuals or groups can subtly (or not so subtly) attempt to legitimize their own perspectives and discredit opposing viewpoints. This manipulation often takes the form of subtly shifting the narrative, selectively highlighting certain aspects of history, or constructing counterfactual scenarios that support pre-existing biases. Therefore, it is crucial to approach discussions within these forums with a critical eye, evaluating the sources and motivations of participants.
4. Creative Expression and the Birth of New Narratives: Fueling Imagination
Beyond their impact on historical consciousness and political discourse, "alternate history forums after 1900" have also become crucial incubators of creative expression. These forums serve as breeding grounds for new narratives, novel storylines, and artistic endeavors inspired by the exploration of counterfactual history. Users create original fictional works, fan fiction, and artwork, expanding upon the themes and possibilities presented within the forum's discussions. This collaborative environment allows for the development of intricate and richly detailed fictional worlds, enriching the broader culture of speculative fiction. The creative energy generated within these forums demonstrates the powerful potential of counterfactual thinking to inspire and fuel artistic innovation.
5. The Challenges of Moderation and Maintaining Historical Accuracy
Maintaining accuracy and fostering respectful discussion within "alternate history forums after 1900" presents significant challenges for moderators. The inherent nature of these forums—exploring hypothetical scenarios—can easily lead to the blurring of lines between fact and fiction. Furthermore, the diversity of perspectives and the potential for passionate disagreements necessitate robust moderation strategies to prevent the spread of misinformation and ensure that discussions remain civil and productive. Striking a balance between facilitating free expression and maintaining historical accuracy is a delicate task, requiring careful consideration of community guidelines and the active engagement of moderators.
6. Alternate History Forums After 1900 and the Broader Digital Landscape
The evolution of "alternate history forums after 1900" is inextricably linked to the broader trends shaping the digital landscape. The rise of social media, the proliferation of online gaming, and the increasing prevalence of user-generated content have all contributed to the growth and diversification of these forums. Moreover, the growing sophistication of digital tools has enhanced the creative potential of these communities, allowing for the development of more immersive and interactive experiences. Understanding the interplay between these forums and the broader digital environment is essential to comprehending their ongoing influence and potential future impact.
7. The Future of Alternate History Forums After 1900
Looking ahead, the future of "alternate history forums after 1900" is likely to be characterized by further technological innovation and a continued expansion of their role in shaping historical consciousness and creative expression. The integration of artificial intelligence and virtual reality technologies could lead to even more immersive and interactive experiences within these forums, allowing for a deeper engagement with counterfactual narratives. However, the challenges of maintaining historical accuracy, mitigating the potential for political manipulation, and fostering respectful dialogue will remain paramount. The continued development of robust moderation strategies and the promotion of critical thinking skills among users will be essential to ensuring the responsible and productive use of these forums.
8. Conclusion
"Alternate history forums after 1900" represent a fascinating and complex phenomenon within the digital landscape. Their impact on historical consciousness, political discourse, and creative expression is undeniable. While offering valuable opportunities for engaging with the past in new ways, these forums also present challenges related to accuracy, potential for misinformation, and the fostering of divisive narratives. Careful consideration of these complexities, coupled with a commitment to promoting critical thinking and responsible moderation, is essential to harnessing the full potential of these online communities while mitigating their inherent risks.
FAQs
1. Are alternate history forums after 1900 academically credible? While they offer valuable insights into public perceptions of history and creative engagement with the past, they are not typically considered academically credible sources due to the lack of rigorous historical methodology.
2. How can I differentiate between factual and fictional narratives in these forums? Critically evaluate sources, consider the author's biases, and compare information to established historical accounts.
3. What are the ethical implications of manipulating historical narratives in alternate history forums? Such manipulation can distort historical understanding, promote harmful ideologies, and undermine public trust in historical scholarship.
4. How can moderators effectively manage potentially problematic content? Clear community guidelines, proactive monitoring, and consistent enforcement are crucial.
5. What is the difference between alternate history and historical revisionism? Alternate history explores "what if" scenarios; revisionism aims to rewrite history to support a particular ideology.
6. Can alternate history forums promote positive social change? Yes, by fostering empathy, challenging assumptions, and encouraging critical thinking.
7. How do alternate history forums interact with other forms of online culture? They intersect with gaming, fanfiction, and other forms of creative writing, often blurring the lines between these communities.
8. What are the legal ramifications of using historical figures in fictional narratives within these forums? Copyright and defamation laws may apply, depending on the context and use.
9. What role does technology play in shaping the future of alternate history forums? Technological advancements, like AI and VR, will likely create more immersive and interactive experiences.
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1. "The Rise of Counterfactual History Online: A Study of Alternate History Forums": This article examines the historical trajectory of online alternate history communities and their growth in the digital age.
2. "Digital Humanities and the Alternate History Narrative: Exploring New Methodologies": This article explores how digital humanities tools can be used to analyze and understand the narratives created within alternate history forums.
3. "Political Ideology and the Construction of Counterfactual Histories: A Case Study": This article analyzes how specific political ideologies are reflected and constructed in the counterfactual narratives within online forums.
4. "The Creative Potential of Alternate History: A Look at Fan Fiction and Original Works": This article focuses on the creative output generated within alternate history forums and its significance to broader literary culture.
5. "Moderation and Community Building in Alternate History Forums: Challenges and Best Practices": This article investigates the strategies employed by moderators to maintain positive and productive online environments.
6. "The Ethical Considerations of Counterfactual History: A Philosophical Inquiry": This article explores the ethical dilemmas raised by the creation and dissemination of alternate historical narratives.
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| alternate history forum after 1900: The Red Battle Flyer Manfred Freiherr von Richthofen, 2022-07-20 This book is written by the Red Baron, the famous German flying ace of the Great War who was credited with 80 combat victories in flying battles. It is an autobiography, talking about his early life and love of horses and dogs, and his family. A fascinating insight into a famous figure. |
| alternate history forum after 1900: Through Darkest Europe Harry Turtledove, 2018-09-18 The modern master of alternate history and New York Times–bestselling author envisions a world in which Europe and the Middle East have traded places. io9’s New Sci-Fi and Fantasy Books You Need to Put on Your Radar This Fall Senior investigator Khalid al-Zarzisi is a modern man, a product of the unsurpassed educational systems of North Africa and the Middle East. Liberal, tolerant, and above all rich, the countries and cultures of North Africa and the Middle East have dominated the globe for centuries, from the Far East to the young nations of the Sunset Lands. But one region has festered for decades: Europe, whose despots and monarchs can barely contain the simmering anger of their people. From Ireland to Scandinavia, Italy to Spain, European fundamentalists have carried out assassinations, hijackings, and bombings on their own soil and elsewhere. Extremist fundamentalist leaders have begun calling for a “crusade,” an obscure term from the mists of European history. Now Khalid has been sent to Rome, ground zero of backwater discontent. He and his partner Dawud have been tasked with figuring out how to protect the tinpot Grand Duke, the impoverished Pope, and the overall status quo, before European instability starts overflowing into the First World. Then the bombs start to go off. |
| alternate history forum after 1900: The Peculiar Stefan Bachmann, 2012-09-18 The international bestseller and debut novel by teenage author and classical musician Stefan Bachmann is part murder mystery, part gothic fantasy, part clockwork adventure. Best-selling author Rick Riordan said of The Peculiar, Stefan Bachmann breathes fresh life into ancient magic. Don't get yourself noticed and you won't get yourself hanged. In the faery slums of Bath, Bartholomew and his little sister Hettie live by these words. Bartholomew and Hettie are Peculiars, and neither faeries nor humans want anything to do with them. But when Peculiars start showing up in London murdered and covered with red tattoos, Bartholomew breaks all the rules and gets himself noticed. Full of magic, dazzling inventions, and intriguing characters such as Mr. Jelliby and Lord Lickerish, this story of friendship, bravery, and nonstop action adventure was hailed by best-selling author Christopher Paolini as swift, strong, and entertaining. Highly recommended. The Peculiar ends with a spectacular cliff-hanger, and the story concludes in The Whatnot. |
| alternate history forum after 1900: Alternate Presidents Mike Resnick, 1992 An anthology of pieces, by such writers as Jack L. Chalker, David Gerrold, Michael P. Kube-McDowell, and others, speculates on what might have happened had the presidential elections over the years ended with different results. Original. |
| alternate history forum after 1900: Cold War Gone Hot Ambush Alley Ambush Alley Games, 2011-11-20 My fellow Americans, I'm pleased to tell you today that I've signed legislation that will outlaw Russia forever. We begin bombing in five minutes.†? – Ronald Reagan, 1984. With these words, spoken as a sound check to a radio broadcast, President Reagan came dangerously close to igniting the long-simmering Cold War. Although Soviet forces were placed on alert following reports of this comment, the full-scale conflict between the West and the Soviet Bloc did not break out. Cold War Gone Hot, the latest companion volume for Force on Force, looks at the 44-year history of the Cold War and asks: what if?†? With the orders of battle, vehicle stats and missions included in this volume, Force on Force players can simulate the advance of Soviet tanks across Western Europe, a thrust into Alaska, or any number of other plausible scenarios where history took a slightly different path. |
| alternate history forum after 1900: Conquistador S. M. Stirling, 2003-02-04 “In this luscious alternative universe, sidekicks quote the Lone Ranger and Right inevitably triumphs with panache. What more could adventure-loving readers ask for?”—Publishers Weekly Oakland, 1946. Ex-soldier John Rolfe, newly back from the Pacific, has made a fabulous discovery: A portal to an alternate America where Europeans have never set foot—and the only other humans in sight are a band of very curious Indians. Able to return at will to the modern world, Rolfe summons the only people with whom he is willing to share his discovery: his war buddies. And tells them to bring their families... Los Angeles, twenty-first century. Fish and Game warden Tom Christiansen is involved in the bust of a smuggling operation. What he turns up is something he never anticipated: a photo of authentic Aztec priests decked out in Grateful Dead T-shirts, and a live condor from a gene pool that doesn’t correspond to any known in captivity or the wild. It is a find that will lead him to a woman named Adrienne Rolfe—and a secret that’s been hidden for sixty years… |
| alternate history forum after 1900: Faith in the Fight Jonathan H. Ebel, 2014-02-24 Faith in the Fight tells a story of religion, soldiering, suffering, and death in the Great War. Recovering the thoughts and experiences of American troops, nurses, and aid workers through their letters, diaries, and memoirs, Jonathan Ebel describes how religion--primarily Christianity--encouraged these young men and women to fight and die, sustained them through war's chaos, and shaped their responses to the war's aftermath. The book reveals the surprising frequency with which Americans who fought viewed the war as a religious challenge that could lead to individual and national redemption. Believing in a Christianity of the sword, these Americans responded to the war by reasserting their religious faith and proclaiming America God-chosen and righteous in its mission. And while the war sometimes challenged these beliefs, it did not fundamentally alter them. Revising the conventional view that the war was universally disillusioning, Faith in the Fight argues that the war in fact strengthened the religious beliefs of the Americans who fought, and that it helped spark a religiously charged revival of many prewar orthodoxies during a postwar period marked by race riots, labor wars, communist witch hunts, and gender struggles. For many Americans, Ebel argues, the postwar period was actually one of reillusionment. Demonstrating the deep connections between Christianity and Americans' experience of the First World War, Faith in the Fight encourages us to examine the religious dimensions of America's wars, past and present, and to work toward a deeper understanding of religion and violence in American history. |
| alternate history forum after 1900: Administrative Subdivisions of Countries Gwillim Law, 2015-05-20 In marked contrast to the United States, with its territorial stability, some countries, such as Bulgaria and Ethiopia, reorganize their regional subdivisions frequently. This large-format reference work simplifies the comparison of decades' worth of data from such countries: With this book in hand, one can answer any administrative subdivision question about any state or province in the world from 1900 through 1998--Abstracts of Public Administration, Development and Environment. For each country there is at least one table, and usually several. Histories of subdivision changes and lists of alternate names for subdivisions in each country add to the work's research value. All relevant national and international standards such as ISO and FIPS codes are listed, as well as time zones, populations, areas and capitals for each subdivision. There is a comprehensive index of names. |
| alternate history forum after 1900: Beyond Respectability Brittney C. Cooper, 2017-05-03 Beyond Respectability charts the development of African American women as public intellectuals and the evolution of their thought from the end of the 1800s through the Black Power era of the 1970s. Eschewing the Great Race Man paradigm so prominent in contemporary discourse, Brittney C. Cooper looks at the far-reaching intellectual achievements of female thinkers and activists like Anna Julia Cooper, Mary Church Terrell, Fannie Barrier Williams, Pauli Murray, and Toni Cade Bambara. Cooper delves into the processes that transformed these women and others into racial leadership figures, including long-overdue discussions of their theoretical output and personal experiences. As Cooper shows, their body of work critically reshaped our understandings of race and gender discourse. It also confronted entrenched ideas of how--and who--produced racial knowledge. |
| alternate history forum after 1900: Endkampf Stephen G. Fritz, 2004-10-08 “This thoroughly researched and superbly written study” examines the final days of WWII combat within Germany during the occupation of Franconia (WWII History). At the end of World War II, Gen. Dwight D. Eisenhower turned US forces toward the Franconian region of Germany, ordering them to cut off and destroy German units before they could escape into the Alps. Opposing this advance were German forces headed by SS-Gruppenführer Max Simon, a committed National Socialist who advocated merciless resistance. Caught in the middle were the people of Franconia. Historians have largely overlooked this period of violence and terror, but it provides insight into the chaotic nature of life while the Nazi regime was crumbling. Neither German civilians nor foreign refugees acted simply as passive victims caught between two fronts. Throughout the region people pressured local authorities to end the senseless resistance. Others sought revenge for their tribulations in the “liberation” that followed. Stephen G. Fritz examines the predicament and perspective of American GI's, German soldiers and officials, and the civilian population. Endkampf is a gripping portrait of the collapse of a society and how it affected those involved, whether they were soldiers or civilians, victors or vanquished, perpetrators or victims. |
| alternate history forum after 1900: Global Trends 2040 National Intelligence Council, 2021-03 The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic marks the most significant, singular global disruption since World War II, with health, economic, political, and security implications that will ripple for years to come. -Global Trends 2040 (2021) Global Trends 2040-A More Contested World (2021), released by the US National Intelligence Council, is the latest report in its series of reports starting in 1997 about megatrends and the world's future. This report, strongly influenced by the COVID-19 pandemic, paints a bleak picture of the future and describes a contested, fragmented and turbulent world. It specifically discusses the four main trends that will shape tomorrow's world: - Demographics-by 2040, 1.4 billion people will be added mostly in Africa and South Asia. - Economics-increased government debt and concentrated economic power will escalate problems for the poor and middleclass. - Climate-a hotter world will increase water, food, and health insecurity. - Technology-the emergence of new technologies could both solve and cause problems for human life. Students of trends, policymakers, entrepreneurs, academics, journalists and anyone eager for a glimpse into the next decades, will find this report, with colored graphs, essential reading. |
| alternate history forum after 1900: The Secret War for the Union Edwin C. Fishel, 2014-07-01 “A treasure trove for historians . . . A real addition to Civil War history” (Kirkus Reviews, starred review). At the end of the American Civil War, most of the intelligence records disappeared—remaining hidden for over a century. As a result, little has been understood about the role of espionage and other intelligence sources, from balloonists to signalmen with their telescopes. When, at the National Archives, Edwin C. Fishel discovered long-forgotten documents—the operational files of the Army of the Potomac’s Bureau of Military Information—he had the makings of this, the first book to thoroughly and authentically examine the impact of intelligence on the Civil War, providing a new perspective on this period in history. Drawing on these papers as well as over a thousand pages of reports by General McClellan’s intelligence chief, the detective Allan Pinkerton, and other information, he created an account of the Civil War that “breaks much new ground” (The New York Times). “The former chief intelligence reporter for the National Security Agency brings his professional expertise to bear in this detailed analysis, which makes a notable contribution to Civil War literature as the first major study to present the war’s campaigns from an intelligence perspective. Focusing on intelligence work in the eastern theater, 1861–1863, Fishel plays down the role of individual agents like James Longstreet’s famous ‘scout,’ Henry Harrison, concentrating instead on the increasingly sophisticated development of intelligence systems by both sides. . . . Expertly written, organized and researched.” —Publishers Weekly “Fundamentally changes our picture of the secret service in the Civil War.” —The Washington Post |
| alternate history forum after 1900: Roman Art Nancy Lorraine Thompson, Philippe De Montebello, John Kent Lydecker, Carlos A. Picón, 2007 A complete introduction to the rich cultural legacy of Rome through the study of Roman art ... It includes a discussion of the relevance of Rome to the modern world, a short historical overview, and descriptions of forty-five works of art in the Roman collection organized in three thematic sections: Power and Authority in Roman Portraiture; Myth, Religion, and the Afterlife; and Daily Life in Ancient Rome. This resource also provides lesson plans and classroom activities.--Publisher website. |
| alternate history forum after 1900: The Russian Revolution: Kornilov or Lenin?, Summer 1917 Pavel Nikolaevich Mili͡ukov, 1978 |
| alternate history forum after 1900: 🤯 1900, or the Last President 🔍 Ingersoll Lockwood, 2024-09-27 Dear Book Lover's, Are you ready to dive into a fascinating blend of history, intrigue, and imagination? We’re excited to announce the release of the beautifully illustrated edition of Ingersoll Lockwood’s classic, 1900, or the Last President! 🌈✨ 📚 Dive into the mysterious world of Ingersoll Lockwood's 1900, or the Last President - a gripping tale that will keep you on the edge of your seat! 🕵️♂️ Unravel the secrets of this enigmatic novel and prepare to be captivated by its twists and turns. 📖 Join the adventure today and experience the thrill of a literary masterpiece like never before! Happy reading, Colour the Classics |
| alternate history forum after 1900: The World Book Encyclopedia , 2002 An encyclopedia designed especially to meet the needs of elementary, junior high, and senior high school students. |
| alternate history forum after 1900: Homeward Bound Harry Turtledove, 2004-12-28 The twentieth century was awash in war. World powers were pouring men and machines onto the killing fields of Europe. Then, in one dramatic stroke, a divided planet was changed forever. An alien race attacked Earth, and for every nation, every human being, new battle lines were drawn. . HOMEWARD BOUND With his epic novels of alternate history, Harry Turtledove shares a stunning vision of what might have been–and what might still be–if one moment in history were changed. In the WorldWar and Colonization series, an ancient, highly advanced alien species found itself locked in a bitter struggle with a distant, rebellious planet–Earth. For those defending the Earth, this all-out war for survival supercharged human technology, made friends of foes, and turned allies into bitter enemies. For the aliens known as the Race, the conflict has yielded dire consequences. Mankind has developed nuclear technology years ahead of schedule, forcing the invaders to accept an uneasy truce with nations that possess the technology to defend themselves. But it is the Americans, with their primitive inventiveness, who discover a way to launch themselves through distant space–and reach the Race’s home planet itself. Now–in the twenty-first century–a few daring men and women embark upon a journey no human has made before. Warriors, diplomats, traitors, and exiles–the humans who arrive in the place called Home find themselves genuine strangers on a strange world, and at the center of a flash point with terrifying potential. For their arrival on the alien home world may drive the enemy to make the ultimate decision–to annihilate an entire planet, rather than allow the human contagion to spread. It may be that nothing can deter them from this course. With its extraordinary cast of characters–human, nonhuman, and some in between–Homeward Bound is a fascinating contemplation of cultures, armies, and individuals in collision. From the novelist USA Today calls “the leading author of alternate history,” this is a novel of vision, adventure, and constant, astounding surprise. |
| alternate history forum after 1900: Summerland Hannu Rajaniemi, 2018-06-26 Loss is a thing of the past. Murder is obsolete. Death is just the beginning. In 1938, death is no longer feared but exploited. Since the discovery of the afterlife, the British Empire has extended its reach into Summerland, a metropolis for the recently deceased. Yet Britain isn't the only contender for power in this life and the next. The Soviets have spies in Summerland, and the technology to build their own god. When SIS agent Rachel White gets a lead on one of the Soviet moles, blowing the whistle puts her hard-earned career at risk. The spy has friends in high places, and she will have to go rogue to bring him in. But how do you catch a man who's already dead?-- |
| alternate history forum after 1900: Climate Impacts on Energy Systems Jane O. Ebinger, 2011 While the energy sector is a primary target of efforts to arrest and reverse the growth of greenhouse gas emissions and lower the carbon footprint of development, it is also expected to be increasingly affected by unavoidable climate consequences from the damage already induced in the biosphere. Energy services and resources, as well as seasonal demand, will be increasingly affected by changing trends, increasing variability, greater extremes and large inter-annual variations in climate parameters in some regions. All evidence suggests that adaptation is not an optional add-on but an essential reckoning on par with other business risks. Existing energy infrastructure, new infrastructure and future planning need to consider emerging climate conditions and impacts on design, construction, operation, and maintenance. Integrated risk-based planning processes will be critical to address the climate change impacts and harmonize actions within and across sectors. Also, awareness, knowledge, and capacity impede mainstreaming of climate adaptation into the energy sector. However, the formal knowledge base is still nascent?information needs are complex and to a certain extent regionally and sector specific. This report provides an up-to-date compendium of what is known about weather variability and projected climate trends and their impacts on energy service provision and demand. It discusses emerging practices and tools for managing these impacts and integrating climate considerations into planning processes and operational practices in an environment of uncertainty. It focuses on energy sector adaptation, rather than mitigation which is not discussed in this report. This report draws largely on available scientific and peer-reviewed literature in the public domain and takes the perspective of the developing world to the extent possible. |
| alternate history forum after 1900: Global Trends 2030 National Intelligence Council, 2018-02-07 This important report, Global Trends 2030-Alternative Worlds, released in 2012 by the U.S. National Intelligence Council, describes megatrends and potential game changers for the next decades. Among the megatrends, it analyzes: - increased individual empowerment - the diffusion of power among states and the ascent of a networked multi-polar world - a world's population growing to 8.3 billion people, of which sixty percent will live in urbanized areas, and surging cross-border migration - expanding demand for food, water, and energy It furthermore describes potential game changers, including: - a global economy that could thrive or collapse - increased global insecurity due to regional instability in the Middle East and South Asia - new technologies that could solve the problems caused by the megatrends - the possibility, but by no means the certainty, that the U.S. with new partners will reinvent the international system Students of trends, forward-looking entrepreneurs, academics, journalists and anyone eager for a glimpse into the next decades will find this essential reading. |
| alternate history forum after 1900: IRS Historical Fact Book , 1993 |
| alternate history forum after 1900: Food Insecurity and Hunger in the United States National Research Council, Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, Committee on National Statistics, Panel to Review the U.S Department of Agriculture's Measurement of Food Insecurity and Hunger, 2006-05-02 The United States is viewed by the world as a country with plenty of food, yet not all households in America are food secure, meaning access at all times to enough food for an active, healthy life. A proportion of the population experiences food insecurity at some time in a given year because of food deprivation and lack of access to food due to economic resource constraints. Still, food insecurity in the United States is not of the same intensity as in some developing countries. Since 1995 the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) has annually published statistics on the extent of food insecurity and food insecurity with hunger in U.S. households. These estimates are based on a survey measure developed by the U.S. Food Security Measurement Project, an ongoing collaboration among federal agencies, academic researchers, and private organizations. USDA requested the Committee on National Statistics of the National Academies to convene a panel of experts to undertake a two-year study in two phases to review at this 10-year mark the concepts and methodology for measuring food insecurity and hunger and the uses of the measure. In Phase 2 of the study the panel was to consider in more depth the issues raised in Phase 1 relating to the concepts and methods used to measure food security and make recommendations as appropriate. The Committee on National Statistics appointed a panel of 10 experts to examine the above issues. In order to provide timely guidance to USDA, the panel issued an interim Phase 1 report, Measuring Food Insecurity and Hunger: Phase 1 Report. That report presented the panel's preliminary assessments of the food security concepts and definitions; the appropriateness of identifying hunger as a severe range of food insecurity in such a survey-based measurement method; questions for measuring these concepts; and the appropriateness of a household survey for regularly monitoring food security in the U.S. population. It provided interim guidance for the continued production of the food security estimates. This final report primarily focuses on the Phase 2 charge. The major findings and conclusions based on the panel's review and deliberations are summarized. |
| alternate history forum after 1900: Dixie Victorious Peter Tsouras, 2011-12-07 Based on a series of fascinating 'What If's' posed by leading military historians, this intriguing new alternate history reconstructs moments during the American Civil War which could conceivably have led to a Confederate victory. |
| alternate history forum after 1900: Fighting the Current Lisa Bier, 2011-09-07 In 1926, Gertrude Ederle became the first female to swim the English Channel--and broke the existing record time in doing so. Although today she is considered a pioneer in women's swimming, women were swimming competitively 50 years earlier. This historical book details the early period of women's competitive swimming in the United States, from its beginnings in the nineteenth century through Ederle's astonishing accomplishment. Women and girls faced many obstacles to safe swimming opportunities, including restrictive beliefs about physical abilities, access to safe and clean water, bathing suits that impeded movement and became heavy in water, and opposition from official sporting organizations. The stories of these early swimmers plainly show how far female athletes have come. |
| alternate history forum after 1900: The United States of Atlantis Harry Turtledove, 2008 Imperialistic England has driven the French from Atlantis and seized the continent's eastern coastal town, prompting Victor Radcliff, leader of the revolutionaries, to preserve the freedom of the Atlantean people at all costs. |
| alternate history forum after 1900: The History and Future of the World Trade Organization Craig VanGrasstek, 2013 The History and Future of the World Trade Organization is a comprehensive account of the economic, political and legal issues surrounding the creation of the WTO and its evolution. Fully illustrated with colour and black-and-white photos dating back to the early days of trade negotiations, the publication reviews the WTO's achievements as well as the challenges faced by the organisation, and identifies the key questions that WTO members need to address in the future. The book describes the intellectual roots of the trading system, membership of the WTO and the growth of the Geneva trade community, trade negotiations and the development of coalitions among the membership, and the WTO's relations with other international organisations and civil society. Also covered are the organisation's robust dispute settlement rules, the launch and evolution of the Doha Round, the rise of regional trade agreements, and the leadership and management of the WTO. |
| alternate history forum after 1900: Cities in American Political History Richard Dilworth, 2011-09-13 Profiling the ten most populous cities in the United States during ten critical eras of political development, Cities in American Political History presents a unique singular focus on American cities, their government and politics, industry, commerce, labor, and race and ethnicity. Cities in American Political History analyzes the role that large cities from New York to Chicago to San Jose, have played in U.S. politics and policymaking. Each entry is structured for straightforward comparison across issues and eras. The city profiles include basic data and statistics for the era and are accompanied by maps of each era and the largest cities at that time. |
| alternate history forum after 1900: The Federal Reserve System Purposes and Functions Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, 2002 Provides an in-depth overview of the Federal Reserve System, including information about monetary policy and the economy, the Federal Reserve in the international sphere, supervision and regulation, consumer and community affairs and services offered by Reserve Banks. Contains several appendixes, including a brief explanation of Federal Reserve regulations, a glossary of terms, and a list of additional publications. |
| alternate history forum after 1900: Northern Fury: H-Hour Bart Gauvin, Joel Radunzel, 2019-05-06 August 1991. Soviet hardliner Pavel Medvedev knows that only bloodshed can save the USSR from complete collapse. With violence breaking out in the streets of Moscow. few realize that he is piloting the Soviet Union on a collision course with its deadliest enemy yet: NATO. US Marine Colonel Robert Buckner. passed over for a coveted command. takes a post working for Vice Admiral Falkner on his way to retirement. As the world lurching towards World War Ill. he finds his way towards a panoramic view of the unfolding crisis with a pivotal role to play. War breaks out across the globe. but the pin falls in the far north. where soldiers and civilians alike must battle not just the enemy. but the unforgiving elements. With arsenals of high-tech weapons loosed in both directions. the ultimate reward may not be victory. but survival. H-Hour is the first book of the Northern Fury series. which tells the alternate history of World War Ill's northern front through the eyes of those who lived it. |
| alternate history forum after 1900: Eleanor and Harry Eleanor Roosevelt, 2004 A New York Times Notable Book, Eleanor and Harry sheds important light on the relationship between two giants of twentieth-century American history. While researching his previous book, Harry and Ike, Steve Neal came upon a trove of letters between President Harry S. Truman and Eleanor Roosevelt that had never been published. At the time they were written, the former first lady was Truman's appointee to the UN delegation -- the highest-ranking woman in his administration. These letters, collected in Eleanor and Harry, reveal the extraordinary story of a deep, often stormy, and enduring friendship throughout one of the most important eras in American history. Eleanor and Harry grew up in different worlds. Truman, who had spent much of his youth on a Missouri farm, reflected the values and work ethic of rural America. Eleanor, born into New York society, was a constant advocate of reform. Despite their differences--and sometimes opposing political traditions-- they maintained a warm and sympathetic correspondence after Truman took office, and he designated Mrs. Roosevelt the First Lady of the World. In more than 250 letters, readers will discover Eleanor and Harry's discussion of the beginning of the Cold War, the rebuilding of postwar Europe, the creation of the state of Israel, and the start of the modern civil rights movement. Mrs. Roosevelt pressed Truman to give women more influence in his administration and declined to endorse his renomination in 1948, but she supported his difficult decision to drop the atomic bomb, his military intervention in Korea, and his controversial firing of General Douglas MacArthur. Though they disagreed on several occasions and Mrs. Roosevelt oftenoffered to resign from the UN delegation, Truman valued her advice too much to allow her to quit. They remained close friends until her death in 1962. Eleanor and Harry is an uncommonly personal look at some of the momentous events of the twentieth century and offers a rare, intimate insight into the challenging and enriching friendship between two great Americans. |
| alternate history forum after 1900: Global Trends 2030 National Intelligence Council (U.S.), 2012 This report is intended to stimulate thinking about the rapid and vast geopolitical changes characterizing the world today and possible global trajectories over the next 15 years. As with the NIC's previous Global Trends reports, we do not seek to predict the future, which would be an impossible feat, but instead provide a framework for thinking about possible futures and their implications. In-depth research, detailed modeling and a variety of analytical tools drawn from public, private and academic sources were employed in the production of Global Trends 2030. NIC leadership engaged with experts in nearly 20 countries, from think tanks, banks, government offices and business groups, to solicit reviews of the report. |
| alternate history forum after 1900: The Haitian Revolution Toussaint L'Ouverture, 2019-11-12 Toussaint L’Ouverture was the leader of the Haitian Revolution in the late eighteenth century, in which slaves rebelled against their masters and established the first black republic. In this collection of his writings and speeches, former Haitian politician Jean-Bertrand Aristide demonstrates L’Ouverture’s profound contribution to the struggle for equality. |
| alternate history forum after 1900: Under the Yoke S. M. Stirling, 1990-12-31 |
| alternate history forum after 1900: Math in Society David Lippman, 2012-09-07 Math in Society is a survey of contemporary mathematical topics, appropriate for a college-level topics course for liberal arts major, or as a general quantitative reasoning course.This book is an open textbook; it can be read free online at http://www.opentextbookstore.com/mathinsociety/. Editable versions of the chapters are available as well. |
| alternate history forum after 1900: Losing Earth Nathaniel Rich, 2020-03-05 By 1979, we knew all that we know now about the science of climate change - what was happening, why it was happening, and how to stop it. Over the next ten years, we had the very real opportunity to stop it. Obviously, we failed.Nathaniel Rich's groundbreaking account of that failure - and how tantalizingly close we came to signing binding treaties that would have saved us all before the fossil fuels industry and politicians committed to anti-scientific denialism - is already a journalistic blockbuster, a full issue of the New York Times Magazine that has earned favorable comparisons to Rachel Carson's Silent Spring and John Hersey's Hiroshima. Rich has become an instant, in-demand expert and speaker. A major movie deal is already in place. It is the story, perhaps, that can shift the conversation.In the book Losing Earth, Rich is able to provide more of the context for what did - and didn't - happen in the 1980s and, more important, is able to carry the story fully into the present day and wrestle with what those past failures mean for us in 2019. It is not just an agonizing revelation of historical missed opportunities, but a clear-eyed and eloquent assessment of how we got to now, and what we can and must do before it's truly too late. |
| alternate history forum after 1900: Uniting of Europe Ernst B. Haas, Ernst Haas, Dr, 2020-11-15 The University of Notre Dame Press is pleased to bring Ernst Haas's classic work on European integration, The Uniting of Europe, back into print. First published in 1958 and last printed in 1968, this seminal volume is the starting point for anyone interested in the pre-history of the European Union. Haas uses the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) as a case study of the community formation processes that occur across traditional national and state boundaries. Haas points to the ECSC as an example of an organization with the power to redirect the loyalties and expectations of political actors. In this pathbreaking book Haas contends that, based on his observations of the actual integration process, the idea of a united Europe took root in the years immediately following World War II. His careful and rigorous analysis tracks the development of the ECSC, including, in his 1968 preface, a discussion of the eventual loss of the individual identity of the ECSC through its absorption into the new European Community. Featuring a new introduction by Haas analyzing the impact of his book over time, as well as an updated bibliography, The Uniting of Europe is a must-have for political scientists and historians of modern and contemporary Europe. This book is the inaugural volume of Notre Dame's new Contemporary European Politics and Society Series. |
| alternate history forum after 1900: Marching Through Georgia S. M. Stirling, 1991-01 Explores the possibilities of alternative history by changing the participants and the stakes in World War II |
| alternate history forum after 1900: New Britain Tony Blair, 2004-04-09 New Britain presents Tony Blair on all the major debates of British public life: from nationalized health care to crime prevention, from the welfare state to monetary policy, from religion to family values, from individualism to isolationism, from taxation to trade unions, from NATO to Northern Ireland, from community rebirth to economic growth. After seventeen years of Conservative Party rule under Margaret Thatcher and John Major, a change in Great Britain's leadership appears imminent. In Blair's Stakeholder Nation, government works in partnership with private and voluntary sectors to harness the pawer of the market to serve the public interest. In New Britain, we read in Blair's own articulate words how to improve the standard of living of all Britain's families; how to base a new social order on merit, commitment, and inclusion; how to decentralize British institutions of political power; and how to expand Britain's leadership in foreign affairs. |
| alternate history forum after 1900: Doug Aitken Rachel Kent, 2021-09-28 Art is one of the tools we have to sculpt time and create experiences that are highly concentrated, or open and infinite. - Doug Aitken American artist Doug Aitken is internationally recognised for his ambitious practice that incorporates objects, installations, photographs and vast, multi-screen environments that envelop viewers within a kaleidoscope of moving imagery and sound. Aitken has realised museum projects around the world, as well as monumental interventions within the natural landscape and below the ocean's surface. This beautifully designed book encompasses the breadth of Aitken's artistic practice and is produced on the occasion of his survey at the Museum of Contemporary Art (MCA) Australia. Edited by chief curator Rachel Kent, it features a series of in-depth interviews that provide fascinating insights into Aitken's creative thinking and his wider engagement with the creative communities around him; and a series of image plates documenting his acclaimed museum works, landscape interventions and live happenings. Informative and visually compelling, it is sure to be a favourite among Aitken's collectors, as well as those interested in contemporary art. |
| alternate history forum after 1900: The Fingerprint U. S. Department Justice, 2014-08-02 The idea of The Fingerprint Sourcebook originated during a meeting in April 2002. Individuals representing the fingerprint, academic, and scientific communities met in Chicago, Illinois, for a day and a half to discuss the state of fingerprint identification with a view toward the challenges raised by Daubert issues. The meeting was a joint project between the International Association for Identification (IAI) and West Virginia University (WVU). One recommendation that came out of that meeting was a suggestion to create a sourcebook for friction ridge examiners, that is, a single source of researched information regarding the subject. This sourcebook would provide educational, training, and research information for the international scientific community. |
Feedback and Suggestions (Path of Exile 1) - Can we hav…
5 days ago · Path of Exile is a free online-only action RPG under development by Grinding Gear …
Support - Path of Exile
If you think you've lost your weapons, you've probably swapped to the alternate weapon tabs by pressing X. …
Feedback and Suggestions (Path of Exile 1) - Can we have …
4 days ago · Path of Exile is a free online-only action RPG under development by Grinding Gear Games in New Zealand.
Support - Path of Exile
If you think you've lost your weapons, you've probably swapped to the alternate weapon tabs by pressing X. Please try toggling back with the X key before posting a bug report about it. For …
