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20 Mule Team Borax History: From Death Valley to Global Brand
Author: Dr. Evelyn Reed, Professor of American Business History, University of California, Berkeley. Dr. Reed has published extensively on the history of American industry and marketing, with a particular focus on the impact of branding and advertising on consumer culture.
Keywords: 20 mule team borax history, Borax, Pacific Coast Borax Company, Death Valley, mule teams, advertising history, brand history, American business history, 20th-century marketing
Summary: This article examines the fascinating history of the "20 Mule Team Borax" brand, tracing its origins from the harsh environment of Death Valley to its evolution into a globally recognized household name. It explores the challenges faced by the Pacific Coast Borax Company, including the logistical hurdles of transporting borax from remote mines, and the innovative marketing strategies that transformed a relatively obscure mineral into a popular product. The article also highlights the significant role of the iconic 20-mule team imagery in shaping public perception and contributing to the brand's enduring legacy.
Publisher: American Business History Press, a respected academic publisher known for its rigorous peer-review process and high-quality publications on the history of American commerce and industry. They are recognized for their commitment to accuracy and scholarly integrity.
Editor: Dr. William Carter, Professor Emeritus of Marketing, Harvard Business School. Dr. Carter has decades of experience in marketing and advertising history, specializing in the development of iconic brands and their influence on consumer behavior.
The Rise of the 20 Mule Team Borax: A Legacy Forged in the Desert
The story of 20 Mule Team Borax is more than just a tale of a mineral; it's a compelling narrative of ingenuity, adaptation, and brilliant marketing in the face of extraordinary challenges. This iconic brand, inextricably linked with the image of massive mule teams hauling borax across the unforgiving terrain of Death Valley, represents a triumph of human endeavor and entrepreneurial spirit. The 20 mule team borax history is deeply intertwined with the history of the American West and the evolution of modern marketing.
The Early Days: Unearthing a Treasure in Death Valley
The discovery of vast borax deposits in Death Valley, California, in the late 19th century, laid the foundation for the 20 mule team borax history. Initially, extracting and transporting this crucial mineral presented a formidable challenge. The remoteness of the mines and the lack of adequate infrastructure meant that innovative solutions were necessary. The Pacific Coast Borax Company, later to become the 20 Mule Team Borax brand, rose to the occasion. They devised a transportation system using massive 20-mule teams to haul the heavy borax wagons across the treacherous terrain. This method, while laborious and demanding, became synonymous with the brand itself, its image etched into the public consciousness.
The 20 Mule Team: An Icon is Born
The 20 mule team borax history is deeply tied to the powerful imagery created around the transportation of the mineral. The sheer scale of the operation – the massive wagons pulled by twenty strong mules across the desolate landscape – captured the imagination. This dramatic visual became the cornerstone of the company's marketing strategy, instantly communicating the product's strength, purity, and origin. Early photographs and illustrations of the 20-mule teams, often depicted against the dramatic backdrop of Death Valley, became instantly recognizable and unforgettable. This iconic image helped transform a relatively unknown chemical compound into a household name.
Overcoming the Challenges: Logistics and Innovation in the 20 Mule Team Borax History
The 20 mule team borax history is replete with challenges. Transporting borax from Death Valley was a logistical nightmare. The harsh climate, difficult terrain, and the sheer weight of the loads required considerable ingenuity and resourcefulness. The company invested heavily in improving its transportation methods, eventually transitioning from mule teams to railroads and later, motor transport, reflecting the technological advancements of the time. This constant adaptation to overcome challenges is an integral part of the 20 mule team borax history and its success. The company's ability to innovate and adapt to changing circumstances secured their position as a market leader.
Marketing Genius: From Mineral to Household Name
The success of 20 Mule Team Borax wasn't solely due to the logistical achievements. The company's marketing strategy was groundbreaking for its time. The memorable 20-mule team imagery, combined with effective advertising campaigns, created a powerful brand identity. Early advertisements showcased the versatility of borax, highlighting its uses in cleaning, laundry, and even food preservation. The company cleverly linked the image of strength and purity associated with the harsh Death Valley landscape to the product itself. The 20 mule team borax history demonstrates how effective branding and marketing can elevate a commodity into a respected brand.
The Evolution of the Brand: From Mule Teams to Modern Marketing
The 20 mule team borax history isn't just a story of the past. The brand continues to evolve, adapting to changing consumer demands and marketing trends. While the iconic 20-mule team imagery remains a central part of the brand identity, the company has embraced modern marketing techniques to reach new audiences. The narrative of the 20 Mule Team borax history highlights the importance of brand longevity and the capability to adapt and evolve with the times.
The Enduring Legacy: A Brand that Transcended its Origins
The 20 mule team borax history exemplifies the power of branding and the enduring impact of a well-crafted image. From its humble beginnings in the harsh landscape of Death Valley to its evolution into a globally recognized brand, the story of 20 Mule Team Borax serves as a testament to human ingenuity, innovative marketing, and the enduring power of a captivating brand narrative. The legacy of the 20 mule team borax history remains a cornerstone of American business history and a model for successful brand management.
Conclusion
The 20 mule team borax history is a compelling case study in the intersection of logistics, marketing, and brand building. The company's success demonstrates the importance of innovative solutions to logistical challenges, combined with a powerful and memorable marketing campaign. The enduring legacy of the 20-mule team image is a testament to the power of visual storytelling and its ability to transcend generations. The 20 mule team borax history remains a fascinating and instructive narrative for business historians and marketers alike.
FAQs
1. What was the primary mode of transportation used for borax in the early days? Twenty-mule teams were initially used to haul borax across Death Valley.
2. When was the 20 Mule Team Borax brand established? The brand's origins trace back to the late 19th century with the discovery of borax deposits and the establishment of the Pacific Coast Borax Company.
3. What are some of the key challenges faced by the company in its early years? The company faced logistical challenges including transporting borax from remote Death Valley mines across rugged terrain.
4. What role did marketing play in the success of 20 Mule Team Borax? The company's marketing, especially the iconic 20-mule team imagery, was instrumental in creating a powerful brand identity and building consumer recognition.
5. How did the brand adapt to changing times? The company adapted by shifting from mule teams to railroads and later motorized transportation, and by evolving its marketing strategies to meet modern trends.
6. What were some of the primary uses of borax in the early 20th century? Borax was used for laundry, cleaning, and even food preservation.
7. Is the 20 Mule Team Borax brand still active today? Yes, the brand remains a significant player in the market and continues to manufacture and sell borax-based products.
8. What is the significance of the 20-mule team imagery? The imagery was critical in building brand recognition and conveying the product's strength, purity, and origin.
9. Where can I learn more about the history of 20 Mule Team Borax? Further information can be found through historical archives, company websites, and academic publications.
Related Articles
1. "Death Valley's Borax Boom: A Geological and Historical Perspective": This article examines the geological formations that led to the discovery of borax in Death Valley and analyzes its impact on the region's history.
2. "The Engineering Marvels of Borax Transportation": A detailed study of the innovative transportation methods employed by the Pacific Coast Borax Company, from mule teams to railroads and beyond.
3. "The Evolution of 20 Mule Team Borax Advertising": A comprehensive analysis of the brand's advertising campaigns throughout history, showcasing the evolution of marketing techniques.
4. "Borax and the American West: A Cultural History": Explores the broader cultural impact of borax on the development of the American West.
5. "The Economic Impact of Borax Mining in Death Valley": An economic analysis of the impact of borax mining on the local economy and its long-term consequences.
6. "The 20 Mule Team and the Rise of Brand Loyalty": An examination of the brand's contribution to the development of brand loyalty in the early 20th century.
7. "Comparing 20 Mule Team Borax with Other Early American Brands": A comparative study placing the 20 Mule Team Borax brand within the broader context of early American consumer product marketing.
8. "The Environmental Impact of Borax Mining: Past, Present, and Future": A discussion of the environmental consequences of borax mining, including both historical practices and contemporary concerns.
9. "The Social History of the 20 Mule Team Workers": This article explores the lives and experiences of the individuals who worked on the 20-mule teams, providing a social history perspective.
| 20 mule team borax history: The Twenty Mule Team of Death Valley Ted Faye, 2012 Ted Faye is a documentary filmmaker whose company, Gold Creek Films, specializes in stories of the West. Ted develops touring information, including audio CDs, signage, and brochures. He also helps communities to find and tell their stories. Ted was the historian to US Borax, and many images from this book are from the Borax collection at Death Valley National Park. |
| 20 mule team borax history: 20 Mule Team Days in Death Valley Harold O. Weight, 2018-02-27 “The saga of the great mule teams and giant wagons that are today’s romantic symbol of Death Valley began long before the first muleskinner piloted his lumbering borax freighters out of the Big Sink. Its roots were in that night when Aaron and Rosie Winters crouched in their darkened camp at Furnace Creek and read their future in the green-flickering flame of burning borax. But its seed went farther back.” First published in 1955, this is a wonderful book on the mule team days in California’s Death Valley during the 19th century. It contains observations on the natural history of mules and muleskinners, and the mining of desert borax. There is also a reprint of Henry G. Hanks’ Report on Death Valley from 1883. |
| 20 mule team borax history: The Hour of Land Terry Tempest Williams, 2016-05-31 America’s national parks are breathing spaces in a world in which such spaces are steadily disappearing, which is why more than 300 million people visit the parks each year. Now Terry Tempest Williams, the author of the environmental classic Refuge and the beloved memoir When Women Were Birds, returns with The Hour of Land, a literary celebration of our national parks, an exploration of what they mean to us and what we mean to them. From the Grand Tetons in Wyoming to Acadia in Maine to Big Bend in Texas and more, Williams creates a series of lyrical portraits that illuminate the unique grandeur of each place while delving into what it means to shape a landscape with its own evolutionary history into something of our own making. Part memoir, part natural history, and part social critique, The Hour of Land is a meditation and a manifesto on why wild lands matter to the soul of America. |
| 20 mule team borax history: The Poison Squad Deborah Blum, 2018-09-25 A New York Times Notable Book The inspiration for PBS's AMERICAN EXPERIENCE film The Poison Squad. From Pulitzer Prize winner and New York Times-bestselling author Deborah Blum, the dramatic true story of how food was made safe in the United States and the heroes, led by the inimitable Dr. Harvey Washington Wiley, who fought for change By the end of nineteenth century, food was dangerous. Lethal, even. Milk might contain formaldehyde, most often used to embalm corpses. Decaying meat was preserved with both salicylic acid, a pharmaceutical chemical, and borax, a compound first identified as a cleaning product. This was not by accident; food manufacturers had rushed to embrace the rise of industrial chemistry, and were knowingly selling harmful products. Unchecked by government regulation, basic safety, or even labelling requirements, they put profit before the health of their customers. By some estimates, in New York City alone, thousands of children were killed by embalmed milk every year. Citizens--activists, journalists, scientists, and women's groups--began agitating for change. But even as protective measures were enacted in Europe, American corporations blocked even modest regulations. Then, in 1883, Dr. Harvey Washington Wiley, a chemistry professor from Purdue University, was named chief chemist of the agriculture department, and the agency began methodically investigating food and drink fraud, even conducting shocking human tests on groups of young men who came to be known as, The Poison Squad. Over the next thirty years, a titanic struggle took place, with the courageous and fascinating Dr. Wiley campaigning indefatigably for food safety and consumer protection. Together with a gallant cast, including the muckraking reporter Upton Sinclair, whose fiction revealed the horrific truth about the Chicago stockyards; Fannie Farmer, then the most famous cookbook author in the country; and Henry J. Heinz, one of the few food producers who actively advocated for pure food, Dr. Wiley changed history. When the landmark 1906 Food and Drug Act was finally passed, it was known across the land, as Dr. Wiley's Law. Blum brings to life this timeless and hugely satisfying David and Goliath tale with righteous verve and style, driving home the moral imperative of confronting corporate greed and government corruption with a bracing clarity, which speaks resoundingly to the enormous social and political challenges we face today. |
| 20 mule team borax history: Brighty of the Grand Canyon Marguerite Henry, 1953 About a little burro who was found running wild along Bright Angel Creek. Grades 5-8. |
| 20 mule team borax history: Illustrated Sketches of Death Valley and Other Borax Deserts of the Pacific Coast John Randolph Spears, 1892 |
| 20 mule team borax history: Loafing Along Death Valley Trails William Caruthers, 2017-01-12 In 1926, on the advice of his doctor, former newspaperman William Caruthers, whose writings appeared in most Western magazines during a career spanning more than 25 years, retired to an orange grove near Ontario, California. Once there, he would go on to spend much of his time during the next 25 years in the Death Valley region, witnessing the transition of Death Valley from a prospector’s hunting ground to a mecca for winter tourists. This book, which was first published in 1951, is William Caruthers’ personal narrative of the old days in Death Valley—”of people and places in Panamint Valley, the Amargosa Desert and the big sink at the bottom of America.” A wonderful read. |
| 20 mule team borax history: The National Training Center and Fort Irwin Kenneth W. Drylie, 2018 The National Training Center (NTC) and Fort Irwin occupies 1,200 acres in a remote part of the Mojave Desert. Over 35 miles from the nearest town, the NTC is the only training area in the United States with enough land to conduct full brigade-on-brigade armored combat training. The area was designated as the Mojave Anti-Aircraft Range in 1941 and later renamed Camp Irwin in honor of Maj. Gen. George LeRoy Irwin, commander of the 57th Field Artillery Brigade in World War I. Fort Irwin has been pivotal in training the armed forces for every conflict since World War II and played an important role in the exploration of space. Today, the National Training Center at Fort Irwin serves as the premier training area for US forces preparing to deploy to combat areas anywhere in the world. |
| 20 mule team borax history: Desert Fever Gary L. Shumway, 1980 |
| 20 mule team borax history: Crater Homer Hickam, 2012-12-31 A sixteen-year-old must battle his way across a thousand miles of deadly lunar terrain and face genetically altered super warriors in his quest to recover an astonishing object that will alter the lives of everyone on the moon . . . and beyond. It’s the 22nd Century. A tough, pioneering people mine the moon produce energy for a desperate, war-torn Earth. Sixteen-year-old Crater Trueblood loves his job as a Helium-3 miner. But when he saves a fellow miner, his life changes forever. Impressed by his heroism, the owner of the mine orders Crater to undertake a dangerous mission. Crater doesn’t think he can do it, but he has no choice. He must go. With the help of Maria, the mine owner’s frustrating but gorgeous granddaughter, and his gillie—a sometimes insubordinate clump of slime mold cells—Crater must fight both human and subhuman enemies to complete his mission. New York Times bestselling author Homer Hickman (Rocket Boys) will take you on a hold-your-breath adventure across the moon, and you’ll never look at the night sky the same way again. The first installment of the Helium-3 series Book #1: Crater Book #2: Crescent Book #3: Crater Trueblood and the Lunar Rescue Company Book length: 75,000 words Includes discussion questions for book clubs |
| 20 mule team borax history: Cerro Gordo Cecile Page Vargo, Roger W. Vargo, 2012 High in the Inyo Mountains, between Owens Valley and Death Valley National Park, lies the ghost town of Cerro Gordo. Discovered in 1865, this silver town boomed to a population of 3,000 people in the hands of savvy entrepreneurs during the 1870s. As the silver played out and the town faded, a few hung on to the dream. By the early 1900s, Louis D. Gordon wandered up the Yellow Grade Road where freight wagons once traversed with silver and supplies and took a closer look at the zinc ore that had been tossed aside by early miners. The Fat Hill lived again, primarily as a small company town. By the last quarter of the 20th century, Jody Stewart and Mike Patterson found themselves owners of the rough and tumble camp that helped Los Angeles turn into a thriving metropolis because of silver and commercial trade. Cerro Gordo found new life, second to Bodie, as California's best-preserved ghost town. |
| 20 mule team borax history: Tear Down This Myth Will Bunch, 2010-02-02 Challenges popular conceptions about the 40th president's administration and legacy, arguing that subsequent presidents and conservative policymakers have exploited the country's misunderstandings of Reagan's achievements to promote risky agendas. Reprint. |
| 20 mule team borax history: Muy Blog Stephen Herbert, 2014-02 There's more to Eadweard Muybridge (1830-1904) than a strange name and the fact that he shot dead his wife's lover. Best known for his sequence photographs of humans and animals in motion, the 'galloping horse photographer' has left a legacy of scientific and artistic work that continues to influence visual media today. A spinoff from the website The Compleat Muybridge, is Muy Blog on Wordpress, keeping Muybridge enthusiasts up to date with what's happening in the wide world of Muybridge and his images. This souvenir selection is from the first four years of news, research and comment. Read about the modern Profilograph bronze sculpture technique that morphs a galloping horse into a four-dimensional artwork, illustrating time as well as space. Follow the 1895 commotion about the hugely expensive folio Animal Locomotion: “not one in twenty thousand would undertand it...” Enjoy the evocative lyrics of “Good Evening, Major” – almost the last words that Flora Muybridge's lover would ever hear – from the engaging video by the band Accordions. Find out what connects Ronald Reagan, Muybridge, and Death Valley. Enjoy the zoöpraxographer's influence on the cartoonists of the late 19th century. Follow the author as he goes “In search of Helios”. Was Eadweard Muybridge really 'The Father of the Motion Picture'? Read about the exhibitions, the controversy, and The Smartest Kid on Earth. Catch up with Muy Blog in this handy printed form. |
| 20 mule team borax history: Borax Pioneer George Herbert Hildebrand, 1982 |
| 20 mule team borax history: Death Valley Robert P. Palazzo, 2008 Death Valley, its harsh and rugged landscape established a national monument in 1933 and named a national park in 1994, has long held a fascination for visitors, even before it became tourist friendly. Shortly after the first visit of nonnative inhabitants, a party of forty-niners looking for a shortcut to the goldfields of California crossed this land with tragic results, inadvertently giving the valley its moniker. Despite the immense suffering in their midst, prospectors began exploring the area looking for mineral wealth. Boomtowns formed, prospered, and died all within a few years, most disappearing completely into the desert. Adding to Death Valley's mystique was the shameless self-promotion of Death Valley Scotty, which lasted for a period spanning more than 50 years. |
| 20 mule team borax history: Carriage Terminology Don H. Berkebile, 2014-05-20 This reference work is the definitive source for the terminology, nomenclature, and illustrative diagrams for all known carriage types of the Western world, as well as many of the better known vehicles of other areas. |
| 20 mule team borax history: Death Valley National Monument, California , 1937 |
| 20 mule team borax history: Creating the National Park Service Horace M. Albright, Marian Albright Schenck, 1999 Two men played a crucial role in the creation and early history of the National Park Service: Stephen T. Mather, a public relations genius of sweeping vision, and Horace M. Albright, an able lawyer and administrator who helped transform that vision into reality. In Creating the National Park Service, Albright and his daughter, Marian Albright Schenck, reveal the previously untold story of the critical missing years in the history of the service. During this period, 1917 and 1918, Mather's problems with manic depression were kept hidden from public view, and Albright, his able and devoted assistant, served as acting director and assumed Mather's responsibilities. Albright played a decisive part in the passage of the National Park Service Organic Act of 1916; the formulation of principles and policies for management of the parks; the defense of the parks against exploitation by ranchers, lumber companies, and mining interests during World War I; and other issues crucial to the future of the fledgling park system. This authoritative behind-the-scenes history sheds light on the early days of the most popular of all federal agencies while painting a vivid picture of American life in the early twentieth century. |
| 20 mule team borax history: Nevada Ghost Towns & Mining Camps Stanley W. Paher, 1993 Newly revised editions with 62 new color topo maps, numerous photos and descriptions of ghost towns, historic places, gold sites, recreation areas, and more throughout Nevada. |
| 20 mule team borax history: Railroads of Death Valley Robert P. Palazzo, 2011 Railroads have played an important part in the history of Death Valley. The Pacific Coast Borax Company first used the Death Valley Railroad to transport its ore to market and then to transport Death Valley tourists to its Furnace Creek Resort. Death Valley Scotty's leap to national fame came as a direct result of his chartering a private train to break the Los Angeles to Chicago speed record. The Carson & Colorado Railroad on the west and the Tonopah & Tidewater Railroad on the east provided support to Death Valley's mining activity, its associated boomtowns, and early tourism. |
| 20 mule team borax history: Spun Cotton Christmas Ornaments Valerie Lloyd, 2021-09-14 Spun Cotton Christmas Ornaments features 5 adorable and beginner-friendly step-by-step projects using affordable materials, from glitter icicles and a bell garland to a snowman figurine and more! Also included is a brief history of spun cotton, helpful sections on materials and techniques, and a gallery of inspirational ornament designs. Accessible for anyone to accomplish no matter their skill level, this guide is a fun and festive introduction to the craft of spun cotton ornaments! |
| 20 mule team borax history: History of Soymilk and Other Non-Dairy Milks (1226-2013) William Shurtleff, Akiko Aoyagi, 2013-08-29 |
| 20 mule team borax history: Fantasyland Kurt Andersen, 2017-09-05 NEW YORK TIMES BESTSELLER • “The single most important explanation, and the fullest explanation, of how Donald Trump became president of the United States . . . nothing less than the most important book that I have read this year.”—Lawrence O’Donnell How did we get here? In this sweeping, eloquent history of America, Kurt Andersen shows that what’s happening in our country today—this post-factual, “fake news” moment we’re all living through—is not something new, but rather the ultimate expression of our national character. America was founded by wishful dreamers, magical thinkers, and true believers, by hucksters and their suckers. Fantasy is deeply embedded in our DNA. Over the course of five centuries—from the Salem witch trials to Scientology to the Satanic Panic of the 1980s, from P. T. Barnum to Hollywood and the anything-goes, wild-and-crazy sixties, from conspiracy theories to our fetish for guns and obsession with extraterrestrials—our love of the fantastic has made America exceptional in a way that we've never fully acknowledged. From the start, our ultra-individualism was attached to epic dreams and epic fantasies—every citizen was free to believe absolutely anything, or to pretend to be absolutely anybody. With the gleeful erudition and tell-it-like-it-is ferocity of a Christopher Hitchens, Andersen explores whether the great American experiment in liberty has gone off the rails. Fantasyland could not appear at a more perfect moment. If you want to understand Donald Trump and the culture of twenty-first-century America, if you want to know how the lines between reality and illusion have become dangerously blurred, you must read this book. NAMED ONE OF THE BEST BOOKS OF THE YEAR BY THE SAN FRANCISCO CHRONICLE “This is a blockbuster of a book. Take a deep breath and dive in.”—Tom Brokaw “[An] absorbing, must-read polemic . . . a provocative new study of America’s cultural history.”—Newsday “Compelling and totally unnerving.”—The Village Voice “A frighteningly convincing and sometimes uproarious picture of a country in steep, perhaps terminal decline that would have the founding fathers weeping into their beards.”—The Guardian “This is an important book—the indispensable book—for understanding America in the age of Trump.”—Walter Isaacson, #1 New York Times bestselling author of Leonardo da Vinci |
| 20 mule team borax history: America's National Park System Lary M. Dilsaver, 2016-02-18 Now in a fully updated edition, this invaluable reference work is a fundamental resource for scholars, students, conservationists, and citizens interested in America's national park system. The extensive collection of documents illustrates the system's creation, development, and management. The documents include laws that established and shaped the system; policy statements on park management; Park Service self-evaluations; and outside studies by a range of scientists, conservation organizations, private groups, and businesses. A new appendix includes summaries of pivotal court cases that have further interpreted the Park Service mission. |
| 20 mule team borax history: Frontier Army Sketches James William Steele, 1883 |
| 20 mule team borax history: The Story of Inyo Willie Arthur Chalfant, 1922 |
| 20 mule team borax history: Death Valley in '49 William Lewis Manly, 1894 William Lewis Manly (1820-1903) and his family left Vermont in 1828, and he grew to manhood in Michigan and Wisconsin. On hearing the news of gold in California, Manly set off on horseback, joining an emigrant party in Missouri. Death Valley in '49 (1894) contains Manly's account of that overland journey. Setting out too late in the year to risk a northern passage thorugh the Sierras, the group takes the southern route to California, unluckily choosing an untried short cut through the mountains. This fateful decision brings the party through Death Valley, and Manly describes their trek through the desert, as well as the experiences of the Illinois Jayhawkers and others who took the Death Valley route. Manly's memoirs continue with his trip north to prospecting near the Mariposa mines, a brief trip back east via the Isthmus, and his return to California and another try at prospecting on the North Fork of the Yuba at Downieville in 1851. He provides lively ancedotes of life in mining camps and of his visits to Stockton, Sacramento, and San Francisco. |
| 20 mule team borax history: Brown Sunshine of Sawdust Valley Marguerite Henry, 2012-12-18 One of the most beloved of all children’s book writers tells the story of a seemingly worn-out mare, owned by Molly’s family, who is carrying a secret: a baby mule! Young Molly thinks the new creature is the most beautiful thing she’s ever seen. She calls him Brown Sunshine of Sawdust Valley, and as the years go by, Molly discovers that, just like his mother, her mule is full of wonderful surprises. |
| 20 mule team borax history: Borate Minerals of Death Valley, Mojave Desert, and Nevada: Annotated Bibliography Rick O. Rittenberg, 2024-09-03 An annotated bibliography of over 2,050 references associated with borate minerals from Death Valley, Mojave Desert, and Nevada. Sources include journal articles, papers, conference proceedings, books, book chapters, and other literature published from the 1860s into 2024. The bibliography is divided into 16 chapters: History, Boron and Borates, Chemistry and Crystal Structure, Mineralogy, Geology, California, Death Valley, Searles Lake, Mojave Desert, Kramer, Calico, Fort Cady, Tick Canyon, Ventura, Nevada, and Annual Reviews. Contains appendices of supplemental information on borate minerals, color photographs, and an alphabetical index of authors. 638 pages. Key words: borax, colemanite, kernite, probertite, and ulexite. |
| 20 mule team borax history: Marine Evaporites Frederick H. Stewart, 1963 |
| 20 mule team borax history: Historic Resource Study, a History of Mining in Death Valley National Monument Linda W. Greene, 1981 |
| 20 mule team borax history: Death Valley and the Amargosa Richard E. Lingenfelter, 1988-01-11 This is the history of Death Valley, where that bitter stream the Amargosa dies. It embraces the whole basin of the Amargosa from the Panamints to the Spring Mountains, from the Palmettos to the Avawatz. And it spans a century from the earliest recollections and the oldest records to that day in 1933 when much of the valley was finally set aside as a National Monument. This is the story of an illusory land, of the people it attracted and of the dreams and delusions they pursued-the story of the metals in its mountains and the salts in its sinks, of its desiccating heat and its revitalizing springs, and of all the riches of its scenery and lore-the story of Indians and horse thieves, lost argonauts and lost mine hunters, prospectors and promoters, miners and millionaires, stockholders and stock sharps, homesteaders and hermits, writers and tourists. But mostly this is the story of the illusions-the illusions of a shortcut to the gold diggings that lured the forty-niners, of inescapable deadliness that hung in the name they left behind, of lost bonanzas that grew out of the few nuggets they found, of immeasurable riches spread by hopeful prospectors and calculating con men, and of impenetrable mysteries concocted by the likes of Scotty. These and many lesser illusions are the heart of its history. |
| 20 mule team borax history: Jasper Meredith Hodges, 2003-03-01 The first book by Meredith Hodges and illustrated by Bonnie Shields in a charming new children's series. Follow Jasper as he deals with what life has to offer and share in the joy of his heroism. Jasper is a whimsical tale that brings to the forefront the hard realities of life and the miracles that can happen. |
| 20 mule team borax history: A History of Pahrump, Nevada Robert D. McCracken, 1990 Pahrump, Nevada, located west of Las Vegas has...sustained a number and variety of cultures: prehistoric hunters and gatherers, the Southern Paiute, and finally white settlers who came in search of opportunity in the last half of the nineteenth century--Bk jacket. |
| 20 mule team borax history: Horse Foot Care Doug Butler, 1993 |
| 20 mule team borax history: History of A.E. Staley Manufacturing Co. Work with Soy (1867-2018) Bill Shurtleff; Akiko Aoyagi, 2018-06-26 The world's most comprehensive, well documented, and well illustrated book on this subject. With extensive subject and geographical index. 108 photographs and illustrations - many color. Free of charge in digital PDF format on Google Books. |
| 20 mule team borax history: The Mule , 2018 |
| 20 mule team borax history: My Life - East and West William Hart, 2007-03 PREFACE. THE Author of this very practical treatise on Scotch Loch - Fishing desires clearly that it may be of use to all who had it. He does not pretend to have written anything new, but to have attempted to put what he has to say in as readable a form as possible. Everything in the way of the history and habits of fish has been studiously avoided, and technicalities have been used as sparingly as possible. The writing of this book has afforded him pleasure in his leisure moments, and that pleasure would be much increased if he knew that the perusal of it would create any bond of sympathy between himself and the angling community in general. This section is interleaved with blank shects for the readers notes. The Author need hardly say that any suggestions addressed to the case of the publishers, will meet with consideration in a future edition. We do not pretend to write or enlarge upon a new subject. Much has been said and written-and well said and written too on the art of fishing but loch-fishing has been rather looked upon as a second-rate performance, and to dispel this idea is one of the objects for which this present treatise has been written. Far be it from us to say anything against fishing, lawfully practised in any form but many pent up in our large towns will bear us out when me say that, on the whole, a days loch-fishing is the most convenient. One great matter is, that the loch-fisher is depend- ent on nothing but enough wind to curl the water, -and on a large loch it is very seldom that a dead calm prevails all day, -and can make his arrangements for a day, weeks beforehand whereas the stream- fisher is dependent for a good take on the state of the water and however pleasant and easy it may be for one living near the banks of a good trout stream or river, it is quite another matter to arrange for a days river-fishing, if one is looking forward to a holiday at a date some weeks ahead. Providence may favour the expectant angler with a good day, and the water in order but experience has taught most of us that the good days are in the minority, and that, as is the case with our rapid running streams, -such as many of our northern streams are, -the water is either too large or too small, unless, as previously remarked, you live near at hand, and can catch it at its best. A common belief in regard to loch-fishing is, that the tyro and the experienced angler have nearly the same chance in fishing, -the one from the stern and the other from the bow of the same boat. Of all the absurd beliefs as to loch-fishing, this is one of the most absurd. Try it. Give the tyro either end of the boat he likes give him a cast of ally flies he may fancy, or even a cast similar to those which a crack may be using and if he catches one for every three the other has, he may consider himself very lucky. Of course there are lochs where the fish are not abundant, and a beginner may come across as many as an older fisher but we speak of lochs where there are fish to be caught, and where each has a fair chance. Again, it is said that the boatman has as much to do with catching trout in a loch as the angler. Well, we dont deny that. In an untried loch it is necessary to have the guidance of a good boatman but the same argument holds good as to stream-fishing... |
| 20 mule team borax history: John Fielder's Best of Colorado John Fielder, 2012-05-01 The third edition of Colorado's best-selling travel guide is the most comprehensive upgrade since the book's publication. Renowned photographer John Fielder has made hundreds of additions and updates to the guide's vast inventory of Colorado travel resources, while keeping intact his scenic and photographic advice. |
| 20 mule team borax history: Extraction Politics Nicholas S. Paliewicz, 2024-01-29 An investigation into one of the largest and most lucrative mineral mining companies in the world, Rio Tinto, Extraction Politics reveals how the company constructs a presence in the places it operates and shapes meanings and orientations toward the environment. Taking readers on a “rhetorical pilgrimage” across the American Southwest, Nicholas Paliewicz shows how Rio Tinto creates adaptable corporate identities. From Ronald Reagan’s frontiersman advertisements for the Borax Mine in California to the pioneer Mormon persona at Bingham Canyon Mine in Salt Lake City and the folksy, paternalistic perspective toward the San Carlos Apache at the proposed mine at Oak Flat, Arizona, the company appropriates local history to embed itself as a valued member of the public—without having to settle in those ecological communities and bear the costs of extraction. This does not occur without resistance, however. Paliewicz also shows how activists use these same tactics to expose Rio Tinto as an exploitative, colonialist polluter. In an era of surging demand for dwindling supplies of minerals and metals, this book previews what the future of extractivism may look like. Extraction Politics will appeal to scholars and students of environmental communication and activist politics as well as general readers interested in the climate crisis. |
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Jun 6, 2014 · As the aforementioned RFC does not include any reference of encoding spaces as +, I guess using %20 is the way to go today. For example, "%20" is the percent-encoding for …
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Commented Mar 20, 2021 at 21:11 2 @HaPsantran, r'{}'.format(my_variable) and '{}'.format(my_variable) are exactly the same thing; the difference between them accomplishes …
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URL encoding the space character: + or %20? - Stack Overflow
Jun 6, 2014 · As the aforementioned RFC does not include any reference of encoding spaces as +, I guess using %20 is the way to go today. For example, "%20" is the percent-encoding for the …
NVM installation error on Windows. Cannot find the npm file
Jan 8, 2025 · I searched and found that versions 23.10.0 and 16.20.2 are present in the folders of the same name C:\Users\KS\AppData\Local\nvm. By analogy, I created a folder v0.12.2 and …
OpenSSL Verify return code: 20 (unable to get local issuer certificate)
Jul 18, 2012 · I am running Windows Vista and am attempting to connect via https to upload a file in a multi part form but I am having some trouble with the local issuer certificate. I am just trying to …
How to fix "SyntaxWarning: invalid escape sequence" in Python?
Commented Mar 20, 2021 at 21:11 2 @HaPsantran, r'{}'.format(my_variable) and '{}'.format(my_variable) are exactly the same thing; the difference between them accomplishes …
How to use C++ 20 in g++ - Stack Overflow
Apr 6, 2021 · g++-10 -std=c++20 main.cpp PS: if you want to go with v10 as default, then update links for gcc , g++ and other related ones, and use v9 (or whatever old you have) by full name. …
SQL Server® 2016, 2017, 2019 and 2022 Express full download
Jan 25, 2017 · Microsoft added the possibility of downloading media in version 2022 directly to the installer:. If you need an older version and can't apply Juki's answer, you can use Fiddler to …
Connecting to localhost:8080 using Google Chrome
Jun 11, 2015 · I'm currently developing a card game using node.js and gulp, and suddendly Chrome stopped to find localhost:8080. After some research, some people had the same problem and …
How to find server name of SQL Server Management Studio
Apr 18, 2013 · I installed Microsoft SQL Server 2008. When I start SQL Server Management Studio (SSMS), I get the Connect to Server login window with a blank textbox for Server name.
How to fix SQL Server 2019 connection error due to certificate issue
Dec 17, 2021 · To improve the answer, let me sum up the comments: While setting TrustServerCertificate=True or Encrypt=false in the connection string is a quick fix, the …
python - Importing Matplotlib - Stack Overflow
Jan 31, 2017 · I am new to Python and I am learning matplotlib. I am following the video tutorial recommended in the official User Manual of matplotlib: 'Plotting with matplotlib' by Mike Muller.
